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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences (ARIBAS), New Vallabh
Vidyanagar-388121, Gujarat, India
KEYWORDS Abstract In the present study, in vitro anticariogenic potential of ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol
Eucalyptus globules; and aqueous extracts of plant leaves of Eucalyptus globules Labill. were evaluated by using four
Anticariogenic; cariogenic bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Staphylococcus aureus and
Phytochemistry; Streptococcus mutans. Agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Bioautography; were used for this purpose. The ethyl acetate extracted fraction of plant leaves showed good inhibitory
a-Farnesene effects against all selected bacteria. In Eucalyptus globules, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts found
highly effective against, Lactobacillus acidophilus with MIC value of 0.031 and 0.062 mg/mL, respec-
tively. Qualitative phytochemical investigation of above extracts showed the presence of alkaloids,
phenolic compounds, steroids, cardiac glycosides and terpenes. Based on the MIC value and bioau-
tography, ethyl acetate of plant leaf was selected for further study. Further investigation on the struc-
ture elucidation of the bioactive compound using IR, GC-MS and NMR techniques revealed the
presence of alpha-farnesene, a sesquiterpene. Eucalyptus globules plant leaf extracts have great poten-
tial as anticariogenic agents that may be useful in the treatment of oral disease.
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1. Introduction
Leverett et al., 1993). Streptococcus mutans are the primary perature. The extract was ltered with the help of Whatman l-
species associated with the early dental caries process ter paper number-1. The ltrate was collected in petridish and
(Loesche, 1986). There are undoubtedly other acidogenic dried at room temperature. The dried extract from petridish
organisms involved in dental caries. However, it is now obvi- was scraped and transferred to eppendorf tube.
ous that the same bacteria are involved, but the reasons for The residual material from the funnel was dried again and
the rapid progression of the disease in these children are still resuspended in 250 mL hexane for 24 hours at room tempera-
uncertain (Alaluusua et al., 1987; Caueld et al., 1993). ture. The extract was ltered and collected in the petri dish. It
There are an overwhelming number of studies on the bio- was dried at room temperature.
logical activities of plants and their natural product derivatives Similarly, the residual materials from the funnel are pre-
(Hebber et al, 2004; Cowan, 1999). It is well known to add to served and reextracted with a same volume (250 mL) of meth-
toothpastes and mouth rinses an extract of Chamomille folia in anol and distilled water respectively. In both cases, the
a dosage of 0.1-2.0% by weight (Kitagaki et al., 1983). This ex- resultant culture ltrate was air dried at room temperature.
tract is anti-bacterial on micro biota of the mouth and can The dried extract from petri dish was scraped and transferred
therefore be used against certain inammations in the mouth. to eppendorf tube.
The increasing resistance to available antimicrobials has at-
tracted the attention of the scientic community regarding a 2.3. Cariogenic bacteria
search for new cost-effective drugs of natural or synthetic ori-
gin (Pai et al., 2004; Fine et al, 2000). The Eucalyptus is used to A group of bacteria known to cause dental caries were selected
control several diseases derived from microbial infections. and purchased from Microbial Type Culture Collection
A Eucalyptus globules Labill. under the family of Myrta- (MTCC) bank, Chandigarh as a freeze dried pure culture.
ceae. A large tree attains a height of 60 m or more with a The bacterial cultures were revived by using MTCC specied
straight, clean bole and smooth bark peeling off in long thin selective growth medium and preserved as glycerol stocks.
strips or sheets Leaves on young twigs opposite, sessile, cor- The bacteria responsible for dental caries Lactobacillus aci-
date-ovate, glaucous gray; adult leaves alternate, lanceolate dophilus (MTCC-*447), Lactobacillus casei (MTCC-1423),
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, falcate. Flowers large, axillary, Streptococcus mutans (MTCC-890) and Staphylococcus aureus
solitary or 2 to 3 together; calyx tube broadly turbinate, thick (MTCC-96) were used for the study.
and woody. Fruits (capsules) semi-globular, containing numer-
ous minute seeds (Pandey et al., 2005). It is reported to be anti- 2.4. Inoculums Preparation
septic, astringent, deodorant, diaphoretic, expectorant,
febrifuge, insect repellant, rubefacient. The bluegum eucalyp-
Fresh inoculums were prepared by streaking a loopful of bac-
tus is a folk remedy for abscess, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis,
terial suspension into the bacteria specic selective media (Hi-
burns, cough, fever, u, inammation, leprosy, malaria, sores,
media) and incubated at an optimal temperature in order to
sore throat and wounds (Duke and Wain, 1981; List and Hor-
maintain an approximately uniform growth rate. The bacterial
hammer, 19691979; Morton, 1981). Leaves contain 7080%
cultures were compared with 0.5 McFarland turbidity stan-
eucalyptol (cineol). Also includes terpineol, sesquiterpene alco-
dard, which is equivalent to approximately 1X108 bacterial cell
hols, aliphatic aldehydes, isoamyl alcohol, ethanol, and terp-
count per mL (Perilla, 2003), was maintained throughout the
enes (Morton, 1981). The main objective of the present study
experimentation.
was to investigate the effects of leaf extracts of Eucalyptus
globules for anticariogenic activity and phytochemical study.
2.5. Bioassay for anticarcinogenic activity of E. globules leaf
extracts
2. Materials and Methods
2.5.1. Agar Well Diffusion Method
2.1. Collection of plants material
In the present study, to test anticariogenic activity, E. globules
plant leaf extracts were used. The anticariogenic activity was
Eucalyptus globules Labill. plant leaves were collected between studied by agar well diffusion method (Perez et al., 1990).
January to February, 2010 from the surroundings of Vallabh From the stock, 100 mg of leaf extracts was suspended in
Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India. The leaves of all the healthy and one milliliter of each of ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol and
disease free plants were used to test the antibacterial activity. distilled water. Selective agar medium plates were marked
Plant specimens were identied by Dr. Kalpesh Ishnava (Plant and divided in to 4 equal parts, labeled for specic organism
Taxonomist) at Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated and extract name. A fresh bacterial culture of 100lL having
Study & Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences (ARI- 108 CFU/mL was spread on agar plates with a glass spreader.
BAS), New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India. A well of 10 mm diameter was punched off at previously
marked petriplates into agar medium with sterile cup borer
2.2. Extraction of leaves and then it was lled with 100 lL of E. globules leaf superna-
tant. Plates were placed for 30 minutes in a refrigerator for dif-
First of all the leaves of E. globules were thoroughly washed fusion of extracts and then incubated at 37C (or specied
with tap water, blotted and dried under sunlight after cutting temperature) for 24 hours or more depending upon the bacte-
them into small pieces and subjected to oven drying at 60C rial species, until appearances of the inhibition zone. The zone
for 12 hours. For the purpose of making powder it was ground of inhibition (including well diameter) was measured as a prop-
in a grinder. From this, 50 grams of powdered material was erty of anticariogenic activity. Antibiotic, ampicillin was used
soaked in 250 mL of ethyl acetate for 24 hours at room tem- as a standard at a concentration of 10 lg/mL and all the
Anticariogenic and phytochemical evaluation of Eucalyptus globules Labill. 71
organic solvents were used as positive control and negative the silica gel plate loaded with sample and incubated at 37C
control respectively. Bioassay was performed in duplicate for 24 hrs. The next day, the plate was ooded with 2, 3, 5-
and repeated twice. Tri phenyl tetrazolium chloride (0.1%) to visualize growth
inhibition. The area of inhibition zone appeared transparent
2.5.2. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration against a red background (lawn of living bacteria).
(MIC)
Minimum inhibitory concentration was evaluated by the two 2.6.4. Preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC)
fold serial broth dilution method (Chattopadhyay et al., The preparative thin layer chromatography was performed at
2001). Leaf extracts showing more than 10 mm inhibition zone the nal step of the purication of the pure compound prior
were selected for MIC. Selective broth medium was used for to the structure elucidation. Bands that showed antibacterial
dilutions as well as preparing inoculums. The bacterial cell activity were pulled together and further puried by prepara-
density was maintained uniformly throughout the experimen- tive thin layer chromatography (PTLC). For the PTLC, sam-
tation at 1X108 CFU/mL by comparing with 0.5 McFarland ple aliquots were loaded onto TLC plates and developed in
turbidity standards. Leaf extracts of 100lL from the stock Toluene: ethyl acetate (93:7) solvent system. Bioautography
solution (10mg/mL) was taken into a rst dilution tube con- of the TLC plate was used to conrm the position of the com-
taining 900lL of the selective medium broth and mixed well. pound showing antibacterial activity. The compound was
From this, 500 lL were transferred to second tubes containing eluted from the developed plate by scrapping off silica gel
500lL broth. This step was repeated nine times and from the and mixed well with hexane and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm
last tube 500lL of the solution was discarded. 100lL of test for 10 minutes. The supernatant was collected and used for
organisms was added in each tube. The nal volume of solu- further analysis.
tion in each tube was made up to 0.6 mL. The MIC was tested
in the concentration range between 10 lg/mL and 0.039 lg/ 2.6.5. Fourier Transformer Infra Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy
mL. Tubes were incubated at an optimal temperature and time A thin lm of E. globules plant leaf active eluted fraction in
in an incubator. Growth indicator 2, 3, 5-Triphenyl tetrazo- hexane was applied on the glass and IR spectra were recorded
lium chloride solution (100lL of 0.1%) was incorporated in by using Perkin Elmer spectrophotometer, Spectrum Instru-
each tube to nd out the bacterial growth inhibition. Tubes ment (Germany) with FTIR paragon 1000 PC software at
were further incubated for 30 minutes under dark conditions. the Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre for Applied Re-
Bacterial growth was visualized when colorless 2, 3, 5-Tri- search and Testing (SICART), Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat.
phenyl tetrazolium chloride was converted into red color for-
mazan in the presence of bacteria. Each assay was repeated 2.6.6. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS)
thrice by using DMSO and selective medium as control.
The GC-MS analysis was done by the electron impact ioniza-
tion (EI) method on Auto system XL gas chromatography
2.6. Phytochemical Characterization
(Perkin Elmer Instrument, Germany) coupled to a Turbo Mass
Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Instrument, Germany) at
2.6.1. Preliminary phytochemical analysis
Sophisticated and Instrumentation Centre for Applied Re-
Qualitative phytochemical analysis of E. globules crude leaf ex- search and Testing (SICART), Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat.
tracts selected based on MIC analysis was performed as per the The column was fused silica capillary column, 30 x 0.25 mm
standard methodology to determine the presence of Tannins, ID; coated with D-I, 0.25 lm lm thickness. The temperature
Alkaloids, Saponis, cardiac glycosides, Steroids, Terpenoides of the column was programmed at 70 to 2500C at the rate of
and Phenolic compounds (Parekh and Chanda, 2008). 100C/min increase, injection port temperature at 2500C. He-
lium was used as carrier gas at a constant pressure of 100
2.6.2. Analytical thin layer chromatography kpa and a ow rate of 20mL/min. Samples which dissolved
Analytical TLC was performed to nd out a suitable solvent in chloroform were run fully at a range of 60-550 amu and
system for the development of chromatogram. Different sol- the results were compared by using NIST 107 Spectral library
vent system was tried on precoated TLC plates (Merck, Silica search programme.
gel 60 F254 plate, 0.25mm) for the development of chromato-
gram. Among all, Toluene: ethyl acetate: (93:7) solvent system 2.6.7. NMR Spectroscopy
was found to be the best and used for subsequent analysis. 1
H NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 using a BRUKER
and 400 MHz for proton NMR spectrometer at the Depart-
2.6.3. Bioautography ment of chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyna-
By using capillaries 10lL of hexane extract of E. globules leaf gar, Gujarat, India.
extracts (100mg/mL stock solution) was spotted on to 0.25mm
thick precoated silica gel 60 F254 plate (Merck, Germany). 3. Result and discussion
The band length was 2 mm thick. After air drying the TLC
plate was run using pre-standardized solvent system, Toluene: The results of anticariogenic activity of the extracts and their
ethyl acetate (93:7). The chromatogram was observed under efcacy are quantitatively assessed by the presence or absence
UV illumination and used for bioautography. Specic growth of the zone of inhibition and diameter (in mm) respectively
medium (Tomato juice: 100 mL, Yeast extract: 5.0gm, (Table 1). Four different solvents were used for the extraction
Skimmed milk: 100gm per 1000 mL of distilled water, pH: of anticariogenic substances (Table 1). The solvents used were
7.2), seeded with Lactobacillus acidophilus, was overlaid onto hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and distilled water. Among all
72 K.B. Ishnava et al.
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