C.

Human utterance (how human to produce the language)

Sources from the sound is lung cancer. Our lungs develop and berkempis to suck up
and brings out air. This Air later alley named pharynx (pharynx). From pharynx,
there are two way that first through the nose and the second through oral cavity.
All that is made with the air through the nose is called the sound nasal.
Meanwhile, the noise of the ducts out through the mouth is named the sound oral. At
the mouth there are two parts of the upper and lower part his mouth. Part of this
section is:[32]
a. Her lips : upper lips and lower lip. Both the lips can be are pressed to
form a sound that is named bilabial which means that two lips are met. The sound
like [p], [b], and [m) is the sound babalial.
b. Teeth : for ujaran only teeth ataslah that have a role. Teeth can haul with
lower lip to form a sound that is named labiodental. An example to sound like this
is the sound (f) and (v) . Teeth can also haul with the tongue to form the sound
like the sound [t dental and[d) in English.
c. Alveolar: this area was exactly behind their teeth. In alveolar can be
displayed the tongue to form a sound that was named the sound alveolar.
d. Palatal hard (hard plate): this area is cavity over his mouth, just behind
the alveolar. In this area can be displayed tongues to form a sound that is named
alveo palatal like the sound [c) and [j].
e. Palatal soft ( soft falate): On palatal software can be placed the rear
tongues to form a sound that is named velar like the sound [k] and [g].
f. Uvala: on the jaw bones as there is a software called uvala.
g. Tongue is parts of the mouth flexible and can move with flexible. Tongue
can be divided into several parts: the tongue (tip of the tongue), Asian tongue
( blade), before tongue (front, back of the tongue.
h. Vocal cords (vocal cords) is a pair membrane that is in laryngeal
prominence (larynx).
i. Pharynx (pharynx) is salurang air toward oral cavity or nasal cavities.
j. Nasal Cavities : cavity to sounds nasal like /m/ and /n/
k. Oral Cavity : for sounds like oral /p/, /b/, /a/, and /i/.

1. How The sound made

The sound also can be divided into two groups, they are consonant and vowel. The
difference between both of which are located in making it.[33]
1.1 Making a sound Consonant
To make a sound consonant should be considered three factors: the first Fatkor
point articulation, the places where articulator is located, near, and immovable.
Secondary factor that is how the articulation of the lung air that we facilities.
The third, factors status vocal cords.
1.2 Making a sound Vocal
Different with the consonant, the criteria that are used to form the sound vocal is
(1) was rerndahnya tongue; (2) position tongue; (3) tensions tongue; and (4) forms
the lips.
1.3 Fonotatik
Each language has its own system to combine phoneme so that you can be a tribe and
then he said. Thus it is not impossible that the existence of two languages that
have two phoneme period but fototatiknya, namely system fonemnya different.
1.4 The structure Syllable
The structure of the One consists of two main parts, namely onset (open), and rima
(rhyme). Rhyme consists of nuclear fallout (ncleus) and koda (coda).
1.5 Features Distingtif
Features distingtif which is in the consonants are: vokalik and konsonantal,
anterior reasoning, koronal, kontinuan (continuant), straiden (strident), nasal,
vois. For the sound features vocal distringtifnya high, vokalik and rear, round,
and tense.
1.6 Voice onset Time
Voice onset Time, which is often abbreviated as VOT, is the time between the air to
mengucaukan a consonant with the vocal cords to the sound vocal that is to follow.
In the example said English man, as /m/ is [=vois], which means that tape his voice
they would tremble, then made time for this sound moved quickly to the sound // is
zero.
2. The sound transmission
The sound issued by some transmitted to the inner ear audience on a wavelength air.
At the moment a sound issued, the air vibrate by him and formed a kind waves. With
the mechanisms which are in the ears, people accept the voice had been biding with
through nerves a predator is extremely this sound and then "sent" to the brain to
be processed and then caught. Processing plants in the brain led by knowledge about
the language, including knowledge about how sounds were made and what features that
are involved.[34]
D. Speech Act
1. The purpose Speech
In said, the man must have had a purpose. The purpose as delivering information in
the audience. Thus, a ujaran conceived in which three elements: (a) a follow-up
ujaran (speech acts); (b) cargo proposition (propositional content); (c) cargo
thematic (thematic content).
1.1 A follow-up Ujaran
Searli shared a follow-up ujaran into five categories: office, directive, komisif,
expressive, and the declaration. (Searli 1969:34; regretfully announces that Mrs.
Mey 2002:120).
1.2 Cargo proposition
In cargo proposition audience remixing a proposition with proposes another,
increasingly rising formed by a shingga understanding, a comprehensive from
proposition-proposition.
1.3 Thematic Content
Cargo thematic refers to an understanding the existence of two kinds of information
in his words, information for a long time (old or given information) and
information new information).
2. The General in implementation speach
What then should be done by hearing after understand a ujaran depending on various
ujaran heard. Of the theory of a criminal act ujaran we know that ujaran can only
be office, directive, komisif, expressive, or the declaration.
3. Speach budgetary allowance
3.1 Implementation of a speech act Representative
Because of a speech act representative is merely the claim of things, so that we
need to do is to gather cargo proposition and understand what is information for a
long time and the information was new.
3.2 Implementation of a speech act directive
Speech action directive it would seem that can be divided into three groups: (a)
questions with the answer yes/did not haven't; (b) questions that need answers
which/(si, meng) what; and (c) the command to melaksankan things.[35]
3.3 Implementation of a speech act Komisif
As stated previously, the action speech komisif different with a follow-up ujaran
directive only in their direction directive to sipendengar, komisif to spoken.
Because of a speech act komisif asked not to give a command, there is no acts that
must be done.
3.4 Conduct follow-up speach expressive
Because of a speech act expressive said psychological level nature a person, but
its implementation is not a deed, especially his physical.
3.5 Budgetary Allowance for Follow-up speech declaration
Because in a follow-up speech qualifications ceo declaration of support letter is
needed to make his words spoken that meant, the step in understanding and
additional then carry out speech is to convince themselves that the speaker is
indeed has the authority to say what he said.[36]
E. Speech Production
Speech production is the process by which spoken words are selected to be produced,
have their phonetics formulated and then finally are articulated by the motor
system in the vocal apparatus. Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a
person creates the words of a conversation, reaction such as when they name a
picture or read aloud a written word, or a vocal imitation such as in speech
repetition.
Speech production is not the same as language production since language can also be
produced manually by signs. In ordinary fluent conversation people pronounce each
second roughly four syllables, ten or twelve phonemes and two to three words out of
a vocabulary that can contain 10 to 100 thousand words. Errors in speech production
are relatively rare occurring at a rate of about once in every 900 words in
spontaneous speech. Words that are commonly spoken or learned early in life or
easily imagined are quicker to say than ones that are rarely said, learnt later in
life or abstract. [37]
Normally speech is created with pulmonary pressure /etc/portage/profile/package
.provided by the lungs that generates sound by phonation in the glottis in the
larynxthat then is modified by the vocal tract into different vowels and
consonants. However speech production can't occur without the use of the lungs and
glottis in alaryngeal speech by using the upper parts of the vocal trait. An
example of such alaryngeal speech is Donald Duck talk.
The vocal production of speech can't be associated with the production of
synchronized hand gestures enhance that act to the comprehensibility of what is
being said.
Description: C:\Users\Acer\Downloads\Illu01_head_neck.jpg
Human vocal apparatus used to produce speech[38]

F. Storage and Retrival Word

1. Leksikon Mental
The speed in response to the well-speed in spoken to a matter that need to be
addressed. This happened because of the leksikon mental well-organized a neat and
access to meretrif said to come quickly will be done. Leksikon mental is the
dictionary that is different from the dictionary in general.[39] The bill also uses
a common mental leksikon sound, but because there is a factor kilir tongue will
need a commonality concept. The content of leksikon mentality always change, always
mutahir with language development that is in the community. In addition, leksikon
mental possible we will create said in accordance with the rule that is in a
language. Thus leksikon mental have information that there was much more, more
detail, and more than the usual.

2. Central Securities Depository word

How people to keep the words with all kinds of information that related in leksikon
mental condition? There was a view that every word is stored as a separate said.
The argument for this theory is that retrival that can quickly done was because we
only pick only said that we want. According to the views, said kept not based on
the but based on morfem. This second Arguments views that storage like this is more
economical, and the time needed for meretrif said multi-morfemik longer than the
bermorfem one especially with the kilir tongue.

3. Factors for storage and retrival word

Problems in storage and retrival said that is about how the word is kept in mind
that can easily diretrif? It can be said that the Central Securities depository and
retrival words are not only one or two, but also a network connected to each other.
One word would be easy to diretrif when the word is often used. The/morfem stored
based medan semantiknya so that it is unlikely that the kilir tongue. In addition
medan semantics, also used in sintaktik. The distribution said to the page and the
function seems to have also had a profound influence terhadpa storage process and
retrival said. Central Securities Depository and retrifal said also can be seen
through similarities with the sound.

4. Knowledge about word

To understand a word first we must know the semantics tell it, then know category
syntactic, phonological, and finally the aspects pragmatic.
5. The meaning of an word
The meaning of an said is the object that is referred to by the word. Some said
that the word does not refer to object but on the concept, to the idea, about
object. With the theory ideasional that can be said that it is unstable, and then
another theory emerged which is the theory features and the theory based on
knowledge.[40]
a. Features theory
According to this theory the concept is composed of a group unit that is named
features. The concept has a restrictive essential features of any other concepts.
Problems that arise from these features are mostly theory was that the world is not
black or white in the sense is not always a concept have all features.
This theory and updated with Family Resemblance Theory, the theory there are
similarity this requires family. Through features that are then established
prototipenya features that are represented at the most in the family.
b. Theory Based on knowledge
This theory based on esensialisme kontektualisme psychology and psychology.
Esensialisme psychology is a theory that a foundation on which essentially features
theory but that has been extended. Essence that makes an entity as is.
Kontekstualisme psychology is also based on a theory features that has been
extended. According to this theory context-specific context raises link between
features of a concept with any other concepts in a category.
Thus features listing is not enough to represent all the concept but as a starting
point is used only for then megorek knowledge. The difference between theory and
features theory based on knowledge is that in theory, features features to
determine the concept. While the theory based on knowledge, features did not
specify the concept.

6. The concept Organization

a. Model Petitioners failed submit Semantics
This model proposed Collins and Quillian. In this model, the concept related one
with other Petitioners failed submit overall. The weakness of this theory: the
words abstract not made hierarchy, is not always follow hierarchy, the distance
semantics period is not an amount of time reactions that period.
b. Model features comparison
This model developed Smith et al. This model concept in two features, 1) features
that must be, 2) features that optional. Both these features than through two
stages, the first all features of two concepts or more than. Second, the point
where is that only features that must be just like that.
c. Spreading Activation Network model
This model has been put forward Collins and Loftus. The concept is reflected in
nodes that related, the distance between one node with other nodes in his close
relationship between a concept with a concept at once. The model of this work is if
a concept activated so 'mainstream stops' spread to any other concepts that
related.[41]