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Concept of Skin
Effective Wellbore Radius
Skin Factor
Flow Efficiency
Skin Components
Skin has no physical dimension.
It is analogous to the film coefficient in heat
transfer.
Skin can be zero (no effect), positive or
negative.
A restriction to flow.
A distortion of the flow lines from the
perfectly normal to the well direction.
May result from:
Partial completion (perforation height less than
formation thickness)
Inadequate number of perforations
Phase changes
Turbulence (high-velocity flow)
Damage to the natural reservoir permeability
Flowenhancement
May result from:
Matrix stimulation (near-wellbore permeability
exceeds the natural value)
Hydraulic fracturing
Highly inclined wellbore
rw rwe S
Undamaged zone
No damage no skin (ks = k)
Ideal drawdown:
141.2qo o Bo rs
PS Pwf ,ideal ln
2 kh rw
141.2qo o Bo rs
PS Pwf ,real ln
2 kS h rw
Pressure drop due to skin Pwf ,real Pwf ,ideal
Therefore:
141.2qo o Bo
PS S Pwf ,real Pwf ,ideal
2 kh
141.2qo o Bo 141.2qo o Bo 1 1 rs
S ln
2 kh 2 h kS k rw
141.2 qo o Bo 141.2 qo o Bo 1 1 rs
S ln
2 kh 2 h kS k rw
S 1 1 rs
ln
k kS k rw
k rs
S 1 ln
kS rw
Ideal drawdown
F
Real drawdown
F
P P
S wf ,ideal k
s
P P
S wf , real k
F < 1: Damaged well (skin is positive)
F = 1: No change (skin is zero)
F > 1: Stimulated well (skin is negative)
S Sd Sc S S p S pseudo
kv
tan tan
1
kh
zm
rwc rw exp 0.2126 2.753
h