Indrianti SIB 01-1718 Materi 02. Isu Global Mhs

SISTEM INDUSTRI BERKELANJUTAN
(1220353)
Pertemuan ke-2
Ir. Nur Indrianti, M.T., D.Eng., IPM
Prodi Teknik Industri
Jurusan Teknik Industri, Fakultas Teknik Industri
UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
Nur Indrianti_TI UPNVY SIB: 02. Ekonomi Global & Isu Lingkungan 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
1. Memahami tantangan ekonomi global bagi
industri.
2. Memahami isu-isu lingkungan dalam industri.
PERT MATERI REF
2 EKONOMI GLOBAL DAN ISU-ISU LINGKUNGAN
Manufacturing system [19]
Productivity and quality of work life [19]
Competition and the global economy [19]
Corporate Social Responsibility [19], [12]
New Pressure [12]
Environmental strategy [12]
Environmental issues [12]
MANUFACTURING SYSTEM
Manufacturing System Defined
A collection of integrated equipment and

human resources, whose function is to
perform one or more processing and/or
assembly operations on a starting raw
material, part, or set of parts
Components of a
Manufacturing System
1. Equipment:
Production machines and tools
Material handling system and work positioning
devices
Computer system to coordinate and/or control the
preceding components
2. Human workers to operate and manage the
system, are required either full-time or
periodically to keep the system running
Production Machines
In virtually all modern manufacturing systems,
most of the actual processing or assembly work
is accomplished by machines or with the aid of
tools
Classification of production machines:
1. Manually operated machines are controlled or
supervised by a human worker
2. Semi-automated machines perform a portion of the
work cycle under some form of program control, and
a worker tends the machine the rest of the cycle
3. Fully automated machines operate for extended
periods of time with no human attention
Manually Operated Machine
Manually operated machines are controlled or supervised by a human

worker. The machine provides the power for the operation and the
worker provides the control. The entire work cycle is operator controlled.
SIB: 02. Ekonomi Global & Isu

Nur Indrianti_TI UPNVY 8
Lingkungan
Semi-Automated Machine
A semi-automated machine performs a portion of the work cycle under

some form of program control, and a worker tends to the machine for the
remainder of the cycle. Typical worker tasks include loading and unloading
parts
Fully-Automated Machine
Machine operates for extended periods (longer than one work cycle)
without worker attention (periodic tending may be needed).
Work Transport Between Stations
Two general categories of work transport in
multi-station manufacturing systems:
1. Fixed routing
Work units always flow through the same sequence
of workstations
Most production lines exemplify this category
2. Variable routing
Work units are moved through a variety of different
station sequences
Most job shops exemplify this category
(a) Fixed Routing and
(b) Variable Routing
Computer Control System
Typical computer functions in a manufacturing system:
Communicate instructions to workers (receive processing or
assembly instructions for the specific work unit)
Download part programs to computer-controlled machines
Control material handling system
Schedule production
Failure diagnosis when malfunctions occur and preventive
maintenance
Safety monitoring (protect both the human worker and
equipment)
Quality control (detect and reject defective work units produced
by the system)
Operations management (manage overall operations)
Three Cases of Product Variety
in Manufacturing Systems
(a) Single-model case, (b) batch model case, and (c) mixed-model case
PRODUCTIVITY
AND QUALITY of WORK LIFE
What is the external environment of organizations?
Companies may achieve competitive

advantage in many ways, including:
Products
Pricing
Customer service
Cost efficiency
Quality
SIB: 02. Ekonomi Global & Isu Lingkungan

Examples of Strategies
Low cost - outsourcing
Scale-based strategies - capital intensive method
for high volume production
Specialization - focus on narrow product line for
higher quality
Flexible operations - customization
High quality focus on higher quality than
competitors
Services focus on various aspect of services

Key External Factors
Economic conditions
Political conditions
Legal environment
Technology
Competition
Markets

Key Internal Factors
Human Resources
Facilities and equipment
Financial resources
Customers (loyalty, understanding)
Products and services
Technology
Suppliers

Strategic Decisions
Decision Area Affects
Product and service design Costs, quality liability and environmental
Capacity Cost structure, flexibility
Process selection and layout Costs, flexibility, skill level, capacity
Work design Quality of work life, employee safety, productivity
Location Costs, visibility

Quality Ability to meet or exceed customer expectations
Inventory Costs, shortages
Maintenance Costs, equipment reliability, productivity
Scheduling Flexibility, efficiency
Supply chains Costs, quality, agility, shortages, vendor relations
Projects Costs, new products, services, or operating systems
2-20
Productivity
Productivity
A measure of the effective use of resources,
usually expressed as the ratio of output to input
Productivity ratios are used for
Planning workforce requirements
Scheduling equipment
Financial analysis

Input Output - Input
Labor
Machine Output
Raw materials Products
Electricity / water / etc. Processes Or
Capital Services
Inventory
Others
Measures of Productivity
Partial Output Output Output Output

measures Labor Machine Capital Energy
Multifactor Output Output

measures Labor + Machine Labor + Capital + Energy
Total Goods or Services Produced

measure All inputs used to produce them

Examples of Partial Productivity Measures
Labor Units of output per labor hour

Units of output per shift
Productivity Value-added per labor hour
Machine Units of output per machine hour

machine hour
Productivity
Capital Units of output per capital input
Money value of output per money input
Productivity
Energy Units of output per kilowatt-hour
money value of output per kilowatt-hour
Productivity

Factors Affecting Productivity
Capital Quality
Technology Management

Involvement and Productivity
Communication
Coordination
Employee Improved
Involvement Motivation Productivity
Intervention
Capabilities

Quality of Work Life
Quality of work life emphasizes improving
the human dimension of work. [Source:
Wheelen and Hunger, 2000, p. 99]
More control and autonomy for workers

Recognition for those who have contributed to
meeting organizational goals
A sense of belonging to the workplace
Opportunity for progress on the job
Extrinsic rewards for work
COMPETITION
AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Overview of the New Economy
A highly competitive global economy has created
unparalleled opportunities and unprecedented
uncertainties.
Smart people and smart organizations create their own
futures.
Companies with a future are committed to people.
Companies with a future have high performance
expectations and provide supportive work environments.
High performing companies gain extraordinary results
from people.
Study Question: What are the challenges of
working in the new economy?
Intellectual capital
People are the the ultimate foundations of
organizational performance.
Intellectual capital is the collective brainpower or
shared knowledge of a workforce that can be used
to create value.
A knowledge worker adds to the intellectual
capital of an organization.
What are the challenges of working in the
new economy?
Globalization
National boundaries of world business are
disappearing rapidly.
Globalization is the worldwide
interdependence of resource flows, product
markets, and business competition that
characterize the new economy.
What are the challenges of working in the
new economy?
Technology
Continuing transformation of the modern
workplace through:
The Internet
World Wide Web
Computers
Information technology
Increasing demand for knowledge workers with
the skills to fully utilize technology.
What are the challenges of working in the new
economy?
Diversity
Changing demographics are making the workforce
increasingly diverse.
A diverse and multicultural workforce both
challenges and offers opportunities to employers.
Truly valuing diversity is a societal responsibility
that is not easy to accomplish.
What are the challenges of working in the new
economy?
Ethical expectations for contemporary
businesses:
Sustainable development and protection of the
natural environment.
Protection of consumers through product safety
and fair practices.
Protection of human rights, including employment
policies and practices.
Who are managers and what do they do?
Quality of work life (QWL)

An indicator of the overall quality of human experiences in
the workplace.
QWL indicators:
Fair pay
Safe working conditions
Opportunities to learn and use new skills
Room to grow and progress in a career
Protection of individual rights
Pride in work itself and in the organization
CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
Study Question: What is ethical behavior?
How international businesses can respect core or universal values:
Respect for human dignity
Create culture that values employees, customers, and suppliers.
Keep a safe workplace.
Produce safe products and services.
Respect for basic rights
Protect rights of employees, customers, and communities.
Avoid anything that threatening safety, health, education, and living
standards.
Be good citizens
Support social institutions, including economic and educational
systems.
Work with local government and institutions to protect
environment.
Study Question: What is corporate social
responsibility?
Corporate social responsibility:

Looks at ethical issues on the organization level.
Obligates organizations to act in ways that serve
both its own interests and the interests of society
at large.
responsibility?
Organizational stakeholders
Those persons, groups, and other organizations directly affected
by the behavior of the organization and holding a stake in its
performance.
Typical organizational stakeholders
Employees
Customers
Suppliers
Owners
Competitors
Regulators
Interest groups
Multiple stakeholders in the environment of
an organization.
responsibility?
Beliefs that guide socially responsible business

practices:
People do their best with a balance of work and family
life.
Organizations perform best in healthy communities.
Organizations gain by respecting the natural
environment.
Organizations must be managed and led for long-term
success.
Organizations must protect their reputations.
Study Question 4: What is corporate social
responsibility?
Perspectives on corporate social responsibility:

Classical view
Managements only responsibility is to maximize profits.
Socioeconomic view
Management must be concerned for the broader social
welfare, not just profits.
responsibility?
Criteria for evaluating corporate social

performance:
Is the organizations
Economic responsibility met?
Legal responsibility met?
Ethical responsibility met?
Discretionary responsibility met?
NEW PRESSURE
Trends Shaping Our Future
Worlds population will double in the next 40 years
Population in developed countries is living longer
Growth in information industries creates a knowledge-
dependent global society
The global economy is becoming more integrated
The economy and society are dominated by technology
Pace of technological innovation is increasing
Time is becoming one of the most precious commodities
Contingency Factors & Organizational
Design
Technology
combination of
knowledge, equipment,
and work methods used
to transform resource
inputs into organization
outputs
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE
TOP 10 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
1. Climate change
2. Energy
3. Water
4. Biodiversity and land use
5. Chemicals, toxics, and heavy metals
6. Air pollution
7. Waste management
8. Ozone layer depletion
9. Oceans and fisheries
10. Deforestation

Indrianti SIB 01-1718 Materi 02. Isu Global Mhs

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Indrianti SIB 01-1718 Materi 02. Isu Global Mhs

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

SISTEM INDUSTRI BERKELANJUTAN

A collection of integrated equipment and

Manually operated machines are controlled or supervised by a human

SIB: 02. Ekonomi Global & Isu

A semi-automated machine performs a portion of the work cycle under

Companies may achieve competitive

SIB: 02. Ekonomi Global & Isu Lingkungan

SIB: 02. Ekonomi Global & Isu Lingkungan

SIB: 02. Ekonomi Global & Isu Lingkungan

SIB: 02. Ekonomi Global & Isu Lingkungan

Work design Quality of work life, employee safety, productivity

Location Costs, visibility

Projects Costs, new products, services, or operating systems

SIB: 02. Ekonomi Global & Isu Lingkungan

Raw materials Products

Electricity / water / etc. Processes Or

Partial Output Output Output Output

Multifactor Output Output

Total Goods or Services Produced

SIB: 02. Ekonomi Global & Isu Lingkungan

Labor Units of output per labor hour

Machine Units of output per machine hour

SIB: 02. Ekonomi Global & Isu Lingkungan

SIB: 02. Ekonomi Global & Isu Lingkungan

SIB: 02. Ekonomi Global & Isu Lingkungan

More control and autonomy for workers

Quality of work life (QWL)

Corporate social responsibility:

Beliefs that guide socially responsible business

Perspectives on corporate social responsibility:

Criteria for evaluating corporate social

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi