Task 6 - Safety Review and Licensing

On the Job Training on Stress Analysis

Fracture Mechanics: Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 1/2

Davide Mazzini Ciro Santus

Pisa (Italy)
June 15 July 14, 2015
 Table of content Class VI.b.1

Content

Stress singularity
- Notch degenerating into a crack

- Multi-axial stress at notch root/ crack tip

- The Williams problem

Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM)

- The Westergaard stress function

- Definition and calculation of the Stress Intensity Factors (SIFs)

- LEFM Validity limitations

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 Books

Books on Fracture Mechanics

T.L. Anderson, Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications,

third edition. CRC Press 2005.

D. Broek. The Practical Use of Fracture Mechanics. Kluwer 1989.

and many many others

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 History of Strength of Materials

Experities and similitude (up to 1700)

Elastic evaluations (nominal solutions) (Eulero, Cauchy, De

SaintVenant, 1800)

Stress concentrations (Kirsch, Inglis, 1900)

Theory of plasticity (Prandtl, 1920)

Sharp tip defects (Griffith, 1922)

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 History of Fracture Mechanics

Griffiths energy approach for brittle materials (1930)

Practical relevance (1940-1950)
Definition of K, extension to metallic materials, complete develpment
of the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) (Williams, Irwin,
1950)
Application of the LEFM to Fatigue (Paris, 1960)
Extension to ductile materials (Elatic Plastic Fracture Mechanics
EPFM) (Irwin, Dugdale, Baremblatt, Wells, Landes, Rice, 1960)
Dynamics and crack arrest (DFM), viscous and (NLFM) (AA.VV. 1980)
Engineering applications, standards for design and testing, NDT,
corrosion, anisotropic materials, Damage Tolerant approaches, ..
(ASTM, ASME, ESIS, BS)

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 History of Fracture Mechanics

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 Liberty ships World War II

2500 liberty ships, hull assembled by the innovative process of welding

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 Liberty ships World War II

700 experienced heavy structural damage, 145 completely destroyed,

many lost (complete breakage of the hull)

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 Liberty ships World War II

Post-failure analysis

Failure at low stress (sometimes with the ship in the arbor)

Quite brittle fractures

Failure more frequent in winter time (ductile to brittle transition

temperature)

Effect of the technological process (metallurgical, geometrical: weld

crack-like defects)

Fracture mechanics was born to understand these failure!

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 Kirsch 1898

Circular hole in a flat plate

0
Complete analytical solution

Plane stress solution if a>>B Far boundaries

a
Plane strain if a<<B

Extension to other problems

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 Kirsch 1898
y
Circular hole in a flat plate
r

x
Far boundaries

0
a2 a2
rr 1 2 1 1 3 2 cos 2
2 r r
0 a2 a4
1 1 3 4 cos 2
2 r 2 r
0 a 2 a2
r 1 1 3 2 sin 2
2 r 2 r

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 Kirsch 1898

Circular hole in a flat plate

+1

y/a y/a
0 rr 0
-1
+3

x/a
x/a

Why rr at
these points?

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 Kirsch 1898

Circular hole in a flat plate, bi-axial loading

Uniaxial Kt = 3

Equibiaxial Kt = 2

~ Pure shear Kt = 4

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 Inglis 1913

Elliptical hole in a flat plate

Problem definition:
Geometry
Far boundaries a, b

Load, nominalstress
(far field stress)

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 Inglis 1913

Elliptical hole in a flat plate

Stress concentration:
2a
A 1
b
2a
Kt A 1
b

Kirsch solution for central hole

ba
Kt 3

Far boundaries

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 Inglis 1913

Elliptical hole in a flat plate More significant, local radius:

b2

a

a
Far boundaries

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 Inglis 1913

Elliptical hole in a flat plate 2a

Kt 1
b
b2
being:
a
then:

Far boundaries a
Kt 1 2

, a are more properly defining

the local geometry
when: a
a
Kt 2

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 Inglis 1913

Elliptical hole in a flat plate

lim(b, ) 0 Limit:
0

Far boundaries a
lim K t lim 2

0 0

and the power of singularity is

the square root of the local radius

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 Multi-axial stress at notch root

Stress components in-plane, plane stress

0
y/a
x
y Kt
a z 0

B<<a x/a

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 Multi-axial stress at notch root

Plane stress
Almost zero stress
at interior points

Transversal stress
free surfaces

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 Multi-axial stress at notch root

Stress components in-plane, plane strain (approx.)

0
y/a
x
y Kt
a z ( x y )

x/a
B>a

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 Multi-axial stress at notch root

Plane strain
1 x x
1
1 y y
E
1 z z

After imposing z 0
1
Zero transversal ( x y z ) 0
displacement: E
z 0
z ( x y )

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 Multi-axial stress at notch root

Inglis notch-like, plane stress

ANSYS Wb
5 mm

K t 5.5
2a 40 mm Why a different value here?

a 20
Kt 1 2 1 2 5
5

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 Multi-axial stress at notch root

Inglis notch-like, plane stress

ANSYS Wb 600

y
500

Stress components, MPa

x
400
z
Path on the geometry
300

200

100

-100
0 2 4 6 8 10
x coordinate, mm

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 Multi-axial stress at notch root

Inglis notch-like, plane strain

Exercise:
ANSYS Wb
Calculate the Stress components, with
ANSYS Workbench, at the notch tip for the
large thickness geometry, and then verify
the plain strain assumption

Repeat same calculation with imposed

(exactly) plain strain constraint

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 Williams 1957

The Williams problem

local geometry : =0
r
governing parameters: s =

local polar coordinates: r ,

s
useful angular variable: s

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 Williams 1957

2 2 2
Airy function: x, y xx 2 yy 2 xy
x y xy

2 2 2 2
Governing equation: 2 2 2 2 0
2 2

x y x y
4 4 4
2 2 2 4 0
x 4 x y y
Polar coordinates:
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
0
r r r r r 2
r r r
4 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 3
2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 0
r 4
r r 2
r 4
r r 3
r r r r 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 Stress
rr 2 + ; 2 ; r 2
r 2
r r r r r r components

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 Williams 1957

Williams hypothesis for the Airy function: r 1 F

r 1 c1 sin 1 c2 cos 1 c3 sin 1 c4 cos 1
1. General parameters: c1, c2, c3, c4 and exponent (a dimensionless real number)
2. Airy equation fulfilled in the domain for any combination of c1, c2, c3, c4 and

Corresponding stress field:

rr r 1 F 1 F

r 1 1 F r

r r 1 F

Strain and displacement: s

ij r 1 ui r

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 Williams 1957

In order to keep the displacements bounded:

ui r 0
Local boundary conditions: r
0 2 s 0
Traction
r 0 r 2 s 0 free edges
Boundary conditions in explicit form:
c2 c4 0
s
c1 1 c3 1 0

c1 sin 2 s 1 c2 cos 2 s 1 c3 sin 2 s 1 c4 cos 2 s 1 0

c1 1 cos 2 s 1 c2 1 sin 2 s 1 c3 1 cos 2 s 1 c4 1 cos 2 s 1 0

Homogeneous linear system with unknowns: c1, c2, c3, c4 and the parameter
Typical outcome of several problems: instability, free vibrations, etc.
We are interested in not trivial solutions (eigenvalue problem)
Lets put the determinant of the system matrix to zero
Characteristic equation with as unknown (infinite solutions)

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 Williams 1957
Crack as the special case with = 0

For this case the eigensolutions are

n
n where n 1, 2,3,......
2
and the corresponding Airys function becomes: s

n n 2 n n n
n
1
r 2
c3n sin 1 sin 1 c4 n cos 1 cos 1
n 1 2 n 2 2 2 2

The infinite couples c3n, c4n are determined by the other boundary conditions (remote
geometry of the body, applied loads, constraints)

Final general expression for the stress components:

n 1 1
1
ij r 2
ij , n, c3n , c4 n Aij r 2
Bij Cij r ....
2

n 1
Square root singular term !

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 Williams 1957
General conclusions of the Williams analysis

Among the (usually) infinite terms of the stress expansion at the notch tip, only the
first is unbounded (it goes to infinite as r approaches zero)

The other terms are bounded or tends to zero approaching the notch tip

The power of the singular term is a function of the angle 2 of the notch

The strength of the singularity is the highest when = 0: the crack is the most
severe notch

The power of the leading singular term is universal (the same for any crack), the
asymptotic terms of the elastic fields at the tip are:
1
ij , ij and ui r
r

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 Williams 1957

Exercise MATLAB:
r


Implement a parametric calculation for the
Willams problem and find the solution in
the range of angles = 0 - 89 s

c2 c4 0

c1 1 c3 1 0

c1 sin 2 s 1 c2 cos 2 s 1 c3 sin 2 s 1 c4 cos 2 s 1 0
c 1 cos 2 1 c 1 sin 2 1 c 1 cos 2 1 c 1 cos 2 1 0
1 s 2 s 3 s 4 s

Then the system can be put in matrix form:

0 1 0 1 c 0
1

1 0 1 0 c 0
2
sin 2 s 1
cos 2 s 1 sin 2 s 1 cos 2 s 1 c3 0

1 cos 2 s 1 1 sin 2 s 1 1 cos 2 s 1 1 cos 2 s 1 c4 0

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 Williams 1957

Exercise MATLAB:
r


Write the determinant of the matrix,
impose it to zero and solve to find
s

0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
0
sin 2 s 1 cos 2 s 1 sin 2 s 1 cos 2 s 1
1 cos 2 s 1 1 sin 2 s 1 1 cos 2 s 1 1 cos 2 s 1

...

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 Williams 1957

Exercise MATLAB:
r

2 = 60
4

0
= 0.51222

-2

-4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

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 Williams 1957

Exercise MATLAB:
r

Power-law singularity exponent
0.5
s
0.4

1
0.3
ij r 1
r1
1-

0.2

0.1

0
0 20 40 60 80

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