Ingls Tcnico - TME 1

APNDICE DE NEXOS
Para estudiar los nexos o conectores nos preguntaremos en primer lugar qu tipo de relacin lgica
puede existir entre dos conceptos en un texto, y luego veremos qu palabras o frases en ingls se
usan para expresar esa relacin y cul es su equivalente en nuestro idioma.

RELACIN LGICA CONECTOR EN INGLS TRADUCCIN ORIENTADORA

AND y
(AND) ALSO (y) tambin
AS WELL AS as tambin como /
como as tambin
BOTH ... AND tanto ... como
ADICIN NOT ONLY ... BUT ALSO no slo ... sino tambin
(las ideas se suman) IN ADDITION adems
MOREOVER tambin
BESIDES adems, ms an,
FURTHERMORE lo que es ms
WHAT IS MORE

Shes a professional actress AND an excellent teacher.

Shes NOT ONLY a professional actress BUT ALSO an excellent teacher.
BOTH users AND abusers of drugs have the potential for committing crimes to support their use.
Users AS WELL AS abusers of drugs have the potential for committing crimes to support their use.
Marijuana can have far-reaching effects on the reproductive system of BOTH males AND females.
NOT ONLY are people distributed in physical space, they are distributed in social space AS WELL.

FIRST / FIRSTLY primero / en primer lugar

SECOND / SECONDLY segundo / en segundo lugar
NEXT a continuacin
LAST / LASTLY por ltimo
LISTADO Y ENUMERACIN FINALLY finalmente
TO BEGIN WITH para empezar
IN THE SECOND PLACE en segundo lugar
TO CONCLUDE para terminar

Several reasons can be given for the change of attitude of many students. TO BEGIN WITH, they fear
the outbreak of the war. SECONDLY, they are concerned over the continuing pollution of the
environment. Not enough progress, MOREOVER, has been made in reducing poverty. And TO
CONCLUDE, they feel frustrated in their attempt to influence political decisions. (Leech, p. 157)

IN SHORT en suma /
IN A WORD en una palabra
RESUMEN Y GENERALIZACIN
TO SUM UP
(se introduce una conclusin final
luego de dar una serie de IN ALL
explicaciones) ALL TOGETHER
MORE GENERALLY

In all societies there are social classes which assume rights and prerogatives over the other classes.
IN SHORT, they are not equal socially.
Ingls Tcnico - TME 2

OR o
ALTERNATIVA OR ELSE o sino
(se expresa una opcin entre EITHER ... OR * o bien ... o
dos o ms ideas) WHETHER ... OR o ... o / ya sea ... o
INSTEAD en cambio
OTHERWISE

* La estructura negativa equivalente a either ... or es neither ... nor que se traduce como ni ... ni. Por ejemplo: In some
cultures, married couples live NEITHER with the family of the man NOR with that of the womans.

We can meet in the afternoon OR discuss it tomorrow.

We can EITHER meet in the afternoon OR discuss it tomorrow.
Overdose deaths are more frequent when alcohol and barbiturates are mixed WHETHER accidentally
OR deliberately.

BUT pero
HOWEVER sin embargo
NEVERTHELESS no obstante
YET an as
ALTHOUGH aunque / si bien
EVEN THOUGH
CONTRASTE
WHILE mientras que
(se expresan ideas que se
WHEREAS
oponen o son diferentes de
ON THE ONE HAND ... por un lado ...
alguna manera)
ON THE OTHER HAND por otro lado
ON THE CONTRARY por el contrario
IN CONTRAST
CONVERSELY
IN SPITE OF / DESPITE a pesar de

All alcoholic beverages damage the fetus BUT beer is the most dangerous.
All alcoholic beverages damage the fetus. Beer, HOWEVER, is the most dangerous.
ALTHOUGH all alcoholic beverages damage the fetus, beer is the most dangerous.
WHILE marijuana may not be physically addictive, regular users can develop a psychological
dependence.
Dogs are pack animals, WHEREAS cats are solitary by nature.
In the northern hemisphere, the summer months are from July to September. CONVERSELY, in the
southern hemisphere, the summer is from January to March.
IN SPITE OF a bad cold, she sang brilliantly.
DESPITE a bad cold, she sang brilliantly.

THEREFORE por lo tanto

SO entonces / as / de este modo
THUS entonces / luego
RESULTADO CONSECUENCIA THEN
(la idea introducida por el CONSEQUENTLY consecuentemente
conector se infiere de lo HENCE por lo tanto
expresado anteriormente) THEREBY
AS A RESULT como resultado / consecuencia
AS A CONSEQUENCE

Metals generally have low ionization energies. They THEREFORE do not react readily with each other.
Ingls Tcnico - TME 3

Genetic damage by exposure to radiation is cumulative SO no radiation dose can be neglected.

Many positive devices have been used during the history of mankind to restrict the increase of
population and THUS prevent overpopulation.
Over 90% of our patients improved after taking the drug, HENCE the drug can be regarded as an
effective treatment for the disease.

BECAUSE porque / ya que

RAZN CAUSA BECAUSE OF a causa de
(la idea introducida por el SINCE / AS ya que / dado que
conector describe la causa de lo FOR debido a
expresado previamente o a DUE TO
continuacin en el texto) OWING TO

BECAUSE / SINCE the drug can easily pass through the placenta, use of barbiturates during
pregnancy can cause birth defects.
Millions have suffered BECAUSE OF the carelessness of drunken drivers.
Reflection would not be possible without a language, FOR it is through speech that man thinks.
The factory had to close OWING TO a lack of orders.
The closure of the factory was DUE TO a lack of orders.

SO THAT de manera que

PROPSITO
IN ORDER TO para / con el objeto de

Steroids were originally developed in the 1930s IN ORDER TO maintain strength in aging men.
Parks should be kept in their native state SO THAT people can enjoy nature.

BEFORE / PRIOR antes

AFTER despus
DURING durante
(MEAN)WHILE / AS mientras
UNTIL hasta
TIEMPO AS SOON AS tan pronto como
FOR durante
SINCE desde
WHEN cuando
ONCE una vez que

BEFORE Columbus sailed to America, he obtained money from the Queen of Spain.
They arrived WHILE we were having dinner.
Columbus sailed west UNTIL he reached America.
I have been here SINCE three o clock.
FOR many years, the earth was believed to be flat.

IF / WHETHER si
UNLESS a menos que
AS LONG AS siempre que
CONDICIN EVEN WHEN incluso cuando
PROVIDED (THAT) siempre que
ON CONDITION THAT
Ingls Tcnico - TME 4

Hell die UNLESS he receives medical treatment.

EVEN THOUGH Nature may be generous, man must reach a certain stage in cultural development to
make use of the resources.
Ill go to college PROVIDED I pass the exam.

THAT IS es decir
THAT IS TO SAY
CLARIFICACIN THIS IS TO SAY o sea
I.E. especialmente
NAMELY a saber, es decir

FOR EXAMPLE por ejemplo

FOR INSTANCE
EJEMPLIFICACIN SUCH AS tal(es) como
E.G.
LIKE

Antibiotics used wrongly can cause bacterial resistance, THAT IS, a new type of bacteria grows.
Only one person, NAMELY, the President himself, supports the proposal of disarmament.
A solid substance SUCH AS ice may be changed into the liquid state
Inhalants LIKE glue, solvents, aerosols and other products with fumes can cause hallucinations.

EJEMPLOS: Observe en los siguientes casos como se establece una relacin de significado entre
ideas a travs de los conectores estudiados.

ADICIN BOTH Be AND Al react with oxygen to form an oxide coating that protects the
CONSECUENCIA metal from further action. CONSEQUENTLY, EVEN THOUGH they have highly
CONTRASTE: negative reduction potentials suggesting that they should be readily oxidized,
both dissolve only slowly in acids.

Populations may also be differentiated on the basis of sex, age, nationality and
CONSECUENCIA: religion. THUS, some people live in towns or cities and are classed as urban
CONTRASTE: dwellers, WHILE others live in the country and are classed as rural residents.

Nota: Algunos de los conectores explicados anteriormente pueden aparecer cumpliendo otras funciones y su traduccin es
diferente. Por ejemplo:

BOTH: ambos Both metals react with oxygen.

SO: tan The problem is so complex that we shall discuss it in a future paper.
YET: todava The solution has not been found yet.

Fuente: adaptacin de Introduccin a la Lectura en Ingls I

CELEX, Ins R. de Perino.
Ingls Tcnico - TME 5

VERBOS IRREGULARES MS COMUNES

INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE PASADO PARTICIPIO ESPAOL

arise arose arisen surgir, elevarse

be was / were been ser o estar
become became become volverse, convertirse
begin began begun empezar
bend bent bent torcer, doblar
bind bound bound ligar
bite bit bitten morder
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
bring brought brought traer
build built built construir, edificar
burn burnt / burned burnt / burned quemar
buy bought bought comprar
catch caught caught atrapar, agarrar
choose chose chosen elegir
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
cut cut cut cortar
deal dealt dealt distribuir
do did done hacer
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven manejar, conducir
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer
feed fed fed alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
find found found encontrar
fly flow flown volar
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
freeze froze frozen helar,congelar
get got got (US gotten) obtener
give gave given dar
Ingls Tcnico - TME 6

go went gone ir
grow grew grown cultivar, moler
have had had tener
hear heard heard oir
hide hid hidden esconder
hold held held tener, sostener
hurt hurt hurt daar,lastimar
keep kept kept guardar, mantener
know knew known conocer, saber
lead led led conducir, liderar
learn learnt learnt aprender
leave left left dejar, partir
lend lent lent prestar
let let let permitir, dejar
lose lost lost perder
make made made hacer
mean meant meant significar
meet met met encontrar
pay paid paid pagar
put put put poner
read read read leer
rise rose risen montar
ring rang rung sonar
rise rose risen levantarse
run ran run correr
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
seek sought sought buscar
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
shake shook shaken sacudir
show showed / shown showed / shown mostrar
sleep slept slept dormir
speak spoke spoken hablar
spend spent spent gastar
take took taken tomar
tell told told decir
Ingls Tcnico - TME 7

set set set fijar

think thought thought pensar
understand understood understood entender
undergo underwent undergone sufrir, sobrellevar
undertake undertook undertaken emprender, intentar
write wrote written escribir