are BABYLONIAN GILGAMESH EPIC INTRODUCTION, CRITICAL EDITION AND CUNEIFORM TEXTS Volume IL A. R. George OXFORDOXFORD cio So Ono top Oxf University Pes isa deparemect ofthe Univers of Onford cleo inser chip Itsurters the Unter bees ae sodeducaony publishing wonwide ln Oers NewYork ‘Ackland Bangiok Baenoe Aires CapeTown Cheam Des Salam Deli Hong Kong lsnal Rene Rea bourne Mexico Cry Mute! Naot ‘SoPalo Shanghal Tape Tego Toros (sori egitered wade maf Oxford Unveriy Pass ‘Bebe UK mndcerain ots cura Publhedio the United States by Oxford Univers resin, NewYork ©A.R George 2003, ‘Thematrighsof teatro been ered Database right Oxforé Unsere Pree (makes) Fst poblbed 2003 “puma ar one “intact ir Caan oan sane dover te a son scat nen tag PrinedinGreatBitin chee coe ca CONTENTS VOLUME II 12. Bilgames and the Netherworld 172-End Manusesipss “Transliteration ‘Translation of the Sumerian text 13. Critical and Philological Notes on the Standard Babylonian Epic Tablerd “TablecTt “Tablec ‘Tableulv ‘Tablet V Tabler VI TablecVE “Tablet VIE Tabletlx Tablerx ‘Tablec XI “Tablet XITand Bilgames and the Netherworid 172-end Bibligraphy Goneral dex | Philologieat Index Selective Index of Quotations, Previous Publication, and Other Citations Index of Cuneiform Tablas and Orhor Objects by Museum Number 73 745 73 ™ 817 929 Bea 852 862 868 878 398 906 951 963 965 977 CUNEIFORM TEXTS Plates 1-14712 Bilgames and the Netherworld 172—End “The txt ofthe Sumerian poem of Bilgames and the Netherworld (BN), known in encient times as usria u,stirisia, Tn those days in those far-off dye’, hasbeen presented ina variorum edition by Aaron Shaffer. Nearly forty years have elapsed since then, and further publications haveadvanced ourknowledge ofthe composition considerably: The cuneiform test of Shaffer's MS Q,Ni9744, was published in ISET' pl. 53, while copes of MSS gr, t and U 16878 appeared as UET'VI nos. 55-8. The Jena source, MSV has been supple~ mented by new join.* Additional manusceips in Istanbul, London and Baghdad have become available in cuneiform over the years: SET I pl 199 Ni 9847, ISETU pl. 51 Ni 9626, GT'58 no. 54 and Cavigneaux, Uruk (AUWE 23) no. 98.The two tables from Mé~ “Turan announced in 1995 have since been published alongside editions of UETVI nos. 59 and 60 from Urs" che laters a manuscript that continues the poem after the place where it «nds in the seribal waditons of Nippur and ME-Turan * Further pieces fom Nippur have ‘been densified in Philadelphia, Chicago and Baghdad, especialy during the cataloguing of the 3N-T collections from Area'TA! Two fragments cut dow from a single tablet of ‘unknown provenance are now in the Schayen Collection awaiting definitive publication (ig. 15). A tablet from Isin also stl tobe published, as ae further pices from Ur ‘That this composition vas same sort of counterpart to Tablet KIT of the Standard Babyioninn epic was fist sen by C.J. Gadi in publishing Shaffer's MS r2 In due course, ss the Sumerian poem became better known through the efforts of Samuel Noah Kramer and others, the history of the text became ciearr. The latter half of Biles and the + A State Suen Sure Tie Xf he Epc of Gene PAD thes nals 163), abated by Urry Mis Ane Ar (7085, On the in gene fer ease oC, ote 1 Wikke Kalanen pe 2 "A. Covinnot and BAL Raw New Sumer ry te en Te aad ecw Meine): 101551995 .09 8-5 1 taf de Gps en tls Bas arse anc rete Meta’ P2200, 98.118. 1 Brees sch by Touran Shafer ppg ses pP.272-4 + See] W. Hemera Sannin is Fag: fom par Pind, 179.25 Pv wa ete ein he Unrest tsa, Paap, ae gtd ey pein of Poe S Tine at Eek, unto of he Baron Scion, "Tam puch M,C lowing acta fh ee and Me M. Scan a pein 0 ep ace my penton fen. "See BF aeraed ice Prine ert elon ip. 82,D 18930, © Gai The pf Glee blr, R430 (5099p 1278744 THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC FIG. 15. The two ragments of BN MS xytm= SC 3361 (oP) and rr, = SC 2887 (bottom). SC 3361 height 5.7em, breadth, '9.0em, thickness 2.Sem;SC 288° height 112em, breadth 84cm, thickness 2.5em. BILGAMES AND THE NETHERWORLD 172-END 74s ‘Netherworld had been translated into Akkadian prose and attached in that form to the Standard Babylonian epic as Tablet XIL.!° ‘To facilitate comparison between the Sumerian poem and the Akkadian translation ‘edited in the preceding chapter, the relevant partof the former (ll 172-end) is given here in synoptic style, with the text of all manuscripts given in full for each line (Nippur sources, first) and the Akkadian interpolated in transcription afin a regular bilingual textThe sigla used for the Sumerian sources follow the series established by Shaffer (AFF) and supple mented by Attinger (GG-K4)," with capital letters for Nippur manuscripts and lower case for tablets from Ur and other sites. Manuscripts not previously given sila follow in sequence (Iii) Allsources for. 172 ff. currently known to me in Philadelphia (MSS H.WY,Z,AA,CC, DD,EE, FR SS-UU,CCC-PEE),London (MSS r,tkks Ils mm,nn) and Oslo (MS) have bbeen studied at frst hand, ‘The results ofthese collations are incorporated inthe translitera- tions given below."? Most changes tothe previously available text are minor, but substantive new readings have been obtained in Il 204, 228-9, 260, 266, 271,d2.€2,k3,02,q ands 1 MS re offers significant new knowledge of I. 250-3 and provides for the first time the ‘Sumerian original (p) ofthe Akkadian line SB XII 150, MANUSCRIPTS MS Number Disposal oflines Publication of e Nippur A NMs2 1-27,52-74 Shaffer, ‘Sumerian Sources’ pl. 1 BCBS L4068, 1.25, 26-88 Chiera, SEM no. 21;photograph Kramer, Simerian Mythology, pl. (ob. only) Cc aNTa81 1-14,23-33, Shaffer, Sumerian Sources’ pl.2 +9099 (A/33276) 7-16 ‘unpublished D 3N-T903,132 1-10, 36-45 Shaffer, Sumerian Sources’ pl.3 EB NiasO7 1418, 46-64 Kramer in Shaffer, ‘Sumerian Sources’, pL4sISETIS2 F Nid29 1-23,63-75,b-e Kramer, SLTNino. 5 H_— GBS15150+19950_11-26,62-86,98- Shaffer, ‘Sumerian Sources’ pls. 5-6; 4+UM29-13-438+ 112, 127-49,177- photograph Kramer Fvom the N3280+3474+ 92, 196-225, ‘Tables of Sumersp. 140, fig. 69 3634" 231-68,a-e,q-1 (CBS 19950 only) ‘TMetierary tory givenabove ah. "Tete, nent dni union (Pride and singe, 193) 9.37 " Colton of the Ur MSS ofl. 117 predced aly one siaitcat rel. 137: 90 MS x (UETVES6 bv. 10) tos are vise of'50 a.m, Lave not used MS XX, "Askin onirmed by Kevin Dan this the fll umber of te asembage coped ty Shafer MS Hand r Ww (. dlingirre.e.ne.ka “pu.zaiiifo J iS faces PP rev, 18° L ‘Velne ™gu.zafb.ca8 fia gi ba.an [uk] Fame gin 1 ee eee ; ® t slvalt ed fat dahisdingeeecate. 1 oa t am igi bi duby'a!/'a! [oa gin] [pl] Be hidumoateami i X10 tamara mar Sanar rombuze onvards th mans digress tothe nurbe and oderof een ies a ordersoatlden aril oe count tare asia each zoey futons and eps lee 26H 387 atsartaensio dosing i ined inevnbers and oped tien rong ee Pata des people) then wean thar that have bern dstgue (1) hove that sane sen patents ad gos), ase v dear gen Ania, 4 three ern faery as (hth acomfrabl fee (3) and te whe 28 [Savant daiglblinng, egal daibitasabastu, hows ere oto befoundin te Neto busoum th world sore (0 DD dub saria,ga.gio, é/ai gilbil{,,. glalsisibi bean tau, FF (-J.sar'ia,.ga.gin;!4.ni gal bifags.....],ba.an dou. (aid) al H ‘vi20‘=1’ [ld ibila? nu).taku | {igi bi.dub.dm igi bi.dub dm ana gin, an.ak t igstelsbe 4 V Hat” Mibianufuig duh 9 dub sar'sa.gla.giln,'i!ni gal bin.tlag. (...)] DD oby.19 ‘4 {fifa nw. rake igi bi.) ™ dub.sar Say.ga.[, J DDD 1" (-}aucaka ifs 1 (ipl dn pt (ar on hal ab pe 219-20 [kinda ile on B12 lutions 1 ws oH 1 uma sida gi uma aaa.) ¥ Uidumsdtam Laan 3) 22 Ht) ina arocaginrindasLgmse Bp ims satu ena. iv anak V Hae dglotsiorag inal gure DD Ti dumu.nias.a(m. J DD — obv.20 sig, @f:8.x xJa.gin,'ninds?i!g[u,e] TF [ dum)u.ni a& Am igi bi.in.dubp am igi bi. J DDD 2 [... Kuppra gins [. Ibr b2 a a2 ppp p> pp ppp 4a f Jindal "gu ctkain a k aalad tire ih bi dum igi du.) /ana gin an (ak) tinneigibiduham rule! gio 14m ( Jfeigibtin duh igtbtdubam' lf...) C2Feigibifauplaim 1 aia urea gio, ubdugagnaalb.) Daauaia rainy ubdug.gaabits alas buslusliay ubdule,. Jr Le ddabursagine [J 19 Ruri dag aba 2? AF... l eo dak spun. tv ig du im igi bi ul 2a gins an ak] "aman nu suigibidubsam sgéme'a! fou.) gibi. }.0 (.---auigibeduam [. 1 ‘mus pu. 0.u ig bf dual nasi lh t Jxxtimumuunille (Peli da gin ena igurud (x) x] mama Le) ‘rasta gin fina sh guru hi ama bLe mca. Jima... Lnadalginsinaaye 2...) uo! sank? x gen in Sub fame? emu Se Lesecesee-Jamlsigeyt Alm anagin; anak (Csr damn ka tg fu.ubsige/ ig dum gt Didubsém'inaginv anal) guru Gr damn.ns Ba (6g nus} ge ig dum gurobmur df. nlaka igamusigle?....J (...Gh4dam!ma.nati J igibidub 1 sures crlirdam!na ke, tigou.sgaig (bij. duhaana gin, eit t eooeeeeceee DEERE, [..Tauimaiinal, 3 [erin misses) [eisuapk (ore) sum mi dd agu 0.6). (ermiinslylie! e25u/at(oan)[ djmmiduyugué44uh2.ba,...) l Howl... 1 sisuates milnids,lulgiogisuaka gigi el 2 fn 2 st 2 bt n2 v pp a 49 pp oT pp 3s BILGAMES AND TA NETHERWORLD 172-END 165 wis vs ear obe.17 e738 49 iis be 18 9 vot be obs nie as" er oon obes eS wo wa? 036s es? ob 36 oe 3 pitt Obes rev l2 we se. obs re? we rena? obs. by. 67 Leevesegeoesee Dumsige/ le walatd iki oem... sijgmulsige ig bd am sel fr} dam nak ig musi gigi...) ‘ist ur ir dam make, dla nud igi BL dla. nagin, gal t Jxxxxxx siuakSuim(..uglugisuakérmiinSeySey siSuafaksuilm mide, opugisus |... eb taba Sim mid upu ab! ba. gg gn (e629) WarSubdbaifgi bi dub.Am ara Sub ba igibft.dub.am /igiinilin! dah fm ana, anak) (Mer. ta” Sub bai bid /a.na gin; gad ‘rSub.ba igi bi du. /a.na.gin gtd rca Bubba ig bin dua igh] ana.gin, iil (si) padrinisfugbi au} ub bees sginpad.ri.ni gibi nu.u[.bIE [3] ‘gal gin, ab Sub dbim.da.b/eu,! sirpad.a/nisugibil'(..) (padsé.nisugibil nuub.ai? siu)gam ana gin, }awramape gua isi bah. 1 fulce guna ig be dua ana gin L(g) [gsumwagirmgiggs.¥iiimme Asfamjudgiemu’2!(.) 1 eure gc bal muna. du.am gi. dub-im ‘.nagin anak) 1 aur bulug eit Did /ana gi, Lat smug al db uhm da. gue} ‘ru ginim.gurum murimda.ab gue Disshsle Subba bh.dub.am "sar Bubba gi bi dub.Am) ‘sure igib.duh.im it ni/du' ana ginyan!ak! isabar Subba gibi dub.a. ana gy fl] evsgim) aldib ubimafaghus!? suginsafLddbubimda.gu2e (uginyal dab ub} da ge) inlal brani alberGbu algune a bualigna, uru barre ang PSDNI, 185 oteama hue ee toe te Unea rs kB ka (One source transposes Ik 34 ka KS n ren 19 wie er wr ren? Bera ies? reus! 09-10" bv. oar are 1.10) ret ob. 2 ov. 39 Ilsa wir seul ree? xM14s wis seul? re ob bv 40 S ae ob e104 we ob bv. 12 albarsaalbarsa/udug lin! uh! barbiaimss Unlabbaraniaetalgu.e/2etal na,na, un! bares ale (ater 1 ‘ay igibiduhim) (Gai a(ubar ani aLbar buat gu,e a.bfuaLnfa).na, UnialLbara.ialbard bua gine abs any 3) [GaLbara}.ni alba [ba] aga] /2 fou ana, n0) (iin rig dua! ih. cca. 58 ign dum] [tu nd.cno agi bduh alm gibi. dum a.nagin, anak (a) mda [4/3 ga) iim. cho ig focus} nag gall Sorina tarkal map ss tama [asleama gi muna. 8] ‘Seamamu'id boa. ab Be) [éseamamjuralibbennaafhbe] ‘alseama mutt béenna.ab’bél/dburania(..) ‘.Seamamy limunabe ake dala?) ima ana oi aS (Piimésaxcbu.raamuldileb.b6 fx) hn. cac barabaaabé xxl cx] xx (ms.cro Blusa.niabeemmiiboee na nas sb lanl) [8 s0p.du pad pad. le munisboue ‘ifsag.d nds pad padi ow? ga Nc Bead) Pe (sibs. d)u nnd pat pad dani x bib zuuhe [glssap du nina pad pada (oli/abiso gla (O72 nigresag duninda bad bad at Nie pul gl...) (eisle du aS ninda pod pad. nia hen gule Pima cxcbusaniabtmuna dte 10 nim ama. a.a.na key niu. gi-dam /gibidcham ‘igiilnidub ama.nagio anak [iinim) aad mala infu pé.dam'ii bid) {anagin] gt ‘0 nim ama.a.anaSaninutegd-edam igibiduhigiiduba ‘una gins stsumua ge (e}nsa muna geynu.na gue I Jaxx) mi m2 a2 02 p2 a BILGAMES AND THE NETHEEWORLD 172-END 167 ov ob 67 vse be 11 bv. 89 bn 12 wr ob t3 rus? xmas ree? os er es xmi49 ve xul150 mist wire wi rev? ov. S46" ob ee eo xmas 1 ama. ke, sb dule gil bidu-im gti nda ‘analigines}nak (Wiaftamanade, sé bin dug. / Geib dub a.na gn] 1 aman ka sag bala /gibidubaigiiduhsa.na gin, beat id ba dakar gidim mani Sal dog dan ge Gia b.an.d kardia n'sual chase ke, immu ding s(a.na sag bin sl} igi. dufhamigi "nidalma.jagin (nae {imu dings. sg bi sala igi biduh 4m ghd ‘an. gioriail vidin mani... ab [ldimanid i alguveatetalnaynay ema a) ub bagi i. dm) (hime tub) ih du) fii p.m ana gin fa) [Limes fubba igi bd /a.na gin, fl] Himba tub bejgibidubaiiidub ana gins gd estima, ae ama. sag. (a) nu) 'mslon dab, dam née eed L cesseeeces dalimaun fey ed daa ‘pull [adams al sogdu a dab abl fone dam. érba eye, [a}dama.isog.du ni om un dab, domaniugun/é sig osm senses baie vena na uaa ine ma Baka (i) adda edna an ng (..) adalat ia gr nam tomar goon ert (ci ing ke mg bh ib dain angi; an ak (siti ist ke kg en) sim nig. na ig in (2b) {eid nigs}ekema ut igi bd! ibaa aunafenTaanaak sim nig se (ou) a (bib idm faatagio,anah wisi ils ga na. bl duh a a gin) el {efi nig nak aigibLduh ach ama iy gt Seqmmat pid tina amarBILGAMES AND THE NETHERWORLD 172-END 769 188 THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN Fete a2 HWY usunbdénindapadpadadx sla Whale mn £20-1a' fo aib(Og bd i ou mn at) V_ivi12" (sunt ninsl pod.padrs roa bl 8] oa rer23 isa na aha] DD re. 8' Suse hinds pad padi ma” sta ub be Leo) m1 (Yb digi bdo iduba nega bgt SS obe 78" usuubbleninda pad pad ean ub. baie oe Tobe. 1S (usuub.bé dtu ninda plad.pad) ri asta Subsba gue eae eee mm 15-167 [Busuub.e nina pod! Ganos) pad chal esau be cia gg reed aabémuiamusubtingr(. 3] a Tb g@ mE2S—enbiineat ame mi #10 —_(Bis)subbédnlaninds pad peda sla beau A fo ae peers M153 bk liga kp ohal an nad thal V26-7'—gidimaniougillbisaanna'e,.ct HLH 26-7" igingararser muni] muni]. dub i DD reve’ gidinanfanicn gi ibinianl [oa ace] Tags ena SS reell —_[giimanins gil) binffanaabacs;) V_—iv20%1" —ijgingarroerurm nba mig ah Am ees ihintannabaacum/gdimaniteamaahast DD W.13'—iingeeenirmualbanul |. Jdaba sam re2Ibh Gita. faa end ; eerie ear a3 25 pdimalaiturtalp]xxerildaanebae amar mS (piddmanistingubanugilibiniannsba.:/& Ue fapingarruu] mune ms miatb.duba MSS 11VSSmmaarrend thelist shades at this poi but MS DD offers acathineto a ‘nicohamanagin anak cai om FATA gloat festa re ee ee a w2041 aig mums gibt anni MS Lads moe: TH Gollgingar tsar mu iBinuau jg D-dubam ghd SI three 6-7 Mgt fe) nam ci ban i i usm aint aa “ni duam ana gio anak eee ett ree eer ange ee oe v2 eee Mamagsaghursfake,x xcs)? /napal inane es era ea eres ML Fro damsel? aman db DD reuid’ Mansur. Hibabberl:mun ae (eeim die ale {nium aman (an SS ree 7-8 (Poanfar sijgy bt babbers ll (nna fnfeim.c fee wb revtt igi ime 1 rev.3—_"*bagink.sig h!babarla}imun.a/eneim.daene ‘adnan... aba muon mim revt9’ —bupinfsigiyhLbubbarilinun.na eneimdiene) v3 rev? dumamardia Ramage, [igi blb.da, been x Ge eee S13 reel dumokien tui dud gt dma. 5 (PPogin sig babar lai.nun ee imdene ana 7 roman x2 reel abibllaalbabitonagamest a .. 3) oda ig ua aan, Yi ree 1S amo amamimensig me. ig duh am ig sak 5 ini dubafmana.gin ana] pp ‘vga ings na Lug eign cut)? 2 1 vee 6 fminaalaneneneal hia atb /b Thales (me : y (ming {UsaWa /bPbaleg mee) m (i ding. man. igi bua {emt ii amar omar “Theend ofthe composition ait was known at Uris presented oa MS ae eres Yan seer fui tae) fo Cee ane Zo mee farubimataiainl) ™ (Pot dingie ene ek ein! ty ee aaa illness a ae ee eae 4 on reed? guna laminar uw ig dl ali) msn. ye! ¥ nn revs’ guratbislunup" ga sapruhubuls}émma kl abo v tin ig b.dupam /ig noni a.am © mn teu alambigh moun bare se neji. la pp Voir fg dusaig num abduTha Yan ren? Siuagrunnasa a /sagmu.unne (i) miolinse) ss (ight aupsteig fu). dal o) 8 an re bimuondnandg i "eh ig biden ira a] Yan ee hamudamamuaailiggnaagzilenee oe a eee SRT CNC gaia tem ele indian Qoob 33 ex iu) emda shee amu grsu! zag bing qe 1Sb-16xxnidi?induaigibficuba}/anagin' gl) ‘At ME-Turan a diferent ending was curen, olwing on fom 2: qa rev 27—wbasap/masalafnl bane, 2 gq ree 28 gael namin’ fain) 3 gy rex.29enehurififiin ge gag 'naan ub Doxologies and colophons: HW Gk Vo ie2e Daais2e mn fe 17" urs h.games dum ninsin azn dig g2.4m aq 30 fx) xfxa]x{(0)]'02 mute da fy LS-16 fx) ingir-Some/ fx xx) 3201 ‘Usplace ines Fou Se MSV) MS cand proba) la tore en of 2a he wl ng ay bal up rome " SoMSViMSS Hansa nen panes MS his trane Eliana oie SoMSSVWr MS Homey 2 SpnMSS HVE MS om tho > SoMSS HHH MSW ona » SoMSSHVZ:MS re!mm {THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC 192 the shades will wemble before you! 193 Donotwear sandals on your feet, 194 you will surely make [the Netherworld) shake!” 195 Donotkiss the wife you loved, 196 do not strike the wife you hated, 197, donotisstheson you loved, 188 do notstrke the son you hated, 199 the outery ofthe Netherword wil eize you! 200, ‘To the one who lies, te one who lies, 201 tothe Mother of Ninazu who lies— 202 no garment covers her shining shoulders,” 203 nolinen i spread over her shining breast, 204 her finger (nal) she wields like a rah, 205 she wrenches (her hair out like (leeks) 206. kidu paid no attention 1 the [word] of his master? 207--he dressed in his clean garment, 208 they tookitas the sign of strange! 209 He anointed himselfin sweet oil forthe Ask, 210. atthe scent fie they surrounded him" 211 Hehurled a throwsickin the Netherworld, 212. those struck by the throwstck surrounded him! 213 Heheld2 come! rod inhishand, 214 theshades did remble before hia! 215 He wore sandals on his fet, 216 hemade® the Netherord shake! 217. Hekssed the wife he loved, 218 hestruck the wifehe hated, 219. he kissed the son he loved, 220. hestuckthe sone hated, 221 the outcry ofthe Netherworld seized him! 221a From (that) ev day tothe seventh day thence, 221b _ his servant Enkidu came not forth from the Netherworld 221 Theking unereda wail, weeping biter teas: 1 SoMSY:MSS Ze"Do not mate nen he Nether 2% 11195 8arem genta MSSY¥Ze MS Heder [95 198 197,16 MS ERE 15197196188 SeMSSHYZ:MS AA omit ne 211.204 5ia MSS SUYAA nn MSS omits SoMSS Hina 3157 oie > SoMSSHZ:MSSVAA "hey pune oat SoMSSHVZ.MSpp.aron > SoMSSENVZ.MS pp SOMSSHVZ.NS ppm! aad aie nit 226 27 28 ns 230 aI 22 2a 2 2340 235 236 237 238 239 BILGAMES AND THE NETHERWORLD 172-END 73 “My favourite servant, [my] steadfast companion, the one who counseled me— the Netherworld [seized him!) Namtar di not seize him, Azag did not seize him, the Netherword [seized him] ‘The shecff of Nergal that [releases no] man did not seize him, the Nesherworkd seized ira He did not fallin bate, a the place of manly endasvour, the Netherworld seized him ‘The warrior Bilgames, son of Ninsun, smade his way alone to Bkur, the house of Eni, before Enlil he [wept] “0 Father] Enlil, ball fel into the Nedherworld, my’ mallet el into Ganzi" Enkidu tent to bring itup, the Netherworld [seized] him! _My favourite [servane] my steadfast companion, the one who counselled me— [the Netherworld] seized him! [Namrar didnot) seize him, Azag did no seize him, the Netherworld seized hi! ‘The sheriff of Nergal that releases no man did not size him, the Netherworld seized hima! “He di not fallin bate atthe Pace of manly endeavour, the Netherworld seized iw "Father Enlil didnot help him inthis matter, He went to Eridu. He made hs way alone to Brid, the house of Enki,” before Enki he wep “0 Pather Enki, my bal ell into the Necherworld, my mallet el inte Ganz, Enkidu wont bring itup, the Netherworld sized him! [My favourite servant, my steadfastcompanion, the one who counselled me—she [Netherworld seized him] Namtar didnot seize him, Azag did not seize hm, the Netherworld seized hia! ‘The sheriff of Nenpal that releases no man did not seize him, the Netherworld seized him! He didnot fallin bane, athe place of manly endeavour, the Netherworld seized him Father Enki helped him in this mate, he spoke to Young Hero Utu, the son horn of Ning: Umesh rp on “ SoMSSVYEMS pe oe Male. MSS HUU omitielie. + SMS5 Aap MS Une Nero * SoMSSYAAUU:MS pp, coerpt Eas g0o1520 being * ThnenMS pony 4 SS AANBUU rnp 228and 25 229MS UU ent de on “ SoMSBB,MS AA, aroma Nigpar. US YcorspyTwll got Np © SSMSSHYITTMSSAABB emt. “ SoMSSYAA; MSS HBRITT cet hee 1 Mss HEBGGY moss 236308257‘THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC 240. “Now, when you make an opening in the Neherworld, 241 bring his servant up to him from the Netherworld” 24ia Young Hero Un, [the son born of Ningal}* 242 emade an opening inthe Netherworld, 243, by means ofhis phantom be brought his servant up to him feom the Netherworld. 244 Hehugged him tight and kissed him, 245. inasking and answering they made themsclves weary: 248. “Did yousee the way things ae ordered in the Netherworld? 247 Ifonly you would tell me,my frend, if only [you would tell] mel" 248. ‘TfTamt fel] you the way things are ordered inthe Netherworld, 249. Osityou down and weep!""Then I wil sit and weep 250. "Theone who handled (your) pen (50) you were glad at heart, 251 (and) youssid,“Lam going to... He] arookbeam.” 252 (her) vulva infested with vermin ike an [ol] cloak, 253 (her) vulva filled with dust ikea crackin the ground?” 254 ‘A, woe!” said the lord, and sat down in the dust. 2544 ‘Ifonly {you] weuld [ell] me, {my fiend ifonly you would tel me) 255 Did you se the man with one son?""Tsaw him”*"How does he fare?” 256 ‘Forthe peg stin his wall bimerly he laments” 257 “Didyoussee the man with to sons?" sawhim’“How does he fare? 258. ‘Seated on two bricks he eateabread-round?” 259 ‘Did you se the man with three sons?" saw him."How does he fare™ 260. “He drinks water from the waterskn (sng) onthe saddle? 261. "Did you se the man with four sons?" saw him" How does he fare?” 262. “Like aman with steam of four donkeys his heart rejoices?” 263. ‘Did you see the man with five sons?"T saw him. Hw does he fare? 264 “Likes fine sribe his hand s deft and he enters the palace with ease 265. ‘Did you se dhe man with six sons‘ saw him!" How does he fare?" 266 “Like a maa with plough in barness his heatis content.” 267. “Dil you see the man with seven sons?‘ saw him!"How does he fare?” 268. ‘Among the junior deities he sits on a drone and istens tothe proceedings” 1. ‘Did yon see the man with no hee? "I saw him_"*How does he fare?" 82 ‘He casa bread-cound ike a hilfred brick? Tite in MS ey, 1 SpAISS HBB; tS potty et ie sera ki Peat pointe Nee © Tne MS rene ™ Some ours sine nk sponser seine nda chen aye * SoNppar MS pein MSS erp pst aw be ' SeMSSHCCDDm MS BBs ick MSS pea Hest, oming een exon. ® SoMSSHVBBDD MS ps arco? » SoMSS HDDpp MSV Richer eet BILGAMES AND THE NETHERWORLD 172-END 75 bb1 "Did you see the palace eunuch" saw him."How does he fare? 2. “Like a useless alale-sik hes propped ina corner’ e1 ‘Did yousee the woman who had not given birh?"I saw her”"How does she fare?” 62. ‘Likea defecsioepot she is discarded with force,no man takes please in her! 41. “Did you see te young man who had not bared the lop of his wife?" saw him."How oes he fare?™ 42. ‘He's finishing a hand-worked rope, he weeps over that and-worked rope. 121. “Did you see the young woman who had not bred® the ap of her husband?" saw hher!“How doesshe fare? (22. ‘Sheis finishing ahand-worked reed mat, she weeps over the hand-worked reed 1 ‘Didyou see the person who fll from roof?" saw him’"How does he fare?” £2. “They cannot repair his bones’ 281 ‘Did yousee the man eaten bya ion? How doeshe (fare?) 22 Bittery he cries,“O my hand! O my foot!” ‘hi ‘Did yousee the man whom Ilkur struck down in an inundation?" saw hie How dese fare? 1b2_‘Hetwitches like an ox asthe vermin consume hit" 51. “Did you see the leper?" saw him“How does he fre?” 52 ‘His grass set apart, his waters set apart, he eats uprooted gras he drinks waste wate, he ives outside the cicy* jt “{Did you see) the [..."Tsaw him?“Howe does he fare?) 52 ‘His grass [set apart hie [water i et apart he eats uprooted gras he drinks 1 “Did you see the man struck bya mooring pole? {I saw him,}"How does he fare? k2 “Whether aman says forhim,“O my mother”, pours a libation of water whenever amooring-poleis pulled out, 3 awooden “head” (shit daily f00d ration, be destroys the.” = SoMsS Hau. DD eroesy see 2 SoMSS FENDD:MS gl nies [pl * SOMSSHVDD; Sg He aaratune ns rot Ney werplngoe eand worded ma n © SoMSSFVDD:MSggundoosepin et SoMSSYDD;S She ole pep on toy wepiag veep pe So MSS\igge MS Herries (bor) Sean rete Perma cane Bi = SoMSILMS gtheman thom ic ow © SOMSDAMS qa cme Hemel x enagfeer™ ‘ SoMSU:MSSVDDSS: erwin coomme nS re ate ap tise apr heer cies See grave apar rae Gea} ee er gene ke So MSSUSSnunag MS DD aieter 2a dpa76 ‘THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC 1 ‘Did you see the man who did notrespect the word of his mother and father? saw him. How does he fare* 12 "Hedrinks water mearuedin a scale, henever ges enough’”* ml ‘Did yousee the man afficred by the curse of his mother and father?“saw him.” “How does he fare? m2 ‘Hleis deprived ofan heir, his ghost sil roams”™" ni ‘Did yous the man who made ight of the rame of his god?" saw him’“How does he face?” 182. ‘Tlisghost eat biter bread, drinks bitter water” (01 “Di you see the man fallen in back?" [f saw him] “How does he fare?) (02 “His father and mother could not hold his head,” his wife weeps.” 1p1_ “Did yousee [the one} whose body lies outin the pin?" saw him“How does he faery 2 “(His ghostis nor atrestin she Netherworld) {41 “Did you see the shade of him who has no one to make funerary offerings?"‘Tsave him"How does he fare?" 42 ‘He eas scrapings” (as) bread rations," a stick tossed away inthe szeet? 11 ‘Didyousee thet stillborn babies, who knew not names of their own?" saw ‘hem."Hlow do they fare?” 2. “They play amid syrup and ghee at tables of silver and gold? $1 ‘Didyou see the man who died anatural death?" ls him.“Haw dacs he fare?) 52. ‘Helies drinking clean water on the bed of the gods" 1 Did you se the man who was burnt to death" id not se im." tla Whysmy friend, did you noc spare... 2)" 1b ‘Tasked thar question, my friend «2 ‘His ghoscis nor here” his smoke went up tothe heavens? ‘The version ofthe poem known at Nippur ended abruptly here. MS D adds as catch-ine: ut ‘Didyouseethe...man?*[...] U2 Beseeeceed 2 SoMSStnmiMS mom te tie ° SoMSS ims MS who ma ° Of snl edi hens’ Ope scarce MS DD, mont acne he opie pt % SoMSS DDSSram MS wees Bn: MSS adeeb SoMSS DOSS: MSS era rr he pot. > SoMSSVDDSSEMSS mmr ir tendon 2 SeMSS HDDS 4S hows age mr. * SoMSSHVDDS59g SS le roa > Lathe cect ha Sood MSS HDD oni ining cas ae, * SoMSSHVDDSSiqg MS Tawr nH do ie” © Theol Sages * So MSS HVDDSS, SI Hs ghost oe ot dol in he Nether’ MS gH hs fou fe ‘Undertrl MS Hs ghon sa la (he) BILOAMES AND THE NETHERWORLD 172-END ™ [MSIL from Ur, adds YI ‘Did yousee the one who cheated a god and swore an oath? Tsaw him!“Howe does he fare?” ‘v2 “Arthe places where bations of water are offered atthe top ofthe Netherworld, he drinks. wi ‘Did you see the citizen of Girsu atthe place of sighs of his fatherand mother?" saw him "How does (he fare?) v2 ‘Facing each man there are one thousand Amories, his shade cannot push ther off ‘ith hs hands, he cannot charge them down with his ches. w3_Intheplace where the Ubations of water ar offered at the top ofthe Netherworld, ‘he Amorite takes first place” x1 “Did yousee the sons of Sumer and Akad?" saw chem “How do they fare?” x2 “They drink water from the place of a massacre, diry water? v1 "Did you see where my father and mother dwell saw themHow do they fare)" 2 *[The wo) of them drink water from the place of a massacre (srry water) [MS nnvalso from Ur, coneludes the rex hus: Y’- Heesent them back o [Ur] 2 he sentthem back to thei city. 3° Gear and equipment, hatchet and spear he put [away] in the sare 4 he made erry inhis palace. 5’ The young men and women of Uruk, the old men and women of Kullab, 6 Iooking upon those status, they rejoiced, 17'- Helifted his head as Uru was coming forth fom his chamber, he issued instructions 9° © my father and my mother, dink clearwater?” 10° Theday was nothalf gone by,... they were 11° Bilgames performed the mourning rites, 12° fornine dayshe performed the mourning rts. 13° The young men and women of Uruk, the old men and women of Kullab wept U4" And itvasjustas he had sid, 13° the ctizen(s) of Girsu "touched the edge 16 ‘Omy father and my mother, drink clearwater” ‘Another ending adds thre lines that link the text with the beginning of Bilgames and Hluwawa A (MS qq, from Mé-Taran): 1" Theheartwas stricken, his mind despaired 2" The king searched forlite, 3° the lord to the Living One's land? did turn (his) mind. Doxology (MS nn): 0 warrior Bilgames, son of Ninsun, sweets your prise! or moun13 Critical and Philological Notes on the Standard Babylonian Epic TABLET 1 1-6, Soon afer Thompsons edion of 1930 A, Schott wrote: ‘die Anfangstien des GE: (Gizams-Fpos] Kinnen leer immer noch nin vervoltindigt werden, ohne da man riche licen Gebeaueh von der Phanasc macht’ (ZA 42 (1934),p.93), Much fantasy hes inded been brought to bear on the text’ nei fr the station has changed only very recently, withthe di covery of Rm 956, anew piece oF MS d This fragment demonstrates that or the past cers eve since Haupt copy identified the fst ine preserved on MS B, as SBI, readers of the epic have been telescoping into one couplet whats in fact wo parallel couples. The new piece ao provides ‘the ends ofthe the fs four lines, However the beginnings of I 2 4, § and 6 ae sil open to "restoration, a the end of 5. In dsussing these lines, a5 elsewhere inthis commentary in com- arable sation, have thoughrit useful ro colt for comparison the maay and diferent restora tions fear editors an the more recent translators, insofar as hey ave not been refuted by he Gsooveries ofthe intervening years Though some ideas pet forward for these opening lines ae ‘more arate than others, teri often eto chooge between them. tls remains eminent posse in each ease that none of them righ The recovery ofthe end afl 1a cate in pot, for ‘one ofthe many suggestion ba come close o Sima and we are reminded how perousiteto restore ll bu the most predictable lines ofthis poem. In many line, here and eleewere, hus refer to lave open the question of restoration. 1/3. Theincipit ofthe Standard Babylonian ele, x magbF murs is known fom the my nb to shin”. In that case the phrase Kina gen. would literally ‘ean ‘whose gleaming ike qe. the wal gleams ree copper. An argument aginsthis that before a possessive sufix one would expect a inate in tiptotc declension (GAG $65), Wether the form is parsed as the infinitive (nei) or asa previously unatested noun “nb (nti). Asis well nov, the construct state of nouns ofthe type pars pis and “pus diving Som finally weak root can bemonosylabic (gb mr) as wells bsyabic (eg, BE, mr), Hove tera search of such nouns reveals almest no casesof possessive sufi atachedtoa monosabic tse. Inthe dictionary ares on nouns fom ally weak oot tha display monosyabe stems (Gta, 1, lm, I, ta, BT Bp, dA, gu, sa, gu rata na rT te] lt, ii i, mp pie, ie, ps Eg a br, bu, 1s, sp sa, ec, iu i, 85x i pre TV and ak, the only such eases Tan find among the dozens of regular tip ‘oti forms that hold othe paradigm mara, mint, mar are three: (a) ld, the reading mula ucud-ba in the Tullt-Ninurta Epic iv b 19 (CAD H,p, 224) (b) sn the LB PN ‘Tibbs (WASV 49,24 asaralysed by CADN(2,pp. 205 and 248) and () sx soa onespeling CRITICAL AND PIILOLOGICAL NOTES: TABLET T 781 _zvervin OB Susa (MDPXXIL 7,1), However, these ar al eacherous witnesses, fr diferent reasons, Case (a) is now discredited (ead mul-arJu-u-a), Incase (Q) the deviation of the second clementof he nameis not nib bu ip Sweets the (newborns) sme (or reat) (with “Ais, p. 792) The essing case (2) the apse of a single foreign scribe; set aginst the many srcesatons of

nbp-f] viel tolerable sense which is constructed to be like a cond), buts rather neural. 14, The fore sata Iterary for sant see farther Chapter 9, he setion on Language and ste sub (0). These for in both Babylonian manuscripts contrasts with the Prev- ‘ousline bus herise uaremarkablein such ate copies. 15, Mos: wansatrs take "uns threshold or doors’. askuppasy, and it could bet, for ‘he determinative asno sgificance However ifthineistobetakenas coaveving theides of fee Ing the wal’ ancient threshold the verb abd presents afc, foritmeans ake hold of rther ‘an simpy ‘touch’. Thee may have been paving slabs that one could grip inthe and, ofcourse, bburTapre with Tournay an Shaterprends done scar) tha what ie meant snot he tne al ofa cy gar bur tlrway onthe wall, whick the readers invited climb co hat he can go up ln tt 16:tima). Tae idiom mma sabi, ake he sta (farina tha sab, i also ‘snow from an inscription of Esarhadon (Borge, Ese. 58,V 12): pean Br shat i= fmomesdat Eien rages hose who ran fast and took to the slopes of cstan mountain’ “Though E-ancassiuated inthe middle of Uruk, the topography ofthe town such that here are stretches of ery wal hat take one nearer tthe temple area (16: grub ana F-ann) 17, Thelineis shay log asitstands perhaps naa alate intrusion. 18-23, Theselines arerepeatdin SBX1323-8 addressed 0 Ur-fanabiat the end of Gilgamets ‘wanderings, where the second imperative is corey given a8 alla. Kor ther excess sce (Chapter 10,00 Taber XL 21, By oder standards MS's i-8 isplas the wrong case, but is isunremarkabein & 1B ‘copy: inthe pall ine the two Kuyuni manuscripts have, as oe would expect, 2-8-8 (SB XL 326). The seven mona are presumably none other than the Seven Sages (gpl) who in [Bubylonian mythology instructed mankind inthe arts of civzation (eee E. Reins, Ors 30782 ‘THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC (1961), Pp. 1-115). A. van Dik, UVB 18, pp. 44 van Dik nd Mayer, RE-Helgta 10,89; Berossus: BR. Foster, Orns 43 (1974) p 347) Here they aa byword for hoary aig 22-3. ASL Finks. thecopyistof MS hist noticed the new variant ia 22f0 pir the mum ‘ber 1800, demonstrat that pry here as nothing todo With the word fr uncut an bt is ‘imply theterm fr one half of ra (Ei = 360 of inthe sexageimal ester, 10,0).Accordingt ‘he metrological ble appended ro the F-sagi Table, a8 linea-based surface measie the Hvis "080s eguialene 0 108korin he capacity-based system (TCLVI32, Sed. Genre, Tog Ti, 1-118) 1a Kesite and early NB metrology, which n measuring lind customary employed large bi 1 it Was the equivalent of about O81 hectare, and the area of Uruk as roughly given hes, 35 Kru would convert 3,062 hectares, ora lite over thirty square lometes. Even sing the smaller cuit standard, so that 1d was the equivalent of abou 0.36 hectare, 3.5 Kru conver 1,360 hectares. Neither Bguze remotely coe tothe aca cea encosed by the wal of Uruk, whichis about ve square lometres (se. voa Haller, UVB, p. 4), The exaggeration not out of place, of cours, ina tet such asthe Ggamet ep The question remain if | r= 1,080 (or 18,0) dis of what unit ist he 3600-fld mip? Te arte produces 30 mara (0,18 i), ‘bur such an area is notlnown as a unin self There may be another explanation: according 19 |M.A Powell he largest unitin the ines-hase system of surface measures the br (Sur, bl), ‘bot sy burs ale ara word normally meaning 67; 3600 burs Saga which normally rans 607 -Tis sugges that both he regler number words athe terms for Our andi mulls are ‘samed after counters (okens), pethaps ar, “ball” Sarg “bgall”* (RLAVII pp 480-1), “The ay-pit esis what sie after peopl excavate material for brick-making, mud-plastering. ooring and cher purposes hat require coarse clay (se, most famous the apecrypl uaon of Sargon excavaon of earth fom thee of Babylon: Grayson, Chromic, p. 153,18). 1a 8 country where groundwater high such holes very natural fl with water ad this explains why ‘nkexial tet es i.n equation with Sumerian word for pon or citer (pt) sescited with br, seta ptmore often than not full f wte (Gee CAD Up. 204; other words tht arerough= Jy synonymous ae mw and Sp), in. 23 he Word tami new. Curios the verb mali, “comessure’ isnot yet tested in the Ht stem, rom which sam hold takes meaning. The Jacko syratcl ration inthis ine i noteworthy. 24, Onsupienmy,tablet-box' and the sina ofthis ine 1 theincpit ofthe lend of Naxim= Sto, upsor-napi-te<-ma in both OB and SB versions, se C. B. F Walker, FCS 33 (1981), pp 192-3. The esoraton of ptdnain ou passages, however, more kly with ity the box’, 26. 25, Forthe fist word (MS g only) Wiseman offered "[ze-t0}¢ (rag 37 (1974), 163) but thie «an be discounted a too unconvetonalaspeling The wace doesnot appear to allow the obvious restoration [pul (Parpola, SAA Gi). As renoredherethe verb uses the sem because ofthe plural object. 27, Thescrioe of MS, sia evident found Sass tongue twister, 28, Thephrase cal Aate maps sandard expression in Gilgamet see OBVA + BMS ‘SBVIL251;X 55-6) 132-3 232-3. 29. The phrase sow'udu Bt ga, erly “alors ford of body form’ has 2 implication of lon satus but san example of bau with ference 0 one especialy wellendowed with pari Jar atsibue in this case fine manly igre. Comparable phrases inthe are of physical excellence are lbirk‘ronne’,and Beg. "txong maa’ 31, The use of the present lk in thi and the flowing lie is @ mack ofthe habia past, ‘he fis of many such presen in che marae (note especialy I. 63-93, describing Gilame’s CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES: TABLET 1 783 ‘yranys and I 110-12, descibing Enki behavior in she wld). On this nd ater nuances of ‘the present tense in Babylonian narrative poeuy see now M, P Szecks meticulous study, ai itobh“weinend sete er sic": areas fr de Vergangenheit in der aadischen Epi, Orss 64 (1995), pp. 33-81, Steck oes many diferent means of wansation of such vesbs or example, ‘sets ing e fr aia the present couplet and immer veringsgt wurden fr Guaddarin the nar~ ative of Glgamesryranny (SB 167), He cites bth as examples of penerel-trative Sachverhalte ‘der Vergangenheit’ one of many divisions of usage he dsnguishes fo the AkKadian present (p. tsp. 0). my ransaon Ihave often flit unnecessary 0 use such precise phasing. In poetic ‘contexts in English the present and imperfect tenses andthe parcples adequately convey many of ‘the avances Steck denies, On ther occasions, where theres repetion thee ae sound biteary reasons for using preset forms in arsaton (ge the commensary on SBI 175). 32, The ence ma cannot here coordinte ab with he folowing clause fortis ine logically ors couplet with the preceding, Ic insead an example ofthe saer usage in which itbrings the nuance ‘kewiseto the verbal predicate (GAC? §12s'hichfall’). On nan-csorinative ma see further below on SBI 117-18. 33. Thougha river bankisnot usualy symbolic protection in eraure, compare iiss in per sonal names, -Rbri "My god s my bank and Kibe-Dagin, My bank is Daa’ (aselee- ton of references seven in CAD K,p. 335; from OAKK to OA and OB, especialy Mar). There ras bet rendered ‘refuge’ the imagery is drawn from riverine navigation, in which the bank ‘offers safe haven ina stem or other ificury‘The ustapstion ofthe protective ver bank inthis Tine and he destructive lod avein the next makes for ahighl effective conta 35-6, Since there alo Word rimumneaning ‘ne beloved’ cere may be intessona ambiguity inthe expression rim LuolBanda, The meaning ‘wild bul! kes obvious preference however, sine the prevling imagery ofthe couples bovine, The goddest Ninsn's name, “Lady Wie-Cow' ere veryeapicidy rendered in Altadian, The compound Rimat-Ninsu,standardin the SB epic, goes back tothe Pensyvania able’ rimcum Sa upon) Ninos (OB Mt 236-7). The variant “ni-sinvan-na (MS) for “ni-sion{na) sof the same oder a damian for Darina, which ‘common inte texts 37. The word order i Gilyimetmay bean example of inversion for emphasis se Chapter, ‘the secon on Language and ste ub 39. For Gilgamed and wel se Chapter 3, the sub-tecion on Digging well 40. Onayabba often Ocean ina mythological seas, see. Mala, Mar and th Bary Iaaie. -Exgerince London, 1989), pp. 108-12. The phrase ayabba cimatu rapa so occurs inexorcisic erature, where itis something fa ich eg. Surpu-VI190,VII 84, MagliVI 100; farther ef erences in CAD Ai, 21). The word writen tam) is most probably agua, teary for nia often in nine Forte exe vowel se above, oa 1, 42. The relentless sucoesion of uetive parties in I. 38-4 means Aad cannot ere be a active ative. The resulting phrase is Aid danmass, in which a construct sates flowed excep ‘onal, ban adverbial accusative, Lexialy thi canbe compared wih Seanacherb's eport that bis rire ‘caprared through their shee fore’ the ce ofthe king af Bam: de dams 1 Luckenbl, O1P2,p.75,96~P. As forthe grammar, noted common phrase ar pa adits ‘vara or maha, Hing of bygone times’ in which che construct states quaifed by an adverb. ‘more elaborate example ofthis syntactical pecliarisysdsplayedin an epithet of ASurasinpa I asi l(a) ter-tanan “pal alo la ra-ns tti(aata) rabigal who conquered ‘rom the River Tigris to Mount Lebanon ad the Great Sea" Grayson, RIMA 2p 306, 4-6); see GAG 18,188 ‘THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC 49, The LB manuserpc consis dhe reaing of MS g proposed ty W.G. Lamberg 1141, RATS (1979),p.89, 45-6, Asthetextof Nimrud MS g stands, te vers ofboth lines ofthis couple are pra which ‘sungearmatia after mam or subjunctive, wih the relative pronoun omited by mistake (here ‘sno spaceto restore mu-nu i in MS. In the LBMSh there sno problem a 4S, where san- ‘an sinicative singular, but 46, unless one consirues KF subondinating conjunction, ib {also plural or subjuncsive for no reason. The soluon is hat the text indeed defective, So having dropped ouafter mann Thisis proved by an inscription of Esahaddon that adaptsl Sin is correct form (Borger, Bar, p58, v 20-2): mare i eae Snan nama ona frat ‘vn is there tat can be compared with mein King stars” MS hs soma pecably arose from aseribe's desire to adjust the grammar of 45 inthe absence of the relative pronoun, a cretion ‘ac as noc prosecuted into 46. 47. The new copy of MS confirms thatthe penultimate word is na-bu Ge. mo), not Bip (Wie). On voeaic endings in NA manuscripts that are eroacous by earer standards, see (Chapee 9, te seaton on spelling su (2) 48. Theline eeppearsin SB IX St, which hs nominative diy as MS does here. 52. Inthe passage which gives Gilgame's il stasis if reasonable to presume thatthe . 441-2; ARMIV 8,23; Bleicher, Newal 32, 40), Six cits asthe measure of Gigume’ strides equalto the lng ale, which about ih. ‘The useof diferent wording o expres the same thing, 6 ammatas agains mii nnd ook Hea slic device (elegant variation’ The measurement of Gilgame!’s sre, a east double the ‘conventional orm of Babylonia, where the pura ‘pace’ was unitof lng equivalent wo three cubis. aman’s longest stride (See Powel, RLAVI,p 476;H, Hunger, Uruk 102, 1: 2 puer= be ga-racs4 pred nindan, [2] sides = 1 reed, sides (trod), 58. The word alana is not previously known in reference to pat ofthe body. Tourmay and ‘Shaffer pus suggest shar vis the thumb, storing 5 (abana) 60, The stration fellows]. 07, where the same verse describes aki The image audesto ‘the‘hairy’ ear of ripe bare. Nssaba, the odes of gain had hairof ane is thik heaves, 785 according to Gusa, Cyl Aiv 24/21: gh karadin nak proving on her head sheases were ranged. remains uncertain whether ince’ 2od description texts’ LKA TD rev 10: NIAC in ma-suand KAR 307 cI] aca gnvmatey, one should restore )issaba(S.AGX) = ical ginmass, ei of his heads haley’, or Snig(oaD NAGA) = Bina gimmasr, "he ha of his ead is tamarisk’ (rieabu: B. Landsberge, YO 1 (1950), p. 363 fa. 18; CAD, p.273; Q,. 253; mc: Ta, pp. 31 and 47; Livingstone, Mtl Works, p. 94 i, Cur Poetry, pp. 98-9). “Livingstone states a preference for ims on grounds ofthe space avaablefor restoration in LKA 72 (Gee Monta! Wonks, pp. 98-9), bur there ise wo choose bewween (ENJaca (or N]AcA) and [abla Norealso,inasynretistichymn which equates parts of Ninur'sbody with ather gods (AR 102,10): gin-mar-a't..]j the air of your head isthe goddess) [Nissaba)] 61. The sign before at on MS ¢, can hardly be anything bt a but reading [in] pal ai, “inthe presence of his bre’ js mos unlikely. Bven i eewhere on this MS nais writen zt ‘sdicutto escape na ia Touray and Shaffer prefered to avoid nay restoring fit }ha- ‘-, bu lther way the infinitive appear to he an excepional, pete form, taken over from an (OB ersionofteepicandnot brought up 0 date Attheendoftheline there may beroom formore shan sta (64, The wave after ras well as the gender of fap rles out dal li. Animage very close to the one sen in his ine ist be found in the Gula Hymn of Bulss-rabi, wre Ningire is Aeseribed as rei mu gu r--,n w ul ving chase, head held hh’ (WG. Lam= ‘ert, Ors 3 (1967),p.116,29) 65 82. The line car be taken to read the onslaught of his weapons has no equa’ and most rranltors ae content to render cus. I this makes awiowardsense—can an infinitive have a rival>—shen ek canbe understood a a eatve with Gigamet the subject of fi Ln SB Gilgsmet ‘his sa desperate measure, however.The option preferred here 1o spi theline nto two separate clauses. For 2 Kab, "his weapons are athe ready of. Bera 45: amu ex-su eb Bake ‘athe wereina fry ands her weapons were ready fer action ;andSargon fa a-naium- (qunavkir na haba), whose weaponsare made ready w bring down the enemy" (Fuchs, Sago, p62, 11-12)-The encltic-mahereanached othe object the vere probably ‘otcoordinatve bu serves instead wo stress the campleteabsence of ral compare malo in 108, which epors acer negative sae 166. Comparison with 83, alongside MS Fs puab-Au Charly pu-uh-h-(), suggests tht pu loki dunn the LB manuscript very likely derives from amiseading (or mishearingin asto- Aiton) of pub eure (ef. von Soden, ZA 53, p, 221; Tay angus for the opposite) ‘Analisis of publi ths pasuge has not ielded consensus. Some modern commenti tke it 2s the infinitive pug, "Yo stand wait on (folowing B.Landsberger, WZZKM 6 (1960),p 125, fn 49), whl ocers derive it fom She pubtu which spate with mekAd in the Sumerian tle of| Bilgames andthe Nesherwod adits wanslson, SB XI (for these plyshings ee the commentary ‘below, on SB XI 1) Tiny goes so far aso stare categorically thatthe wordin SB Tis nthe noun ‘ubbt the ver pau and that the" Abkadian epic preserved the motif abletic competion ia ‘his episode, ur roically,misundersood the woul which siodat the center ofthat pisode ‘nthe original [Sumerian tex (Evolution pp. 190-1). Theres no proof whatsoever thatelther con ‘ention iso. Indesd the word i the Kune manuscript is wren pur, which inthe con ‘ventional orthograpyof the period would be most unusual for ugg though nt ene without paral. re words pba nor pues the question then how does ein with the arousal, abi ‘ion or excitation (alae possibly wih sb and Bub) of Games companions? Tae vo transl786 ‘THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC torewho uke publ hl diferon this point Jacobsen ender thine ‘the young men aecalled up, sway from th puck of thee game)’ commenting the effet tha they ae calle wy from thei play in order co perform eorvée wrk (Sauder Moray, p. 234, f. 7)-J. Klein translates “on sccouat of his ball game his companions are (constant) aroused’ andater‘his companions ae aroused by his pub (Jacoben om. 18h pp. 196-9), Ksin sees to me o be nearer he mari The subject ofthe verb, ru to specific to refer tothe considerable body of men who would be Called up fr publ service thse are «zt Tse are nt is the menfok of Urukin geneva but Gilgamess close companions (cf. B. Foster, Enays Popp. 24). The eubhu which keeps them in & state of perpeul activi is pars prota symbol of engagement in athe nd sporting contest. 67 88, ‘The present form etsad-da (for ited 67 looks superior 0 the ne variant bund (fo wr 184) or tense agrees with the other vers in his passage Copa, soma, adn. The ening hires assured from MS hab fet read by W. R. Mayer (VAS ‘XIV. 13)The word uit rare and obscure, occuring outside this ine nly in lexical and ‘omen texts In omens it appears inthe epodosisa a nepadve comment (¢gLebuVI6: ack sa- xrod-da(adj tsk, you must wei’. pu off an plans at later, and inthe potas the designation of what mustbeaninauspiciouspartof the ext. Commentaries on hee text calect- ‘inthe diedonares 2, equate ir with dsagreement (5 mgr lack of prudence (1 miata) nd behaviour inappropriate te one position (1552) 169/185. Theadverb ri whichis atest here fo the fstime, perfectly describes the violence ‘which atends Gipame’s behavior 70, ‘Thebrokensign begins ike lz peshaps i Since thiss probably the sameness. 88 4). Tuga can be proposed as appropriate The hero i alko Gin frrin SB 1X53 130. 71. Thisline appears tobe the amet | 87, but thera on MS d, before Sinoduces an le ‘ent of doubt. tis nota well-writen ma, nor good spac looks more edi 734, Thiscoupletemains ery potly preserved Itappearsto be narrative, deseibing how he ‘women begin complaining othe gos Their compari arcuate in, 75-6, inesthat devel- op the dieme of Gitgame!s misconduct narrated in. 67-72. Towards the endo. 74 perhaps eed ‘er heir complain?) has become unruly "7, The races that fll mada MS x eppearto be the remains of signs that have been pally craic 78, ‘Therehasbeen some cscusionaboutthesgnifcanc of thew here ofthe) stem of ee FForvon Soden the stem conveys careful attention on behalf ofthe listens (fe. 1212,gen8 ‘aha’, For Oppeneim it denoted the eventual eazation ofthe acon (Ors 17 (1948) p22, {n.9). For Foster itis‘ device to epresens speaking oe perception vera res cstance, xpesaly ‘bemeen heaven and eat (says Popp. 26, wih reference ago to SB 4248 and VU 133). The fansner may le inthe use in this episode ofthe presen tease fr recurring action (eee MP Steck, (Orws 64 (1995) p41). Hach time the women complained, the goddestes listened to what they had to say The complaint being regular and repeated, the erate stem ie sable forthe divine response. When, ental the narrate maves from clcumstance to acon, the preterit is sed (94, ii) flloed bya succession of perfec. However, chis explanation does na expltin the use of dhel/3 sem in danas (SB IV 195 VU 13), where repetition of Suna interven insists ual, “The ver require a plural subject bur there not enough space to accommodate plural deer- minasve on “15. The lack oft may not bean orersigh The same phenomenon occurs in & LB ranoscript of Mis pl ME: i (dingi)™ "15 (EN, H.Al-Rawi and George, Ir 57(1985).p.225, 9. These are many other occasions when eppareny singular spelings of sans ‘goddes’, are CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES: TABLET 1 787 paired with plural ‘gods’ and ths seem alo to stand for puraiy. The folowing passages tsoplyilusoace this convention: digi u ‘zr (Borger, Ear, p. 23,9, with var. “ar, S08); nad par dngie™ w sar (id, 4S, 6)s [DNF] boomed ding) mul sar (4. Livingstone, Court Poetry 20.1, 16-ABurbanipls Hymn to ABu:)sma-ha- [iu dngi.dngie. ‘eetar (FH Weisbach, Wa Bria, B vii 4-2; PBS XLV 79 65; NBN) sn Balen) ding ‘ear (CT 34 27,42; NOB); ama Gingi™ 0 sn] gino esarap-puc (V R 63 16; No). Plural zs lio sometimes writen wi ut ding asin Lda SS (aru Fr the king eth of the gods’, spelled variously digi, ding and dings ding). Tae reverse can also occus, ie ingle" forthe singular (e below on SB 1136-) (Other writings indicat that a formally mascoline pra ar ens alongside Sarit: polah ingle a*-s0-i(TCLIIL Sea W. Mayer, MDOG 115 (1983),p. 78:Sargon Th Borger, Ez. 1.97, 35) Pai 600 dingo wor (E, Bosing, Ors 17 (1948), pL.26 (lows p. 272), 9, ‘4. BPongrat-Leiten, Jn Sub Trap. 244, ce. 9 Exataon of Nabi} “--1600 angio “nr (Livingstone, Caurt Poy 20.2, 30:ABubanipasAcrssc Hymn to Marduk iar fn}, 36). Note aso the existence ofa plural frm ard pare with ini (ST 45,9: tani. (On tis evidence would appear thatthe spelings “or and Sur are, in eet, lgographic, standing for Starvand (by homophons?) fara if moto for Shady and Stan Ina nor on the second passage cited inthe previous paragraph, Borger offered lhl diferent solution, repeat- fing the od view of FDeiose arts) kann auch alee “Ginnen”bedeuten’ (Eth p45). Inhiestedyon the ‘Assyrian’ Tee of Lif’ S.Parpoahes inferred the contrary rom these splines, ‘tat tere was nf, only one, not sever Teale” desl the oddest being subsumed in [bars person (NES 52 (1993),p. 187, {2.97}. Whichever isthe corretiterpetation there seems ‘oreason why the speling"1S should notalso be usedin the same manner as -arand iui for a plural of godess 79. The expression 6 itr seems unavoldaie in the igh f the new source, MS xThe word hse iso be compares wth te te in 96 and 100, where signifies anien or initiative The pitts probly tobe understood asareerence othe fact that he gods of heaven, his ‘evi he lig ae thoe that can exeriseinitaivein the divine assembis une the dees con fined inthe Netherworld, As such, they are perhaps wader an obligation, once the complain of se fatkof Uruk has been renertd to them, todo somethin to relieve the probe. Accordingly They ‘bring the complaint to he attention of thehighest powers. ‘80, Thislinoughtto marae the action taken by the gods ofthe previous ine Since 81-91 are speech, addressed oa singe perso, in all roby to Anu (see below on 98), some conven ‘onal expression of adress is expect: The last word mightius readin eu they the pods) calle uo him (Anu but for the moment theextant aces hee and at the bepnning of thei (vhere‘jn-lifis one posibiliy) defy eran deipherment 81, Forthesuessed encltic main quessions se GAG" 5123. 84 The spelingut-a-dris ambiguous Itakeit as peeect subject Giga, bu given the ‘variant adderi in, 67,femay ao be parsed at I? preterit, subject et (then renders ‘bisyiabl). Nether tense goes wel ina passage replete sith esi the psent. 88, Probab a repetition of. 70. The restoration of mi raps encourage bythe feminine plural potessve inthe nexe line (or np, umerous, teeming’ ee below the commentary 08 SB ‘VIN9-10) Such restoration makes aparcplesuchas matt, muSlin or marty in the missing mide ofthe ne unless we ead barely a i rapt. 93. Thesubject ofthis line must be singular The speck made to te moter godess in. 95-8 ae ceranly the words of Amu, since they are describe in 1003 kr a Ani The facta there78 ‘so ine introducing Anus the speaker of.95-8makesit very dificult avoid restoring him here ‘asthe one who ste (em 13,35 nL. 78) othe preceding speech. 94, With this ine, whichals occusin MB ippus; (1 5),compare OB Atram-asls192b4a- «am ied iio, they summoned the goddess and asked head SB Anza [172s ma bee IP™ achat it aba], ney summoned BELA, the sister of (he great gods) both nee follow a spech of Ba. Theline of Gilgamed may bes conscious imitation of Atra-hasi forthe con- ‘teat there smart the present passage: the mother ges is summoned sole by an act of ‘reaton inthat case of mankind genera acriis marked by the mutiny of thelowe onder inst ‘their king, in that cese the Ig revolt agunst Ell (fora deuaes comparison been thereapec- sive passage of he so tex abe Tiga, Beolcion pp. 194~7). The background of Arun's epithet “great one’isthat she sas ancient asthe univers ise ee the note on MB Nippur 1 95, Therestortion folios MB Nippur, 7-The nes lmosidesicaloonein a SB account of the creation of mankind and the king: at--ma a.s-ma l!a-me-l, yout that created man, (aow fashion the ing)” CW. R. Mayer, FNS 56 (1987), p. $6,321, 96. ‘The word siti his and ote lines of the SB text (SBT 100,212) staken by many (otowing Oppenheim, Ors 17,p.23; CAD 7, p. 116), to mean image, counterpart replica’ and ‘he sli to refer to Gieumes‘eeate his image” Though this makes god sens, ac provides sai (or mar with an explcc subject, its not widhour problems, The phrase sila Band inthe ‘other passages of Ggames cited and eshere 0 (CT 15 46 ee. 1: Deseent of lar), simply ‘means to make the word flesh, i.e. o convert an dea or spoken naive into reat. the phrase instr isunderstoo inthis wat should be rarlaed‘makehisiden. realty!” But whose idea? 1.100 the stra is ented as Ann's, and von Soden and others have tensa the phrase sccordingly (Recar’etwas er belch, Wilcke: ‘was er (= Anu) sag’ Botto:‘ce qu(Anu) te ‘ctr They implicy ascribe the speech of 95-8, in which direct nstractions ae given to Anumi, tthe unspecified pura subject of din @. 94), Lethe gods in general, However, ME [Nippar, reveals ht one god only sues the command to Aru (6: e2aggar). Accordingly itis robeble that An mses speaking in thisline and therefore the did person referent ofthe pos- sessve pronoun on zi canno be him but must instead be whatever god twas who made the pial suggestion, [suspect that this igure as a. is one of Eas characteristic functions solve crises by susgesting the creation of new life-forms, she doesn Atcahase and related texts, orby ‘reatng them himsel 2s inthe Descent of ar He lone amoag the gods has he imagination to ‘conceive ingenious ides of tiki. As set then, na divine assembly consenedto debate the criss Ea made his customary inervetion i suggesting ow the problem cou best be solved, ‘Acura yas brought on and Anu (in MS m El) sue her wih istration ‘comet Ease int ‘eal! The question x waste line sll so understood when al reference othe god who had the Intl dea had been edited out ofthe text? ‘That Ea was instrumentalinthe creation of Enkiduhas aleady been proposed on other grounds by Boro apd, p69. 1, who sees reference to such anidea nthe iting fis ane inthe ‘SB ext as Eni: “Eaki a cxté" (6 alo 5, Parpoa, SAA IX, p xcs, CRRA 43, p 318). Daley hes drawn aentonto an improbable pay on zl andi), man, tale’ (Myth 126, 9%, 97, As Bketing nods aswell as maf one may lo read mail (4f08,p. 226). 100, Cf. bore, on |. 96,There sa parle ine in Anz 157: ina waa dtni na BEG ‘where wana stems to correspond to this ine's sca fashioned a clever idea) in his heat ‘Kovacs proposes a play on sir Sa nm and ap Sa Anim, the phrase that frees Enkid’s ‘coming I. 248 and 262, Dale's suggestion that sauder ao osm, among eat personnel CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES: TABLET I 789 of uncerttin sexu affinities’ (Myr p. 126, 10),makes assumptions abou theater word which seem tobe unfounded, The feminine adjective soba, ‘losed of, refers to women who Ive in sechision, whether as devotees of «deity or royal concubines inthe harem, The masculine oly occur in logographicspelings of sere (isk. et) and may have exited aa lexical atsvacton only. Babylonian men didnot find themselves cloistered ofr ge Ino and even if ‘word see was recognizable a5 a counterpart of sekeaitsdoubifl that could seal ave conveyed the idea ofa male concubine 102-3. These wo line are one of only two quotations from Gilgamet known fom commen- ‘ares (the others SBV1 69) They are quoted ina commentary on the prognastic and diagnostic text Saliba, state received wisdom that man tmade from lay (George, RASS (1991), 146,245 sbi sishar pice dhtma riled): ma psriledin) Momkid beef ger ‘For the phrase ira hard sce. R. Mayer, Ors 56 (1987), p82 104. Most commentatars fellow von Sode’s emphasis of gas the quiet of night (ZA 33, 222:'(Nacht)- Stile’. Ebling, 4/0 8, p. 27). Odhers have avoided this reading by emening to aL, with CAD K,p.506 Cosfpring of poesia’). [prefer not oemend, but L donot see ‘ahy Enki shouldbe the offspring of the quiet oF night ak aaint ay other parof the day Forme ‘he referenceis instead to Enkidu’s superatua bir, He was no: delivered ino the wodd through ‘he uaa ouman mother sence, not screams, atendedhisarivalon he earth The apparent ‘slants death’ for elvis arnechaical err based onthe misreading of quand need fu ther exegesis The phrase ise Ninarza makes several allusions. Fit, vas a description of per= son evoesin comparison personal names such 2s Kisr-DN,D-ugtrtu-ngranni nd DNs. ‘The dictionaries interpret his we of ia, "kno, bonding’ and ass, to kno, together as refering othe support or szengthening ofthe individual by a godchis frm i bonded andconsol- ‘date into a something steong and lasting, ike a wal ofbrick As the champion ofthe god and the ‘epitome ofthe young hea, Nnurais. god associated with succes ets farms, parila Single combat witha mighty iva eg Ani, Asabhu). Fkidu whose physical being hasbeen given cohesion by Ninur, wil be the champion ofthe people of Uruk and wil eet with Gigames in Single combat. Ia AVI Ninurt is lo for some reason especialy aeocatd with gai silence? (CT 2441, 65:Sinsusnak=nn-uria gua) reference which place the phe ili gah and ‘sr Nien a neal synonymous relation Thelar expression also anticipate th hi anim hatsymbolies Enkidin Gilgameds dreams. 106, The variant for uppsin MS h (hardy muppu) is mystifying. The form pret trary for pl oecuts inte tats rectus only here and in SB IL 176; ee farther Chapter 9, the section on Language and syle ub 107. This tine has ateady been used to describe Gilgarné (SB 10) 108, Adhough Isetain the conventional acerpretatin that the use of Ein a main clase repee- sents emphatic negation (Uberhauptsich GAG?§1224) this line where itmight havethe force ‘not yet as suggested by M Sto, OB Hiss. 53, f. 30 teeing «9 OBIL93), ‘The words nit people fms’ and miu, "nation’, denote the smaller and greater socal groups ‘hom which de Snviual takes his demi. The variant "god or ‘gc’ forthe former ries the ‘question of whether they were held ia any was t0 be synonymoxs In some peripheral areas of| ‘Mesopotamia, notably Emar and Nual inthe second milesnium, the ww concepts ae coslycan- ected in the context ofthe ancestor cls, fr the household gods (dy) are mentioned slongside family ancestors refered "dead persons (wt) and ghosts (tama), Some equate the zee term (se K van der Toor, ‘Gods and ancestors in Emat and Nua, 74 84 (1998), p, 38-59); ‘thers donot (See WT Ptard, Care ofthe dead at Ear’ and B.B Schmit, "The gods andthe dead730 ‘THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC ofthe domestic cult at Emr a reasessmen’ both in M.W Chavales (4), Bar pp. 123-40, 141-63). In Babylonia proper the evidence for defied ancestors is patch AC leas wo deseased enccpriestessesofUr were included by thos in change ofthe offerings among the aoe gods of the ‘oon go's suncruary (see P Weadock, rag 37 (1975), . 104), This stineson was no doubt seconded them not because they were dead but because they had been in some sense, the brides of ‘Nanna-Suen (theuse ofthe divin detezminativeby bngs who had besn husband’ of iano, from Solg to Rin-Sin and he presence of much the sume kings in Stee of ead goes in ater clic laments such as Bdimawsaga are exactly analogous). Many dead Mesopotamian Kings were the ‘objet of special funerary cuts, and thovgh they di not usally aac he term i tei statues ‘were offen venerated, bathed and provisioned in tha context much at gods stacues were (for a résumé see W.W. Hallo Royal ancestor worship inthe biblical word, Stade Tamon pp. 387-59) ‘An example of tv used in reference to deceased royal ancestors canbe found ina insertion of Asbrbanipal which reports he kings estoraon of fonerary offerings tothe pots of his pede- cexssors ana ding) we-meduson ana mis)" alia) baa pe) ed #8 Zavourto go and man, othe dead and he ving’ (TG. Paches Tx inthe Babylonian Wide Writing . 17, rev. 3, ef. Sueck, As, p. 250), Ordinary Eabylonians made funerary offerings (es) to hr immedite ancestors but here ia yet evidence that these col be called gods ‘they may have been in Nuzi an Emar (6s M, Baylis, "The cul of dead kin in Aria an Baby lena’ ag 35 (1973), pp. 115-25;, Tsukimoto, Unusuchurgo eur Tense ipu im ale ‘Meopotanien) Mowever, some have suggested that vin personal names snes refers tothe spirit ofa deceased fay member (Stamm, Naxos, pp 245, 2845 CAD Up. 102; Bayliss, ‘ray 35,p. 117, a 19) This and the question of te relationship of dead ancestorso personal gods and protective dies such asthe Sd are topics that eed futher investigation For this reason tis ‘est forthe momento allow thatthe varianss gods and Yay in this ine may be arbitrary and sweated 108. For the reading of “oi a Sabkan see W. G, Lamber, “The reading of the divine mame Sabian’, Ors 55 (1986), pp. 152-8.Ciad ina garment ike Sabian’? means simply wearing only ‘he iy coat that Nature ad given him, asi all he creates of Sakkan, thelor ofthe animals. 110,117. Themenson of Satan in the preceding line paves the way or gzelles inthis, or ‘hse animals are the typical bass of akan (ef, C2946, 13:"*ingir ™* dh Saban =the od of guzel. 1111176. The verb of thislne used to be ead dap, supposedly te I! intransitive tem of appara wich in egal documents from Blam means ‘10 satis" (CAD D,p. 10; M 388) oF ‘iapper (AP. 1380, Deurung unsicher). More receny W. L. Moran has suggested a verb dbp (fo psn, become aggresive" (FCS 3 (1981p. 4, 0.3) However the speling = ‘opi wed inthe Late Babylonian sources ia the parallel passages (SB 176, MS 35281,MS 8) sugges instead given that a present tense is expected verb repr Wl or epru 12 (ef aleady YER Mayer, ”ASXAIV p. 13). In MB Ur 28 the precatve Spr ight be the same ver with ‘vooe rst radial Whateveris desivaon the meanings determinedby suse describe animals ‘thronging aa waterhoe, as here, and a crowd gathering to stare at Enis (SB 1253 1281 105), Elsewhere MS P replies tppir with sah dens’ (I 176 and, probes, 172), which ‘suggests an unimaginative editorial change made inthe face ofan obscure word, 112)/177, The verb oft nei aio an objet of doubt Theol reading sb was emended to ‘ah, presen co match the other vers ofthe passage, by won Soden, ZA 53, p 222. This revision failed to take account of MS Fs --bv in SB1 173, paral to thie line This paling of preterit fb fan be explained as an example of CV-CV for CVC; others in Kvyunik manuscript of SB CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES: TARLED 1 mm GGilgumes are Ist in Chaper 9, the section on Spang sub (@). A present ventive sib i theoreti ossble—forvensves spelled with see Chapter 9, the section on Spel sub (8) — bot know of no other example of bu inthe vente, The derivation ofthe forms speed band du from etuie now challenged the Late Babylonian source's pr pin the paral! passage 177,MSx). Mayer, MASXOV, p13, suggests a parsing from she own ver dZpyo bow’ but inssene argues agains thie The spelings of MSS Fandxsuggesta mile weak ver, or wisyab- ic orthographics exhibiting fal, overhanging” vowels often spel forms of middie weak vers in [NAL NB and later ontogeaphya alo other words that in eater grammar would end witha y= [that was bothlong an cored, Apa from :ibthere ae the verbs dp and pu hich havea do wih weaving an are pail als ou of contention; pu and yu are unatested. This being so,the principal obstcieto the adkionl parsing isthe sign pin MS ,foriteannot usually express ‘he consonant bh. Confusion besten and ararisen LB speling, however-noteinhis book, ‘SBV 294 naf-i (MS dd) foe nakpa Consequently itis unwise to place too muchweighton oneLB. ‘manuscript, For the moment MS xs -D1-pi shoud be considered, lke MS P's rs, 10 bea sling of 114, Preposional phrases involving p+ water have often proved award fortanlators BR Foner, ANES 14(1982),p.33:(ithes edge) A calecdon ofthe extant atesatons sue ‘hat such phases mean no more thun“onto the bank(shore of, beside a rive, seaetesseeeg. SB ‘AaisisV71 (ed. Geonge and AL-Rawi, ag 5S (1986), p. 182): anz pu-ut mii) ia-b, e sat down beside (no facing) the rive’ replacing older pute navi (OB Atcam-hasls i 265k [Assyrian recension S32)in OAKK inscriptions of Sargon (Frayne, RIME2,p, 28,8 /8-10)sa-- ‘a put sha-amti Fras the Sea shor |/zag ab ba ka. tothe edgeo these, and Nac Sin Gi. p91, 12-13): a-na put Burana ‘othe bank of the Bupha’ (Bid p. 133, it 9-1) eumema petbaranand, rom thebank ofthe Euphrates’ an, correctly transcribed in ‘Assyrian oy iserpons of Takul-Ninurta It (Grayeon, RIMA 2, p. 175,83): a Sadie) tx piesa) “pwn the mountains beside the Euphrates ASureaipal H(i, p. 286, 29):2- ea ping) “paca a-as-a, marched 1 the bank of the Bupha’ (bid, p.215, 40-1) "i= ser a plea) pusrae ips *he ook 1 Mr Bisur, which s beste the Euphrates and ‘Salaneser (Greyson, RIMA3,p. $6,210: ping - ailara al) a-or mcsa- 12 ml anh went to the ede of the source ofthe Tavis the slace where the waters low ea In the Anyrian inserpons there is noticeable contrast between pt and Sd ee eg. in “ASsaraysal I (Grayson, IMA 2p. 198, 7): 5-dfa-bur aa-bat, Tmatched along the Rivet Habu (bid ,p.218, 84) fa ™lab navn ab, Tmarched along the Lebanon range’ (bid. 219, 96) 5-4 pu raots ana eles! gbar(dab)™, T marched upstream along the Euphrates’ ‘agreement withthe espctive meanings of pi short side’ an Rs, "og ie’ ems that pt ‘ured whenthe subject encounters the river or sea asa shor seth, ida when he subject ravels Alongside itforalong stretch. 117, Some appear to ake tl nero describe he wapper going home with his hau! of games ‘others leave ambi. However, he pronoun 5 (no ater restoration seems obvious) probably ‘marks change of subject, ae else in SB Gilgames (eg 1272, 18]sef in SBI LAS 168) "The transation in CAD Bp. 29, ne (Enki) and his animals baditradedint his ihe hunter) gon’ grees, buts oo contzved to convince. Enid and his herd leave she water-ole and head ar home; leaving he stonished wapperfozeain treo (60 already Schot, 24 42 (1934) p97) ‘The om bit eit thus @simple metaphor. 17-18. Theserwo ines ervetobighlight the frequent sin poetry fence aoa verbsthat72 THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC have no obviows ued of coordination. Ate end ofa couple (a fam-na) ence -ma canst nor= mally serv fr coordination fora sentence very rarely extends over che boundary between oU- lets, Artheend of line containing verb (as igi-ma} ts also questionable whether coordination isintende, formainclasesin diferent ines usualy exhibit symacel dependence Ther are ‘exceptions, for example SB X1207-8: niente Ks manna if pabharaton-ma| bala Sa i td ec, where there i a consecutive raonship (0 that). However, most line, and specially couplets, display syntactical autonomy: There re many other instances of -ma where no cwordinason i probable: OBI 6 sini?) -ma, 64 alldi-ms, 162 gab-ma, 177 rub, 179 fssisanma, 197 mations, 212 idem, 227 dem, OB IL 106 Edema, 172 H-ma), 188 uswoms, 201 nema, OB Schayen 11 arms 13. e2ayganinema, 27m, SB Taba, OB Nippur i eppason-mo, OB Harmal 1 lem, OB Ihchal 1 nlabhan-ms, 26" nies, OB VABM i 12" autlomem, 4° ema 21 aime, ik 22 errioma, i 26 lems, MB [Nippun 2 (mo, MB Ur 42 audtom-ma, MB Eman i 2428 32 trani-mayi 32 ation, [MB Boga vi 11 dina, B11 sahara 32 ahem 140 162 urea 167 rena] 178 uriuoma, 1 185 ep ma 192 Tpsucma, 281 srdmvoma, I 247 sini, 1268) 291, ‘aahm-m,1 295 limgutn-ma, L297 lama, 161 [inin-ma, I 100 itaxie-noy 113 ‘gabe Cf 1 19 gab, probebly coordinated with ia 223 et, deme, 267 irbam-ma 1287 tba, 1300 mse, T32 Hina, TV 26 aidan IV 40 Hm, LV 3 19881171 Fputatin-ma, probably TV 90 173 wide IV 107 falda ma), EV 194 me ‘maV 137 iettiomoma,V 175 aati 190,230,246) nema 295 Fm, IS pram smaV18 gilanema V1 48, 51, 53, 58, 64 tarima,VL7S tami-mVI 77 ema, VI 98 nama, L113 nema, \T119f 12 123 ppetema.VI LA Gidamma,V1 142 sbasema, VL 31 sk ma,VI 154 nema, V1 160 sma va. palin ma, VI 180 ual-ma (MS QV 140 end 141 uSha-ma, VI 148 ina, VIL 183 is-ma VT 189 obi-ma, VIE S9 hs VIL 84-5 wla-ma, VIL 215 uyionma, EX 161 144 . namdnia-ma,X 10 inatiem-ma, X70 187 1287 anelan-ma, X75 dima} 152 Sdnamea X 172 uaa, X 189 iam, X 320 ‘Bln XT 2 anaalahn-ma, XS mama, X119 tama, X122 fines X127 fale XL39 ‘strani-ma, XI Sepagi-ma, XI $7 Zuramema, X195Hmma, XI 9 itamam-my XU 119 erm, X1122 aphnm, XE149 152 p-o-am-ma, XT 195 Sarma, XI 180 dem, XE 199 lam ‘ma, X1205 i ab-m XT210 arma, XI 253 bili-ma 262 ila, XL 303 mura X1315 nama X1321 iad ma, XU 87 58 iguana, XIL1SI alilma (MS). Alar verbe of clauses where the end ofthe clase coincides withthe endoftheline oa coupletand where co0t ination withthe folowing line sts either unlikely or unnecessary. Other explanitions mast be ‘souphtfor example, (a imitng vero to subject Ea alone knows (XI 180 dem), (6) tempor “hen fly” (V1.5 teprarem, X 172 idudam-ma),(¢) modal ewse’ (132 dak ma, probably slsoV1 48 ec. nfm) When none ofthese explanations is adespate one admits defeat with won ‘Soden who surrendered with he terse observation ‘cb 2 unk” (len 570). Thisis an inad- ‘uate esponse but fics ce current staeof knowiedge Serious research s needed to elucidate the fl role of ain poetry. 119. Restore pechaps (muro [im 120-1, Thiscoupletis standard in SB GiigameS appearing ako in SB X (9-10, 42-3, [49-50], 115-16, 122-3, 215-16, 222-3), For urba rjarigetaalduapd on its own Se also above, on ‘SBI9.Innone ofthese passagesis wu construed a masculine consequent the speling re- stands for fem, sing it (or the use of a CV:sign to express VC in Kuyunik manuscripts of GGigames see Chaps 8, he section on Spelng sub 2)-"The mpeling nga-tV observed in other peste tslags hex owedfor erry fle ae Chapter, he xecionon Language and mien "2. Tish recon SB Giga of henge of te connon ery Formule or tnuocing diet prc Forth sae se hope thenoteon OB S-2 123-33, Retoratonsnt mated queorabieert resoed fom repent is peck int 150-4 1245 151-2. Tiina stock ole recuring ain 1209-70, 2923 and 1162-3.The second ne ed on omnia SB 197 ad I, The side need Se concee of be “Sum ofA’ eso mater othe sy wi fro endowet wh spetaman sent SBT, wee ero Gane a Gages ean tng Aa Gent meters andaybotc of nds (eSB 124), Meteor of ors wee impor tant source god-quty ionin the one Age, Teel erin f hae mel epic the Suman poem of Lunn, whet ew igh me deed inte ling passage: ‘wt siinnanihibiannafuimmaan ti sirdrsakanianbarsi.imimmadari Lugsbenda Epic 358-9, text after LJ Vanstphoutin|-Prseck nelical Lif the Anson Near Bast (CRRA 83; Prague, 1995), ~.411 “He tookupin his hand his xe—its metal was‘of heaven’ be grasped his dagger (worn a the tight was of ton. ‘Te erm sn. nahere canary be, whichis useless fran axeshead eather, ban na isa ‘rary creumloction fr the nex fin’ ion (Towing Vanstphout, CRRA 43,p.399).The equa- tion of the Slump” of Anu with meteoric ion, so much stronger than bronze explains is usin Gagamet SB Las synbol sinihing great strength. For hr denoting a crade limp of unviovked meal now koh parci'alump of ron in broken context the Fable of the Fox (Lamber, BIL p. 206,85), which may welleferto mete- cron in its condition for iru with other motlssee CADK, p.441snotethat the sie Mra edprithere ted wih reference a metorin an astrological reports now read Bima dpa: see ‘SAAYIIE 305 rev. 2). The urage Kir nit reminiscent othe coinage Kf for he bedrock of ‘mounting and may be witness to the bel vat de furthest heavens were made in part of ard, stony materia (forthe sony heaves se further Livingstone, Mrz rks, p. 86; Horowiz, (Gasmie Geography, 263). Bewhere Bear isthe hr of the heavens (BAM 237i 20 i gbu Sa ani! sither becuse et planet as envisaged as alump ofcelestial solid mamcro less pertinent, ocause she was sired by Ano 17. The restoration s suggested by W110 175 1291/16. beng affad do not go near hime hunter’ fear may ether be circumstantial, ‘ois inaiity wo approach Enkidu ort may lead rit. On these aleratve renderings of sie + ‘ma flowed bythe presen see Lambert, BL p.309, the further eferences cited in GAG? 61598 and, on thisline, Strede Orn 68 (1995),p.72. 131//158. Theceisnotenovsh room for Thompson's uF{ari-ry). For fund, Yolay oust (raps cf. sa-pord Sucparrucr ana on-b Semel er nets spread out ad ready forthe704 ‘THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN BPIC enemy’ (R, C. Thompson, 44420 (1933),p1 9, Ssh); ft donigtin® ar s-at para. ks Suri the tacky net is etched ou, the sare are set for you” (STT 215 18] CAD NJ, p.206; Hubs incantation). The word adel wing is uniquely used in thine an ins ‘epesion (158); presumably it describes amet shaped Ske a wig (see further the discussion of. ‘on der Osen-Sacken, MDOG 123 (1991), pp. 140-1), 136, For ail sr see below on. 165. 138, Thetineis esored afer 148, which eas the old man's advice se narra, 140-5. Restorations are taken ftom the parallel passage, 162-6, where there is Rowever, no epetion of at 145,/ 168. ‘The cali -ma atached tothe final word ofa clause ether esses that word (cL 65 above) or coordinates the ro causes. In this case Thave assumed the later. Clear examples a the ARlaian GigameS of coordinative -maatached the lst word af the classe where that word is ota veh are OB If 104 ba ma pi iar, 29th evalua nase, OBI 72 | 75 ain basa mar?) Sdn MB Ena i27 ane ina [gi] a Aap SB 143 16 its iabatama ied hucuba, 60 ap iharbr-ma ab whale, VL 15S ii alana ana pat N17 (abhi mata Laima rapper) (contrast VO9|aliabi- ‘ma maiokMabbi(m-ma) erappud sn), VII 8 pu ibauoma wl nab mda, 43 raat Pads iras om i, IX 7 iba nb ma igrub maharSum IX3 140. opel malian X 18 wag sugasm eak{an() piu), X 160 166 evi ri ana gii= ‘ma pari. sa kia), XL 25 mur mar ea nap (paralel XI 26 maa sma apa bli), X189 ena anal cloppin-ma pe ib ru ana BB leppin-ma ape BE, X1137 apie mppatan-ma image dr api XI 185 karim arin am rn, X1173 mar ppm eis EL X3 200 hat gsiyo-ma ln, X0.291 Se kammanma fsa jX1298 al tama kamoma lak, XI 304 Sri ea ibin-ma naa Whether such location ofthe ence pateleis determined by sie, mene or some other considerations a question that has yet tobe sted 145! 166/187. As the line convensionalytansated itis the herd thats the subject, ‘ot Enki. Ifthe conventional rendering i flowed, hs selave clause seem inconsesuentil and ‘ut of place: the point ofthe story is that awd man grew up with the beasts, ot the other Way sound. The animals inthe herd were Enki’ father and mother, nd hrosght him ip pac oft (abba: SBVINS). ‘have translated te relative cause as a concessve as eewhere inthe SB epic 200, VI 4). Conceive se of he rea pronouns especialy visible in royal inscriptions, where Lacan inuo- duce an advecbial dependent cause (it's wo the fiche.) thaighlghts the contastbermeen ‘he achievements of aking’ predecessors and his oom: a tum da-ar St is arin kr max ‘sama arma-nam? i eblé ls winapi, ough fom time immemorial, the creation of ‘mankind, fal the Kings no king whatsoever had deszoyed Aron and Fa (Nergal gave them ‘to Narim-Sin'(UIET1275; I-10, ed, Frayne, RIME2, pp. 132); scxor oat a-lan mari ‘ho ie Saran ma- mavens Sib ma-ri* one t-om aif, though fons days of yore, ‘wen the god built Mai, no king at all who resided in Mari had reached the Mesterancan, (Yabdun-Lim went tothe seashore) (Frayne, RIME 4.605, 34-7); au cum anti eu “iii babar shan ki male arr aaa laa a orw-ma di ippaP a= uci am-ma ‘though fom days of yore, ine the brickwork of E-babbar was fis created, of a ‘he Kings of old no king at all had done Samat bidding and bul for him the wall of Sipps, ‘Samsu-iuna, moulded its brickwork" Gi,» 377, 55-62). In OB letersi can ineroduce clauses ‘hich in moder languages would be prefaced by a vuiety of conjunctions, concessve (hove CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES: TABLET 1 75 *)and conoesive conditional eve if.) among them (ez, 488X190, 27; 106, 325160, 23). [Notealgo ina NB ewer seat home by «man waveling abroad the reassurance na-bu-o-0lata-e- 1H" maa la tama “Even though You hear no news of me, 9ou must not stat WORYiNg aboutme! (CT226,7-8).No doubt thorough search would yield many more examples “The expression 2 cfenrenderedon his steppe’ or paraphrased awit himin the wi’, ‘tals ‘sous saute’ (Labat). follow a privat suggestion ofA. Shae, thal iin Game simply means int) the precence of (seg. SBTI36, XTC already Jacobsen, ta Or8 (1930), 67a. 2s Botro: ‘avec hu) 148, Theprepsion ina should perhaps be emended to ana. 161, This ete fr instanceof theless common formula wed a SB Gilgames to introduce rect speech which employs only abla; onthe use ofthe present tense in such formule see ‘Chapter 5, the note oa OB I 163, The spelingbu-Lam forthe nominasive ina Kuyunii ble (MSP) sa notably aberrant “orthography bythe standards of eater grammar. For comparable spelings see Ch 9, the section ‘on Spelling sb O. 169, Thewordadann usualy sigs tn appointed or prearrangeiene (deadline) Heretic evident used with reference wo an arranged point in space rather dan time The same usage may ‘ccurinthe Ani poem when th mother godess enjoins her son Nngirsutosetoutforbatle with ‘the enemy: Her instructions more obviously refer to locaton than tie (SB Anz IL 1): 6m wrx Juk-nac-dan-n,Yashiona path (othe mountain determine a place to meet (Anzt incombat’ Gin (OB Anzt 152 humana davai an obwows eto fo Sul adorn). 170-1, ‘The word wh remains a hapa legomenon, The suggestion that this means ‘hiding- place’ (Aff p. 144, Verse) fe dhe contest wel enough xt since the preposition i az act ‘nana opted fora les concrete meaning, tral for thee waiting”‘Thevesiveox alll is very rae a8 both MSS in 170, one MS in. 171) may for hatreason be corrupted by ditograe ‘hy fom adi 168. 172, In} 176 MS P replaces mal eppir ofthe paral ine (111) with map ot and the ‘verb may thas once have been pin this ine lo. 173, Note the orchography nam-ma-4)-«(Kuyuniik MS P), parently genitive o plural but ‘expressing the nominative singular, On the ver ee above, on XI 112/177 174, Lit ‘hs orgin asthe ery upland’ fori meaning not so muchfepringor‘birth as the stock from which one comes, 6, ih referenceto the Seber, Era 2: bitin arate ma, heir origin vas strange’ The plas of te preseatlinesasousedof Enki in SBU42, where itis replace in some manuscript with whatisefecsvely an ease paraphrase, ald na adhe was ‘orn in she hil 175-7. ‘These lines repeat. 110-12, MP Sueck analyse the repetion as circumstantial clause, the original occurrence as'genetell-iterai’ clauses and adjusts is tansations according (Oras 64 (1995) p62 fm. 119), Repetition ia Merary device. The arrival of Eakidu here auto matically invokes the description that accompanied his fst appearance in the poem, asa Kind of ‘ashback Sochrepetiion isa featur of tadtonslnerstivepoety and, inmy vests best keep ‘he ansatin denial to highigh 178. ‘The word uit rpicaly ured of man in the cones of his creation (86 Tigay, Eeakaon, 202), la SB X 318 the emphasis is on the mortality of man, eppeopestly enough, for in Babylonian theslogy it was essential the mortality ofthe new being har disguised it from is vine creators Here, however, the emphasis onthe newly created as something untouched by ‘vilzaton (¢, CAD )1,p. 7: "he uncivlined man Botéroehauche homme’) A.D. Kilmer’s786 ‘THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC suggestion that he word alles to Enid’ forare role as sexual parmner of Giga (Krew AV, 130. ultu(-anéd: pun on liuli”) seems over contrived 180, The hirinmis usally the flded arm which pica cradles a nursing baby. a1. 188 kir- fois replaced with iz usually wansatd Toincot but perhaps an under garment that cov ‘ered more than jst the lower runk The switch of word implies that neu may also refer toa ‘arment (c£ GADD, p.136).The undoing ofthe rin would then mean the release othe over ‘arment behind which babe in arms might beheld for shelter and nursing. As wel as releasing her {vip on her garment, lowing it ofl, she prostates gesture opens her arms to prepare (or embrace. 1811/89. The phrase dea pais teal" open the vulva ands taken erally by some, but it slso means bare the genital area (fhaha ptn|. 164). Similanly Busha ly may mean 0 pos ‘essa woman sual bulgo means to take inher charms. become physical aracedt her (see cobsen, ANES5(1973),pp.207-8)-Notein MSF the variant drka ford. 181) unne- markabeina LB soures tur noteworthy ina Kuyunie MS. 182/190. ‘The postin’ next act f sedseson i described a nap laterally to take in bis breath (orsmell. Somehave understood his face value or as indicating embrace, but Enid oes nor come tha near Sambar until the nextine. Others propose that spi parallel with ‘tha fg and tha np ‘euphemism for viy’ (CAD NM. 305:ef, Speer, eecome his ardout, and sinialy others. Acconding 1 B Landsberge’ editorial footnote in Schott, ZA 42 (1934),p 100, fn.2,the phrase can mean ganz abe an ha heranrece’ With his in ind follow suggestion made privately by the late Thor Jacobsen, who very plausibly suggested that this is ‘rapper’ language, 0 take his scent (cf slready Dally: take wind of him). This would mean ‘moving dose enough oone’stargetto obtain goodshot Sambar approaches Enid wth aunts ‘man’s cation, s0a¢ noo frighten bm of. 183, Having sdverised her wares the poate let Enid approach Note that il com- ‘monly has the nuance of secking seal favours the lnguage isladed, Cuioualythisline never explicitly realized as narrative. 184 (191. The phrase ba mut ecals an idiom common in rsa where pubia mus ‘fers the spending out of a piece of cloth as an adorament of theritual are or objec if ots a ‘precaution against dit (ypicl is LKA 141 obv. 9: husdgu.2) sonada(ub)*pub(ig)™ agua) inc ma agit) ina mb eB), "you setup a spreads ie cloth over it and st the god of the house ani’ ef.JS. Coops, ZA 62 (1972),p. 72,14; Mayer, Gebettbtcasrange, p 523,17; 1V R54 no. 2, 40). in the Descent of ie 42-60, mugs -mcanst removean item of clothing but elsewhere lo tly tout The poi here ot ony tat the prose takes of her garment but that she spreads ton the ground ike «blanket andes on ga gesture which nes Enki tin her. 185/192, Neatly all moder tansatrs tke Bill here ‘man, and lll atu as jut been ‘sed o describe Enid in 178, Heide hed acliferet view translating inca in eo Ubidinem(), opus fina’ (cf Grayson, Papyras and Tab, p. 142: “how him st, woman's at). This ide is active, fo in sex the tadional work of a womas, expecially prot is o excite a man's esc. Peshaps the Engage isinteninally ambiguous: Eid the lll batalso the prostate is doing something ue. 186, Here,anprobably lo in|. 193,the Babylonian sources the postu’ dads the sub- Feo of hab. Given the nae of hakaby as examined belo thereis no determining whether the ‘more criginal tet is presented in the Kuyuiik sources or inthe Babylonian manuscript ie whether the line reports the instinctive reaction of Enki or the practised ats of the prose ‘When not rendered ad hoc Aabibis usualy translated cates’ or the like CAD, x, distinguishes CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES! TABLET 1 1 berween haa A, of noise babbling of running water, chipingof birds, buzzing of fies, lowing of ‘oxen, (0 which must be added the noise() of lighming, SIT 23, 12" Anza) and hah B, of ‘maton involving sensuous physical contact in lovemaking and ofa sake sing over someone) ‘Als taes them 88 one, meaning in he context of lovemaking, to whisper (Reclame fae ‘therB, Groneberg, R480 (1986), pp. 189-80). Likewise see no reason to separate habbo 18 ‘vas: rotement as wells sound characteristic oflovemaking The ancien view is expressed by line ofthe synonym ist Malkin which hara-bu= no-go is LL 8) Tis equation need ‘ot guages exact synonymy, of course, butt conims what is know from te pretent line and ‘othe passages, that hahabu can accompany sexual intercourse aot especially the Sequence f-b- Ubon. ribka-banon (Bitgs, Seip, p 31, 46-7),"h. me, copulate with me in « potency incantation. Indeed, some have sugested that can be a cuphemism for coasts (TJeeabsea, 4214078 (1930), p. 69-70, fn. 2;}S. Cooper, Finklasir Mem, p. 43,6, 20st). However, the content indicates that dials inthis passage, the last stage of lovemaking before actual xpulation (ein 19, should be noted thatthe construction with dads unique. sewhere in Gizame’ che verb ‘aha appearsas Gigame’s response in his dreams tothe meteoit and axe that ae symbolic of Enka (SB 256, 267, 284,280; f OB 13. The construction uted there ls, rth a personal subject, occurs in similar costext inthe godess Amnanlrum’soracalr promise to Zim- Lim, = naka eo-ha a-hoab-u-sb (ARM X 8, 10-11), ‘Iwill make love ro you. In these passages the xpresion habe means acting endl like slover In he presen in, where de naked Sambst {slying down wit the wid Enid ontop other, something more passionate femeatthe question |s, what excl is meant by dt This word seems to mean generally ov’, but ialso denotes the object of lore (dating and the physical realization of ove (lovemaking It comes alo to be & ‘euphemism for the lower adomen, ie. the geital region ia both Female and male physiology (Alfie sx. 25 CAD sx, di B 2) Use ofthe word therefore may convey the suggestive ambiguity ‘hats characteristic ofthe language of firtion and sex The ncipicofthe love tong b--paa- Aa ‘na da-di-ha (KAR 158 rev it 1) means ‘Lam amorous at the though of your lov’ but tals sug fs Tam amorous at he thoveht of your manhood!” (or At see W. G. Lambert, Or 8636 (1961),p.132) Inde same way the phrase used here, ii habab might refer both o general da- Tance che whispering of sweet things) snd to he physica entwinng ofa relning couple thacis ‘he prelude to coits. Given Sambar’ profession and Eakidu' animal narue we mabe ceriain that inthis ne the ltrs meat. 186-7, All the Kuy manuscripts have transposed she lines of his couple into an ilogeal sequence as now proved by Late Babslonian MS x (CCW. R. Mayer, VASXXIV, p13) 188, Foster speculates thar Krein the parle. 180) replaced hereby did't paeparefor aplayon did (Bisays Popp. 2). 194. This line almost epeats a couplet of the Pennsyvania tablet, where however, the period is probably seven days and seven nighs' (OB 1 48-S0: Sn] web matin id bina ‘Salmtacajm ih). Tice elsewhere in she epic when the Old Babylonian text offers ‘seven days and seven nigh’ we find ‘sx days and seven nights inthe late version: the delving of Enki ‘ural (OBVA-+ BM i sbr imi seb matin SB 58 f 135) 735: 6 wr [wT mae), and in the duration ofthe Deluge (OB Atram-bass I iv 24:7 em? meetin] (SB XL 128 (M187: 6 woot w!7! muta). Six days and seven night alo the period of sleeplessness eet Gagame by Ct-napsin SB X1209, fr which theresa yet no OB countespart.The numerical sequence m+ 1 isa well-known patter in ancient Nea Easter poe. Foe another example in Gigame see SBVI 18: ncaa oA laa ut Hd, where, exceptional, he sequences in reverse Cuiples...rvine). Ehewhere in Babglonian poetry and prose more coaventional798 TE STANDARD DABYLONIAN EPIC ‘examples occur forexample in an OB snake incanttion: a haa pease tera (TINTE65, 91 66,17-19),"e bameviper mouths ares, seven are ts tonguee. Farther exam- plesin Mesopotamian and other ancient Near Eastern itratures have been collected by W. MW. Roth, “The numerical sequence wic+ 1 in the Old Testament, Visu Texanowson 12 (1962), 90. 300-11 (ce also M. 1. West, Te Eat Face of Helton, pp. 259-61). In Babylonia beanie the sequencesic + seven was by some way the mort popula of there numerical sequences In Game ‘he change from OB ‘seven and seven’ 0 SI's and seven begins to lok as if ae a conscious policy pechaps electing itera fashion. Note he present of coninsng action, in MSS Pa, which sat odds with he preterit kt offered by the Pennsylvania betas wells by MSB, 197. Most wansitoes ignore the present tense ofrappud M.P Steck translates ‘een pfs ‘counting it among few eter verbsin the evar corpus where he understands this ens con ‘vey an teraive-phral funcon, with the especial nuance that ‘er Sachvesal eeu in ver~ schiedene Richtungen’ (Or 64 (1955), pp 48-8)-This nuance is not proven, forthe examples Sure uiducescanall be explained as presntsofczeumstance, as imperfets denoting ason that ‘continued fora time, orin other conventional ways. less radical interpretation of apr is that the tense denotes the result of trum hey saw... and asa result they ran’. However Ihave understood it also to denote action that consinuss during he flowing nes, by analogy wih he present in vers that inode direct speech (se Chapter 5, the note on OBI, and bow on SB 1205), 199. Fors hstory ofthe teatment of his fica ine see D.O. Bdzad, Ors 38 (1985), pp. 50-2. The verb Suid (50 MSS Fa) has since been disused at eng by WR. Mayer, O78 57 (1988),pp. 155-8 (ee aso A Westenlzand U Koc Westenholr, Studies Lame. 449,69 9). ‘ery appropriately forthe presentcontext signifies deflement cough licisexualeongrest The ‘variant aliakl(MSB) doesnot produce nobly bene sense ands presumed comrption, With ‘Mayer and Westenol Take alla asthe adecive, noting the semantic oppostion which contrasts Bali's erstwhile innocence with his basement. The rel reversed aeetival phase, with the adjective anrating special emphasis accordingly; for other examples of such reversal in Gigame see Chapter 9, the ston on Language ara tye sub (ie). Others have taken uli aI state from ay to mean ‘his body was bound. unable to move as freely a before, but {his tems too contrived and dsallows the paral in vocabulary noted by Westenhol ia which ‘hesequenceulabhulda~uncatin te nareave (SBI 199-201) ftsthe unambiguous Sb SB, ‘ar. ot)-ell-aanontn En's reminiscence oft (MB Ur 36-40 and SBVL 129-30). 200. ‘The word brs tezally ene’ bu often signifies the leg as an instrument of motion (ee (Chapter5,OB Scheye, 7andnot)-Foracomparableinsancs of zuzzuin thesenseTo stand sl see SBIV 250: (ugammcrid amdiunu Suna ise and the description of impossible marching condiions in Sitt-Marduk’s Aud ni--gu i vabiigal)™ sisanse bury" ioxaSvie-ou (BBSt 6 120; NeKD, ‘he bes of even the largest horses came toa hal.‘The ventive on laa is slmost lvays to be rendered come, can’ as general the casein ABkadan sn demonsated for thistextin the recent study of H. Hirsch, ‘Di Heimkehr des Glgamesch’ Arcieum Anatalisan 3 (Bilge Mem, Vol;Ankars, 1997), pp. 173-90, Homeves lk (ila nthe presetfinelooks ea rare exception to the rule, forthe animal’ moson cleariy pus space between them and Enid. Thealteatve so pars the verbas feminine phiral-Though clewhere inthe SB eic Bs ‘construed as singular, note the apparent use of at eas one feminine pra ver ia 2 Marlene: ura (.)) a ib n-ne bi [Aa bi nab (ARMAS ev, 9119, eth rd [move tomy fathers pastures they can graze wit my father’s hend’-The CRITICAL AND PRILOLOGICAL NOTES: TABLET 1 798 usage i pechaps bor of anaogy wih comparable colecve nouns that are genuine feminine pl ra Fe Roc sup, “ate 201, Nos: the regular orthography of wat even in & Kuyunje MS (F).The verb mud (ai) can meant be diminished in speed aswel asin strength For the former nuance seeaNA. scopic eporcnoting the slowing of Mate ina aii dee (Hunger, SAAVIL312, 3) twa lowed init cours’ For the late see the famous lene of Uead-Gula to ASurbaipa, desenbing an unfruiul consultation with a prophet: malal-hurd diets wncnars (Paxpoly, ‘Srades Rens, p. 264= SAA X 294 rev. 32), he was contrary and weak of vision’ Hoth nuances ppl to Enki 202. Thompson's restoration of si endorsed by von Soden (Z53,p.222) steerer, since the space given overt the sig on the table: (MS F) indicates that dhe sgn that follows it starts anew word WeholdcoSchow’s [éma(Z4 2, p. 101), though with some ecratoe since ‘hetlcally OA-MA value srarely used by NA scribes. Note that ver se can bemsing inthe Jacuna i iit would certainly be t00 lng. Bbeling’s sim-me (90 8p. 226) is unsts- factory forthe same reason a Thompson's reading and, tomy mind, ao becaueitanciptes what da not yet happenee, 203. "The signs iu-ro-ram-m were already clear Haups Thompsoa's arama ero- nest, However, do not See how ranma ean be a sassfactory form of raat 60 Papa) ans) ‘ake al five signs as one word. The enclitic mais here writen sm asin SB X 81, also a Kunis [MS (ef. Af p.669). This developments nothing ro do with vowel harmony buts analogous with ‘edisplacement of abl in the aecusative singular ofthe noun Asia tend canbe observed Sn LB pronominal sixes (he for oka, “for +) and, es well documented, in verbal endings, ‘including the verve (on this See Chapter 9, the Seton on Speling conventions) 204. The disagreement ofthe two Kuyunik manuscripts ovr the gender of the pronominal sul permis the alternative ranslasons feed ere. Both make sense. As he leaves the real of ‘he animals for good, Enki begs to rca Sambur ina les anil manner: he regards her ce (pds) senses andlstens ther speech with new understanding (similarly Oppenheim, Ors 17,3. 26) Alteratiey one might comment that Sambit’s observation in |. 207 mig logically follow a prolonged gaze ath face (pan). Ii ntimposibl, however, thatthe masculine vat ant is an early atesation of LB orthographic practice noted inthe commentary on the preceding ne Ia his analysis nly the former interpretation s admissible 205, ‘Thereading ofthe befianing fhe ln follows von Soden, Z4 3 (1959),p.222.Te ver ‘Soni presen forthe same reatonigabbi is: Uhe acon coninaes during the following direc. spesch (gee Chapter 5, the noteon OB, 207. Therestoratio of damgdias made fom the parallel from Bojazkbs, MBB Fragment, |The variant in MS Pie not, 10 my ees, tbo (eo Thompson). Tai ine and te felling ‘eukibicin slightly ferent form a couplet of the Pennsylvania tablet: natal Enki Kia ie tata amin it nama tanallaksram (OBIS3-5) 208, Theline recurs SBI129 208-10. There is mo room on MS P for ff irucka(e4 CAD Al2p. 314) the broken signs muck shorter. Ofthealtematives aa rashaandb-(Jarsathe lteris abstr fit The change {hom OB nda (OR TI 56) 1o SB dutarrk is unexciting and the ennerson of Uruk tune 0 Uruk suparas routine bur the expansion of main) Sa Ani (OB ISB) 9 mia Ani u aris Jmresing; see Chapter Ste induction othe Pennsylvania ble. 2a-b. Tais couplet, present only inthe manuscript from LB Uruk, pethape represents an expansion ofthe text own a Kuyus with material taken fom L217 (Le. qu as wel a300 [THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC CRITICAL AND PHILOLoGICAL NoTES: TABLET t 801 209-10. Tshould be noted, however, thatthe OB epic aso spentewo couples on tis theme (OB I ‘56-60; thes are grounds for adopting an aerate poston, that dhe Kuyunie manuscrps pre- serveatthi point a telescoped version of he test. 212, This line develop the image, st found in L 64 ofthe bull dominating the herd by seer physi presence and bre frce. 213, (ithe Pennsylvania able: ine axes imtgar gaia (OB 166) 214, Baki mb recurs in SB UL 32, echaps II 59, and wit a diferenealtsion, 200. 216. The orhography lm-hara foe Samharis unusual na Kuyuaik manuscript (MS P) but not unaccepuble-see Chapter 9, the section on Speling canvetions sub (2). Am aerate read- ng fan-hata-g-re-r-i (command ‘you mest iit me), js posible but ess coining. 217. Thin repeats 210 but wit the addition ofa second adjective. Since double adjectives ae very rare [assume quai qualifies midobu not au. 220, The speling fi-g-isam-ma diplas an ostensibly dative pronoun where an accusative is expected. There are alterative solution: a) orthographic: sylable written closed can express an open syllabi with long ot stressed vowel, hrii-ma (see further Chapter 9, the section on Speling conventions sub b); an (2) grammatical: the use of dave independent pronouns for scousatve isa sti feature of $B that could taster to sufiaed pronouns by analogy. Other examples of am for accusative in the lat epic ae: SB 1 265 xa tani-+ am) fom-ma 283 4um-ma (both LB MSk) XI 197 wir-Ron-ma (MSS C). Probably theres oo much space on MS, between davanand the trace to read daa wit Thompson, and such a eading isin ny cas uly on orthographic grounds. The aces atthe end oftheline (MS P) do act appear ‘wallow hu gab-b (von Soden, Z4 53, p.222) 221. There doesnot seem tobe oom here for [-ur-r (ef GAD, p38),andspaceis short eve or lay -r-i but no beter slution presensitselé Tournay and Shafer offer ii}- shou trie? (Capon, p. SS, fo. 62), but aver he fist person required, Parpol' (= .ar]-r?-d)mens that seed but employs an usexpecied st, 22. restoration fra -n-ma, ‘wl ener (von Soden, op ci), is posible ba bland ana- fu)-um-ma empha, is more plausible akerative (For andhu-ma spelled so at Kuyuniksee SB X1123).Thespeling -a-tyi correc ead taken as an example of iterary singular, Fate, ssalsoin SBVI 1025 cf. Chapter 9, the secon on Language and stye sub (), An teroatve pars- ing woud be oak it as intending the plural accusative Sind a sribal apse easly paralleled. 224. Therestorationof nil provides a good antecedent for nur though tpredcesa ine thst ‘spethap something of «nr sepinThe speing of teverbmay nothavetobetaken a face valve ut, without the beginning of te next line als, the sgiicance of the entire couplet remains to be iscovere, 225, Foster's uckalineka “Gilgamel anor... Ensays Pope, p. 28), unaorped by square ‘brackets relics onthe paral inl. 234, but the aces do not support 227, The word nfs th conventional reading of "Bb, but it does noc provide the wochaic lin ening required bythe metre: pethaps ead asa? 228, The race afer wois mote ke rs than Mf 229, Theline is restored after A, p. 959. More wordy restorations have been made (eg avar lietons-sfama-re pil- a-hed CAD Alt, p. 378), but the wide spacing of MS P especialy, makes a short line more probable 232, Theinterpreationofthisinehas caused dificalry Sere ignore the gender ofthe verb and ‘ae the gis as subjecs: “they drive the great ones fom their couches’ (Speier). Von Soden video restores diferent suis Nachuager sind gebreites die groDen Deck’. mwupsu lr (Reclam’scEKovacs)-The space avaableon MS B wil not admit this reading Petar also has ancther verb in mind Grandi giacciono (co lor)" the vr istaken av face value the subjects masculine, however, either rabiny i. he great ones escape’ using the rare meaning of igi found in Enda (CAD A\2, p 383), or impersonal for passive. Foe Foster ‘te reference is to. wel-nown topos in Mesopotamian poetry where the “Great Ones” resring fee ght is sed a5 an image for th sence and lonsiness of the deep night (Esays Pope p.29)The implca- tion woul be shat night becomes day butte image snot so common tat it need be ass here ‘Another posibiyisthat rab here means ‘oli’ as inthe phrase slr rab ab may abso bave tis meaning in OB 117, SB 1 287, 300. However that may be, the ine certainly means thatthe smerrymaking goes on alight 7233, The vein a reative clause ofthe third person with reference tothe second is common in ‘erature, pardeurly prayers, 234, Theconveatona way take thefinal phrase oftheinciss"thehappy-woe-man’ cf. CAD p24) and mos: recent ranslators follw (not, however, Petnato' un voma leno igi’), “The ierpretaion “hada amas ymacically suspect and semantically unbalanced coupling anit does an apparent tative (Kad) and an exclamason (22) asa makeshift noun. Ives only on the orthography of MS P;B does not necessary supportic Ihave thought it wie to bandon itin {ayou ofthe word had (badd), which has the vrweat east of being akzown word and one that Isattested elsewhere inthe epic, in SB X 265. Tere seificandy enough, Glames ses bad of himself while reminiscing aboot the ‘good old day’ when lie was fn, that is the vey ine described here (28th commentary ad loe).MS P's Aad --a must therefore be explained 352 spelling which preserves as varianss two alternative accusative case endings, respectively NB and MB, “The discovery of had'uin two lines of Gigamef forces one wo lock again ate supposed ates- ‘axons ofthe word fay This ia erm which physiognomic omens use to denote someone whose temperament predisposes them to bad fortune or other uoubles (Bek, Morphoshopie pp. 265,21 saps araits be isa he wil nc thrv' 266,24: har faa*hak™ hes, he wil dehy the sword Kraus, 2443 (1936), . 83, 3:01 ba ha-a--ua-i fin emperamenthe isa, ewillsufleref. Bick, Morphoshopap. 140, 52:5umma haz-iaSr{u.. Jytheisah), his wife .1)-Since the spelings are ambiguous some ofthese atestations may infact, belong to adie carefree seeker afer pleasure rae than Aa. 239, Nothing appears tobe losin the sender break between sv and Sethe ater atoduces sn unusual expresio, but compare. it errifmast 240, Sense insists that MS B's Severus an inferior variant bom of lack of understanding To chalenge Gilgamed is to disate the wil of the gods, special his pariular paron, Sams (L 241), and the ruling wad of Anu, En and Ea (L242). Wid the couplet, 241-2 compare SB VIL “78-81, which probaly its thesame godsin the sme order. 244, MS P's inate is probably venue; se further Chapter 9, the section on Spebing conventions sub (0). 245, The form Sunatum is aeady found in the Penasvanis tablet (OB IL 1), OB Schoyen, 1 (whersitis here Sura) andin MB Bog, ¥-Intbe SB texte word ecurs asa isyabein SB 1273a (MS honly), VI 181-2 and X1197, bat as Sutin SB 1276, 1V pin, VL passin (fuente {nVIL 165 for ia) and IK 13.A comparable example ofthis era affection inthe SB epic 's raga for rg for this and other examples of such syle in SB Gigames see Chapter 9, the section on Language and ste sub).THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC 246, Similar lnes are SBVII 165: snob Suma(a) axa mya nd Lad 223s Suvari) atid macS-{) In the second ofthese axle maceiais certainly a relative iausenthe former proba and consequensIpreferto analyse the resent line inthe same wy, ‘the verb writen etd (MS B) and aru (MS P) stake instead as indicative it exhibits 2 ven- the (es lead in 244), In all dee lines musta is waive and one mast presume an iiomatie lis of nx For mult and other expressions of time wth pronominal sufices see now ML Stal, ‘Susne bei Zeitangaben im ASkadische’, WZKM86 (1996), pp. 413-26 247. The word bina isthe rater neual counterpart ofthe Fennsyirani ble probable ipsirninns (OBWS) 248, SB hiya replaces the uncertain phase ofthe Pennslvais abet (OB II 7), andthe ‘ve snow iterative (though the signiicance ofthe V3 stem ere uncertain). Their fa Anim ‘here cleanly a meteorite as entered in CAD K, p. 4; se further JK, Bjorkman, Manors and ‘Meteorites nth Ancint Near East (Tempe, At 1973), pp. 15-17."The era refers the very ‘arc of dhe sky. matecal of proverbial sength (G2 above, on SBI 124-5). 249-50. This couplet isthe same asthe Pennsylvania blet (OB 118-9), but with OB iit ‘making way for SB dor, and wnisma replaced bs the iterasve wltablakirs, In this passage and its pares note the conmst berweea the plain aitina and rma, used when the acto is uusocesfu (249,263) and the venives ata an tia, whicheppear whenthe action leads to the sucessful delivery af the object 19 Ninsun (287,265,283). 251-5. These five lines expand the couplet OB I 0-11: Urata pai oi | etm snasap pi The restorations are made from the parle (SB 1279-82, 11 103-7) For eppir see above, oo | 111. From the point of view of grammar, these ‘ike litle baby’ can refer objec or subject (eg, CADILp. 114: they were srl eile), However, any parent knows ‘at infans are no natura kisers of feet leads commonly in babies’ feet ieresinuble, The hrase obviously refers the meteosteas the centre ofa gest fs 256, The restoracons inthis and the following lines are taken from Ninsun's reply and the second dream, though the actions are there given in a ferent order. Fo hab see above om 186. This in has no place in the ist dream a recounted inthe Penneyvania tablet, but appears inthe second dream (OB 133: aria Am aati ahaltub ey). Kemnay be thst hee 1.256 and 257 have been inadvertently transposed, fr they appear in reverse order in I. 283-4, ‘and on thee other occasion in hele text the ine ard hima at es aac acd ts ‘vatans are pared withthe line 1 ane namin ith and its variants (I. 266-7, 284-5, 289-80). The verbs ofthe couplet dhs formed vary in tense from manuscript to manip. 1 Inve given precedence w the mest logical tense on each octson,reoring the variants i the oorotes, 257, ThePennsylvania able’ atbalatu ana sr (OBI 14) has urn in asada na api 258, As with 256 thi ine found inthe Penasyvania abe onl inthe second dream (OB TL 43; abu wamahara ina) The making equal of Enki achieved on his adoption by Ninsun 25a brother for Gigamesin SBI 127-8 se ale Cooper, Finkle Mem, Vol. 40). For this reason Tree he translation of iaamuruinthispasage aso compete (eg, CAD MIL. 70)s noting also that the contest between Gigumel and Enki was not arranged by Nis bu by Ano (88 198),probably ar Eas suggestion (MB Nippur 4). 259, Where MS hhas mis (100 MSS B and H inthe paralleling 286), MS Preade is. [Neither 0, het lor’ nor Bn, "ber en-piest makes sense in the contet. Instead, MS P's spellings an eroe arising fom a confusion of AbBadin mar eon’ wth Aramaic mar’ or “This and the opposite confusion, the use ofthe logogram forson'ta signify ord in-a NA iter CRITICAL AND PRILOLOGICAL NOTES: TARLET 1 803 (SAA 1220, 3 a-neSa{oumu)~ia), have been noted by Simo Parpola, “Acstins afer Assi’, Journal of Assrian Academic Society 12 (2000), p.12.This line and the following represent an ‘expansion of the ennsyrania tablets shorter couplet om ilesma mda ala iagaram ‘ana Gigemet (OBI 15-16). The sme epithets are applied to Glgaets mother ia SBI 17 and Ww. 260, Ido mot agree with CAD R. p59, dat imate mans Ninwun is wld cow”. The ‘ndings rinatis an example ofa name deveoping fom the absolute staein the vocstive, a8 with, [Be and Sumas ase name of Ninsun the phase also occurs at SB 1287, 1167 1 35,1100, 1 116417, 269, Notee-muné-Stin the LBMSh, which may bea wimesstoadifeent wadon, ratherthan snexample of casi ora mistake. 272. MSs wlsseha now confirms MS B's iterative (uks}nzzabha (von Soden, ZA 83,p.222, suggested with reference (0B 4) 273, The restoration ofthe Kuyonik MS follows Landsberger, R482 (1968) p. 116, with ef erence ro pra later in the epic (SB IV 28-9, 109, SBVII 72-4, MB Megidd oby. 1011, ‘Other suggestion forthe broken word ae manga and fa ar (von Soden), Tn view of te ‘Penneyleania table's lana tama ian (OB TE 28), one should perhaps give precedence ‘the LB manuscript. There the epeling -na-a-s ie evar even by LB standards. Closing the second syllable in this way gives an iregular form bat provides the required penukimate stress (Gdns tat ely what the sib intended? 274-5. This coupler develops the singe line OB 1125: te Hawedm ana ou The fst ne reappenrsas SB 22. 276, The word puna simple variation on appu(n)nd.isnewTheLB MSW wm (instead of sm) appears to represent an unusual intrusion ote dale The Bnei an expansion of the Pennsylvania ables onmdzamar Satta (OB IL 26). 277. Thebeginning oftheline restore fom OB 127. Noe the prtence hereof Ura i, favoured by the OB tes, agsnst the tock SB phrase Uruk spire 279-85, These lines ate repeated fom the fst dream, and spar from L284 (e OB 33-4), dna no exact correspondence in the Pennsyivania ale. 286-7. MSh's ha-b-for alana isa spelng hat so befterpeted shal Forthelate shift fimtervecalc jm to see GAG" S31. 295, eis unclear whether [umoma, preserved only onthe LB manuscript (MS o), is wring {or SB on, with inciferen final ve! ofa in 276, the late dialect fem wn As away it fs uncertain whether the eplings mak and (madi-ki represent mali, ‘counselor’, or ‘mathuimalin, prince’ According 10 the dicionaries Ell can be either. The consecin with Gilgame' insineve desir for counsel argues forthe former. Elis mde not so mich ‘because he gives advice but Because he deliberates on it and thus comes to a decision thats well ‘informed judisious and correct. In hi respect hei he divine prowrype ofthe perfect mortal ng about whom the Takut-Ninata Epic asserts (W. G. Lambert, (0 18 (1957-8), p50, 18 10) es. aon en di) dar e-e-su 9 (0g)™ ms mdi, He himseisthe teal image of Bil, who heats the people's voice the nation's opinionThe mortal King isin fact malhu-anfl, "he counselor man’ the phrase coined for hr in a mythological ext which eseibes the separate cretion of man and king (W. R. Mayer, Or 8856 (1987). 56,365 p. 64-5). The abit of he perfect kn to give eaeful thought wo advice goes hand in hand with bis sbilay to exercte dominion, Both are characteristic of El as wears fom the syncreisic godeist BM 47406 (CT 240) ob. 8 t= mara amar as) 3 bet u ub Ea808 ‘THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC {sMardukcofeuership and deberatio’ (or hi ist see now S Parpoa, Fehr com Soden 1995, Pp. 398-9) 300, Thine andthe ctehtine (SB M1) are an insersion of OB IL 45-6: Enki walt maar ari wi "am al, whence the restorations arta, TABLET IT 1. The end ofthe line might very plausibly be restored [isaf-u, they Ksed each other’, ot ‘nother pat of the same vero bu the question ms emu open for the time beng. The materi sued tiie in Dalley’swansiation owes is presence heres a eastin part, 10 4 mistaken iden- "cation of what is actually a standard eolophoa of ASSuybanipal (se Colophon ofthe mans scripts, MSB) 28, VonWeiher ead {_} Sian nam [but itsemed to me thatthe line begins with noo naw. ‘The paral donot help A vat ramety) eno an obvious deridratm ere, ough the speing ‘seam-sbi is not without parel. A more plausible reading would be ins cud) aon this 6a, withthe last word wren 35 a Knd of pseudo-togopram an-nam, but the sgn ater ani i= ferencfeom namin v1 ofthe same MS (247). For the moment itis best to reserve judgement. 29. Thelines restored irom SB1208 (the Pennsyvania tablet OF TI 54-5). 32, Thisline might bea repetition of SB 1214: ma Habu tra. However tat may best ‘may abo reeur ae SBILS9. 34-5. The couplet is a reworking of the Peonsyvania aber’ uy am ina alabis | ‘San tana alba (OB 169-72). 36-7. These lines are restored from the almost ideal couplet inthe Pennsyvani tablet abt su Bima ili ire (ama gupr amar takin (OB 1173-6). The inwoduction of ra fri may be simpy an orthographic feature, but aoe that he same thing hs happened in 1 110 (MS W. The wating dingi™ forthe singular is ocetsionally attested in the fst mien, Some examples are given in CAD Ip, 915note asin 49 ofthe Theodicy singular ‘it (pall #1 51) speed ding, ding ding ad (ding. 38. Cf the Pennsyvana tablet nasa iphurre'd (OBIT, 38, As itstands on the les this curious ine appears to comptise two prepositional phrases ‘ith verb of any kind, Heidel found one by ignoring 48 (which onthe manecrip at was sll sie him spar obscured by an erasure) and reading the remaining haf ine as rama nina, “the people whispered)’ (FNES 11 (1952},p. 140-1). This wae eect by von Soden, ZA 53, 223, and righ 30 forthe faitfuess ona ramdnttna othe radon snow conned by MB Bo, 9:-nara-ma-an-DU-uf One should assume that he begining of thelinei corrupt. 40-1. An older version of this coupe is andi GizameS mal pada nam tpl eemtam publ (OB I 80-2] 183-5}; 14 is probably repented ax SBII 164, The word +s save ‘ip witha typical LB redundant na vowel Go already Heidel) At the end Saf) is accordingly fo Sara ayn) sao possible 42, Theline exis in v0 versions (hat of MSs estore rom SB 174), bu ukimately both so ack to OB I [83-4] // 186-7: fade) al ina tad (ef. MBB Bog, Fragment a, 11).On mind see Chapter 5th note on OB IL17 443, Thiss standard line much usedin SB1 (0 the commentary above,on $B 11245). 44-5. This couplet develops the Peansylvania able’ aAalam und mre (OB I 87) bythe dition ofa paralleling. CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES: TARLET 11 Bos 146, The Penasyvana table has uma inal pls (OB U8). Here the spelngi-tegé may signify tha his word was no longer understood a dy, for though the “overhanging vowel ‘would be unremarlabl, the value gis not typical of LB orthography ouside the achaizing royal inscriptions The ransition nevertheless asumes in fp-eg a corrupson of fg for wast of an slteraive. A verb pazt or ppt appears in lene texts (see Alf p. 809), but is meaning is ‘unknown, Nove or pis knows, {47-8 Tai couples eal eestored inthe sprit of the Pennsylvania able lie nk able ana ain arama xi 1 fammud (OB 90-2. S0-L This couplet presumably represents 2 variation on th harlot’ encouraging words as ‘now from the Peassylvania tablet anda fragment from Bojakby (OB Il 96-8; MB Bos 15), “Though sna daeand snr rat might have been expecta the ine ends as inthe Bogsrksy piece (et sb th paralls SB VI 27-8, VIE 135-6), thay do not fi Instead the restorations are gested by nein) in OB 1198. 52-3. Thelne of let ending in rs so closely writen that Thsve assumed ito conan two lines of poe. 59, One may ako read narba--m, “his reatnes 60. The restorations ae taken from OB TI 115-16: app harbart bT wba The ecliie marcould emphasize the objet but more probably functions sta enordinative (or coordinative ma stached 19 nouns see above, on SB I 143, The need for s zochaic ending indicates that MS ks ‘ovehanging” vowel is orthographic and without phonological or morphological significance. 61-2. This couplet offers ony a slight varaon onthe Pennsylvania tbl: i aid rab om | Ende masariuna alum Fam: (OB UW. 117-19). The stave [i] nina is restored on grounds of space. The spelling nagade-c-mma for *ndgiduma exhib the occasional Neo-Assyran preference for masculine plural pronouns with lssimite vowel as ateste inthe possessive suffixes w/o} (GAG? $31a, €). Compare farther such LB spelings 2s kala fr hal‘ < lama ($B 1286-7), t-i-re for uu or naar < tomra (SBV 106 and comm) ed or Bw o Sut ¢ Bum (several atesatons cite in GAD S)3,p. 284), and so the evidence of te Grocco-Babslonian tables, where incervocdic Akin ms routinely ‘uanzcribed as Greek v (cf. MJ Geler, 2473 (1983),p.119;87 (1997), p.675].A. Blick and S. ‘Sherwin-White, ra 46 (1984), 9.136), Akertively, the speling 1-2 may possess an oder pedigree: noce similar writings ofthe same vetbin OBeners: zai for Samu (TCLXVIL145, 12) sind nian foe ntamu (YOST, 7) 291. correc read (inthe absence of examples of 1 and ot for comparisoe) the seling r= _sno- for rgmatsin MS zis an example othe use of 3 CV sign express VC common in LB. ‘wting as aso in NA, 291-9. Seeateady SBIL221-9, bough thine are this time given naifferent order, pethaps 1 avoid monotony 1 cannot reconcile she traces surviving on MS evi 56 wth IL 294-5 or any other lines of is pacsge 300-1, Theselins develop couplet ofthe ale table Gime sizr miki iam ‘i ana bras (OB IML 201-2). La fail tothe OB eat isthe intermedia version of MS: (Gest ara ina ams su pana | maggara ana Enki yb. 16-17), TABLET IL 1-12, This speech, smi o tat spoken by the elders of Uruk inthe Yale aber (OB 1249-71), ‘srepeated later onasil-215-27-The correct restoration of is ow clea for he st time Prev ‘ously t had been assumed rhea line of narrsve specifying the speakers and inreducing the specch. Evidently tat line must naw sug at the end of SB UL810 THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC 2. ‘The phrase gimiremigra iceraly he totaly of your might’ reminiscent ofthe lon loved by Bar, whois perm (SBVT 51) 4-5, Oneistempred 1 emend to (i-ppr, flowing 219 (MS « LB) and ato, but note ‘atthe forerunner ofthis couplet preserved an the Yale able lo wiee a combination of present and prevrit: [a4 mara cpp sali aa hued pagar naga (OBU2SS-6), The tse ofthe pat tense lends me to assume tha both sete of lines quote proverbial wisdom (ste the ‘commentary onthe OB couple. 10, Opinions divided as wo whether -r-atis the plural of his, itch’, o of fay "bide, (first) wif’ orintenionaly ambiguous (Dalley, 127,26)Intryng0 make theline more meas ‘nfs translatons of tsa ‘pital (Spee), rave’ (Dalle), 'sepolexo (Perinat), "sausse- ‘wape’ Bostéero) obscure the fact dat the wsage of dhe word fit is mite in the exant documentation to channels of water, expecially ipa ditches and cy most. For mein any ase ona sr suggests motion rwards, a against medion ovr (se the commentary on SB 1145), snd fr this eason to I favour she wives The fact that Giigames was envisaged in the Sumerian ‘sory of Bilge and Huvawa 25 unmarried nd without the responsibilities of family (D. 0. ‘Sidard, Z4 81 (1981), p. 184, A 3: ntasag.dl enegim ak, ‘single men Uke him’), ree not ‘mean that he holds the same stars in he Aksadian epic. The undeniable problem, however, ‘at an historical Babwlonian woud have one Hr only. Subsequent wives were not of the same stars asthe ist. Gilae’ was an epic hero f fabled appetite: was he imagined to have hae ‘ries in large mumbers? The sentiment expressed, hat the King return safely home to his ives afer # dangerous expedition, was no doubt a popular and tpial one at the Babylonian 1 The speling pu-eéinnma (MS BB) for pubnima esitits the convention of some frsemillenium seibes that an open sllabe with a long ows canbe denoted in wring by cos- {ngthe slab, Orher examples in SB Gigamet are listen Chapt 8 the section on Splingcon- ‘ventons sub (0). The elders aren the process of relinquishing temporary thee rexponsbly for ‘counseling the king, 0 nipidablais an example ofthe peformative’ preterit (on this ee furtber (GAG? $790"), This usages best known inthe word alka hereby invoke you’ atthe begining {FSB prayers (CAD S,2,p.157)InSB Gigamesicoccur son SBI 28 asap 125d IL 177 eas I93 [MB Ur 4 anart, XI33 angur 12, The spelingtopa-gid-do-na-i (MS M) exhibis 2 repeated consonant at the boundary ‘vereen tem anda for this pracce see Chapter 9, the section on Spelng sub (). 15. Unles the sribe has inadverteny lst a sgn, dhe form nt must be a NB cohorativ, fr aie i ilik."Tae temple name @ gal mab, ‘Exalted Palace is given to sanctuaries of Gila (@Ninsinna) mst fmoust i, bt also at Bayon, Ur,Urukand Aiur (see Georze Hour Most ‘High p.88)-Ninsun oocupies Gul’ templein Uruk by vite of te syncretism which equated the divine couple Ninurta and Gula wih Lugalbans and Ninsun as mde exit inthe twomcoumn ‘Weidner god ist (E. Weidner, fK 2 (1924-5), p. 14, 17-18). This equation can be raced back to ‘theeaty second milenm,forinan Old Babylonian copy ofan ronma Gulaisesplicly invoked 85 (©T427 fi d,ed. Cohen, Eka, p. 102, 109) ida {xt sup rar) enbiyga.mes, the one who gave bit tothe lord Bares 16, Whe preceding a noun the Prepesionsl phrase normally ana mahar in OB and terary Babylonian The eran mar ofeedin his ine iar, Other examples of genitive construct mal ‘ibefore a noun begining with a consonant (.e. where cra is scounted) are rare, and more often than noc comprise the second element of compounds: Buna 149 /1135//11 39 alkat alr 97 maar) pa-ae ume-marn Cig, ABRTSS Se Livingstone, Gur Per n0. 4 CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES: TABLET C11 Bn 6: hie maf feat w-bt aire (NA hymns Langdon, Rl 12 (1915),p.191,3: ash mah on ibprage,NA copy; KAR 132412 (Rae, p101)=ina mali pani (LB ita) I ste nilenniun sources the variant may be orthographis only but if genuinely morpbemic, can be cxplained sean example ofthe survival erary ste of the OAR gensv construct (ee Chap {er the section on Language and syle sub i) Fr oterspelings Uke Sarrar (MS BB) for ara ‘see also Chaper9, the setion on Speling conventions ub (©). 17, These epithet have nlready appeared in SB1289-60(]286-7.On tespeling mi-do-i(MS ‘BB for mit see Chapter 9, she section on Speling conventions sub) 19-20, ‘The sequence zai... lak cars abo in MB Bofs iS, where both vesbs are vere tiv, [take te preven lA as an indication ofa finl clause; aeratvely it canbe citcumstan- tal LP Steck, Orns 6 (1995), p. 61: "wlbrend sie ginger’). The word asa (ar. gus) fsa varant of loctive gaz, comparable with such forms as karae-si-n in thet minds (Bhima ef 111, hablacueny, with his weapon” (Anza 113) enle-cwma before their supremelond (Anz 1 16), i-u2u, "to his mount’ (Anz 182/109! 127/148), and Sip- ‘reurst Yor her work (Bulssaahishyms to Gul: W. G. Lambert, Ors 36 (1967) p. 118, 42) ese variants, with instead off, perhaps arose by analogy with the ening -ssu(m) ‘ound inadesbsoftime especialy in the ate period (usally ars, meni’, OB Sanas~ um) > NB Saas‘), 22. The restoration follows SB 1274: ima Rarub ama maar ar ome TR ine i thos eval as prt of the epic repertoire. twas not completely pseifid, however, for MS M clearly fer inthe preposition that precedes the common abun an. 24-34, CE already SB 1262-71 25, Thetrylabicapeling of rigs r-qo ithe most common in SB Gilgames, bing aso atest in SB HL 48, 2X 54,X 10,116,141 and 2415one also meets mugtjtan (SB19) and ri- (et (SBI 121, fr, sing, se ade). The intrusion of normaly unwarranted epenthetc wows iSamarkof erry sie. For oer examples in SB Glgamet sce Chapter 9, the setion on Lan sage and syle sub 28, Note the adtonal word aspx, absent fom the parallel SB 1265. tense isthe ‘per formative’ pretere (see above, on. 1). 38-6. This couple offers very rare examplein the Babylonian ilgamef of what maybe called njambement ine continuation ofa dause beyond then ofthe verse—witthe boundary ofthe poece lines pling the paired object Gigs maw Eni 37. silane occursin Nergal ni Ere: (x) Sea (En) nara ircum-ma (STP 28145 59" fv 5 fv 34 Hunger, Ur Liv 1). 38. Another examplecf the wei combination ofthe wo puriians tamarisk and ella ier- sy "You-Make- Pure plan) occursina situa of the divine: (Ging iba aha oe pui- fies hse with marsh and Soap Wor? (BBR no. 11 re. 16). 40. Theadorament of Niasu's breast was perhaps an orsamentl tag (im) Svch a thing, weighing 25 shekels listed inan OB dowry (¥OSXII 157, 9. 42, The eb :praeniremains obscure eve thoughitssubjectisnow recovered Wheheritcan bethe same verb a the enigmatic -ra-am-ma of SB XI 149152 remains to be sen 145, Thelin is overlong and may have once been two, peshaps divide 0: ammdni tatu aa riya Gilet | dba sla emis (otherwise CAD Sp. 72, where de division is place afer ‘nd, In doing without te second verb, MSS BB and aa lave the ine with an unsatsactry stepentimat stress, ila 4. The phate vubnna loon. “something eis often trnsated a ‘everyting evi butB12 THE STANDAED BABYLONIAN EPIC theres no suggestion inte epic hat Humbaba fs what sch a rendering mpi the source of cl inthe land In exorcist and medical Ireratare sina loa refers 0 a general abscract fda but toa very real being, though one that hast remain unspecified because fs rare and other parsculars are unknown A good ilusrason ofthis comes from an apotopsic ital which ‘oundsoffa long Ist of identifiable malig powers with the catch-all phrases mine eel) mada bti(gu” mina I sung gs) 8 Suma(emu) Lb nabi(ea) “oe any Evil Thing ‘whoever that may exis, or any Bad Thing that has ao name” CWiggermna, Proesice Spr, 1.6, 9-10). Laer on inthe same text the unidentified malign infuence is adjured to depare: imma lene mimema Ui eibudogga) Hr Ber(danna) Hedia-e ma-hartucun, ‘he Evi ‘Thing, the Bad Thing shal depart a myriad leagues from your presence! (bid, p. 20, 306-7) ‘This understanding of minma ma fits Hummbaba well, for hee by reputation an Ei Thing of ‘nature hose to man but otherwise unknown becsuse remote and uated. Since Humbab is ‘sssumed oe ei, Sumas the god of juste, is nauraly seen to oppose him. Foe the spelling ‘aby (MS BB), lacking the sobjuncsive~ see Chapter 9, the section on Speling contentions sub (9. 55, Hollow Tournay and Shafer, Lop. 102, 17s assuming that thie refers tothe daytime journey ofthe sun across the sk, crossing the cosmic boundaries of heaven and earth, Instead ofthe restore de very rare word is crcumrence' es mites del Other read ings ate posible. 56, For Aya abide’ se the references collected in CAD K,p. 81. On the speling haat for ‘alu see Chapter 9, the ston cr Spelling comventios sub (© 66, Lassume ruth is an example ofan adjective sed as & noun. A derivation from the infini- tive, yourmaking re, seems es ies 73. Therestontion flows couple fing incantation othe Sun God inigarzu. dug, ga ak dingirzalgalene arma meriska paging) mabe al) “emuncake,enegibarrasag 23 musuni du aonor-nai gi miso inal poonka WR 19100.2,37-40 “The great gods wat intent on your ight, allthe Aruneak gaze on your face, 74-5. Restored from 56-7. 80-4, These five lines recur ss SB II 130-4. The vocabulary of. $2 132s reminiscent of ‘satements in EAE XIV and ™Apn I ofthe seasanal changes inthe lengths of day and ight. ‘anv stir (ee EN HL Ab-Rawi and A. R. George, 40 38-9 (1991-2). 60-1) Line '83isrestored ine ightof the common expression for traveling on foo purd pe, to open one's Stride’ se especially Ld 41, where peta pueréduisa metonym foal who go on 0 lp. 85, Init ist and last words tis line recalls the naratvestsemenc OB Schayea, 82: reba ‘shpat, though te races do noralow the expected pias isp 88-92, The ealioaion of this wishis SBV 137—41.The verb fin 92 /V 141 mayhave been ‘a vaan fd tey beat (umbaba’ face) forthe Hine paraphrase ender the narrative line 8 muchas (vt “Htuwava) ToL. A-ue sotpe malhislanci, ‘und dem Hlowasa schlagen sie ammmer wieder die Augen zurdk’ (G, Wiel, 24 78 (1988),p.113),The Bs winds in hi pas sage almost idemical otha preserved on lel fragment rom Em: CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES: TABLET 11 813 mug Sea) msisaieeana] imkur stole] Sim mardi amr qu shipsbge Ge-pirsige [dlanab aman Fishermen D.Amaod, BmarV2,p.423;c£ Vip. 172,00.576 (Comparison suggest that im.ful canbe ead dallamun., but without further evidence T have ‘uanscibedit conventionally MS y's -cik-raia 90s larly meant wo be soma, ‘Te use othe windsin bales mirhologica device bestknown from the Creation Epc, where ‘Marduk mobilizes eleven in his combat with Tina puma. pa-ra ul ma genb amet erbent tear ubteepbiva laa mines imu ims im kurraim marc Fe 50a bg ba gibt bila sb fim mana Sa imlimmuba iminin biimsihimshanusia tikeyacamema Aim) Hime sere ers dl -b ankigi) 8 Enda TV 41-8 Hemadea netto enclose the isi of Ti'tmat, he posted dhe four winds so that 0 part of er would escape South Wind, North Wind, Fast Wind and West Wind, ‘thegiftof Anu, his father, he placed hard by the net. Hecrested Tempest, Huricane,Tomado, ‘the Four Winds the Seven Winds, Chace Wind and Indomitable Win! helet loose the seven winds head created, to tirup the inside of Tima they drew up behind him, ss where the contexts of A comparable is of winds occurs inthe Assyrian recension of Ara Aad marshaling his forces forthe coming storm: ‘eshte nie) mfr ea (a2) sis mee rds to] =aga6) fla ad ma ha bu iin ‘W.G.Lambertand A.R. Mila Ata-hal pp 122-4,n00 6-8; c£-Lambert, J885 (1960), p.121 Compare further the eight winds dat are loosed against Humbaba inthe Hite Giga is oaL Mexaraans (2. ] Panga ge Senseo a SaMebeTU] “ANYRLLD ( Friedich, 24 39 (1930), p12, 14-16;H. Oen, Inanbuler Mincibnge 8 (1958).p. 116,402).sia THE STANDARD BARYLONEAN ePIC Given te eablished sequence Siar tx-amurnsouth-north-east-nestoneis minded 0 conser. ct inthis ists standing fort, “south’ and toresorethe sing two winds accord ingly (ther. cat is corruption of he standard "ih GAL)" = Sta rite to Evid (6; dugal= essa). Many ofthe rare word for storm winds tht occurin these passages a also collected inthe synonym tists, fr example Mafhu Il 173-80: 2b mam ref fe 1 malar preg snip. qi = anny, 93, Take “ula .. isinduasan uncemarlable LB sping for hab... tus ateratvely one may read ita pra AaB. kad 94, ‘The verb aap, bow, rekindle, is commonly used to describe the ring of celestial bodies, especialy he sun. The notion isthe Sama’ fie are eekndled each morning before he comes forth fom the doors of hesven see W Heimpel, FCS 3 (1986) p, 142). bilingual ican ‘on from Birnie the metaphor further, deserting the sun god's ing much site were a householder staring the day te Sumandesabiiaibe amas) ina aden) tppurkovarcma sigur an.na ke nam 1. gl Bega amé(an’ elt) ™ apt Sigan.nakeslimsmiinsag, dolar landtny'topioa IV 20.2, -6 and duplicates, cf Langdon, OECT Vip. 52 Incantation, © Sama, you rekindled (your Ste} atthe horizon, you undid he pure bat orheaven (AKE. the boleaf he pur heavens), you opened the door of heave. 96. ‘The reference ro mulesis othe stds that pl the sun's chariot through the sky.They are also known from aline ofan incantation in Be rim aa) -a-anda po-reka (at) & Sh mee uaa] (var. c-lrtam), "you (Sama) ave itehed up your mules which are ardent for fu ning (ef Lacs, Bi Ri p57, 63) 97, ‘Thecld break shold pethups be restored mexyl mi. 102-6, ‘The force of lin fs positon, remote from is ver seems to be emphatic a tis in SB 2% 303-6: mama mt mar manok me mar pe | ul mao a mitre (oon. While those clauses are emphatic sutemenss, another oecason on which such ymca, sppears in SB Gilgas is a shetrical quion (SB IV 213: al mie inal) Te problem of whether the present lines ate statements or question is resolved by D. 105-6. These can hardly be interpreted as emphati denials of Gigamet's eventual funtion a8 a rule of the shades in the [Netherworld they must be rhetorical questions. 102. Alteradvly one might read (i) iam? inva, wll Giga ot stand with you ing) the ‘heavens?"Whicheverdetiphermentis prefered, the pint sums to be that Giga wil share the lest rol ofthe sun god. is association with Samat is wel known forthe Netherwoxd where after death he wl judge te dead in partnership wih Samat. The wo appear togeer or with the Anunnaiin colectio ofncantaons against ghosts (KAR227 and duplicates see Chapter3 the sub-section on Gilgmet in execisic tual) The prayer to Gigames from the sume colecton ord hat Sama himself made this erangerent: eamamy) Spa u purus) gavtubha ‘p-yiSamal delegated to you verdict and decison” (quoted in ulin Chapter 3) However, there So uae evnein spor of cles putes anh nian ens pute CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES: TABLET 111 ais 103. By vir of his api, ‘crown, the moon god is one ofthe tadional custodians ofthe symbols of kingship, as best ariculted inthe curses of lamanrap's avs (Codes Hamamurapires soo 41-8): in(@20) ... agdaga) Mhacam(g.za) fa rutin Bey ‘May Sin ake feom him the crown and throne of kingshin* Compare ako the names of city gts in Babylon (Tinie 72:41n(30) makina ag) belt, "Sins the Establsher of his Lodly Crown) and Seanscheris’s Nineveh (C726 32,91 jC. Thompson, ray 7 (1940) p. 90, 28:*nanna-r ior omen aaa) bete-i,“The Moon is the Estabsher (var. Prsecor) of my Lory Crown’. “Thelackof agreement st the en of theline between the extant manuscripts can perhapsbesesived ‘byposiing an orginal ening Aaa pal, septe and royal symbol These rao items of egaa go together a «pur in an incanacon to Enmelara (Craig, ABRTIL 13,8): non “hog pal(vala), How exacy Gilgamesto share the moos’ regal snot clear om. 104, Perhapeone should emendto ska apt As deciphered, hisline provides the frst attestation ‘ota verb onipe (i), tobe deep, profound, wise’ The meaning is evident from the wellknown adjective ne 105-6, Ini or Imina is best know as an aspect ofthe warke Faas in Agave A (WAS 214 v2) ane a god ist (CT 25 17H 11 44, Sm 1588, 5) The name i translated "Victory" by “T Jacobsen, Tard the Image of Tamm, p. 34 Eoewbere in Giigares Ini i accredited with ownership ofthe Cedar Mowntsin, though Hee the name appears to refer to goddesses in general (SBV 6). Inter lise there ta deity Inna fchibonc character (C25 8 obv. 12 KAV'65 ii 8; E Weidner, AK 2 (1924-5), p.73, 26) and thats certainly the point her, frin the next ine i [ingida For his oles the ‘chamberlain’ (guzsa) ofthe Neterword andthe mythology is ‘which he figures see now W. G, Lambert, Stulz Moran, pp. 295-300, 197. Restored after. 17.2. 119. Toy eyes the broken signs nt [a ($0Thomyson). 120, ‘Thisline offers nether example of a problem note carl: we cannot determine whether ‘akhana is present tense 10 expres a Snal ase ot inuoduce direct speech (or both} see (Chapter 5,on OBIT 122, The word writen atm dificult Ie wualy understood asthe preterit or present of| the ver ad though one would expect atam(n) ka or the preterit oft, ough one Would expect ara, Tere i mashed lack of consensus ao what these parsings would mean in the Cones (ami: Oppenheim pronounce you's Heide’ Thavesdopsed() you simlry Speisers ‘yon Soden 'sprach chu di’ icy Kovacs and Hecker; Laat ete dlr (mien; Foster:T have bespoken you Lambert reflect upon you's clam: Bonér,e tadjure indy Touraay and Shafer; note also improbable aon): Schots unclear: Petinao, ‘ho esaminsto € tho tnnoverato). "These difcaes of form and meaning lead me to elec both verbs, and fo read ‘ami as a ear frm, fom the noun aoms (already Dalle, your offspring’). The use i this nominal one “The word am ‘hatchling, chic is ocherwise used of human young only by Shaimaneser (Grayson, RIM 1, p. 183, 42).Te word is chosen carey for x vvdly conveys the helpless plight of orphaned cikren wien fis takes into a temple's car and service Pets itl high- lights the parents state fr elsewhere inthe epic when Humbaba addresses nkiduas someone ‘who knew no father’ o mothe’ he calls him an amu (SBV87-S). 123, Forthe plural of upbob see OB Auam-basi I wi 6 sug boat, 124, The eet aur of indie esposition’, hati placed on Eakidu's neck mark his new stasis not clea. In Oppeniin'siscusson of his episode he translated ist efeting to an bjectin the Bris Museum (Ors 17 (1948),p.34 fo tjlso CAD Isp 110) Thee are several such tgs extant They are piered ovoid of clay each bearing te ames of an inva the per~816 ‘THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN Erie fon responsible for them and a date in the reign of Merodach-baladan I (ealogued by J. Brinkzan, Sts Oppo, p. 43, 442.12-14) They may have been have been Slave ag woen around the neck (80 M.A. Dandraer, Slavery x Babli, p. 234), bat his funtion is cispated (see Brinkman, Sues Oppentin, pp. 37-8). The word ind fits nowhere inthe knoon technical terminology fr slave macking Welmow from legal documents thatthe markofa rk cblate of at (as Beier) in Neo-Babylonian Uruk was a sar symbot (lala), which took the frm of brand mask orn) on diand (ge the references collecetin GAD 8/3, p.106)jon the marking ofthese and other temple slaves with branding rons (na pars) and other devies in the fst ‘ilennium s= Dandamaey Slavery, pp. 488-9, Marking 24) ofslaves by branding, and perhaps soother means, was known in the thi millenium But ic was aot common, nor do we Know at pat of the slaves body the mark was imposed (se P. Steinke in OID 164, p. 243; D. Forvo, ‘Sumerian brands and branding-rons’,Z4 85 (1995), pp. I-7),The classi save mark of the second millenium waste ste of hair called alu, judging from our passage which serves as anactoiogy ofthe ial inductin of obatesin Uru nearer times some form ofidenifction was daplayed on the neck that denoted the oblate’ anus and obligation, 125-6, Theslines can be tken es quosng the potocalty which foundings were inducted into the temple personnel Denoting sit does the act of indian the ver is certainly another ‘sarap ofthe performative’ preterit (ee above, on SBI 11) wabld predic the outeomeafthe induction ands presenta, 127. In MS M the reading ofthe sgn as now seems inescapable Other examples of writings of the first-person conjugation prefix with sigs normally spaying reno: uncommon: in ‘is book SB 1127 Lue (MS M) eb (MS 2a) joined by XT82 Eyer (MST) 9 eve (MS) and XI314 peal (MS C) ete purul MSS). MS a's elgdia further example ofthe ‘performative’ pretrte This statement lokslke aversion ofthe very words pokenon adap ion, for which the phrase wen OB legal document salon marci gdm (see M Dai Die Adoption im alba lischen Rech Leipzig, 1927), pp, 38 £5M. de. Elks, 9CS27 (1975), p. 142). 128, The verb dummugu also oceus inthe context of adoption in an OB manumisson docs ‘ent fom Sippar (BEVI/1 96, 1-7)auurresum arena nad) “mal t) om mateo am-m-gini-macona marisa uml eria-g. . dub Bib Surat, ‘whom Brisa, the nadia of Sama her mother ha favoured with adoption (it: favoured and doped}: isa also) redceme er from slavery’ In the present ine iti evidently Gilgamed ‘wo wll show favour ois new brotherthere sno hendiady bt the verb describes the expected behaviour ofthe adopting family towards the new member. 129, Pepota restores eau donot fea” 130-4, Restored after. 8-4 135, Pechaps repetition of SB IS 219, 148. Perhaps t)-La-u ol at? 350. Or na.an.na Parpo) 152, Or [a)-rigsurgimni the one whe scatesthe incense offerings 166, Thisline compares with ine ofthe ede’ blessing in the Yale tbls: [a dha eminaka Sonia (OB1257). 167. This mention of Mardu the god of Babylon, unique in Gilgamedin which the divine drmatispeionae are predominantly caw from the local pantheon of Uruk and the national Pantheon of Sumer 168, Thefis word camalsobe ead kui: sheaves (chur see Landsberger, RA62,p.103, fn.28) CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES: TABLET 1¥ 317 173. This cannot be the ctchtine fr SB IV, appearing it does on cl v of MS Iie obs ‘ously too carly forthe narrative of the journey to begin, since the inal valedictions are ye to be ‘made, sone must assume tha his ine comprises instrctons in dest speech and continu the episode in which GigameS and Enki ae blessed forthe journey. Ax such it would compe wih the similarly detailed instructions ofthe elders in theYale aber (OB I 268-71. 1202-5. Restored afer SI-4 241. Thelin related 10 OB Firma 17: nihun haba ina bb uaa, 214. Note she alteration thacarends the kisses abana slags pia, 215-27. Thisspeechisarepetiton fl I-12 (from whic tis restored), wih headin ofthe ‘age lie 223. The burden of this incompleelineseomso be that Enkin wil guide GgameSsaly ‘through the mountains. Inthe Sumerian poems of Bigames and Hawa there is a comparable lie:mdsrsmd. rrp ep sm.in.tim.tim u (A Sand 60) benim sim. ne (550), "1c them lead you through the pases ofthe mountain’ forms 0 traded see A, ‘Shaffer, 740S 103 (1983) pp. 307-8, fo. 4c, perhaps MSL XIV 386, ATVH4 128-30: i] = rebuke Sumerian poem, however this function ite uy ofthe seven con- steations given othe hero by Uma, TABLET IV 1-4/34-7 [09-82] 120-3 163-5. This passage hasbeen staied by A Shaler, res ae! (1965), p 159, B. Landsberger, 4 62 (1968),p.99 (U.a-d), and}. Klein and K, Abraham, CRRA MII, pp. 67-72, hough necessarily without knowlege of forerunner in OB Schoyens 25-6, ‘which confirms thatthe journey proceeded 2 a sucession of three-day non-stop marches, One ‘mater not fly discussed is the impicaons of the ‘month and & als march’ thatthe heroes ‘covered in each three ay period. According 0 the inscripsions of Bsrhaddon,the normal day's march of te Assyrian army on a military expedion in hose county was two 6 (R. Borge, Exar p. 112 rev 317; c£ Locke, OIP2,p.74,71).One bir one welt of ful day, ot hal ‘amean watch of four hours Asa measure oflength tis the distance mavled in we hour, whether in theshy by dhe sun andstars (307), or on eathby men (Derseen 10and IT km:seeM Powel, REA ‘Vlip.467)-The standard march f four hours referedo by Bsartaddonrepresenea comfortable stance by comparison withthe figures adduced forthe OB ineary known s the Rou to Ear, ‘which indicate thar a party ona forced arch cold coverin one dy upto 30% a the crow les (WW. Hallo, JCS 18 (1968), 85), that, about thre Br.The reson why the Assyrian amy ‘vas evden slower than the saves of the OB text presumably that iw eacubered by & heavier baggage tin. In our pasage Gigumes and Enkidu watel an heroic fifty Avr each dy, which for ordinary ‘mortals would have aken about 18 days The nasonaljourey of ne month nd alin isthe not the dally iy Ber bur presumably the distance covered bythe thi day (naa), ie, 150 (Sooo in SB X 171, where the phrase maak arbi apa inal i nsurs inthe context of| Gilgames's journey over the ocean with Ur-anab. According to von Soden (Rel p43, fn. the distance covered in the tree days roughly corresponds othe eng ofthe conventional route ‘romsouth Mesopotamia to Lebanon andinded,acordingo the evidence of he inerary own the Road to mar the somesbat shorter journey to Haran rom Di Api-Sn,one day ut om Sippar, could be done in 35 days (Hallo, FCS 18, p. 85). However, one should ot mae 00 muchsis TE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC ofthis becouse asthe txt ofSBIV standst would sem thatthe distance of 150 bir covered by the end of thethid day was not the oa distance ofthe journey from Urukto the Cada Fores, but only ‘that covered before each dream episode Von Soden avoid this problem by maintaining that fir ‘Sin-lege-unni stele Libanon mur ein Zschenzel au dem langen Marsch er Freunde [tothe ‘Cedar Forest dar (Rela. 0,3) bat he fc heree that, according to SHV (ae wellas ‘OB Ishchal, che Cedar Fores: was on Me Lebanon, Foe this eon, to, kur lab-eo-nu mast be ested inalthe parla the pestge under comiment. “Toreum to thediscusion of distance and time there are ive dream episodes in the at version ofthe tetas reconstructed so that in his account the journey took fifteen days. As Landsberger pointed et theresa contadton nhsretin this, beeause the mention of Lebanon in. would seem toinicate tht Ggane and Enkiduhas already arrived atthe Cedar Forestate three day Fourey (e462, p.102)-To resolve this dict we have to assume tha 2a hero, and also in OB Scheyens26means to draw nore” (salteady Renger in Oina od), Heo Epic ond Sago 2). Jn the ite version ofthe epic the arrival athe Cedar Foes estensly occurred onhe sith day ‘of thejourney (H. ten, aanuler Mizegen (1958), . 18), which would represent sinple outing of dis igure. However, che figure in queson can be red U 1)6.kaN, Later journey ‘of ffeen das, whic would then gece withthe SB tex (E-Laroche, BHA 26 1968) 9.126, Ee) “owever tat maybe thelate poets enthusiasm fr repetition andapsrandiserpent means thatthe account we havea ftredity along way behind andi, inefect air tale. AsLandsberger wrote ‘when reflecting on von Soden temp at reconeling the ests ofthis passage with reality, ie junger de Breahiongen von Gilgames sind, deso mehr sie aie Meskmale einer Michen tager? (R62, 9.99.7. 4. Tomy eyes he place name on MS w is! la-na- ot! naa (ote against Lamberts copy). Late inthis ble, however, MS «has clear Bb a-ne (ee 1.124, Ror thie reason one would be tempted 1 read MS ws labna-eu as onan, were i aot for the fact that ater abyonian anestatos ofthe toponsm, where unambiguous, unanimously rporcit a Labnina (aeeM Weippery‘Libsnon’, RLAVI pp 644-5). 5-{6 38-3 83} 125-6)) 166-7. Thesecondline of his couplet mote fly recovers since itseems to menticn water it may be narrative elated to estrone those given by the edersintheValetabet ea mbt ir Bram (hay m eitum ina natin maa ‘Sons tonaget tha whasasLxgabonda (OB Il 268-71), On Gilgames and wel see Chapter 3, the section on Digging wel (7)/40/(85//127// 168, ‘Thistineis helt cousterpart of OB Sehayen,27:iima Gigimefana sriadin, [13] 1/[44,789 41131] 172, “The sean (dale orbs based on Labats ‘wa abi (2) con- tele] ve and encouraged by the ve ei. presume the shelters a makeshift tent and hath isthe Map that goes over te enrancetokecp out the weather Others have supped Fo 2, forboth of which rooms aking however For abil stmmvin’ see MSL TV,p. 35, Emel oe, UL 90: mecersig= mirsig= stu following Kru and meh, end Malku TD 192: [zip gu= ‘Man (Le) Bila (von Weber, Uruk TT 120), among other winds. {03} 1 (46) 1914 [133] 174. The three sign ater Hina have usually been imerpreted 35 “rmountin bale’ (Sd, Assyrian ortbouraphy), burt ms eyes the second sign seems more ke ethan xu. For £4, n Sumerians. (ura, ‘ata net, 10 ofthe fw, se CAD SB, 339 (despite the heading ka B¥heertresin OB Lu clearly indcaethat the genitive is). Theverd Aeseribed by this simile should mean ‘he threw himsef down fx’ but no plausible restoration CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGIGAL NOTES: TABLET 1V 819 (aM ¢ (5019 951 (1371/78), Forde syntax see Chapter 5, the note on OBI [20] i 53] 98 [240] [181]. The speling es is Assyrian For examples of the 3d se prefix «and other mars of Assyrian influence in Kunik manuscripts see Chapter 9, the section on Language and styles (i). 25, The conventional iacrpeeation of K+ NIW ois tke fic of the reed-bebut given the lack ‘of contexe isis sil very uncer 26, Ithasnotbeennoied previous tht hisline andl. 107 are een thesame Theline selned 10 OB IM 19, where itis clearly part ofthe narrative, introducing a speech by Baki: ‘wade rin idan saqgarlan) ana ra. On acenunt of wl) in. 107, one has 0 ‘consider aking the lt version of theline a ect speech, reading heist Woed ("alana end ‘Thave ate this opzon on that occasion where the folowing lin i fuller thant ishee-But in the preset line an antecedent subject is badly needed for ézabkara ona iB, and for this reason 1 suppte that twas corer tothe OB in, an restore de"ot net Te ustaposton of Ekidu's ‘iterate origins and his cleverness inthe interpretation of dreams (and inthe OB tet inadvising a ‘course of ation san interesting poeicl device. In this conesion we may real tht dream inter- ‘pretation, atleast, an inutve art—in ancient Mesopotamia traditionally a female one—that ‘needs no scholarly or cour ting. 27. The ver) Rambura here and inthe similar L 108 meant tery ‘to make something scceptable’ The point must be tat Game’ can only come to terms wit the dreams that so ‘bewilder i ifthi contents can he evel as neaingf 28, Thelinerecureas SBIV LO9 and 155 35. The phrase amat Samat damige seems litle unbkly buts secure from the parallel SB IV 162, 102. Because of the need for penultimate sess it i herr to passe ett as plural, sccondingy sno vente 105. Restrain from Parola Though separate rom it abn agrees with ft G0 CAD Ni2, 149) as clerythecas inthe forerunner ofthis ine (OB Schayen. 0: ppm uta). For other examples of remote adjectives in SB Gilgames see Chapter 9, the section on Language and spiesub 106, Comparison with OB Schaven, 41 suggests thatthe frst word shouldbe ertored as abl Roweves the Sie snot identical tthe OB line, for they donot agree inthe number of the verb in the second haf ofthe ine: OB Sehoyens 41: tru Sami, SB IV 106: ir ana tun. For the ‘moment one must assume that in thelat version of eine he subjects nt mabiba i carried ‘over from, 105. have estore according. 107-9, Seedhe notes on the paral lines, V 26-8 124. The spelling *Hb-a-na i unique fora test om Babylonia, where the mountain is ‘ual rendered Labo (ce above, on 4). 161, The LBspelings n-o-caa (MS w) and nisz-sacaz-c (MS) look vee; for forms of feesin the venve see OB M1179 and the note thereon. 190-205. “This passage has been studied by Landsberger, R462, pp.LOS-7. 190. Landsbergerrestoredthislineasnarratve,(«-na pn Somat} "la Aad-ma--f) baths remains conjectural. More probably thelne det speech 191, The restoration ofthe binning of chs ine and 198 rely on SBIV 148: peru Sa BSE rude Gilet iscoecto restore thus Landsberge' reading toy atthe end ofthe line looks ess probable820 ‘THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC 182, Note he venti impersive of ues (1. 161 bow), 194-5, As Landsberg noted (Ra 62, p. 105), his couplet ako occurs ax SBVIE 132-3: Samal ‘nd (soalso MS AA here) [sii pj lw elamamna ub ul fad deanatsa The second ‘verbispresentbefore direct speech btthefrce of the tain is uncersn (ee the commentary onSB178), 198, The seven das are dhe seven terible auras that Eni bestowed on Humbabe for his protection. 205. There temptation ro compare thine witha passage of OB Harmal:in which Enid says iii maha [Hed ia) dada oi (U,19-20), but whe both context are so fragmentary itis best not wo use his wo jst restoration, 213. On ulin rst postion, separated from its vee, se the commentary oa SB Il 102-6. The word éiahduis taken san Assyrianized speling fina (ee above, on|-20).As such tmakesa Detter ative (WI perfec) than passive (LVI aad) cone Botéo (es enfants ont &é mis a ‘mo{nde)). or ala with an active masculine subject one need only cite Enna ell 16:14am ameSlaté ld mudi-muc,Petbaps the point of the Bine was thet Gigs fears he wll le swihout hele, 215-16. The couplet is restored after OB Schayen, 15-17: inanns bf So milan | a {adios mbar mina} ian Bacon ila | ul kdl rr mina, CE also (OB acral, 10: um bral, 230-48, Thispatsge hasbeen stdied by Landsberger, R462, pp, 110-12. Notall hirer tions have been adopted hers 231. The vecd manele looks to my ees a better ft chan fmm AH p. 1155). The restoration of ais sypportd by mang idk in 242, 233. Thelineisrestoed ater SBI.232 /¥V 100. 235. ‘The waces donot support Toumniy ant Shaffer's Le ps-tom (Lipp p. 11950 58) 238, Neihe ip nor igura bi, P119, fo. 60) fis the races. 239. Von Soden pases both a-ap-pit here and i-a-pitin BX 17S ftom sabi, 0 sweep? (Affe p. 536). Lfllow Landsberger, op cit, and CAD Lp. 89, im paring instead fom ipa assuming that dhe moe stems of tit (ft) ver can wtize (i) forms. Apart fom these :wo instances, the incipit of an incanson in Surg exis simi form (Tablet ef 5): move Ssalsap-p-i, You, O oath whokept on touching! Thathialso must be pdtv 3 is acepeedin As, 240, An api is some kind! of marginal cule figure according to an entry in synonym ist pico (oa. pil pa) = hala (CT 8 5, K A193 te, 10) LTBAII 1 vi 6). 241. The lines also known from OB Hara, 5: Mia Bie Apu rinks. Falling on te enemy with oud yells a tactic als employed at BX 97: na KB gt p(n, 242, The stock phrase margu w tu is common enough, but compare especialy a narative ara to this line reproduced a coupletin Ladi ll 77-8: man guip barbie Sines seized my arms, ‘neti nesarqulbinia_feebloness hasbeen my knses 245-8. Theselins appear to contain proverbial wisdom, some oft very similar to nes occut- ring aso inthe story (f, OB II 255-6; SB IN 4-5 218-19), Not the nomic’ pretertes in Lar, TABLET V 1, Thesith sign on MS His now more damaged than Haupt and Thompsons cops show but enough survives to vindicate them and to dispose ofan akermaive suggested reading, na po-at- gt‘ the edge ofthe Fores. Compare nap in I. 2-3 and na in, 5. The alysis of bap-por casivas a‘Sandhi-Schnebung” for the same ina pita (M.P Steck, Ors 68 (1995),p.47, 0.59) is open 1 the objection that sucha speing would not conform to the usual per. Sand isa teem given in Sanhrit to a predictable change in the phonetic redization of word made atthe word boundary. In Asyrblogy the rem ‘Sandhi wring’ has been used to desrbe thoge rare spellings that reflec pronuncstion in which one words run into another, ie, ea. Sometimes ‘his coupling involves sion, as when word-inal vowe! tht precedes a word beginning with ¢ syllable normally writen wih aV or VC sign ios, eg. esac te, fori ai oman for (hérior tomar (ee further GAG? 617, "Kea. More commen are case in which word-inal consonant in the sume poston is writen asi opening the following word «g ursi-ra-mi pte (0 for pura ie (OB Icha 38 OB IM ob. 18), for be ede from ina). As ‘wala iting nether ofthese models, Sree’ analyse of -nap-parattesa Sandi writing should be tempered bythe consideration thatthe preposition ina before a word begining wth p was not necesunily pronounced asa bisylable It was often p perhaps more often than we think Te cold sa be argued that nap para-v isa peculiar Kind of mompho-graphemicspeling for *ip-paty, ‘but MS H does not otherwise exhibit bizarre ortogzaphy. Thus I agee sith those who posit @ vb napa ‘The speling of inappad with ro Ts neods comment. Repeiton of consonaat a the bound sry berneen stem (or bese) and afix is most sypical of thid-mlennium onography, being ‘normal in Sumerian and algo acceptable in Aksadian (ypcally when cored syllables wren with CVC signs are resumed witha soca ending, e.g dena = din + am). For iterate on this henomenon in texts fom second and fit-millenium Mesopoia sec W. Mayer, Or ss 61 (1992), pp. 47-8 with fn. 34. Ar some poin ic became acceptable for such doubling to occur {in resuming the consonant after a VC sign, exactly a here with Fnap-pocat-av and napa ‘This development is alreaty found in tes from the Late Bronze Age periphery (as noted by J. Hochnergard, The Atadion of Users p. 49, and J. Durham, ‘Studies in Bobazkay ‘Attain’, PAD thesis (Harvar, 1976) pp, 379-80), but ia Mesopotamia i becomes more com- ‘stonplace inthe first mileanium. The example with perhaps the highest profes -jusus-2u for ‘hus + in ASsrbanipal colophon d (Hunger, Kolophone no. 318, 5) 1a Gigumet tables fom ‘Kuyuiknote also the etesations listed inthe section of Chapter 9 on Spelling (subd and =). Examples in older Neo-Assyian Gigames tales are given inthe inmoduction to Chapter 7, sb (6. For von Soden such splings mated a shift of suess (GAG 5202). Others view them as aa ‘orthographic phenomenon without significance for promunciaton (se 1]. Geb, BiOr 12 (1955), 1.101; GAG? 520g). In Sumerian wedng the practice of reuming fsa consonant the mor ‘heme boundary canbe shown to be amanrof orthography only: Tes that use non conventional sillabie spelings sometimes show elon of vowels before a consonant that is conventionally writen double, ths showing i tobe singe nevertheless (eg, in UrNammy B, SRT 11, 68 oi bint TCL XV 38, 10 nhp-phigrae4 J Klein, dc Son 11 (1989), pp. 44-56). Given ‘he ong history and wide spread of weiten Akkadian, however it sems presimpriois to explain ery analogous spling in thar language by reference ro the conventions of the third milena, ‘shen a variety offerors may havehoen at work,922 ‘THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN EPIC 4-5. Compare a version ofthis couplet in OB Harmal: Se Husa ila) | iin sume zr panama (4-15), 6. The spelling ema-u for inmard is Assyrian in its use of the prefix «and in the non ‘marking ofthe gmination bu, nthe absence of vowel harmony, isnot actually an example of Assyrian alec For eter examples in bets of the SB tex praper see Chapter 9, the secon on Language nd sil sub ii) "The epithe ofthe Cedar Mountain given ere san expansion of the eater malt Eman (OB IM 19-18) j maiab Bruswabl (OB Ishehal 38). Given the clear parallelism in ou Hine ‘beoween mio iT and por r-s-nLssume thatthe Gonnstands not forthe wellknown aspect ‘of Tar (rina) but for goddesses in generan other words is a variant on the common noun “tari which often appears pared with in formally masculine phragm thie se the com- ‘mentary on SB1 78) may be wanscribed ino. 8, [take the spling f-c- forthe stitive 16 and not ae the adjective (or extra vowels appended ro closed sable wih ong vol ce the section of Chapter 9 on Speling, su 2. (Otherwise cne may wars a single clause its shade so sect wa ulof delight 9, ‘Teresoratons are thos of von Soden, Z4 53.225 11, Pethaps Bhai 74, Another version of thisine canbe found in MB Emar iq 75. The wor tka soread by Landsberger, RA 62, p 108, is taken to bea plural form of ‘ahi (ee Ap. 1305), 76 ‘The‘tseesly rope’ also occurs in the feganent, probably of proverbs K 16804 (cl. B bla ead, ced CAD 83, p. 383) The Sumerian equivalent ofthe saying is &3 abba Ii ‘nu kd. no man can snap a tree-lyrope’a prover which s embedded in sma context in ‘he tle of Bgames and Huwawa A 107. I equivalence the wel-known Hebrew proverb tier lin rh yg a ace cord is not snapped in ahurey” (Eedesass 4:12, where the con- testisalso of wo prevaing over one), was frst remarkedby SN Kramer, JCS 1 (1947),p.40,and ‘tablished by A. Shaffer, rtf (1967) pp.246-S0, and agin, the light ofthe pubieaion of MS u, Bes-naet 9 (1968). 160."Taough in his edition ofthe Sumerian text D. ©. Edzard pets in Kramer's reading tig ,cubbe, ‘cinendrefach zusammengefaeren Sto” (ZA 81 (1991),p.202, 107), the equation sands Occasional confosion between Sand isis to he expect fein the work flere: series. In Prove Colecton Sno. 56 the tw signs occur as variants foe ‘the same reason (Aste, rors p. 403). 186, W.R, Mayers proposed an alternative reading of the ist rwo words standing the wholelineasinsutngschmenschen-Drr, Glgames, dummer Ker! (Deer, Mayer snd Sommerfeld, rns 6 (1987), p.210) Lamy view Riku (ear. of hull), "kinsman of isk ‘mar’ snot phrase tharin Babylonian would convey abuse: creature of Ea the h-man was 8 {fabulous monster of apotropsic fonction in religious iconography (Wiagermans, Prasive Spiis, ‘pp. 182-3). The word ii here asbeon sted as"cin chines Beipc! erarischerAmbigui’on ‘the grounds thc a6 wel as meaning To i aides to the lili-dermon who fatered Gilgame (Reger, Studi Reiner 9,320). Lam nt convinced thatthe ext gains fom such ambi 89, The speling angered coud be for indicative aermbir (CV for VC) but can be otherwise explained as exhibiting avensivein-u(),on which see Chapter9, he section on Speling consentons sub ( 90. The decipherment of the words that precede ina hariyais areal problem. Previous transi- ‘ors fave not been able to agre on wheter the four sens ua ba-a represent #0 word oF oe. “Mostchoose the verb ei, sats’ This posible wth Aas (ee V R9 67,8 Steck, hp GRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES: TABLET ¥ 323 "78s La sata hn matey coud ot sate thee belies with mi”), bo ine would ‘represent an unwanted intrusion. Other translations are no more compeling: Bonéro suggests “Tame épanoui(2) Westeahols du bie ike noget(?). Its iff to parse what remains of te Sirsa ofthe ine a any form of dtu oil thovah many have ied, Lambert soso (5a eda a-haa = taba) tad (xb MD ina hap, ou who wsed to gaol about | pputoutof my mind (personal communication). Ul anodher manoscript shedslghton tie ineit seems esto eave the problemadal words unanshatd. 92, Theemendation neds justification. Taking hein ast stands ane might posta word gaze sw (or gz), qualifying nakr a 'an you, oursel, ke a hose enemy with eth bared’ The root ofthe ver in question seems to vary. The infinitive usually Aazdsu ayo gy note «form ostensy from gazdouin Summa al XLV: Dx Sata)" Enna)" egeeanee, i pgs gash thee teeth’ (CT 38 45 obs. 14). Aa objection i that gazsiey docs not provide the stressed penultimate sable required by the meve. In manuscip where ial vowel can safely belgored, emendatonto ova-2-2, for tazsz cures this problem, 94, Others render ier tararas 2 mychial'Sehlangeavogel or similar. assume that the all sion io the smal birds that descend in large numbers ona dead animal to pick the carcass clean: by ter number and vorscousnes.ifnotalso teint, dey could besa to resemble loess or crickess (arava). Of the other bids mensoned, the vale (tu) feeds on dead prey burhe cage (ori) generally does not, and thus is out of place, Pes the key les in the pare nd, “snarling vicious which canbe used ons owa to denote a parte typeof bites in Hi XVEL 193: hauls" =a (MSL VIN, p 129) and pechaps Nabe ML 157-9: Auz™, Dana gd = packing" (MSE XVI p65). In urine it may quali ard nd desig. ate particular kindof eaghe-tkerapsor dat wl atom a carcass, 96. The changing of Humbaba's countenance implies that, confronted bythe intruders, his cxpresion sumed hosile-The expresion used siary in OB Agusta: Jon ue itt {paras ‘he godess grew frious, her countenance changed! (VAS X 214 vii 26, ed B. Gronebers, RATS (1981),p.112), 9. The waces do act fly support the reading [utctoa Mls] nihabiad anata (A ‘estenhoizin von Weiber, Un I, p. 255). 98, Thespeing i! poi Au if eorredy ads for indicative pti 100-t, Forthisstandard couple se the commentary on SB 1232-3 102. The second half ofthe lie is perhaps reminisceat of OF Harmal, 16-17: nvidia |warmeppsand OB Schoyen, 17:tomemmeidina at tp Here, however, a restoration (fe [ed inrwed out because in SB we expect nip 103-5, Thelangeage is at ast pary proverbial with clear ference in 103-410 the work of ‘he copperfounder. ll tree ines are characterized by the se of infinitive instead of fn pars ofthe ver. These may mask 103-1 direct quotations om procedural texts rina’), forthe Infinitive canbe usd instead ofthe present of instruction in other practical es, sch a mesial prescriptions (se GAG" 15", on the “heischendes It). However, this explanation wil ot work forl 105, for icannot be rom sucha context 103. The conventional translation of nap as ‘smi doesnot do jusce to the scale of hit activites As the eymalogy implies, the nap wasa man who heated furnace (oote FJoannts’s translation fondeurin‘Metalle un Metalurpie Tn Mesopotamien’ LAV, pp. 96-1125, 100. Before the Ion Age his work scems to have covered the whole range of copper-working smelingore, refining, alloying, caring in copper and bronze, anfnishing rough castings ty ham sneving. Th apps dele wth in rind: