Sand

Properties
Chemically inert
Clan and coarse
Sharp, angular and durable
No salt
Well graded
 Classification of mortar
Bulk density
Heavy
>15kN/m3
Heavy sand or quartz

Light
Light sand or pumice
 Classification of mortar
Lime Mortar
Fat lime
2 to 3 times the vol of sand due to shrinkage
Hydraulic lime
1: 2 mix, consumed in one hour

Good cohesiveness and plasticity

Slow hardening and durable
 Classification of mortar
Surkhi Mortar

Cement mortar

Gauged mortar

Special Mortar
 Classification of mortar
Special Mortar
Fire resistant mortar
Aluminous cement and crushed fire brick 1:2

Light weight mortar

Saw dust / wood powder to lime or cement mortar
Sound proofing

Packing mortar
High homogeneity
Water resistance

X ray shielding mortar

Bulk density of 22kN/m3
Heavy aggregates
 Concrete
Ingredients

Cement

Fine aggregate

Coarse aggregate

Water

Admixtures
 Properties
Strong in compression

Durable

Moldable

Coefficient of expansion matches with steel

Corrosion protection for steel

Economical

Locally available materials

 Factors affecting strength
Material and preparation

Placing

Curing
 Water cement ratio
Strength of concrete

Water for chemical reaction

Workability
 Concreting process
Batching
Weigh batching
Volumetric batching

Mixing
Handmixing
Machine mixing
 Concrete mixers
Batch Mixers
Transit mixers
Tilting drum mixer
Continuous mixers
Horizontal drum mixer
 Properties of fresh concrete
Workability
ease of placement
resistance to segregation
homogeneous mass

Consistency
ability to flow
 Slump Test

Inverted cone 4

fill it up with three layers

of equal volume
12
rod each layer 25 times
scrape off the surface
8
 Slump Test
slump cone

rod

concrete
Slump test
Ruler

Slump
 Slump test results
stiff 0 5 cm
massive sections, little reinforcement
use vibration

medium 5 10 cm
columns, beams, retaining walls

Fluid
heavily reinforced section, flowable concrete
Compaction factor AND VEE BEE test
 Factors affecting slump-
paste content
constant water cement ratio
increase paste content
increase slump
NO GOOD

constant cement content

increase water content
increase slump
NO GOOD
 Factors Affecting Slump-
Water Content
Add water at the constant cement content,
w/c increases, slump increases.

Add water at a constant water cement ratio,

have to increase cement as well, slump
increases.
Factors affecting slump-paste content

Low paste content High paste content

Harsh mix Rich mix
 Admixtures
set retarding admixtures
set accelerating admixtures
water reducing admixtures
superplasticizers
air entraining admixtures
 Factors affecting slump
Aggregates
grading the larger the particle size, the higher the
slump for a given paste content
Larger particles, less surface area, thicker
coating, easy sliding of particles
Smaller particles, more surface area, thinner
coating, interlocking of particles
Angularity and surface texture of
aggregates

angular and rough smooth aggregate

aggregate river gravel
 Temperature

fresh concrete

aggregates paste
Bleeding
Water accumulation on surface

Examine the concrete surface

 Interaction between bleeding and evaporation

Evaporation

surface water

Bleed water

Bleed water = evaporation

 Too much evaporation leads to surface cracking

Evaporation

no surface water

drying

Bleed water < Evaporation

Side diagram of surface contraction

Wants to shrink

Does not want to shrink

 Free Shrinkage,
causes volume change, but no stresses

before shrinkage After Shrinkage

Restrained Shrinkage- creates stresses, which
may cause cracking
 Restrained shrinkage cracking
Parallel cracking perpendicular
to the direction of shrinkage
 Bleeding and its control

Creates problems: causes

poor pumpability lack of fines

delays in finishing too much water content

high w/c at the top Remedies

poor bond between more fines
two layers adjust grading
entrainedair
reduce water content
 Causes of Plastic Shrinkage Cracking
water evaporates faster than it can reach the
top surface
drying while plastic
cracking
 Plastic Shrinkage Cracking-Remedies
Control the wind velocity
reduce the concretes temperature
use ice as mixing water
increase the humidity at the surface
fogging
cover w/polyethylene
curing compound
Fiber reinforcement
 Transporting and placing
Transportation
Segregation
No water added in transportation

Placing
Formwork clean and fresh
Bleeding
Horizontal layers of 150mm to 400 to 500mm
Avoid honeycombing
In 30 minutes
 Placing of concrete
Buggies
Chutes
Pumps
Conveyors
Trucks
 Compaction of concrete
Maximum density by expulsion of air bubbles

Hand compaction
Vibrators
Internal
Surface
Form
Table
 Curing
The time needed for the chemical reaction of
portland cement with water.
Glue is being made.
concrete after 14 days of curing has
completed only 40% of its potential.
70 % at 28 days.
 Curing tips
ample water
do not let it dry
dry concrete = dead concrete, all reactions stop
can not revitalize concrete after it dries
keep temperature at a moderate level
concrete with flyash requires longer curing
 Temperature effects on curing
The higher the temperature the faster the curing
best temperature is room temperature
strongest concrete is made at temperature around
40 F.(not practical)
If concrete freezes during the first 24 hrs., it may
never be able to attain its original properties.
 Temperature effects on curing
real high temperatures above 120 F can cause
serious damage since cement may set too fast.
accelerated curing procedures produce strong
concrete, but durability might suffer.
autoclave curing.