Bio 9.4

9.
1 Manipulating DNA
Set up Cornell Notes on
2.1 Atoms, Ions,9.4 Cloning
pg. 19 and Molecules
1. Why is the offspring of asexual
Topic: 9.4 Genetic reproduction a clone?
Engineering
KEY CONCEPT
DNA sequences of organisms
Essential Question:
can be changed.
1. Why is the offspring of
asexual reproduction a
clone?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Please copy down the questions on p.18. Leave room for the
answers.
Click and Clone Questions
1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a
clone?
2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?
3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?
4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic
donor?
KEY CONCEPT
DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.
CC=
Copy Cat
or
Carbon Copy
Entire organisms can be cloned.

A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an
organism.
Born Dec
22, 2001
CC- The
after 86
first cloned
unsuccessful
cat
tries
Cloning occurs in nature:
bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)
some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)
Identical twins
Planaria- Regeneration
Planaria can be cut into pieces, and each piece can regenerate into a complete
organism.
Cells at the location of the wound site regenerate the missing parts
It's this feature that gave them the famous designation of being "immortal under
the edge of a knife."
Very small pieces of the planarian, estimated to be as little as 1/279th of the
organism it is cut from, can regenerate back into a complete organism over the
course of a few weeks.
Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear
transfer.
TRANSFERRING of a NUCLEUS
1. Nucleus is removed from the egg cell of a donor female
Egg
cell
2. nucleus of a somatic (body) cell from the animal to be

cloned is implanted in the donor egg
Skin cell
3. Electricity or special chemicals are used to stimulate the
egg to begin division leading to the development of an
embryo
* NO SPERM in cloning
4. The embryo (blastocyst) is then implanted into a surrogate
mother
5. (Human) Clone will then take 10 months (40 weeks) to
gestate
6. Clone will be born
Draw this picture on the bottom of p. 18

Donor DNA for clone
Donor
Clone Mimi the Mouse
http:/ /learn.genetics.utah.edu/ content/ tech/ cloning/ clickandclone/
Answer your Click and Clone Questions

clone?
donor?
Click and Clone Questions

clone?
Somatic cell and egg cell
3: Somatic cell donor (who we are cloning), egg donor,
and surrogate mother (who carries the baby)
The somatic cell donor and the clone
donor?
No. The behavior may be very different from the original.
Review
MEET DOLLY
In 1996 Dolly became the first mammal to be cloned using an
adult somatic (body) cell. She was born on the 277th try.
Did you know? Dolly and

She was her lamb
derived from a Bonny
mammary
gland
She was
named after
Dolly Parton
Issues with Dolly
She developed and grew

normally, but she had
health problems
Did not live as long as
typical sheep
Known animals to have been cloned as of 2012:

Carp (fish)
Cat Pig
Cattle Pyrenean ibex (type of goat)
Deer * first extinct animal to be cloned-
Dog only lived 7 mins
Ferret Rabbit
Frog (tadpole) Rat
Fruit Flies Rhesus Monkey
Gaur (wild cattle) Sheep
Goat Water Buffalo
Horse Wolf
Mice
Mouflon (wild sheep)
Mule
Benefits
Maybe use organs from cloned mammals
for transplant into humans saving millions of
lives
save endangered species by increasing
population #s
Concerns
low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are
successful)
clones imperfect and less healthy than
original animal
decreased biodiversity because the clones
would be genetically identical to other
organisms in the community
Pet owners expecting to clone an exact copy of their furry
friend will be disappointed
* CC does
not have the
health issues
normally
associated
with other
clones.
May not look, act, or behave like the original. Likely to have
health issues, and a shorter life span.
I Cloned My Dead Dog (6m30s)

Set up Cornell Notes on 9.4 Types of Cloning
2.1 Atoms, Ions,
Why do so many people oppose both
Topic: 9.4 Genetic reproductive and therapeutic cloning?
Engineering
Essential Question: Why

do so many people
oppose both reproductive
and therapeutic cloning?
Ethics Involved in Cloning

Ethics: the branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles
What are some ethical principles that we must consider
when cloning?
Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning
Reproductive cloning: involves creating an animal that is
genetically identical to a donor animal through somatic cell
nuclear transfer.
(In reproductive cloning, the newly created embryo is placed back into the
uterine environment where it can implant and develop)
Dolly the sheep is perhaps the most well known example.
Therapeutic cloning: an embryo is created in a similar way,
but the resulting "cloned" cells remain in a dish in the lab;
they are not implanted into a female's uterus
Sole purpose: To create stem cells with the same DNA
as the donor cell
Used to understand disease/developing new treatments
***Embryo will be destroyed
Cloning in movies and books

The Island The Boys from
(2005) Brazil
People on After WWII,
the island Nazis create
are told 94 Hitler
what to eat, clones in
wear, and hopes that
how to act. one will
They are grow up to
clones. Held be like the
prisoner to original
be used for Hitler and
spare parts create a
or as fourth Reich
surrogates
The Eyes of Nye: Cloning (25 mins)
Please answer the questions as the video plays
You will be writing an essay about EITHER
Genetically engineering humans

Pros/Cons
OR
The ethics behind cloning humans
Pros/Cons
Table Talk- Eyes of Nye: Cloning

Benefits of cloning:
Full organisms or only genes?
Real life examples?
Possibilities for medical treatments?
PROBLEMS with cloning:

Success rate?
Health of clones?
Religious or personal beliefs?
Ethical questions?
********Be ready to share out with the class********

HOMEWORK:
National Human Genome Research Institute Article
Please read/highlight the NHGRI article on cloning
This information will help you prepare to write your

Cloning/Genetic Engineering Essay that you will be
assigned on Friday
The Clone Age Questions (50 mins)
1. What types of cloning occur naturally in

nature?
2. What are a few of the concerns with

cloning?
3. Please write a paragraph explaining the

pros and cons of human cloning in your
opinion.
The Clone Age

When watching the video, please consider
the advantages and disadvantages of
cloning humans.
Religion
Medical advances
Ethics
Health of human clones
The Clone Age Answers
1. What types of cloning occur naturally in

nature?
bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)
some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)
Identical twins
2. What are a few of the concerns with

cloning?
low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful)
clones imperfect and less healthy than original
animal
decreased biodiversity
9.1 Manipulating DNA
Set up Cornell Notes on 9.4 Genetic Engineering
2.1 Atoms, Ions,
1. Explain how recombinant DNA is
Topic: 9.4 Genetic used to make transgenic organisms.
Engineering
Essential Question:
1. Explain how
recombinant DNA is GET OUT YOUR
used to make
transgenic organisms. EYES OF NYE
QUESTI ONS
Divide pg. 22 in half
Genetic Engineering 4m
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZmZ161njr8
Open your biology book to page 225, and on

the top section of pg. 22 write a paragraph
explaining how genetic engineering is
responsible for making this mouse glow.
The mouses green glow comes from the green fluorescent

protein GFP. Scientists put a gene from a glowing jellyfish
into a virus that was allowed to infect a mouse egg. The
jellyfish gene became part of the mouses genes. As a result
the mouse cells produce the same protein.
Table Talk
What do you think genetic engineering involves?

Examples?
What sorts of things can we genetically engineer?
Plants
Animals
Bacteria
Genetic engineering involves changing an organisms

DNA to give it new traits by inserting cloned genes from
one organism into a different organism.
Possible because the genetic code is shared by all

organisms (all living things share the same 4 nucleotides
A,T,C,G)
Genetic engineering uses Recombinant DNA (think re-
combination) which is DNA that contains genes from more
than one organism.
Bacterial plasmids are often used to make recombinant
DNA.
Plasmids are closed loops of DNA found in bacteria
Foreign DNA
Recombinant DNA
Plasmid Original DNA

from Dr aw/label/
bacterial color code on
cell pg. 23
1. Restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA
2. foreign gene inserted into plasmid
3. Plasmid put back into bacteria
4. Bacteria will multiply
*Result: New proteins will be expressed in the bacteria!
Designing Genes 2m44s

Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits!
A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another

organism inserted into its genome.
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
Transgenic Transgenic Transgenic

Bacteria Plants Animals
What are they produced for?

Real life Examples of each
Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce many

useful chemicals
Cancer drugs
Pesticides
Insulin
*Ex: Insulin is made by introducing

human recombinant DNA into a
plasmid allowing it to multiply
It is then collected and used to
treat people with diabetes
*Bacteria used to produce artificial sweeteners
Aspartame- Widely used artificial sweetener

Diet soda
Sugar-free gum and candy
Sugar-free desserts
Sugar-free condiments
Transgenic plants
transgenic bacteria infect a plant
many crops are now genetically modified(GM)
Ex: resistance to frost/diseases/insects
* * * I n or der for plants to pass down the genetic
tr ait to their offspr ing they must be sure that the
gene is present in the seed of the plant!* * *
Farmers use pesticides to get rid of pests

Farmers use herbicides to get rid of weeds
If we spray a herbicide on a crop full of weeds what
might happen?
Scientists have developed genetically engineered
plants that are resistant to the herbicides
Manipulating Plant Genes 2m25s

Genetically Modified Food (Docu) UK 13m15s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bx3vu7fd2n8
Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene
functions.
*The hope is to treat/cure diseases in humans
Hard to produce!
Must get a fertilized egg-insert the foreign DNA
back into female
Only a small % of these will mature normally
Only some will be transgenic
The animals that are transgenic will have the foreign gene
as part of their DNA
*Gene will be in ALL of their cells, including the
sperm/egg, and therefore they can pass it on to their
offspring
Manipulating Animal Genes 1m43s

Jurassic Park Clip (3m10s)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMsJe3TymqY
Jurassic Park Questions
Why does John need a drop of blood from John?
What is inaccurate about the cloning of John?
How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the

dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs?
What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to

develop in? (Very quiet, in the background)
Do we need a surrogate?
Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?

Why does John need a drop of blood from John?

To extract DNA from
What is inaccurate about the cloning of John?
A real clone would not be the same age, it would be a baby
How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the dinosaur DNA to
make transgenic dinosaurs?
They fill in the gaps in the dinosaur DNA with frog DNA
What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to develop in?
(Very quiet, in the background)
They use unfertilized ostrich eggs (This is why there is no need for a
surrogate.
Do we need a surrogate?
No. Just the egg donor (ostrich) and DNA from the animal
Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?
They were all female.
Concerns with Genetic Engineering

Scientists have concerns about some uses of genetic
engineering.
Possible long-term health effects of

eating GM foods
Possible effects of GM plants on
ecosystems and biodiversity (will
they kill other organisms)
Ex: GM plants- side effect- kill
certain insects
Other unknown side effects?????
cause allergies/cancer?
Bottom of P. 22 :
Draw a double bubble

map comparing and
contrasting cloning and
genetic engineering. Give
examples.
Genetically Changes
identical DNA to
copy of a Biotechnology
give it
gene or new traits
organism
Genetic
Cloning Mouse
Uses Engineering
that has
nuclear
jellyfish
transfer
DNA
May involve
Dolly the manipulating Weather/drought
Sheep, CC DNA resistant fruits
the cat and veggies
Genetic Engineering/Cloning Essay

To Clone or Not to Clone?
Designer Genes- Designer Babies?
Feel free to change the specifics of your essay. The prompts call for
specifically CLONING HUMANS or the GENETIC ENGINEERING
of HUMANS, but you can feel free to write an essay on a few other
topics as well:
Reproductive vs. Therapeutic Cloning (pros/cons of each-opinion)

Genetic engineering of our food sources: crops/animals (pros/cons-
opinion)
GATTACA
In the Not-too-distant
future humans
genetically engineer
babies to posses the
best qualities of both
parents
GATTACA Trailer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpzVFdDeWyo
The movie focuses on the potential consequences of

genetically engineering our offspring
Created humans are

considered valid
Have professional
jobs
While natural born

humans are considered
in-valid
Work labor jobs

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9.

2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?

3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?

Entire organisms can be cloned.

1. Nucleus is removed from the egg cell of a donor female

2. nucleus of a somatic (body) cell from the animal to be

Draw this picture on the bottom of p. 18

Answer your Click and Clone Questions

2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?

3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?

Click and Clone Questions

Did you know? Dolly and

Issues with Dolly

She developed and grew

Known animals to have been cloned as of 2012:

I Cloned My Dead Dog (6m30s)

Essential Question: Why

Ethics Involved in Cloning

Cloning in movies and books

The Eyes of Nye: Cloning (25 mins)

Please answer the questions as the video plays

You will be writing an essay about EITHER

Genetically engineering humans

Table Talk- Eyes of Nye: Cloning

PROBLEMS with cloning:

********Be ready to share out with the class********

Please read/highlight the NHGRI article on cloning

This information will help you prepare to write your

The Clone Age Questions (50 mins)

1. What types of cloning occur naturally in

2. What are a few of the concerns with

3. Please write a paragraph explaining the

The Clone Age

The Clone Age Answers

1. What types of cloning occur naturally in

2. What are a few of the concerns with

Open your biology book to page 225, and on

The mouses green glow comes from the green fluorescent

What do you think genetic engineering involves?

Genetic engineering involves changing an organisms

Possible because the genetic code is shared by all

Plasmid Original DNA

Designing Genes 2m44s

A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another

Transgenic Transgenic Transgenic

What are they produced for?

Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce many

*Ex: Insulin is made by introducing

*Bacteria used to produce artificial sweeteners

Aspartame- Widely used artificial sweetener

Farmers use pesticides to get rid of pests

Manipulating Plant Genes 2m25s

Genetically Modified Food (Docu) UK 13m15s

Manipulating Animal Genes 1m43s

Jurassic Park Clip (3m10s)

What is inaccurate about the cloning of John?

How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the

What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to

Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?

Why does John need a drop of blood from John?

Concerns with Genetic Engineering

Possible long-term health effects of

Draw a double bubble

Be ready to share out with the class