COMPLETE GUIDE TO

SNAIL REAING IN
NIGERIA

By

FARM BUSINESS SETUP

+234 7033378184

www.businessplan.com.ng
CONTENTS
Introduction

Setting up a snail

Concrete pen/trench pen production of snail farming

Soil
Climate
Moisture
Edible snail species of Africa origin

Reproduction
Mating and egg laying

Growth

Cannibalism by hatchlings

Constructing a snail pen

Mortality

Hibernation

Population density

Introduction of snails to reproduction field

Irrigation
Feeding
Supplementary feeding
Feeding management

Selecting breeding snails

Diseases and Pests

Harvesting snails for growing out or pen
Tips for harvesting or transferring snails
Marketing
Processing of snail meat

Export markets

Operational cost for stocking 300 snails

Production planning

Profit projection for 300 snails

Snail pens layout/snail capacity per pen

Frequently asked questions

INTRODUCTION

Snail meat has been consumed by humans worldwide since prehistoric times. It is high in protein
(12-16%) and irons (45-50 mg/kg), low in fat, and contains almost all the amino acids needed by
humans.

Snails are a healthy food, high in protein with almost no fat. While they contain a small amount
of cholesterol and also contain amino acids, vitamins and minerals.

A recent study has also shown that the glandular substances in edible snail meat cause
agglutination of certain bacteria, which could be of value in fighting a variety of ailments,
including whooping cough. Edible snails also play an important role in folk medicine. In Nigeria,
the bluish liquid obtained from the shell when the meat has been removed is believed to be good
for infant development. The high iron content of the meat is considered important in treating
anaemia. In the past, it was recommended for combating ulcers and asthma. At the Imperial
Court in Rome, snail meat was thought to contain aphrodisiac properties and was often served to
visiting dignitaries in the late evening.

In West Africa, snail meat has traditionally been a major ingredient in the diet of people living in
the high forest belt (the forested area other than the savannah forest). In Cte d'Ivoire, for
example, an estimated 7.9 million kg are eaten annually. In Ghana it is clear that demand
currently outstrips supply.

International trade in snails is flourishing in Europe and North America. However, in spite of the
considerable foreign and local demand, commercial snail farms such as those in Europe, South-
East Asia and the Americas hardly exist in Africa. In Ghana, Nigeria and Cte d'Ivoire, where
snail meat is particularly popular, snails are gathered from the forest during the wet season. In
recent years, however, wild snail populations have declined considerably, primarily because of
the impact of such human activities as deforestation, pesticide use, slash and- burn agriculture,
spontaneous bush fires, and the collection of immature snails. It is therefore important to
encourage snail farming (heliculture) in order to conserve this important resource.

SETTING UP A SNAIL FARM

A sequence of five steps is suggested:

1 Plan (market, production, organization)

2 Pilot production and sales

3 Go or no-go decision

4 Investment in facilities and know-how (cages/pens, finance, knowledge)

5 Up scaling (logistics, quality, financial control)

Advantages of snail farming

Environment
Snails are environment-friendly, because, unlike poultry or pigs, neither the snail nor its
droppings smell offensively. Snails can also be reared in the backyard.

Inputs

Capital, technical, labour and financial inputs in simple snail farming are relatively low
compared to those in other types of livestock farming (poultry, pigs, goats, sheep, cattle).

Snail meat

Snail meat is a good source of protein. It is rich in iron and calcium, but low in fat and
cholesterol compared to other protein sources like poultry and pigs.

Disadvantages of snail farming

Climate

Without expensive artificial means of climate control, snail farming is restricted to the humid
tropical forest zone, which offers a constant temperature, high relative humidity, preferably no
dry season, and a fairly constant day/night rhythm throughout the year.

Cultural restrictions

Snail meat is considered a delicacy by some, whereas others will not even touch it for religious
or cultural reasons.
Growth

Snails are relatively slow-growing animals. Furthermore the consumable meat makes up only
40% (maximum!) of the snail's total live weight. Consequently snail farming is not a way to
make money quickly

CONCRETE PEN AND TRENCH PEN PRODUCTION OF SNAIL FARMING

The following sections describe the technical and practical aspects of the model concrete pen
production trial and the full biological cycle of breeding snails. Concrete pen and trench pens
production is the domestic method of breeding and growing snails in. In Africa this method of
growing snails will be known as pen snail farming

SOIL

Use a good medium soil that has neither a lot of sand nor too much clay. Snails are unable to dig
into hard, dry clay. Soils with too much sand do not contain enough water. Soil that contains 20%
to 40% organic matter is good. The soil should be similar to that of a garden in which green,
leafy vegetables thrive. If your snail farm contains plants, keep them wet and properly care for
them. Regularly remove any weeds. Neutralize soil that is too acidic with lime to make it suitable
(at about pH 7). Besides the pH value of the soil, calcium must be available either from the soil
or another readily available source, since snail shells are 97% to 98% calcium carbonate. If in
doubt, you can add a little ground limestone. One researcher treats the soil with polyacrylamide
at the rate of 12.5cc of a 160-g M.A./one preparation in 250cc of water per kilogram of dry soil.
This stabilization treatment helps the soil structure resist washing. This allows regular cleaning
without destroying the crumb structure of the soil that is beneficial for egg laying.

Snails dig in soil and ingest it. Good soil favors snail growth and provides some of their
nutrition. Lack of access to good soil may cause fragile shells even when the snails have well-
balanced feed; the snails growth may lag far behind the growth of other snails on good soil.
Snails will often eat feed, and then go eat dirt. Sometimes, they will eat only one or the other.
This may be one reason that you should not crowd too many snails into too small a pen. The soil,
unless frequently changed, will become fouled with mucus and droppings. Chemical changes
also may occur in the soil. A mixture of peat, clay, compost, CaCO3 at pH 7 makes a very good
soil. Leaf mold at pH 7 works almost as well. Organic matter in the soil seems as important as
carbonates. Soils that are richest in exchangeable calcium and magnesium stimulate growth best.
Usable carbonates and total calcium are important. Calcium may be added to the soil at the rate
of 10 pounds per 100 square feet. Calcium may also be set out in a feeding dish or trough so the
snails can eat it at will.

CLIMATE

A mild climate (59-75 F) with high humidity (75% to 95%) is best for snail farming, though
most varieties can stand a wider range of temperatures. The optimal temperature is 70 F for many
varieties. When the temperature falls below 45 F, snails hibernate. Under 54 F the snails are
inactive, and under 50 F, all growth stops. When the temperature rises much above 80 F or
conditions become too dry, snails estivate. Wind is bad for snails because it speeds up moisture
loss, and snails must retain moisture.

MOISTURE

Snails need damp, not wet, environments. Although snails need moisture, you must drain wet or
waterlogged soil to make it suitable for them. Similarly, rainwater must run off promptly. Snails
breathe air and may drown in overly wet surroundings. A soil moisture content of 80% of
capacity is favorable. In the hours of darkness, air humidity over 80% will promote good snail
activity and growth.

Ninety-nine percent of snail activity, including feeding, occurs in the cool, dark nighttime, with
peak activity taking place 2 to 3 hours after darkness begins. The cooler temperature stimulates
activity, and the nighttime dew helps the snail move easily. They hide in sheltered places during
most of the day. If necessary, use misting sprayers, like those used for plant propagation, in dry
climates to maintain adequate humidity and moisture levels.
EDIBLE SNAIL SPECIES OF AFRICA ORIGIN

Achatina achatina. Common name: giant snail, tiger snail (Ghana)

Local names (corresponding language within parentheses):

Gambia: honuldu

Sierra Leone: konk

Liberia: dain (Nano), drainn (Gio)

Ghana: abobo (Ewe), elonkoe (Nzima), krekete (Hausa),

nwapa (Akan), wa (Ga), weJle (Dagarti)

Nigeria: katantawa (Hausa), ilako, isan (Yoruba)

East Africa: konokono (Swahili)

Achatina fulica. Common name: garden snail, foolish snail (sometimes also called the giant
African snail)

Ghana: nwa (Akan)

Northern tribes of Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, Nigeria:

kreteke

Nigeria: eesan or ipere (Yoruba)

Kenya: ekhumuniu (Luhya), kamniyo (Luo)

East Africa: konokono (Swahili)

Archachatina marginata. Common name: big black snail, giant African land snail

Liberia: proli (Kepelle)

Ghana: pobere (Akan)

Nigeria: igbun (Yoruba), ejuna (Ibo)

Other edible species exist, but they are of minor, local importance.

Achatina achatina

Achatina achatina (giant snail, tiger snail), a widely distributed species in West Africa
(particularly in Benin, Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo), can be
considered a good candidate for snail farming in most areas of West Africa, although it requires
higher humidity than the other two species and needs a longer growing time to reach sexual
maturity.

Description

Achatina achatina snails are reputedly the largest land snails in the world. Although usually
much smaller, they can grow up to 30 cm in body length and 25 cm in shell height. Average adult
shell length is 18 cm, with an average diameter of 9 cm. The conically shaped, fairly pointed
shell is brownish with a characteristic stripe pattern (hence the name tiger snail).

Distribution

Achatina achatina originates from the West African rainforest belt, from Guinea through Nigeria.
Because A. achatina is the most prized species for consumption in Ghana it is becoming
increasingly rare in the wild. Several ecotypes (locally adapted populations of A. achatina) can
be found, with differences in growth rates, size, aestivation (dormancy) patterns, colour and even
flavour. The differences in size may be explained partly by differences in the length of the
aestivation period; the shorter the aestivation period, the longer the feeding period and the larger,
therefore, the ecotype.

Achatina achatina

Achatina fulica

Description
Achatina fulica (garden snail, foolish snail) is a large snail, reaching 20 cm in length or
occasionally more, with a shell length up to 20 cm and a maximum diameter of 12 cm. The
conical, spiralled shell is predominantly brown with weak, darker banded markings across the
spiral. Colouration is highly variable, depending on diet. A mature snail averages 250 g in weight

Distribution

The species originated in the coastal regions of East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania), and spread by the
19th century into Southern Ethiopia, Southern Somalia, and Northern Mozambique. During the
19th century it was introduced into India and the Indian Ocean islands. During the 20th century it
was introduced, sometimes intentionally, into South East Asia, East Asia (Taiwan, Korea, and
Japan), Australasia and the Pacific, the USA (now eradicated in various states), the Caribbean,
Central America and South America (Brazil).

Achatina fulica
Archachatina marginata

Description

Archachatina marginata (big black snail, giant African land snail) is a large snail, generally
growing to about 20 cm and a live weight of 500 g. The shell is much less pointed than the
Achatina species, the roundness being especially obvious in young animals. Striation on the shell
may give the appearance of a 'woven' texture. The head of the snail is dark-grey; its foot is a
lighter shade

This species has been the object of a series of stocking and feeding Experiments in Nigeria

Distribution

Archachatina marginata is native to the humid African rainforest belt, from Southern Nigeria to
Congo, but is now found in other parts of the African rainforest zone.

Growing conditions

In the Nigerian experiments, juvenile growth was found to be inversely proportional to

temperature, falling sharply at temperatures > 30 C, and directly proportional to rainfall and
humidity. Body weight gain slows down significantly during the dry season (December to March
in Southern Nigeria, where the breeding trials took place).
 Archachatina marginata

MATING AND EGG LAYING

Snails are hermaphrodites. Although they have both male and female reproductive organs, they
must mate with another snail of the same species before they lay eggs. Some snails may act as
males one season and as females the next. Other snails play both roles at once and fertilize each
other simultaneously. When the snail is large enough and mature enough, which may take several
years, mating occurs in the late spring or early summer after several hours of courtship.
Sometimes there is a second mating in summer. (In tropical climates, mating may occur several
times a year. In some climates, snails mate around October and may mate a second time 2 weeks
later.) After mating, the snail can store sperm received for up to a year, but it usually lays eggs
within a few weeks. Snails are sometimes uninterested in mating with another snail of the same
species that originated from a considerable distance away.
Mating snails

Snails need soil at least 2 inches deep in which to lay their eggs. The soil should be at least 3
inches deep. Keep out pests such as ants, earwigs, millipedes, etc. Dry soil is not suitable for the
preparation of a nest, nor is soil that is too heavy. In clay soil that becomes hard, reproduction
rates may decrease because the snails are unable to bury their eggs and the hatchlings have
difficulty emerging from the nest. Hatchability of eggs depends on soil temperature, soil
humidity, soil composition, etc. Soil consisting of 20% to 40% organic material is good. Keep
the soil 65 F to 80 F, best around 70. Maintain soil moisture of 80%. One researcher removes
eggs immediately after they are deposited, counts them, then keeps them on moist cotton until
the eggs hatch and the young start to eat. Snails lose substantial weight by laying eggs. Some do
not recover. About one-third of the snails will die after the breeding season.

Eggs measure about 3mm in diameter and have a calcareous shell and a high yolk content.
Mostly eggs are lay in April, may, June, July, August, or September 2 to 8 weeks after mating, in
holes dug out in the ground. (Data varies widely on how long after mating snails lay eggs.) The
snail puts its head into the hole or may crawl in until only the top of the shell is visible; then it
deposits eggs from the genital opening just behind the head. It takes the snail 1 to 2 days to lay
30 to 50 eggs. Occasionally, the snail will lay about a dozen more a few weeks later. The snail
covers the hole with a mixture of the slime it excretes and dirt. This slime, which the snail
excretes to help it crawl and to help preserve the moisture in its soft body, is glycoprotein similar
to eggs.

Fully-developed baby Achatina achatina snails hatch about 3 to 4 weeks after the eggs are laid,
depending on temperature and humidity. Birds, insects, mice, toads and other predators take a
heavy toll on the young snails. The snails eat and grow until the weather turns cold. They then
dig a deep hole, sometimes as deep as 1 foot, and seal themselves inside their shell and hibernate
for the winter. This is a response to both decreasing temperature and shorter hours of daylight.
When the ground warms up in spring, the snail emerges and goes on a binge of replacing lost
moisture and eating.

Achatina achatina eggs are yellow, spherical, about 3mm in diameter and are laid 5 days to 3
weeks after mating. (Data varies widely due to differences in climate and regional variations in
the snails' habitats.) Achatina achatina lays an average of 85 eggs in a nest that is 1- to 1 1/2-
inches deep. Data varies from 30 to over 120 eggs, but high figures may be from when more than
one snail lays eggs in the same nest.

In warm, damp climates, Achatina achatina may lay eggs as often as once a month from
February through October, depending on the weather and region. Mating and egg-laying begin
when there are at least 8 hours of daylight and continue until days begin to get shorter. In the
United States, longer hours of sunlight that occur when temperatures are still too cold will affect
this schedule, but increasing hours of daylight still stimulate egg laying. If warm enough, the
eggs hatch in about 2 weeks, or in 4 weeks if cooler. It takes the baby snails several more days to
break out of the sealed nest and climb to the surface. In a southern climate, Achatina achatina
matures in about 13 months. In central Italy, H. aspersa hatches and emerges from the soil
almost exclusively in the autumn. If well fed and not overcrowded, those snails that hatch at the
start of the season will reach adult size and form a lip at the edge of their shell by the following
June. If you manipulate the environment to get more early hatchlings, the size and number of
snails that mature the following year will increase. In Nigeria, some Achatina achatina mature in
11 months, and under ideal conditions in a laboratory, some have matured in 6 to 8 months.
By contrast, one giant African snail, Achatina fulica, lays 100 to 400 elliptical eggs that each
measure about 5mm long. Each snail may lay several batches of eggs each year, usually in the
wet season. They may lay eggs in holes in the ground like H. pomatia, or lay eggs on the surface
of a rocky soil, in organic matter, or at the base of plants. In 10 to 30 days, the eggs hatch
releasing snails about 4mm long. These snails grow up to 10mm per month. After 6 months, the
Achatina fulica is about 35mm long and may already be sexually mature. Sexual maturity takes 6
to 16 months, depending on weather and the availability of calcium. This snail lives 5 or 6 years,
sometimes as many as 9 years.

GROWTH

Within the same snail population and under the same conditions, some snails will grow faster
than others. Some will take twice as long to mature. This may help the species survive bad
weather, etc., in the wild. However, a snail farmer should obviously select and keep the largest
and fastest maturing snails for breeding stock. Sell the smaller snails. By selecting only the
largest, the average size of the snail may increase significantly in only a couple of generations.
Most of the differences in growth are probably due to environmental factors including stocking
density. However, to whatever extent these differences are genetic, you might as well breed
large, fast-growing snails instead of small, slower-growing ones.

Several factors can greatly influence the growth of snails including: population density; stress
[snails are sensitive to noise, light, vibration, unsanitary conditions, irregular feedings, being
touched, etc.]; feed; temperature and moisture; and the breeding technology used.

Achatina achatina requires at least 3% to 4% calcium in the soil (or another source of calcium)
for good growth. Most snails need more calcium in the soil than H. aspersa. Low calcium intake
will slow the growth rate and cause the shell to be thinner. Calcium may be set out in a feeding
dish or trough so the snails can eat it at will. Food is only one calcium source. Snails may eat
paint or attack walls of buildings seeking calcium, and they also will eat dirt.

A newborn's shell size depends on the egg size since the shell develops from the egg's surface
membrane. As the snail grows, the shell is added onto in increments. Eventually the shell will
develop a flare or reinforcing lip at its opening. This shows that the snail is now mature; there
will be no further shell growth. Growth is measured by shell size, since a snail's body weight
varies and fluctuates, even in 100% humidity. The growth rate varies considerably between
individuals in each population group. Adult size, which is related to the growth rate, also varies,
thus the fastest growers are usually the largest snails. Eggs from larger, healthier snails also tend
to grow faster and thus larger.

Dryness inhibits growth and even stops activity. When it becomes too hot and dry in, the snail
becomes inactive, seals its shell and estivates (becomes dormant) until cooler, moister weather
returns. Some snails estivate in groups on tree trunks, posts, or walls. They seal themselves to the
surface thus sealing up the shell opening.

CANNIBALISM BY HATCHLINGS
The first snails to hatch eat the shells of their eggs. This gives them needed calcium for their
shells. They may then begin eating unhatched eggs. If the snail eggs are kept at the optimum
temperature, 68 F (for some varieties), and if none of the eggs lose moisture, most eggs will
hatch within 1 to 3 days of each other. Cannibalism also will be low. If hatching extends over a
longer period, cannibalism may increase. Some eggs eaten are eggs that were not fertile or did
not develop properly, but sometimes, properly developing embryos might be eaten. A high
density of "clutches" of egg masses increases the rate of cannibalism, as other nearby egg masses
are more likely to be found and eaten. Snail egg has 12 to 20 times the protein of salad. The
protein helps the baby snails start developing quickly and be healthier. Snail egg is an excellent
starter food for newly hatched snails, but they tend to only eat eggs of their own species.

CONSTRUCTING A SNAIL PEN

Choosing a system: the options

The type and dimensions of your snailery or snaileries depend, obviously, on the snail growing
system you choose, and on the quantity of snails you intend to produce. As far is housing is
concerned, your snail farm could be extensive, semi-intensive, or intensive, in increasing order
of complexity, management and financial inputs. Three options might be considered:

Extensive system: outdoor, free-range snail pens.

Mixed or semi-intensive system: egg laying and hatching occur in a controlled
environment; the young snails are then removed after 6-8 weeks to outside pens for
growing or fattening or both.
Intensive: closed systems, for example plastic tunnel houses, greenhouses and buildings
with controlled climate. (Note: the same options of extensive, semi-intensive, or
intensive apply to feed and feeding). Regardless of the size and type of your snail farm,
the housing system must meet the following conditions. It must be:
Escape-proof; snails are master-escapists and unless prevented from doing so they will
quickly wander all over your (or your neighbors) garden or house.
 Spacious, in accordance with the growing stage of the snails (hatchlings, juveniles,
breeding snails, or mature snails fattened for consumption). Snails suffer from
overcrowding, which impedes their development and increases the risk of diseases.
Suitable rearing densities range from > 100/m2 for hatchlings to 7-10/m2 for breeding
snails.easily accessible and easy to work in or with, for handling the snails, placing feed,
cleaning and other tasks.
well-protected from insects, predators and poachers

Different materials can be used for building snaileries, depending on price and availability.

Decay- and termite-resistant timber. In West Africa favourable tree species are iroko
(Milicia excelsa, local name odum), opepe (Naucleadiderrichii, local name kusia), or
ekki (Lophira alata, local name kaku). In South East Asia poles can be made of a
species like teak (Tectona grandis), which is widely planted in other continents as well.
Sandcrete blocks, or mudbricks.
Galvanized sheets, polythene sheets.
Chicken wire, for protection.
Mosquito nets or nylon mesh, for covering the pens as protection against insects.
Second-hand materials, like car tyres, oil drums and old water tanks.
The following types of pens might be considered for simple snaileries:

Hutch boxes
Trench pens
Free-range pens

HUTCH BOXES

Description

Hutch boxes are square or rectangular, single or multi-chamber wooden boxes with lids, placed
on wooden stilts above the ground at a suitable height for easy handling. The stilts should be
fitted with plastic or metal conical protectors or aprons, to prevent vermin from crawling or
climbing up the stilts to attack the snails in the boxes. The protectors could be made from old tins
or plastic bottles. In the middle of the lid is an opening covered with wire netting and nylon
mesh. The lid should be fitted with a padlock to discourage pilfering. In the floor of the box are a
few holes through which excess water can drain out. The boxes are filled with sieved black soil
to a depth of 18-25 cm. The box (es) should obviously be well protected from scorching sun or
torrential rain.

Application and use

Hutch boxes are useful in a semi-intensive snail breeding system. They are very suitable as
hatchery and nursery pens because eggs and young snails can be easily located and observed.

Mature snails in larger snaileries could be transferred to hutch boxes when they start making
holes to lay eggs. The breeding snails should be removed to their own pens after the hatchlings
start to emerge. The soil must be changed occasionally because an accumulation of droppings
will increase the chances of disease development. A soil change every three months is adequate.

Advantages and disadvantages

Hutch boxes can be placed close to the farmer's house, ensuring good supervision and protection.
They are built at a comfortable working height, which facilitates feeding and handling of the
snails.

Disadvantages are the cost of construction and their limited size, which restricts the number of
snails that can be kept in them (some 30 hatchlings/juveniles, or about three mature snails in a
box of the size).
TRENCH PENS

Description

Trench pens are adjoining snail pens of 0.6 0.6 m to 1 1 m, either dug into the ground (which
must be very well-drained), or raised 40- 50 cm above the ground. Outside walls and inner
partitions consist of sand Crete blocks or mud bricks in either case. (Dug trench pen and raised
trench pen). The pens are filled with suitable soil to a depth of 10-15 cm. They are covered with
wooden or steel frame lids with chicken wire plus nylon mesh, and fitted with padlocks to
discourage poachers. Obviously the pens must be protected against the fierce heat of the sun or
heavy rain.

Shredded semi-dry banana leaves may be spread in the pens to provide shelter for the snails.

Application and use

Trench pens are suitable in semi-intensive to intensive snail growing ventures. They can be used
as hatchery, nursery or fattening pens, with the number of stock being adapted to the size of the
snails in each case. The snails can be moved from one pen to another according to the growing
cycle.

Advantages and disadvantages

The main advantage of a trench pen system, whether sunken or raised above the ground, is its
flexibility. Snails can be moved around easily, in accordance with their size and phase in the
growing cycle. The snails are always easy to locate, for feeding, handling, selection and final sale
or consumption. The main disadvantages of trench pens are (a) construction costs (specifically of
raised pens,), and (b) the fact that the farmer has to stoop or kneel down to tend the snails.
Large deciduous trees (plantain or banana) should be planted on all the side of the shed to
provide shade and natural thermal comfort. In line with the researchers commitment to
environmental sustainability, the trees will help reduce the daytime temperature, thus the pod
will becomes more energy efficient. It improves in the activity of the snails that resulted in more
effective breeding and a lower mortality rate.

MORTALITY

Deaths of snails were mostly adult snails and usually occurred at the end of the mating season or
during hot dry conditions, especially in the first year.

HIBERNATION

As the weather progressively became hot ,dry or colder, the snails completely closed off the
opening of their shells with a hard, calcareous cover called an epiphragm.

Hibernation

POPULATION DENSITY

Rearing density

Density affects the growth and breeding capacity of snails. High density populations tend to
grow slowly, develop into smaller adults, and lay fewer clutches of eggs and fewer eggs per
clutch. If the snails are very densely packed, they may not breed at all. The accumulating slime
suppresses reproduction. Other disadvantages of high density are the high rates of parasitism and
ease of transmission of diseases. In terms of snail weight, the recommended density is 1-1.5 kg
per m2 (for A. achatina, this would be about 15 to 25 snails per square metre). It is best to start a
snail farm with as low a density as possible. As the farmer becomes more familiar with snail
habits and with managing the enterprise, the numbers could be increased.

INTRODUCTION OF SNAILS TO REPRODUCTION FIELD

When the forage brassica crops were around 20cms in height, it was considered that it was time
to introduce the snails for reproduction. The collected snails were sorted and culled and 1,087 of
the largest of the snails were chosen as the initial breeding stock.These snails were placed in the
reproduction field in early November 2004.They continued to mate and breed and the first
hatchlings were noticed in mid December 2004. It was estimated that 25,000 snails were hatched
from mid December 2004 to end February 2005

IRRIGATION
An abundant supply of water is necessary for irrigating crops and misting snails to encourage
night-time activity.

A polythene pipe irrigation system was integrated into each field and connected to water tanks
filled with water. Irrigation outlets should place in every pen and consisted of a riser standing
90cm with a full circle sprayer on the top. Water misting was carried out each evening for 20-30
minutes. The watering time should be adjusted according to the weather. Plenty water will be
required during January and February when the weather will hot and dry.

FEEDING
Feeding
Feeding season is April through October, (or may vary with the local climate), with a "rest
period" during the summer. Do not place food in one small clump so that there is not enough
room for all the snails to get to it. Snails eat solid food by rasping it away with their tongues.
Feeding activity depends on the weather, and snails may not necessarily feed every day. Evening
irrigation in dry weather may encourage feeding since the moisture makes it easier for the snails
to move about.

Put the breeding snails in the breeding pens in April or early May. Feed until mid June when
mating begins and the snails stop feeding. Snails resume eating after they lay eggs. Once snails
have laid their eggs, you can remove the adult snails. This leaves more food and less crowding
for the hatchlings.

Snails of the same species collected from different regions may have different food preferences.
Some foods that snails eat are: Alyssum, fruit and leaves of apple, apricot, artichoke (a favorite),
aster, barley, beans, bindweed, California boxwood, almost any cabbage variety, camomile,
carnation, carrot, cauliflower, celeriac (root celery), celery, ripe cherries, chive, citrus, clover,
cress, cucumbers (a favorite snail food), dandelion, elder, henbane, hibiscus, hollyhock, kale,
larkspur, leek, lettuce (liked, and makes good snails), lily, magnolia, mountain ash, mulberry,
mums, nasturtium, nettle, nightshade berries, oats, onion greens, pansy, parsley, peach, ripe
pears, peas, petunia, phlox, plum, potatoes (raw or cooked), pumpkins, radish, rape, rose, sorrel,
spinach, sweet pea, thistle, thornapple, tomatoes (well liked), turnip,wheat, yarrow, zinnia. They
will eat sweet lupines, but will reject bitter lupines and other plants with high quinolizidine
alkaloids. Snails also avoid plants that produce other defensive chemicals, defensive stem hairs,
etc.

Snails usually prefer juicy leaves and vegetables over dry ones. If you feed snails vegetable
trimmings, damaged fruit, and cooked potatoes, promptly remove uneaten food as it will quickly
spoil. You may supply bran that is wet or sprinkle dry bran over leafy vegetables. The diet may
consist of 20% wheat bran while 80% is fruit and vegetable material. Some growers use oats,
corn meal, soybean meal, or chicken mash. Laying mash provides calcium, as does crushed
oyster shells. Snails also may eat materials such as cardboard (but do not purposely feed it to
them); they can eat through shipping cartons and escape. Snails may sometimes eat, within a 24-
hour period, food equal to 10%, and occasionally as much as 20%, of their body weight. Active
snails deprived of food will lose more than one-third of their weight before they starve to death--
a process that takes 8 to 12 weeks. Estivating snails can survive much longer.

Supply calcium at least once a week if it is not available in the soil. It should not contain harmful
salts or be so alkaline as to burn the snails. Mix calcium with wet bran or mashed potatoes and
serve on a pan; this will keep any leftover food from rotting on the ground.

Some researchers use chicken mash for feed. You can cut a plastic pipe in half lengthwise to
make two troughs which can be used as feeders for mash. Mix laying mash (used for egg-
producing hens) into the feed to provide calcium for the snails' shells. Commercial chicken
feeding mash is around 16% to 17% protein, from fish meal and meat meal, making it good for
growing snails. Supplying mash to hatchlings might reduce cannibalism. Two feeds that snails
like and that promote good growth are: (A) broiler finisher mash consisting of 7% broiler
concentrate, 58% corn, 16% soya, 18% sorghum, 7 % limestone flour (40% Ca); and (B) chicken
feed (pellets) for layers consisting of 5% layer concentrate, 10%, corn, 15% soya, 20% sorghum,
44% barley, 6% limestone flour (40%Ca).

Be sure to frequently clean the feed and water dishes. The amount of feed a snail eats depends
very much on air humidity and on the availability of drinking water. You can serve clean
drinking water in a shallow container to reduce the risk of the snail drowning. Some types of
chicken waterers may be suitable. Other factors (e.g., temperature, light intensity, food
preferences versus food supplied, etc.) also affect feeding. A compromise, until you find the
optimum feed, is to feed half green vegetable material and half chicken feed/grain/animal
protein.
An abundant supply of water is necessary for irrigating crops and misting snails to encourage
night-time activity.

A polythene pipe irrigation system should be integrated into each field and connected to water
tanks.

Water misting was carried out each evening for 20-30 minutes or adjusted according to the
weather .more water is required during January and February when the weather was hot and dry.

Crops

The following crops were trialed and grown as a food source for the snails as well as providing
shelter from the sun.

White clover (Trifolium repens)

Strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum)

Forage rape (Brassica napus)

Forage brassica hybrids (Brassica campestris spp.)

Plantain (Plantago lanceolata)

 Silverbeet ( Beta vulgaris)

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris)

Chickory (Cichorium intybus)

Endive (Cichorium endiva)

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

Radicchio (Red chickory) (Cichorium intybus)

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

English or common spinach (Spinacia oleracea)

Radish (Raphanus sativus)

Forage brassicas, leafy turnips, silverbeet, plantain, English spinach and clover were the most
successful and most liked food and shelter source for the snails.

Forage brassicas

The brassicas proved to be suitable for the cool region of the NSW central tablelands and were
planted in spring and autumn. They provided high quality feed and withstood low temperatures,
frost and snow during winter. The leaves provided high levels of protein and that resulted in high
weight gain and fast snail growth rates.

The brassica crops grew quickly and were dense enough to smother most germinating weeds.
The forage brassicas were not resistant to attack by aphids and white cabbage moths and the first
crops planted were infested badly. However, ladybirds and wasps appeared and quickly reduced
the offending insects.
After a few weeks, the crops regenerated and grew new fleshy leaves.

Leafy turnip

Leafy turnips are a hybrid cross between various species of the brassica family and are less
resistant to attack from insects such as aphids. They are a smaller plant and are well-liked as
snail food but have a reduced growing period.

The plants need trimming to maintain new growth and they need to be planted densely as the
snails quickly strip the fleshy leaves.

Silverbeet

Silverbeet produces prodigious volumes of leaves and has proved to be an ideal crop for shelter
and a minor food source. The leaves retain moisture from evening irrigation and dew and provide
a cool microclimate and shelter for the snails. With consistent trimming of the old leaves, fresh
and tender leaves appear quickly. The vigorous growing variety Fordhook survived winter
temperatures and new shoots grew again the following spring. It is planted in spring and autumn.

Clover

Both white and red clover proved to be a useful and easily grown plant and was well liked by
newly hatched snails. Clover is a perennial legume and has a high nutritive value.

After the snails were hatched, they reduced the leaves to alacy effect before moving on to the
brassicas

Clovers also provide shelter and it was observed that eggs were often laid in the areas planted
with clover. The condition of the soil is also improved with the use of clovers as a green
manure crop. Clover can be planted in spring or autumn.
English or common spinach

English spinach is an ideal plant if sown in autumn. It grows best during cooler months and is a
useful source of vitamins A, B and C and calcium. The leaves are smaller and softer than
silverbeet. English spinach provides some calcium for growing snails to assist with shell
development.

Plantain

Plantain is mineral rich and also contains calcium. It has a strong cool season growth and is
useful as a rotation crop with brassicas. It appears to be well liked by snails.

Supplementary feeding

Snail farming method of feeding snails recommends that supplementary crops be grown as an
additional food supply when the crops have been eaten out or are at the end of their life.

Supply of green waste leaves from local fruit and vegetable suppliers should be readily available.

The leaves consisted of fresh lettuce and cabbage. Second-grade carrots were as an additional
supplement.

In times of low feed or high density of juvenile snails, conventional feeders containing custom
snail mix were also used as supplementary food. The custom snail mix consisted of extruded
grains such as maize and soybean, whey powder, limestone and vitamins and minerals.

Maintenance

One of the biggest jobs in the pen production system was maintenance.
As well as keeping the pathways clean, the crops should be trimmed at least three times during
the growing season. To encourage new growth of fresh, clean leaves for the growing snails. The
removal of old or decaying leaves helped to avoid the attraction of unwanted insects from the
pens.

SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING

A self-mix snail feed formula

Ingredients kg

Maize 31.3

Groundnut cake 10

Soy bean meal 25

Fish meal 4

Wheat offal 16

Palm kernel cake 4.2

Oyster shell 8.05

Bone meal 1.2

Premix vitamins & minerals 0.25

FEEDING MANAGEMENT

Growth is highly dependent on ambient temperature and humidity. At high temperatures

(> 30 C) and relatively low air humidity (< c. 70%) growth slows down or stops,
because snails go into dormancy. This should be avoided as much as possible, by good
snail housing and management.
 Optimum stocking density obviously depends on age and size of the snails. For
hatchlings and juveniles stocking rates of 100/m2 or more are applied; for mature
breeding snails stocking should not exceed 10-15 snails/m2. Overcrowding results in
reduced growth and increased mortality!

How and when to feed snails

In their natural habitat snails are nocturnal animals, hiding during the day and coming out at
night to feed. Their main feeding time starts from around two hours after sunset. For best results
the snail farmer should not put snail feed in his pens before nightfall. Uneaten snail food should
be removed from the pens daily; otherwise, it will attract vermin and/or diseases. To facilitate
cleaning, the snail food might be placed on a flat dish, a concrete slab, or an oil drum lid, placed
within the pen

SELECTING BREEDING SNAILS

The initial breeding stock should be carefully selected from a reputable snail farms with (point of
laying snails).
Diseases and Pests
Basic common sense hygiene may prevent the spread of disease or otherwise improve the health
and growth rate of snails. For example, remove and replace food daily to prevent spoilage.
Earthworms added to the soil will help keep the pen clean.

Parasites, nematodes, trematodes, fungi, and microarthropods may attack snails, and such
problems can spread rapidly when snail populations are dense. The bacterium Pseudomonas
aeruginosa causes intestinal infections that can spread rapidly in a crowded snail pen.

Watch for predators such as: rats, mice, moles, skunks, weasels, birds, frogs and toads, lizards,
walking insects (e.g., some beetle and cricket varieties), some types of flies, centipedes, and even
certain cannibalistic snail varieties (such as Strangesta capillacea).

Harvesting snails for growing out or pen

Harvesting for growing out pen should carry out as soon as the juvenile snails reached maturity.
Should Determined by the accepted mature size of 32cm and the hardness of the lip of the shell.
The measurement is taken across the underside of the shell. The shell lip is the outer edge of the
shell. If the outer edge of the shell (or lip) is soft and pliable, it means that the snail has not
finished growing. To determine maturity, the shell lip should be hard and resistant to touch.
Sometimes undersize snails developed a hard shell lip so those snails should discard. They are
not suitable for reproduction or processing and if left will eat valuable food. The best time for
harvesting is at dawn and dusk, especially after rain or water misting.

Tips for harvesting or transferring snails

Serve Feed containing custom snail mix on a feeder to attract them. Once the snails gathered on the
feeders they can be easily picked up and transferred to the growing pen. After rain and watering, the
snails climbed up the sides of the netting fences. This allowed the snails to be easily picked off the nets
early in the morning.

Marketing
With the ability to mass produce large numbers of snails, consistent and regular supply of snails
is now a possibility. It is suggested that market research and good marketing principles be
conducted before undertaking commercial snail production

Local markets

In the high-altitude forest areas of West Africa, particularly in Ghana, Nigeria and Cte d'Ivoire,
snail meat forms a substantial part of the meat in the diet of the local people. Snails are gathered
in the wild, packed into bags, wooden crates or baskets and transported to selling points along
main roads or to urban centres. The most common species sold at the roadside in West Africa are
snails, duikers, brush-tailed porcupines, hares and Grasscutters. Snails and grasscutter fetch the
highest market prices per kilogram. In urban areas, the gatherers may sell the snails directly to
consumers or to wholesale traders or retailers. Snails can be smoked and stored for sale during
the off season when prices are highest. Snail price differences between the wet and dry

The channel of distribution for snails was from producers and hunters to retailers and then to
consumers, or from hunters directly to consumers. Snail marketing was found to be marginally
efficient in both the wet and dry seasons, which may be attributable to problems such as the
nature of the source of supply, poor storability and excessive price.

Snail products

A Nigerian study showed the feasibility of using snail meal of the giant African snail Archatina
marginata as a partial fishmeal substitute in raising fish (Clarias gariepinus) with a 60% snail
meal/40% fishmeal mixture giving optimum results. The study puts the production cost of snail
meal (oven-dried flesh including viscera) at N 250/kg versus N300/kg for fishmeal (1 US $ =
N127.50 in 2007). Production costs of snail meal might be further reduced by promoting the
active rearing and marketing of the species for its values as a fishmeal product, and supplier of
protein and nutrients for humans. Underdeveloped or damaged snails may be fed to pigs.

Shells are often cited as a potential additional source of income from snail breeding, more
specifically their sale to souvenir shops. This is obviously a very limited market and it would be
unwise to base profitability calculations of your snail farm on a niche market like snail shells as
adornments or souvenirs. Crushed snail shells may be applied in chicken feed or in liming to
improve the quality of acidic (fish pond) soils. However, do not forget that your snail feed must
contain enough calcium to enable the snails to develop sturdy shells.

Processed snail meat

Fresh snail meat can be processed, for storage or marketing, in several ways:
 At farm level, it can be smoke-dried for sale in the off season when prices are
traditionally higher.
Snail meat can be frozen or canned, for sale to domestic or export markets. This type of
processing requires investments on a scale that is (probably) beyond the means of the
individual snail farmer, though it might be undertaken by strong, prosperous farmers'
cooperatives.
On-farm processing of snail meat into locally well-received, tasty dishes, for sale at your
own roadside shop or to nearby restaurants, may be another way of adding value to snail
farm products. Obviously, you should abide by local sanitary regulations when starting and
running a snail meal kitchen.

PROCESSING OF SNAIL MEAT

Processing

Harvesting and storage

The age and size at which snails should be collected from the snailery obviously depends on the
farming objective: whether the snails are grown for personal use or for the market. Snails grown
for personal use can be harvested according to the farmers needs; whereas customer preferences
dictate the optimum size and consequently age of snails harvested for the market. Snails usually
need to grow for at least one year to reach their proper size and weight. It is recommended to
harvest snails by the time they reach two years, because after this age their rate of growth slows
down. Snails are picked by hand, at nightfall, when they become active and are easier to find and
collect. They need to be put carefully into a basket, box, crate or sack, to avoid damaging the
shell, which would lower their market value. Never put more than 10 kg snails together in
whatever storage receptacle you use, to avoid cracking or crushing the shells in the lower layers.
Snails, whether for household consumption or for the market, can be stored safely for up to 6-8
weeks in a box or crate, if you do not want to collect them daily. First put a 5 cm layer of
sawdust or finely cut corncob leaves on the bottom of the box; place over this a layer of snails,
then another 3 cm layer of sawdust, and so on, ending with a covering layer. The box should be
kept in a cool, shaded place, well protected from predators and poachers. Snails can be
transported to the market in baskets; boxes or sacks, but always take care not to damage them by
putting too many together on top of each other (max. 10 kg).

Processing

Freshly gathered snails have just eaten (except if collected when aestivating or hibernating).
They can be used directly, but all faeces and dirt must be removed in the kitchen. It is easier and
more hygienic to have them defecate before use. Store them in a basket or sack in a cool, shaded
place without food for four days, to enable them to discharge all aliments in their intestinal tract.
They are now ready for washing, boiling and dressing.

Washing

Put snails in a bucket with water, adding some salt and a dash of vinegar. Lemon or lime juice
can be used instead of vinegar. Soon, the snails will start to discharge their slime: a milky,
whitish liquid. Throw away the water and repeat the washing procedure until the water remains
clear.

Boiling

After washing, put snails into boiling water, again adding some salt and vinegar, or lime or
lemon juice, and boil thoroughly for at least 5 minutes. Achatina fulica (but possibly the other
GALS species as well) is reported to be an intermediate vector of the Rat Lungworm and other
diseases potentially lethal to humans. Improperly cooked Achatina fulica meat may act as a
major source of human infection in places where it is commonly eaten by people, such as
Taiwan. Thorough boiling is essential!
Dressing

Extract the snail from its shell, draining off the body fluid or haemolymph (unless local recipes
call for its use), remove the viscera (heart, stomach, kidney, liver, intestines) and cut off the head.
The meat is now ready for boiling, stewing, frying or whatever cooking technique your local
snail recipe book calls for.

Export markets

France plays a central role in the growing international trade in snails. Some of the snails
imported into France are processed and exported to other European countries or to North
America, especially to the USA, which imports hundreds of millions of US dollars worth of
snail meat annually. Other important markets are Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Canada,
Switzerland, Japan, Sweden, Austria, Denmark and South Africa. Among the major suppliers to
these markets are Greece, Turkey, Rumania, Algeria, Tunisia, as well as Taiwan, Thailand and
China. Most countries supply the European snail species Helix aspersa, H. pomatia and H.
lucorum, while the Asian countries supply Achatina fulica. The snails are supplied fresh, frozen
or canned. The African species fetch about one third of the price of the European species. This is
mainly because, compared to the European species, the meat of the African species is considered
to be rather rubbery and the shell less suitable for presenting the final product. European
consumers generally prefer snails served in the shell.

However, studies by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in the United Kingdom have
shown that juvenile A. achatina snails are meatier and more tender than the more favored
European species. It is hoped that this finding will increase demand for the African species. For
West African producers, this might mean not only a bigger market for their product but also
reduced costs of production because of the shorter growing period required (for the snails to
reach the size preferred by consumers). However, it will take some time before the long-standing
prejudices in continental Europe against the African snail species are overcome. Export markets
clearly offer opportunities, though the small-scale snail producer should not underestimate the
difficulties, including import regulations, hygienic and health requirements. It would seem that
the small, local snail farmer might participate in export opportunities best through farmers'
cooperatives, or by contract farming for large, local snail processing and export ventures.

OPERATIONAL COST FOR STOCKING 300 SNAILS

COST OF BREEDING SNAIL N270 matured snail that are ready to lay X 300 snail

=N81, 000

PRODUCTION PLANNING

Good planning means controlling the maximum number of animals in the shed. This figure
should always be uppermost in any production planning, and snails should be calculated and
planned throughout the year. The breeder should not hesitate to sell surplus snails or to enlarge
pens as soon as possible, in order to reduce the risk of overpopulation.

PROFIT PROJECTION FOR 300 SNAILS

80% of the matured snail will lay eggs randomly; a snail can lay 100/300 in a year

If 240 snails lays 70 eggs = 16,800 snails lays randomly

If 50% reach marketable size in a year

8400 marketable snails yearly

Cost of matured between N200/N300

If sold at @N200 x 8400 marketable snails yearly

=N1, 680,000
Under very good management

Large deciduous trees (plantain or banana) should be planted on all the side of the shed to
provide shade and natural thermal comfort. In line with the researchers commitment to
environmental sustainability, the trees will help reduce the daytime temperature, thus the pod
will becomes more energy efficient. It improves in the activity of the snails that resulted in more
effective breeding and a lower mortality rate.

SNAIL PEN LAYOUT/ SNAIL CAPACITY PER PEN

 100ft

Plantain plantation
Plantain plantation Plantain plantation Plantain plantation
Plantain plantation Plantain plantation Plantain plantation
Path way 4ft wide

8 by 8ft 8 by 8ft 8 by 8ft 8 by 8ft 8 by 8ft 8 by 8ft 8 by 8ft 8 by 8ft 8 by 8ft 8 by 8ft
Snail pen unit
5 0ft

Path way 4ft wide

Plantain plantation
Plantain plantation
Plantain plantation

Plantain plantation Plantain plantation

Plantain plantation Plantain plantation Plantain plantation

3000 snail capacity

Capacity 300 snails per pen in 8 by 8 ft box

Frequently Asked Questions
How long do they live for? Giant African Land Snails can live for 10 years, but the average is
more like 5 or 6 years.

How long do they take to become adults?

Giant African Land Snails vary in their growth rates. If kept in optimum conditions, you can
expect your snails to start laying eggs between nine months and two years, depending on the
species and how they are kept. Snails keep growing throughout their lifetime, but slow down on
reaching maturity.
When do they stop growing? Giant African Land Snails continue growing throughout their life,
but they grow quicker when they are younger, when plenty of food and cuttlefish is available,
and when it is warm enough.

Do all species Lay eggs? One species called Achatina iradelei gives birth to live young.
However, in actual fact, the babies are born from eggs but these are incubated inside the snail.

What's the most common species? The most common Giant African Land Snail you are likely
to find in captivity is Achatina fulica.

What's the largest species? The largest ever Giant African Land Snail is a species called
Achatina achatina, and one individual grew to 15 inches long.

Are there any books on Giant African Land Snails? Only one that I know of I'm afraid! It's
called COMPLETE GUIDE TO SNAIL REAING IN NIGERIA by Lamson Opeyemi It's
available from (if you are in the Nigeria) N2, 750 e-copy

How much do Giant African Land Snails cost to keep? Giant African Land Snails vary in
price. I've seen them in village market in Nigeria for N250 for a snail of 2 inches! The most
expensive thing about snails keeping is probably their enclosure.

What do Giant African Land Snails eat? Giant African Land Snails can eat a wide variety of
foods, from fruit and vegetables, to rotting meat and even cardboard! How many eggs does a
Giant African Land Snail lay? The species Achatina fulica can lay over 300 eggs in one go, but
species such as Achatina marginata lay much fewer, from one to twenty eggs at a time.

How can you tell if a snail is sexually mature? The snails which develop aperture teeth and/or
reflected lip are sexually mature when these features are developed. For those without these
physical features only size can be used. When the shell is almost full size, it is sexually mature.

What and where are the snail's sex organs? The reproductive opening is located in the head!
The reproductive organs themselves are in the visceral hump.

How do snails find a mate? Is it at a snail's pace? The method used is slime trail
following.The same method as prey detection.
Do snails have courtship? You bet! Reproduction in some hermaphroditic snails begins by
engaging in a preliminary love-play. A pair of snails raise the creeping sole of their feet off the
ground and bring them together. At the same time they rock their bodies to and fro and actively
caress one another with their greatly extended tentacles. After a short time the love-play passes
into a love-duel; each snail projects its calcareous love-dart into the sole of its partner's foot (only
if the snail has a dark sack). Thereupon the two animals become interlocked, often for a long
time, until they once more raise themselves and the actual mating occurs. During mating each
everts its penis and ejects the fertilizing sperm into the vagina of the partner. The two snails then
separate, and each stores the sperm of the other until its own eggs have ripened.

Does self-fertilization occur? Cross-fertilization is the rule but self-fertilization does occur.
Does self fertilization have genetic problems? Most freshwater snails can self-fertilize for two
or three generations without difficulty in genetic factors. Pulmonate snails will use cross-
fertilized sperm in reproduction in preference to sperm from the same individual. This ability of
self-fertilization is a very significant feature, because it enables the snail to establish a new
colony by means of a single individual. This is only possible if the individual can hold out for a
fairly long time at its new location. In every possible situation it will use cross-fertilization to
maintain genetic diversity.

How do eggs develop? When the young are hatched, they are miniature adults. There is no
metamorphosis or molting. Young snails grow by the mantle adding material to the leading edge
of the shell which in turn adds morewhorls. The Achatina fulica snails in a clutch emerge to the
surface en masse, usually within a few hours. In some cases, one or two individuals force a path
through the sand to the surface and the others following the same route. After hatching, they eat
their shells, and sometimes the shell of unhatched siblings. Much of the growth is in the first
month with a little less in the next two months.
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