HYDROLOGY

(SAB3613)

Arien Heryansyah
Email: arien@utm.my
C09 214 : 019 7953172
 Hydrologic Cycle
S : groundwater
Input : Rainfall (P)
Output :
Evaporation (E),
Transpiration (T),
Infiltration (F), and
Runoff (R)

S = P E T F - R
Hydrologic Losses Excess Water
 R = P ET F
- S
Runoff Processes
Rainfall Runoff relationship Engineering
point of view : Modeling (R = f (Rainfall, Land
use, catchment properties))
 RUNOFF / RIVER FLOW

River Flow Measurement

Velocity-Area Method
Float method
Current meter
Dilution method
 Current Meter
Float Method
This device consists of a square or round wooden rod
with a width or diameter of 1 to 2 in, depending on the
length. The rod is designed with a weighted end so it
will float in a vertical position with the length of the
immersed portion about 0.9 times the depth of the
water.
Stream Flow Gauging
 Straight flow No Backwater

Site Requirements

At Straight river section (3W at high flood) Not at a meander

Velocity-Area (V-A) Method
Mean Section Method
Mid Section Method
V-A Exercise Mean Section Q= 9.89 m3/s
Distance Depth V (m/s) V ave Mean Section
(m) (cm) (m/s)
O.2D O.6D O.8D d (m) V (m/s) b (m) q (m3/s)
0.0 3.0 - 0.01 - 0.01 0.26 0.10 1.00 0.03
1.0 48.0 - 0.19 - 0.19 0.43 0.35 1.00 0.15
2.0 38.0 - 0.51 - 0.51 0.51 0.80 1.00 0.41
3.0 64.0 - 1.09 - 1.09 0.69 1.20 1.00 0.82
4.0 73.0 - 1.31 - 1.31 0.89 1.15 1.00 1.03
5.0 105.0 1.09 - 0.90 1.00 1.12 1.11 1.00 1.24
6.0 118.0 1.31 - 1.15 1.23 1.20 1.23 1.00 1.48
7.0 122.0 1.09 - 1.37 1.23 1.06 1.16 1.00 1.23
8.0 90.0 - 1.09 - 1.09 0.82 1.14 1.00 0.94
9.0 74.0 - 1.19 - 1.19 0.80 1.32 1.00 1.05
10.0 85.0 - 1.45 - 1.45 0.80 1.11 1.00 0.89
11.0 75.0 - 0.77 - 0.77 0.65 0.64 1.50 0.63
12.5 55.0 - 0.51 - 0.51
V-A Exercise Mid Section Q= 9.98 m3/s
Distance Depth V (m/s) V ave Mid Section
(m) (cm) (m/s)
O.2D O.6D O.8D d (m) V (m/s) b (m) q (m 3/s)
0.0 3.0 - 0.01 - 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.50 0.00
1.0 48.0 - 0.19 - 0.19 0.48 0.19 1.00 0.09
2.0 38.0 - 0.51 - 0.51 0.38 0.51 1.00 0.19
3.0 64.0 - 1.09 - 1.09 0.64 1.09 1.00 0.70
4.0 73.0 - 1.31 - 1.31 0.73 1.31 1.00 0.96
5.0 105.0 1.09 - 0.90 1.00 1.05 1.00 1.00 1.05
6.0 118.0 1.31 - 1.15 1.23 1.18 1.23 1.00 1.45
7.0 122.0 1.09 - 1.37 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.00 1.51
8.0 90.0 - 1.09 - 1.09 0.90 1.09 1.00 0.98
9.0 74.0 - 1.19 - 1.19 0.74 1.19 1.00 0.88
10.0 85.0 - 1.45 - 1.45 0.85 1.45 1.00 1.24
11.0 75.0 - 0.77 - 0.77 0.75 0.77 1.25 0.73
12.5 55.0 - 0.51 - 0.51 0.55 0.51 0.75 0.21
Dilution Gauging Method
Constant Rate Injection
Integration / Sudden Injection
River Rating Curve
River Stage (Water level) Measurement:
Development of rating curve equation
 Procedure to
Establish Rating Curve
River Rating Curve
 Exercise: Obtain the rating formula in
form of Q = K (H-a)n
a= 0
8.0
8.0
cm
H (m) Q (m3/s) 7.0
7.0 2.2944
15 0.2 6.0
6.0
y = 0.0005x
20 0.7 2
25 0.9
5.0
5.0 R = 0.9785
4.0
4.0
30 1.4
35 1.8 3.0
3.0
40 2.4 2.0
2.0
45 3.0
1.0
1.0
50 3.8
0.0
0.0
55 5.0
00 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 5050 6060 7070
60 7.0
 Exercise: Obtain the rating formula in
form of Q = K (H-a)n
a= 0.0
Q 1.0
H (m) H-a 3 Log (H-a) Log (Q) y = 2.2944x - 3.2779
(m /s) 0.8
15 15.0 0.2 1.1761 -0.6990 2
0.6 R = 0.9785
20 20.0 0.7 1.3010 -0.1549
0.4
25 25.0 0.9 1.3979 -0.0458
0.2
30 30.0 1.4 1.4771 0.1461
35 35.0 1.8 1.5441 0.2553 0.0
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
1.9
40 40.0 2.4 1.6021 0.3802 -0.2
45 45.0 3.0 1.6532 0.4771 -0.4
50 50.0 3.8 1.6990 0.5798 n = 2.2944
-0.6
55 55.0 5.0 1.7404 0.6990 K = 10-3.2779 = 0.000527
-0.8
60 60.0 7.0 1.7782 0.8451
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