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moved into India

transformed its culture

Around 1700 B.C. they began to leave their homes


and settle, in a series of migrations, in new regions.
They adopted some features, and changed
others. For example, they changed the
laws to make them less harsh than
Hammurabis code had been.

The caste system was an Aryan method of


dividing people into classes with complex
rules for how they would interact. (difficult and
detailed ruled for how people would treat each
other between classes)
steppes

Anatolia

Babylon

chariots iron

Aryans

castes

untouchables or shudras
Brahmins

Magadha

Spanish German, English, Persian, and Sanskrit

The Verdas, which contains four collections of prayers, magical spells, and rituals, are sacred Indian literature
and a reliable source of information about Aryan life.
Mahabharata is an Indian epic that describes a struggle between two sets of cousins that took place as the
Aryans moved south.
goal is to reach every creature in
enlightenment by the world has a
following Eightfold soul, even animals
Pathleading to
nirvana
Any 3
each person has a soul
Brahman brings together all individual souls
souls are reincarnated
people eventually win escape from life on earth
karma affects the next life

Any 4
the soul would be reborn (reincarnation)
chain of new lives would continue until the soul
reached understanding
everything in life is suffering and sorrow
the cause of suffering is desire for worldly pleasure
the way to end suffering is to end desire
the Eightfold Path leads to nirvana

They all deal with suffering.

The Eightfold Path is the Middle Way


between desires and self-denial.
No founderit was a collection of Siddhartha Gautama
religious beliefs that developed over time

Interconnectedness of all life Four Noble Truths


distinction or difference between an Eightfold Path to attain enlightenment
atmanthe soul of individuals, and reincarnation
Brahman--world soul ultimate goal of nirvana
reincarnation of soul or spirit release from selfishness and pain
good and bad karma
ultimate goal of mokshaa state of
perfect understanding

Many gods including -no particular god


-Brahma, the creator -Enlightenment in place of gods
-Vishnu, the protector
-Shiva, the destroyer
-many forms of a Great Mother Goddess

-Upanishads -written teachings of Buddha


-Vedas -commentaries
-rules about monastic life (monks)
-how-to-mediate manuals
-Buddha legends

-ideas of karma and reincarnation -rejected caste system


strengthened caste system -created religious communities of monks and
-Hindu religion dominates (main focus) nuns within society
daily activities

-freedom to choose among three paths -daily declaration of Three Jewels of


of achieving moksha Buddhism
-freedom to choose the deity (god) to -pilgrimages to sites of Buddhas life
worship -performing Buddhist worship rituals

Followers of Jainism believe everything in the universe has a soul and should not be harmed. They practice tolerance
(accepting other people as they are) and nonviolence, and work in occupations in which they do not hurt other creatures.
traded far and wide
developed alphabet
traded wine, weapons,
metals, ivory, slaves

connected Mediterranean Sea with


other world centers of tradepeople
traded products, information, and
cultures.
The Phoenicians spread their culture through
trade and through the establishment of colonies
all along the Mediterranean coast. Phoenicians
also spread their system of writing.
Three important features were the importance of
trading,; their art and architecture; and the high
position of women.

Trade networks were important because they


connected the Mediterranean Sea with South
and East Asia. People exchanged both goods
and culture by means of these networks.
Hebrews moved to Egypt to avoid a Israel was kingdom in north
famineslowly became slaves Judah was kingdom in south
God chose Moses to led his people Both kingdoms fell to invaders

Abrahambecame father or first of ExodusHebrews leave Egypt led by Jews were forced into exile to Babylon
the Hebrewsmoved to the promised Moses lived as captivesknown as
land of Canaan 12 tribes slowly dissolved to 1--Judah Babylonian Captivity

Hebrews had covenant with God Hebrew religion called Judaism Persian king called Cyrus the
they promised to obey God; God Hebrews united into Israel under 3 Great freed 40,000 Jews when he
promised to protect the Hebrews strong kingsSaul, David, Solomon conquered the Babylonians.
After Solomon-Israel split

Abraham was chosen by God to be the father of the


Hebrews. He made the first of the promises between God
and the Hebrews. He moved his family to Palestine.
Israel was split into two kingdoms: Israel in the
north and Judah in the south.

The Ten Commandments were part of a code


of laws delivered by God to Moses.

When the southern kingdom of the Jews was


conquered by the Babylonians, the Hebrews
were forced to move to Babylonia. Eventually,
the Jews were allowed to return home.
(Persian king Cyrus the Great conquered the
Babylonians and freed many Jews.)
The Torah

At first the Hebrews held places of honor in the Egyptian


kingdom, but later they were forced into slavery.

Moses led the Hebrews out of slavery and received the Ten
Commandments from God.

Saul drove the Philistines out of central Palestine.


David united the tribes, made Jerusalem the capital, and
began a dynasty.

Solomon built the temple to glorify God and have a place to


keep the Ark of the Covenant

High taxes and forced labor caused discontent (not happy


and dissatisfied) resulting in a revolt of Jews living in the
northern kingdom of Israelmoved south created Judah.

He was a Chaldean king who attacked Jerusalem twice.

The Persian King named Cyrus

The area of Palestine called Canaan was home to the Hebrews, who practiced monotheism. They believed in one God, Yaweh,
who had made a covenant with Abraham to protect his descendents if they promised to obey Him.
-Confucius believed Daoismnature Shi Huangdi creates
education and civil follows a autocracydictatorship
service led to good universal force using ideas of Legalism.
government.
called Dao He starts an empire.
-Legalists stress harsh
government
He provided a model for ordered society and for
good government.

The basic purpose of these ethical systems was


to restore order in China.
Shi Huangdi brought different parts of the empire
together and doubled the size of China.
He took land away from the wealthy.
He controlled ideas (and burned books).
He built a network of roads.
He set standards for writing, law, money, and weights
and measures.
He had the Great Wall build.

Legalism

Daoism is humane, while Legalism is harsh.


social order should be based education and a trained civil
on basic relationships among service are essential (important)
Confucius people for good government.

understanding nature is key to universal forces called Dao


order and harmoney guides all things
Laozi

efficient and powerful government should control


government is key to order ideas, and use law and
Hanfeizi, Li Si punishment to restore harmony

B. Two opposite but complementary


powers represent the rhythm of the
universe. This concept of balanced
opposites helped people understand their
place in the world.

C. Shi Huangdi, a Qin dynasty ruler, established an autocracy (dictatorship, tyranny) in which he used cruel
treatment and built the Great Wall to crush political opposition and build his empire.

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