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Abhishek Sinha
Sourabh Sahoo
Arun Kumar Suthar
Introduction
The Lid Driven Cavity
The lid driven cavity flow is most probably one of the most studied fluid problems in computational
fluid dynamics field. The problem deals with a square cavity consisting of three rigid walls with no-
slip conditions and a lid moving with a tangential unit velocity. The simplicity of the geometry of
the cavity flow makes the problem easy to code and apply boundary conditions and etc. Even though
the problem looks simple in many ways, the flow in a cavity retains all the flow physics with counter
rotating vortices appear at the corners of the cavity. Driven cavity flow serve as a benchmark
problem for numerical methods in terms of accuracy, numerical efficiency and etc. Both
Experimental and Numerical Solutions available.
Fig.2.1 Creeping flow over a rectangular cavity, streamlines are shown by aluminum dust in glycerin.
() = () , (, )
=
where the trial (or basis) functions () are given and the expansion coefficients must be
determined.
In spectral methods the chosen trial functions are orthogonal with respect to some weight such
that the scalar product
( , ) = =
=
then the residual
() =
The requirement of spectral methods is that the residual , satisfy a suitable orthogonality
condition with respect to each of the test function by making the scalar product
( , ) = =
where are the test functions, and the weight is associated with the method and trial
function.
1. Galerkin method: Test functions = trial functions and each satisfy the boundary
condition.
= =
= = ()
=
is made zero in mean according to
( , ) = ( ()) =
=
2. Tau method: Test functions = trial functions but does not satisfy the boundary
condition, the latter are enforced by an additional set of equations.
The equations determining the N+1 coefficients , are obtained by considering the Galerkin
equations as above with
= , = , = and
= 0,1, . . . . , 2.
( , ) = (, ) , = , , . ,
=
= ( ) =
The collocation points are selected on [, ] and by using the property of Dirac delta function
()( ) = ( )
( , ) = ( ) =
( ) =
( ) = ( )
=
The Fourier method is appropriate for periodic problems, but is not adapted to non periodic
problems because of the existence of the Gibbs phenomenon at the boundaries according to
which the partial sum of the Fourier series has large oscillations near the jump, which might
increase the maximum of the partial sum above that of the function itself. The overshoot does not
die out as n increases, but approaches a finite limit.
Figure showing the oscillations near the boundaries
Chebyshev Polynomials
The Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind () is the polynomial of degree k defined for
[1, 1] by
() = ( ) , k = 0,1,2 ...
therefore, . By setting = ,
= , = , = ,
( + ) + ( ) =
which allows us, in particular, to deduce the expression of the polynomials, , from the
knowledge of and
= ( )/
Let the scalar product be
(, ) =
so that the orthogonality property is
( , ) = =
() = ()
=
( , ) = , = , , ,
( ) =
() = () , (, )
=
() =
() () ()
= ( , , , ), () = ( , , , ),
Similarly
()
() = ()
=
Or in matrix form
() = ()
() () ()
= ( , , , ), () = ( , , , )
So () = () ()
1. We use these matrices and this formulation to simplify the Differential equation into a set of
algebraic equation which can be solved easily.
2. We use the Gauss Lobatto points as the collocation points and find the values of vorticity,
velocity pressure etc. at those Points.
Governing equations and vorticity stream function formulation
We use the vorticity stream function formulation of The Navier Stokes Equation.
Flow Visualisation
Conclusions
2. Boundary Conditions and governing equation for the same were realized
6. The results matched very closely with that of Bottela and Ghia thus the code was validated.
References
1. Pyret (2002) Spectral methods for incompressible viscous flows.
2. Chebyshev and Fourier Spectral Methods, John P. Boyd.
3. Spectral Methods Fundamentals in Single Domains, C. Canuto , A. Quarteroni, M. Y. Hussaini, T. A.
Zang
4. Lloyd N. Trefethen, Spectral Methods in MATLAB.
5.An album of fluid motion by Van Dyke.