AM2540

APPLIED MECHANICS LAB

D ATE OF E XPERIMENT : 07/08/2017

G ROUP N UMBER : 44
E XPERIMENT C ODE :H
E XPERIMENT N AME : T ENSION T EST M ECHANICAL B EHAVIOR
OF M ILD S TEEL

Group Members

1)ME16B166 : Sureddy Abhishek .

2)ME16B167 : Ankit Take.

3)ME16B168 : Pushkar Taralekar

 Tension test: Mechanical behavior of mild steel
Objective :
To find the mechanical properties of mild steel by applying a tensile load axially to a mild steel specimen.

Apparatus :
Steel specimen with and without groove
Tensile test machine.
Computer for plotting
Hydraulic pump for creating the strain in the specimen using tensile test.

Theory :
Mild steel , an alloy of carbon and iron , is extensively used for a wide variety of engineering
applications. In design of steel components ,it is very important to quantify its mechanical properties, so
that we can get the idea of the extreme conditions under which the steel can be put in and thus we can
avoid failures.

Engineering stress in a tensile bar (S): Measure of the intensity of the internal force
(Stress). It is the axial force per unit original area.
=
Engineering strain (e): Measure of deformation, given by change in length per unit
original length
=
True stress (): Axial force per unit current area (i.e. the area at that instant.)
= = (1 + )
True strain (): calculated using the instantaneous gauge length
= = ln = ln(1 + )
Observation :

a) Specimen without Groove

Pre-test data:
Length of uniform cross section, L0 = 44.5mm
Diameters at three different location
D1= 8.06mm,
D2= 8.0mm,
D3 =8.06mm
Average diameter, D = (D1 + D2 + D3) / 3 = 8.04mm

Test Data :

True True
Axial Extension Engg. Engg.
stress strain
S.No Load applied Stress strain
(N/mm2 (mm/mm
(kN) (mm) S(N/mm2 ) e(mm/mm)
) )
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.07 3.1 1.378783448 0.069662921 1.474833531 0.06734357
3 0.13 5.3 2.560597832 0.119101124 2.865567911 0.11252579
4 0.76 6.8 14.96964886 0.152808989 17.25714577 0.14220156
5 1.57 7 30.92414305 0.157303371 35.78861499 0.14609262
6 2.19 7.1 43.13622502 0.159550562 50.01863395 0.14803248
7 6.59 7.4 129.8026132 0.166292135 151.3877668 0.1538296
8 19.11 7.8 376.4078813 0.175280899 442.3849931 0.16150718
9 20.13 8.8 396.4987258 0.197752809 474.9074626 0.18044714
10 21.1 9 415.604725 0.202247191 499.6596132 0.18419246
11 22.59 9.3 444.9531156 0.208988764 537.9433173 0.18978428
12 23.19 9.7 456.7712594 0.217977528 556.3371294 0.19719172
13 25.17 10.3 495.7711341 0.231460674 610.522655 0.208201
14 25.92 10.8 510.5438139 0.242696629 634.4510766 0.21728372
15 26.51 11.1 522.1649887 0.249438202 652.4128847 0.22269401
16 27.18 11.6 535.3619159 0.260674157 674.9169322 0.23164662
17 27.36 11.9 538.9073591 0.26741573 683.0196641 0.23697997
18 27.74 12.6 546.3921835 0.283146067 701.1009816 0.24931493
19 27.92 12.8 549.9376267 0.287640449 708.1219328 0.25281143
20 28.24 14 556.2406367 0.314606742 731.237691 0.27353757
21 28.29 14.7 557.2254821 0.330337079 741.2977199 0.28543235
22 28.31 14.8 557.6194202 0.33258427 743.0748678 0.28712012
23 28.28 15.4 557.028513 0.346067416 749.797931 0.29718732
24 28.24 15.6 556.2406367 0.350561798 751.2373543 0.30052065
25 28.2 15.8 555.4527605 0.35505618 752.6696957 0.30384291
26 28.12 16 553.877008 0.359550562 753.0237973 0.30715418
27 28.09 16.2 553.2861008 0.364044944 754.7071082 0.31045451
28 28 16.5 551.5133792 0.370786517 756.0071041 0.31538468
29 27.88 16.7 549.1497504 0.375280899 755.2351624 0.318658
 30 27.76 16.9 546.7861217 0.379775281 754.4419746 0.32192065
31 27.56 17.2 542.8467404 0.386516854 752.6661546 0.32679474
32 27.31 17.4 537.9225138 0.391011236 748.2562607 0.33003099
33 27.01 17.6 532.0134419 0.395505618 742.427747 0.3332568
34 26.64 17.8 524.7255865 0.4 734.6158211 0.33647224
35 26.2 18 516.0589477 0.404494382 724.8018928 0.33967737
36 25.7 18.3 506.2104945 0.411235955 714.3824506 0.34446588
37 25.14 18.5 495.1802269 0.415730337 701.0416695 0.34764554
38 24.49 18.8 482.3772377 0.42247191 686.1680708 0.35239614
39 23.74 19 467.6045579 0.426966292 667.2559422 0.35555072
40 22.85 19.3 450.0743112 0.433707865 645.2750799 0.360264
41 21.86 19.5 430.5743739 0.438202247 619.2530321 0.36339389
42 16.8 20.3 330.9080275 0.456179775 481.8615771 0.37581641

800

700

600

500
Stress(N/mm2)

400

300

200

100

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Strain
EngineeringStress Vs EngineeringStrain TrueStress Vs TrueStrain

STRESS VS STRAIN graph of ungrooved steel rod.

Post test data:

a. Failure load = 28.31 kN

b. Final diameter = 4.90 mm

c. Final length of the initially uniform CS = 60.90mm

d. Failure surface profile = cup and cone failure.

The failure can occur anywhere on the length of specimen having uniform cross section.

Results:
Proportional limit, pl = 396.5 N/ mm2

Tangent modulus, Et = 220.2N/ mm2

Yield strength of the material , y = 400 N/mm2

Ultimate tensile strength= 557 N/ mm2

Percentage elongation, measure of ductility of the material is given by ,

= 100

= (60.9 44.5)/44.5 X 100

= 36.85 %

Percentage area reduction is given by ,

= 100

= (64.64 -24.01)/64.64 X 100

= 62.85%

b) Specimen with Groove

Pre-test data:

Length of uniform cross section, L0 = 44.60 mm

Diameter at the location of groove, D = 7.80 mm

Test data:

Extensio Engg. True True

Engg.
S.No. Axial Load n Stress stress strain
strain
(kN) applied S(N/mm2 (N/mm2 (mm/mm
e(mm/mm)
(mm) ) ) )
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1.39 0.1 29.08946363 0.00224215 29.15468664 0.002239643
3 2.5 0.1 52.31917919 0.00224215 52.43648677 0.002239643
4 3.48 0.2 72.82829743 0.0044843 73.15488172 0.00447428
5 4.57 0.2 95.63945956 0.0044843 96.06833606 0.00447428
6 12.72 0.6 266.1999837 0.01345291 269.7811494 0.013363228
7 14.26 0.6 298.4285981 0.01345291 302.4433326 0.013363228
8 16.12 0.7 337.3540674 0.01569507 342.6488622 0.015573173
 9 16.75 0.7 350.5385006 0.01569507 356.0402259 0.015573173
10 17.11 0.8 358.0724624 0.01793722 364.4952868 0.017778246
11 17.13 0.9 358.4910158 0.02017937 365.7251394 0.019978467
12 17.83 1 373.140386 0.02242152 381.5067623 0.022173857
13 18.34 1.2 383.8134985 0.02690583 394.1403191 0.026550232
14 18.54 1.7 387.9990329 0.03811659 402.7882337 0.037408102
15 19.15 1.8 400.7649126 0.04035874 416.9392813 0.0395656
16 20.51 2.1 429.2265461 0.0470852 449.4367646 0.046010306
17 21.42 2.4 448.2707273 0.05381166 472.3929189 0.052413743
18 21.71 2.6 454.3397521 0.05829596 480.825926 0.056660034
19 22 2.6 460.4087769 0.05829596 487.2487504 0.056660034
20 22.28 2.7 466.2685249 0.06053812 494.4955433 0.058776436
21 22.53 2.8 471.5004428 0.06278027 501.1013675 0.06088837
22 22.83 2.9 477.7787444 0.06502242 508.8450753 0.062995852
23 23.09 3 483.219939 0.06726457 515.7235223 0.065098902
24 23.36 3.1 488.8704103 0.06950673 522.8501922 0.067197539
25 23.58 3.3 493.4744981 0.07399103 529.9871852 0.071381645
26 24.08 3.6 503.9383339 0.08071749 544.6149708 0.077625162
27 25.63 4.6 536.376225 0.10313901 591.6975397 0.098159764
28 25.78 4.6 539.5153758 0.10313901 595.1604594 0.098159764
29 25.78 4.8 539.5153758 0.10762332 597.5798109 0.102216565
30 25.94 4.9 542.8638033 0.10986547 602.5057906 0.104238811
31 26.1 5 546.2122307 0.11210762 607.4467857 0.106256975
32 26.25 5.1 549.3513815 0.11434978 612.1695888 0.108271074
33 26.38 5.4 552.0719788 0.12107623 618.9147744 0.114289146
34 26.6 5.8 556.6760666 0.13004484 629.0689183 0.122257316
35 26.72 5.9 559.1873872 0.132287 633.1606065 0.124239477
36 26.9 6.1 562.9543681 0.1367713 639.9503691 0.128192052
37 26.98 6.4 564.6285818 0.14349776 645.6515173 0.134091774
38 27.04 6.6 565.8842421 0.14798206 649.6249595 0.138005673
39 27.09 6.7 566.9306257 0.15022422 652.097334 0.139956893
40 27.15 6.9 568.186286 0.15470852 656.0895455 0.143847949
41 27.2 7 569.2326696 0.15695067 658.57412 0.145787813
42 27.29 7.6 571.11616 0.17040359 668.4364025 0.157348636
43 27.34 7.7 572.1625436 0.17264574 670.9439693 0.159262512
44 27.34 7.9 572.1625436 0.17713004 673.5097206 0.163079311
45 27.33 8.1 571.9532669 0.18161435 675.8281876 0.166881597
46 27.31 8.3 571.5347135 0.18609865 677.8965548 0.17066948
47 27.28 8.5 570.9068833 0.19058296 679.7120068 0.174443069
48 27.21 8.7 569.4419463 0.19506726 680.5214291 0.178202472
49 27.03 8.9 565.6749654 0.19955157 678.5562926 0.181947795
50 26.64 9.1 557.5131734 0.20403587 671.2658613 0.185679142
51 25.45 9.4 532.6092441 0.21076233 644.8632104 0.191250188
52 20.88 9.6 436.9697846 0.21524664 531.0260611 0.194947049
 Stress Vs Strain
800

700

600
Stress(N/mm2)
500

400

300

200

100

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Strain

Engg Stress Vs Engg Strain True Stress Vs True Strain

STRESS VS STRAIN graph of grooved steel rod.

Post test data:

a. Failure load = 27.34 kN

b. Final diameter = 6.08 mm

c. Final length of the initially uniform CS = 56.38 mm

d. Failure surface profile = cup and cone failure.

The failure occurs at the location where the groove is made in the specimen of uniform cross section.

Results:
Proportional limit, pl = 342.6 N/ mm2

Tangent modulus, Et = 22.1 kN/ mm2

Yield strength of the material, y = 365.7 N/ mm2

Ultimate tensile strength= 571.95 N/ mm2

Percentage elongation, measure of ductility of the material is given by ,

= 100

= (56.38 44.60)/44.60 X 100

= 26.41%
Percentage area reduction is given by ,

= 100

= (60.84 -36.97)/60.84 X100

=39.24 %

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make a note of the least count of the vernier caliper
2. Install the specimen in the machine avoiding any significant load developing during the installation.
3. While applying load ,revolve hydraulic fluid knob slowly in short dont apply load suddenly
4.While doing experiment one should cover their eyes with safety glasses.

Points for Discussion:

1) Why is steel a popular structural material?

Steel is an alloy of Iron and Carbon, that is widely used in construction and other applications because of
its high tensile strength and low cost. The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to 2.1% of its
weight. The simplest steels are iron (Fe) alloyed with carbon (C) (about 0.1% to 1%, depending on type).
Varying the amount of alloying elements, their presence in the steel either as solute elements or as
precipitated phases, retards the movement of those dislocations that make iron comparatively ductile
and weak and thus controls its qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the
resulting steel. Some of these find uses in exotic and highly-demanding applications, such as in the
turbine blades of jet engines, in spacecraft, and in nuclear reactors. Because of the ferromagnetic
properties of iron, some steel alloys find important applications where their responses to magnetism are
very important, including in electric motors and in transformers.

2) If the experiment was in load control (i.e., the force was increased incrementally rather than the
displacement), how would the stress-strain curve look like in comparison to what you have obtained.
Show schematically in a diagram.

Initially the strain increases linearly with the load, after reaching a limit it loses it linearity but still
continues to increase. Then it will reach a point which on increasing the load very slightly will have
drastic change in strain i.e., the curve almost becomes horizontal.
3) Is the tangent modulus that you obtain near to the quoted values of steel (210 GPa)? If not what you
think may be the reason for it.

Young's modulus is not always the same in all orientations of a material. Most metals and ceramics,
along with many other materials, are isotropic, and their mechanical properties are the same in all
orientations. However, metals and ceramics can be treated with certain impurities, and metals can be
mechanically worked to make their grain structures directional. These materials then become
anisotropic, and Young's modulus will change depending on the direction of the force vector. Anisotropy
can be seen in many composites as well. For example, carbon fiber has much higher Young's modulus (is
much stiffer) when force is loaded parallel to the fibers (along the grain). Young's modulus depends on
the homogeneity and the properties to not change. But the material taken will have impurities (since
they are small we can neglect them, but they do have an impact.) The isotropic nature we are assuming
is almost present in the material. So we do not expect significant change in the Tangent Modulus.

4) Up to what values of strain there is less than 5% difference between true stress and engineering
stress data?

In case of grooved specimen, the difference between engineering and true stresses around 5% occurs at
an engineering strain of 0.04

In case of ungrooved specimen, the difference between engineering and true stresses around 5% occurs
at an engineering strain of 0.12.
 Failure planes in brittle and ductile material
Objective:
To find the differences between the critical planes of brittle and ductile materials.

Theory:
Depending upon their abilities to absorb energy, materials are broadly classified into two types: brittle
and ductile. Brittle materials like chalk, concrete behave elastically when applied a load, but beyond the
critical point, they fail suddenly without showing any deformation i.e, without showing plasticity. But
ductile materials like aluminium alloys and steels with low carbon content show extensive plastic
deformation before failing.

The failure mechanisms are different and therefore different theories are applicable.

Maximum principal stress theory:

This failure theory applicable for brittle materials states that the failure occurs when the maximum
principal stress in the material reaches a critical value. The principal plane with the maximum tensile
stress is predicted to be the failure plane.

Maximum shear stress failure theory:

This failure theory applicable for ductile material states that the failure occurs when the maximum
shear stress in the material reaches a critical value. The maximum shear stress plane is the predicted
failure plane.

Observations:

S.No. Type of load Location of Angle of the

applied failure failure plane
1 Tensile load At the middle portion of 90 0
the length
2 Torsional load At the middle portion of 45 0
the length
3 Three point bending At the point of 90 0
application of external
force
 Tensile load Torsional load
(Failure plane-90o ) (Failure plane-45 o )

Three point bending

(Failure plane-90o )
Points for Discussion:
1) The difference between the failure planes you observe in the tensile test of mild steel and the chalk
bar. Discuss.

The difference in the failure planes of mild steel and chalk, when tensile stress in applied is the angle of
the failure plane. While it is perpendicular to its axis in the case of the chalk bar, the failure plane makes
an angle of 450 with the length of the mild steel rod.

2) In your opinion where should the failure occur across the length in each case of loading? Why?

If both the bodies are uniform along the length, then the failure should occur at the middle of length in
both the cases because of the symmetric nature of both the bodies. If they have non-uniform thickness
along the lengths, then the point along the length where failure occur cant be predicted.

3) If the mild steel specimen was loaded in torsion what will be the inclination of the failure plane with
the length axis. Justify.

The failure plane , when a torsion is applied to mild steel is perpendicular to the length if the rod. This is
because mild steel being a ductile material, fails according to the maximum shear stress failure theory.
Since the plane of maximum shear stress is perpendicular to the length in this case, when no axial force
is applied, it breaks in this way
Recorded data(IN THE LAB)