RESEARCH SYSTEMATIC APPROACH OF
ANSWERING THE PROBLEM (DIRECTION &
CONTROL).
CHARACTERISTIC OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
1. SYSTEMATIC
2. EMPERICAL
3. CONTROLLED
4. CRITICAL
NURSING RESEARCH-NURSING RELATED
PROBLEM
CRITICAL INVESTIGATION DEEPENING OF THE
STUDY, NURSING PROCESS
10 MAJOR STEPS IN NSG RESEARCH (FOCUS OF
THE STUDY: CONCEPT IN NURSING)
IDENTIFY THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
RRL
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF
CONCEPTUAL/THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
FORMULATING AND ADOPTING
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
CHOOSING SAMPLE FROM
POPULATION(80%OF RESEACH TIME IS
FOCUS ON CHAPTER 3, 60 -70% IS
FOCUS ON DATA COLLECTION)
CONDUCTION FINAL STUDY OR PILOT
STUDY( PURPOSE: DRYRUN,RELIABILITY
& VALIDITY, REVISIONS OF WRONG,
PREVENT CONFUSION OF SUBJECT)
DATA COLLECTION METHOD
INTERPRETATION & ANALYZATION
DISSIMINATION OF
CONCLUSION/COMMUNICATION OF
FINDINGS.
GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM
1. CONCEPT
2. LITERATURE
3. ISSUE AND IDEA
4. EXPERIENCE / ESSAY
5. NSG PROBLEM
6. THEORIES
RESEARCH VARIABLE
1. CONTINOUS VARIABLE-INFINITE
RANGE(DECIMAL/FRACTION)
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE CANT STAND
ALONE EFFCT, RESULT, OUTCOME OF
STUDY, AREA OF INTEREST OF THE
RESEARCH.
3. INDEPENDENT- CAUSE OF THE STUDY (
MANIPULATED, CAUSE AND EFFECT
RELATIONSHIP) (ANY MANIPULATION
OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLE HAVE AN
EFFECT TO DEPENDENT VARIABLE)
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE CAN BE
MANIPULATED.
4. CATEGORICAL VARIABLE- CREATING A
DISTINCTION
5. DISCRETE VARIABLE- FINITE RANGE
-INCLUSION CRITERIA: CHARACTERISTIC
OF THE SUBJECT NEEDED IN THE
SUBJECT
-RESEARCH LOCALE: SETTING VENUE
 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH DEFINITION OF TERMS
THE PROBLEM QUESTION
GOAL IN RESEARCH OBJECTIVE IN CONCEPTUAL UNIVERSAL,
RESEARCH THEORETICAL SUBJECT DEFINITION
LONGTERM SPECIFIC OPERATIONAL- ACCORDING ON HOW IT
BROADER INQUIRY NARROW DOWN IS USED( TECHNICAL AND OBJECTIVE)
(INQUIRY TO
ANSWER THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK -INTERWOVEN
STATEMENT OF STATEMENT OF NURSING CONCEPT.
PROBLEM)
MAIN PROBLEM IN RESEARCH -CONCEPT, CONSTRUCT, PROPOSITION.
RESEARCH QUESTION IS
ANSWER IN CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK -SUMMARIZE
CHAPTER 4 THE FLOW OF THE STUDY.
ONE PROBLEM
SAME AS THE TITLE -RESEARCH PARADIGM THAT SHOWS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLE AND
CONCEPT.

INPUT/RAW OUTPUT
DATA GENERAL
HYPOTHESIS- INTELLEGENT GUESS, TEMPORARY (CHAPTER 1) FINDING
(ADOPTATION OF HYPOTHESIS DEPENDS ON (CHAPTER
CHAPTER 4) 4&5)
PROCESS/
1. SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS/UNIVARIATE IMPLEMENTATION
HYPOTHESIS (1 INDEPENDENT/1 (CHAPTER 3)
DEPENDENT)
2. COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS/MULTIVARIATE
(2 OR MORE INDEPENDENT /2 OR REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE -
MORE DEPENDENT VARIABLE) COMPILATION OF ARTICLES RELATED TO
3. DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS -PREDICTS RESEARCH STUDY.
THE EXISTENCE OF RELATIONSHIP AND
PURPOSE OF RRL:
ITS DIRECTION, HAS WORDS THAT
SHOWS DIRECTION 1. PROVISION OF CONCEPTUAL CONTEXT
4. NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS 2. INFORMATION RESEARCH APPROACH
PREDICT THE EXISTENCE OF A 3. SOURCE OF RESEARCH DATA
RELATIONSHIP BUT WITH NO 4. ORIENTATION OF WHAT IS ALREADY
DIRECTION KNOWN.
5. NULL OR STATISTICAL NO WORD ,
ABSENCE OF RELATIONSHIP SOURCE OF INFORMATION
6. ALTERNATING HYPOTHESIS- PRESENCE
PRIMARY-EASY TO LOCATE (PT)
OF RELATIONSHIP
SECONDARY-RELATIVE / OTHERS
 ELECTRONIC SOURCES(INTERNET) TYPES OF TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

AFTER ONLY DESIGN/POST TEST

DESIGN- GATHERS DATA AFTER AN
RESEARCH DESIGN - OVER ALL PLAN IN INTERVENTION.
RESEARCH. (BLUE PRINT) BEFORE AND AFTER DESIGN-(PRETEST
EXPERIMENTAL AND POST TEST DESIGN) GATHERS
NONEXPERIMENTAL DATA BEFORE AND AFTER
QUALITATIVE INTERVENTION.
QUANTITATIVE SOLOMON FOUR GROUP DESIGN
1. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH STUDYING 2 EXPERIMENTAL 2
a. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL CONTROLLED GROUPS.
FACTORIAL DESIGN- STUDYING 2 OR
CHARACTERISTIC MORE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.
b. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL LOST OF 2
MANIPULATION/INTERVENTION/ OR MORE CHARACTERISTIC OF
EXPERIMENT TRUE EXPERIMENT.
RANDOMIZATION- EQUAL CHANCES MANIPULATION CANT BE LOST
CONTROL-CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL INTERVENTION
GROUP 1 CONTROL GROUP
VALIDITY( INTERNAL /EXTERNAL) NO VALIDITY.

INTERNAL-WITHIN EXTERNAL QUASI EXPERIMENTAL HAS 2 TYPES

THE STUDY SETTING/OTHER
POPULATION o NON EQUIVALENT CONTROL GROUP
THREATS- DESIGN (SAME AS PRE AND POST TEST
HOWTHORNE EFFECT DESIGN)- NO RANDOMIZATION, NO
(SUBJECT IS
PROBABILITY.
CONCIOUSLY AWARE
IS BEING STUDY) o TIME SERIES(EVALUATE)-CONTROL IS
EXPERIMENTER NOT POSSIBLE.
EFFECT-ATTITUDE OF 2. NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
THE SUBJECT IS DESIGN- NO INTERVENTION, MERELY
MANIPULATED BY THE OBSERVED, DESCRIBED, DOCUMENT
ATTITUDE OF THE THE BEHAVIORS OF THE SUBJECT.
RESEARCHER
REACTIVE EFFECT OF TYPES
THE PRE TEST-
SENSITIZATION I. BASIC RESEARCH ( LIBRARY, PURE
HALO EFFECT- IST RESEARCH)- THE RESEARCHER RESOLVE
IMPRESSION IS THE HIS OWN INQUIRIES, PURELY
BASIS OF THE KNOWLEDGE
RESEARCHER OF
II. APPLIED RESEARCH (ACTION
WHAT SCORE HE WILL
GIVE. RESEARCH)- THE RESEARCHER
 RESOLVES THE IMMIDIATE PROBLEM *THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS THE INDICATOR
OF OTHER PEOPLE. WHETHER THE STUDY IS QUALITATIVE /
QUANTITATIVE.
TYPES OF APPLIED RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
HISTORICAL DESIGN- STUDYING THE
PAST IN RELATION TO THE PRESENT SITUATION. SURVEY- SEEKING OPINION FROM
OTHER PEOPLE (DELPHI SURVEY- ASKING
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN-
OPINION FROM THE EXPERT).
OBSERVED, DESCRIBE AND DOCUMENT THE
BEHAVIOR OF THE SUBJECT AS IT OCCURS IN EVALUATION- CONDUCT EVALUATION
THE SITUATION AFTER A PROGRAM OR ACTIVITY TO
DETERMINE EFFECTIVENESS.
CORRELATIONAL STUDY- STUDY
BETWEEN THE RELATION OF IV & DV CLINICAL TRIAL/INTERVENTION
COMPARATIVE STUDY- COMBINED RESEARCH- TO DETERMINE THE SAFETY AND
EXPERIMENTAL AND NON EFFECTIVITY OF NURSING INTERVENTION.
EXPERIMENTAL, OBSERVATION OF 2
GROUP W/O INTERVENTION QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CONTENT ANALYSIS-USES THE READILY PHENOMINOLOGICAL- LIVE
AVAILABLE MATERIAL AND ANALYSIS EXPERIENCES.
AND SYNTHESIZE THE CONTENT OF THE
STUDY ETHNOGRAPHIC-CULTURE, TRADITION,
CASE STUDY- ONE ON ONE IN DEPTH BELIEFS, PRACTICES OF A GROUP SYSTEM.
ANALYSIS
HISTORICAL STUDY- PAST EVENT IN
FESEABILITY STUDY-BUSSINES
RELATION TO PRESENT BEHAVIOR
VENTURES
BIOGRAPHIC STUDY- LIFE OF AN
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
INDIVIDUAL.
IMMEASURABLE MEASURABLE
BEHAVIORS/FEELINGS/ NUMBERS METHODOLOGY
EXPERIENCES/
GESTURE SUBJECT-TARGET POPULATION, PERSON BEING
PHENOMENA VARIABLES
STUDIED IN RESEARCH.
SOFT SCIENCE HARD SCIENCE
WITH KEY INFORMANTS
COMPUTATION
INDUCTIVE(SPECIFIC DEDUCTIVE PASSIVE
TO GENERAL) APPROACH
NOT DIRECTLY
(GENERAL TO
SPECIFIC) ABSENCE OF MANIPULATION
NON EXPERIMENTAL
QUALITATIVE
RESPONDENTS/PARTICIPANTS
ACTIVE
DIRECTLY INVOLVE
MANIPULATION
EXPERIMENTAL
QUANTITATIVE
SAMPLING 3RD FOCUS
-PROCESS OF CHOOSING THE SAMPLE FROM
THE POPULATION (SLOVENS FORMULA)
n=N1+Ne2
n=IS THE # OF SAMPLE
N= IS THE POPULATION
NE2=SAMPLING ERROR RANGING FROM
1% TO 10%
MARGIN OF ERROR-% ACCECPTED BY
THE RESEARCHER THAT HE MIGHT COMMIT
ERRORS DURING THE SAMPLING.
SAMPLEGENERAL POPULATION (UNIVERSE)
UNIVERSE
TARGET
POPULATION
ACCESIBLE
POPULATION
SAMPLE
SAMPLING TECHIQUES
PROBABILITY- RANDOMIZATION, EQUAL
CHANCES OF BEING SELECTED.
TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
-SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING- MOST BASIC
TYPE (FISH BOWL, LOTTERY, DRAW LOTTS,
RAFFLE)THE RESEARCHER USED A FRAME LIST.
-STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING-SIMILAR TO
QOATA, RANDOMIZE /BY CHANCE
(PROPORTIONAL S.T.S & NON PROPORTIONAL
S.R.S)
-CLUSTER SAMPLING/ MULTI STAGE- FROM THE
BIGGEST POP TO THE LOWEST POP.
-SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING (nth) RESEARCHER
USES DIRECTORY.
NON PROBABILITY- NO RANDOMIZE,
BY CHOICE.
TYPES OF NON PROBABILITY
-CONVINIENT SAMPLING-(ACCIDENTAL
/INCIDENTALIS WHERE READILY AVAILABLE
PEOPLE AS STUDY PARTICIPANTS &SNOW
BALL WHICH MUST BE REFERRAL AND
MEET THE INCLUSION CRITERIA)
- QOATA SAMPLING - CREATING A
DISTINCTION WITHIN THE STRATA/POP.
-PURPOSIVE / JUDGEMENT SAMPLING-
HAVING HIDDEN AGENDA (BIAS)
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
USE OF AVAILABLE DATA
USE OF OBSERVERS DATA
PARTICIPANTS- OBSERVER BELONGS TO THE
GROUP, OVERT/COVERT ( OVERT- RESEARCHER
REVEAL HIS IDENTITY TO THE SUBJECT WHILE
COVERT DONT REVEAL IT TO THE SUBJECT).
NON PARTICIPANTS- OBSERVER DONT BELONG
TO THE GROUP, OVERT/COVERT.
 USE OF REPORTING APPROACH-
RESEARCHER PREPARED AND USES
AN INSTRUMENT
TYPES OF INSTRUMENT
T test -determine the mean difference
between the 2 groups
ANOVA- use to determine mean
difference 3 or more groups

-QUESTIONAIRE- PAPER AND PENCIL Multiple regression analysis-

relationship between 3 or more.
-INTERVIEW- COMPLETE DATA
Example:
*STATISTIC- MATHEMETICS WHICH FOUND IN
APPENDICES. Independent Variable Dependent variable
Massage pain
Summarize Yoga anxiety
Organize meditation stress
Present
Analyze
Chi square- relationship between
Interpret
variable
Example :
Presentation of Finding
1) Table
textual form /narrative presentation
2) Figure
translation of the table
3) Measure of central tendency
tabular form present the frequency to
the percentage of data
figures and visual presentation
pyramid age and gender
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
Small population Larger group
Describe /Present Predict future CHARACTERISTIC OF DATA PRESENTATION
occurrence
Analyze what the data Test the null Logical sequence
shows hypothesis Past tense
General finding
Descriptive: Systematic

Central Tendency Characteristic of data analysis and

MEAN interpretation
MEDIAN
MODE 1) Hypothesis action either reject of
accept.
Inferential :
2) Important findings should be
represented by table or figures
 3) Support by statistics

CHAPTER 5

Summary of findings

-summary of data analysis /interpretation

-basis of conclusion

Conclusion

-answer to the statement of the problem

Recommendation

-suggested solution to the problem

encountered by the researcher.

Dissemination of findings

1) Books
2) Journals- use to reach the biggest pop.
3) Internet
4) Media
5) Nursing seminars-reach % of nurses