Name : _________________________________ Class : ______

Chap 2.2 Cell organization

Organisms are divided into two types :

(a) Unicellular organisms (b) multicellular organisms
Unicellular organisms
1. Single cell organisms
2. Example : Amoeba sp. And Paramecium sp.
3. These organisms are able to carry out all the functions within a single cell.

Amoeba sp.
ectoplasma
nucleus pseudopodium

Cell membrane

Food vacuole

Contractile
vacoule endoplasma

Figure 1 : Amoeba sp.

1. Characteristics of Amoeba sp.

(a) Lives freely in freshwater, lakes and ponds as well as in soil water.
(b) Have no fixed shape and is enclosed by plasma membrane
(c) The cytoplasma is divided into an outer layer called ectoplasma while the inner layer is called
endoplasma
(d) Moves by extending temporary pseudopodium (false feet). This is followed by the flow of
cytoplasma into the projected pseudopodia.
(e) Engulfs food by phagocytosis.
Undigested food

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

Figure 2 : Phagocytosis in Amoeba sp.

(i) Presence of food causes Amoeba sp. to move forward by extending its pseudopodia
(ii) Pseudopodia surrounds and engulfs the food particle.
(iii) The food vacuole is formed and fuses with a lysosome.
Hydrolytic enzyme is secreted into the vacuole
(iv) Food is digested and nutrients absorbed
(v) Waster products are expelled.

1 Chap 2.2 cell organisation

 (f) Feeds on microscope organisms such as bacteria.
(g) Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs through the plasma membrane by diffusion.
(h) Waste substances are eliminated by osmosis and fills the contractile vacuole. When the vacuole
is full, the excess water is expelled from the cell as the vacuoles contracts.
(i) Water diffuses into the cell by osmosis and fills the contractile vacuole. When the vacuole is
full, the excess water is expelled from the cell as the vacuoles contracts.
(j) Reproduces asexually by binary fission. Under adverse conditions, the Amoeba sp. forms
spores.

Diagram 3 : Binary fission in Amoeba sp. under extreme conditions

Paramecium sp.
micronucleus Cytoplasma (oral groove)

Contractile Food vacuole

vacuole

Contractile vacuole
cilia
macronucleus

Diagram 4 : Paramecium sp.

1. The characteristics of Paramecium sp :

(a) It lives in stagnant water containing decaying organic material
(b) It has a shape like a shoeprint.
(c) It is enclosed by plasma membrane and cilia.
(d) The anterior end is blunt, while it posterior is sharp
(e) It has two nuclei :
(i) Macronucleus (bigger and control the development and normal cell function)
(ii) Micronucleus (smaller and to exchange genetic material during reproduction)
(f) Has two contractile vacuoles, an anterior contractile vacuole and a posterior contractile vacuole.
The vacuoles contract alternately.
(g) Rhythmic beating of the water by the cilia enables it to move forward and spin around its axis.

Diagram 5 : way of movement of Paramecium sp.

2 Chap 2.2 cell organisation

 (h) The cilia in the oral groove attracts the food into the gullet. Then, it enters the cytoplasma,
forming a food vacuole. Enzymes are secreted to digest the food and as it is digested, the food
is moved in a circle around the cell in a process called cyclosis. Undigested substances are
expelled through the anal pore.
Oral groove
(cytostome)
Expulsion of food residue
through anal pore

Cyclosis pathway
Formation of food
vacuole

Food vacuole

Diagram 5 : Feeding

(i) Osmoregulation done by contractile vacuoles

(j) Reproduction using two types of reproduction, i.e.
(a) asexual reproduction (by binary fission)

macronucleus Division of
nucleus
micronucleus

Division of cytoplasm
Paramecium
daughter cells

Diagram 6 : binary fission

(b) sexual reproduction (by conjugation)

Diagram 7 : conjugation

3 Chap 2.2 cell organisation

Cell organization in animals
Tissues
There are four main types of animal tissues,
Table 2.2 : Animal tissues
Types of tissues
1, Epithelial tissue
(iii), the cells in the lining of the small intestine form
Goblet cell
cilia
2. Muscle tissue
Smooth muscle (in intestine,
blood vessel, urinary and
reproductive tract)
Skeletal muscle
(found in arms and legs)
Cardiac muscles (found in the
walls of the heart)
4 Chap 2.2 cell organisation
Structure and functions
Consists of one or more layer of cells
(i), form a continuous layer over body surfaces (skin and
lining of mouth and oesophagus) and inner lining of cavities
(lining of lungs, body and body cavities, heart and blood
vessels).
The layer of the skin forms a protective barrier against
infection, mechanical injury and dehydration.
(ii) . form the lining the kidney tubules, glands and ducts
mucus secreting goblet cells
(iv), the tissue that lines the trachea consists of cells with cilia
Composed of cells called muscle fibres
(i), contraction and relaxation of these muscles are
responsible for involuntary movements such as peristalsis in
the digestive tract
(ii) contraction and relaxation of muscles move the bones
(iii) contract to pump blood
 3. Nerve tissue
Cell body (i) composed of neutrons or nerve cells
(ii)each neutrons consists of cell body, and
nerve fibres called dendrites and axon
axon (iii)detects stimuli and transmit nerve impulses
dendrites
to muscles and glands
(iv)control and coordinates body activities

nucleus

4. Connective tissue Consists of various types of cells in an

Loose connective tissue
Dense fibrous connective tissue
cartilage
intercellular matrix
(i), binds tissue to tissue and hold organs in
place
(ii), found in tendons which connect muscles to
bones, and in ligaments, which join bones
together at joints.
(i)provides support for the nose and ears
(ii) covers the end of bones
(iii)disc between vertebrae act as cushions to
absorbs pressure

Bone

(i)consists of cells in a matrix of collagen which

are hardened by mineral deposits such as
calcium

(ii) provides protection of organs

(iii)provides support for the body

blood
(i)functions in transporting respiratory gases,
nutrients, hormones and waste products
(ii) has protective functions in the immune
system

Adipose tissue
(i)consists of tightly packed cells that stores fat
(ii)found in the dermis of skin and around
organs
(iii)acts as an energy reserve
(iv)provides insulation and protection

5 Chap 2.2 cell organisation

Organs and Systems

1. An organ is the combination of a group of different types of tissues working together to perform a
particular function.
2. Examples of organs include the heart, stomach, small intestines.
3. The heart consists of a combination of muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue.
4. The small intestine is made up of epithelial tissue and muscle tissue.
5. Several organs that work together to perform a common function is called a system.
6. There are 11 major system which carry out body functions.
7. Each system is made up of several organs. For example, the digestive system consists of mouth,
oesophagus, stomach, ileum, duodenum, and large intestine.
8. All the systems work together to form an organization.

Smooth muscle cell

Epithelial cells

tissue

mouth

oesophagus
stomach
liver
pancreas
intestines

Digestive system

6 Chap 2.2 cell organisation

Exercise Chap 2.2

1. Diagram below shows a unicellular organism which can be found abundantly in freshwater ponds
rich in decaying organic matter.

Explain the function of structure S in osmoregulation. [4]

2. [SPM 2007]
Diagram shows a type of fresh water unicellular organism

(a) Name the unicellular organism shown in diagram above.

(b) Which of the labeled parts, A, B, C, or D perform osmoregulation?

3. [SPM 2010]
Diagram below shows a process carried out by an Amoeba sp.

What is the process shown in diagram above?

4. [SPM 2011]
Diagram shows an Amoeba sp.

(a) What is the structure P shown in diagram above. [1]

(b) State the function of the structure P? [2]

7 Chap 2.2 cell organisation

5.

cytoplasm

Secretory vesicle

Golgi apparatus

Transport vesicle

Rough ER

ribosome

Figure : synthesis and secretion of substances synthesised in the cell

(a) Which organelle is found abundantly in a cell that secretes protein products?

(b) State the following cellular component

Cellular component Function
Lysosome An organelle that contain digestive/hydrolytic enzyme
for digestion of damaged organelles, absorbs the useful
nutrients and eliminate the waste
Chloroplast An organelle that traps light energy during
photosynthesis
Vacuole A fluid-filled sac which contains a complex mixture of
sugars, mineral salts, pigments and waste products
Smooth endoplasmic An organelle which is involved in the synthesis of
recticulum lipids & detoxification of drug and poisons
Golgi apparatus Transport proteins, lipids and steroids
Vacuole Stores cell sap
Ribosomes Carries out protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus Modifies, sorts and packages cellular products such as
proteins
Chloroplast Absorb sunlight during photosynthesis
Centriole Involved in cell division
Cell wall Support and gives shape to plant cells
Cell membrane Control movement of substance into and out of the cell
Chromosomes Carry genetic material which is transferred from the
parent to the offspring
Mitochondria Site for cellular respiration, it releases energy when
food substances such as glucose are broken down. The
energy released is stored in the form of ATP
Mitochondria Site for cellular respiration, it releases energy when
food substances such as glucose are broken down. The
energy released is stored in the form of ATP
Rough endoplasmic Transport proteins made by the ribosomes
recticulum

8 Chap 2.2 cell organisation

Name : _________________________________________
Cell organisation in plants
Tissues
There are two main types of plant tissues
Types of tissues
1. Meristematic tissues
2. Permanent tissues
(a) Epidermal tissue
(b) Ground tissue
(i)parenchyma tissue
(ii)collenchymas tissue
(iii) sclerenchyma tissue
9 Chap 2.2 cell organisation
Date: _______
Structure and functions
-consists of small cells with thin walls, large nuclei,
dense cytoplasm, and no vacuole
-young, actively dividing cells which have not
undergone differentiation
-located at the tips of roots and the buds of the shoots
Consists of three types of permanent tissues
Mature tissues that have undergone shoots
-Consists of flat cells with large vacuoles
-is the outermost layer that covers the surface of the
plant
-the walls of the cells are covered with cuticle, a waxy
waterproof coating
-the cuticle reduces water loss from evaporation,
protects plants from mechanical injury and prevents
invasion of diseases
-the root epidermal cells have root hairs to increase
the surface area for absorption of water
-specialised epidermal cells called guard cells control
the opening and closing of stoma
-Form the bulk of a plant
-found in all plant organs
-the cells have thin primary wall and large vacuoles
-used to store sugar and starch
-turgid cells give support and shape to herbaceous
plants
-cells have thickened cell wall at the corner
-support herbaceous plants, young stems
-The cell have cells wall uniformly thickened by
lignin
-the cells are dead
-give support and mechanical strength to mature
regions of a plant
(c)vascular tissue
(i)xylem -consists of xylem vessels joined together end to end
-no cytoplasm in xylem vessels
-transport water and dissolved mineral salts from the roots
to other parts of the plant
-cell walls of xylem vessels are thickened with lignin to
provide support and mechanical strength
(ii)xylem -consists of sieve tubes arranged end to end
-transport organic compounds synthesised in the leaf to
other parts of the plant

Organs and systems

1. Examples of organs in plants are

(a) The leaf, which is made up of epidermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular tissue
(b) The stem is made up of epidermal tissue and vascular tissue
(c) The root, which is made up of meristem tissue and vascular tissue
2. A flowering plants has two main systems
(a) The root system consists of roots of a plant
(b) The shoot system consists of stems, leaves, buds, flowers and fruits.

Epidermal cell

flower
Epidermal
tissue
leaf stem
ground
tissue
and vascular tissue

leaf

Organisations in plants
Exercise

Diagram shows the tip of a shoot. What types of tissue is P?

10 Chap 2.2 cell organisation