2015heatlecture10 11 PDF

Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
CM3110
Transport I
Part II: Heat Transfer
Radiation Heat Transfer

In Unit Operations
Heat Shields
ProfessorFaithMorrison
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering
MichiganTechnologicalUniversity
1
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
CM3110
Transport Processes and Unit Operations I
Part 2: Heat Transfer
Summary (Part 2 thus far)

Within homogeneous phases:
Microscopic Energy Balances
1D Steady solutions
rectangular: conduction
cylindrical:
ln
Temperature and Newtons law of cooling boundary conditions

(if is supplied)
Unsteady solutions (from literature)
Carslaw and Jeager
Heisler charts
2
1
Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
CM3110
Summary (Part 2 thus far)

Across phase boundaries:
Microscopic Energy, Momentum, and Mass Balances
Micro momentum:

Micro energy:
convection
Simultaneous effects (complex)
Solutions are difficult to obtain (and often not really necessary)
use and expts to obtain
Data correlations for:
forced convection
natural convection
phase
evaporation/condensation
change
radiation
3
One more type of heat transfer Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Radiation versus Conduction and Convection

Continuum view
Conduction is caused by macroscopic temperature gradients
Convection is caused by macroscopic flow
Radiation? NO CONTINUUM EXPLANATION
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Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
Continuum versus Molecular description of matter
Real matter is not a continuum; at

small enough length scales,
molecules are discrete.
A continuum is
infinitely divisible
5
Radiation versus Conduction and Convection

Continuum view
Conduction is caused by macroscopic temperature gradients
Convection is caused by macroscopic flow
Radiation? NO CONTINUUM EXPLANATION
There is also, of course, a

molecular explanation of
these effects, since we
Molecular view know that matter is made
of atoms and molecules
ConductionBrownian motion
Convectionflow
Radiation is caused by changes in electron energy states in
molecules and atoms
Molecular view
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Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
Molecular view
Individual molecules carry:
chemical identity
macroscopic velocity (speed and direction)
internal energy (Brownian velocity)
When they undergo Brownian motion

within an inhomogeneous mixture, they
cause:
diffusion (mass transport)
exchange of momentum (viscous transport)
conduction (energy transport)
7
Molecular view
Kinetic Theory J. C. Maxwell, L. Boltzmann, 1860
Molecules are in constant motion (Brownian motion)

Temperature is related to , of the molecules
Simplest model More realistic model

no particle volume finite particle volume
no intermolecular forces intermolecular forces
1
potential function
Intermolecular
0.5
r
0
0 1 2 3
-0.5
-1
8
4
Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
But, there is more to molecular energy Molecular view

than just Brownian motion
In atoms and molecules, electrons can
exist in multiple, discrete energy states
Transfers between energy states are
accompanied by an emission of
radiation
Sienko and Plane, Chemistry: Principles and

Applications, McGraw Hill, 1979
discrete
energy
levels
Energy
Quantum Mechanics

is related to these non-
Brownian mechanisms.
9
Molecular view
Kinetic Theory
Is based on Brownian motion (molecules in constant motion
proportional to their temperature)
Predicts that properties that are carried by individual molecules

(chemical identity, momentum, average kinetic energy) will be
transported DOWN gradients in these quantities.
Gradient transport laws are due to Brownian motion
Heat Transfer by Radiation
discrete
Is due to the release of energy stored in molecules that is NOT
energy
levels related to average kinetic energy (temperature), but rather to
Energy
changing populations of excited states.
Radiation is NOT a Brownian effect

10
5
Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
How does this relate to chemical engineering?
Consider a furnace with an internal blower:
There is heat transfer due to

convection: surface temp
Bulk temp
(Use correlations)
There is also heat

transfer due to radiation.
Where do we
get ?
11
Where do we get ?
Answer:
Heat transfer due We need to look

to radiation
into the physics of
hot
this mode of heat
surface
transfer.
12
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Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
Radiation
does not require a medium to transfer energy (works in a vacuum)

travels at the speed of light, 3 1010 /
travels as a wave; differs from x-rays, light, only by wavelength, l
radiation is important when temperatures are high
examples:
the sun
home radiator
hot hot walls in vacuum oven
surface heat exchanger walls when is high
and a vapor film has formed
Note: absolute
temperature units
13
hot
surface
Why is radiation flux related to temperature and not to something else?

(From kinetic theory, temperature is
related to average kinetic energy)
Answer:
As a molecule gains energy, it both speeds up (increases average
kinetic energy) and increases its population of excited states.
The increase in average kinetic energy is reflected in temperature
(directly proportional), and heat transfer through conduction.
The increase in number of electrons in excited states is reflected in
increased radiation heat flux. Electrons enter excited states in
proportion to absolute 4.
14
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Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
10-14
Electromagnetic Wavelength l, m
Gamma 10-13
Spectrum rays 10-12
10-11
X rays 10-10
10-9 =1nm
Ultraviolet 10-8
10-7
visible thermal
10-6 =1mm
radiation
Infrared 10-5
10-4 0.1m 10 m
10-3 =1mm
10-2
Short radio waves
10-1
100
FM radio, TV
101
from P. A. Tipler, Physics, Worth, 1976
102 AM radio 15
What causes energy transfer by radiation?

energy hits surface
pushes some molecules into an excited state
when the molecules/atoms relax from the excited state, they emit radiation
incident
hot absorbs,
body increases
reflects
emits
radiation
emits
absorptivity

qabsorbed
1
qincident
16
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Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
Absorption
absorptivity In general, absorptivity is a function of wavelength
qabsorbed
1
qincident
qincident
qreflected absorbs,
T increases
qabsorbed
qemitted
gray body: a body for which a is constant (does not depend on )

black body: a body for which 1, i.e. absorbs all incident radiation
17
Emission
emissivity
gray body: a body for which a is constant
qemitted 1
1 black body: a body for which
qemitted ,black body
absorptivity
qabsorbed
1
qincident
Kirchhoffs Law: emissivity equals absorptivity at the

same temperature
true for
black and
non-black
the relative amount of
solid the fraction of
energy emitted from that
surfaces energy absorbed
by a material
= material compared to a
black body
18
9
Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
emissivity
qemitted
1
Black Bodies
Stefan-Boltzmann Law: the amount of

energy emitted by a black body is
proportional to T4

T4 NOTE: absolute
A temperature
0.1712 10

qemitted 5.676 10
19
Non-Black Bodies
emissivity qemitted
qemitted
Stefan-Boltzmann:
qemitted ,non black body qemitted ,black body
qemitted ,black body T4
A A
T4
Energy emitted by a non-black body
qemitted ,non black body

T4
A
20
10
Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
Radiation
Summary:
Absorptivity,
gray body: constant
black body: 1
Emissivity,
,
Kirchoffs law:
Stefan-Boltzman law
,
0.1712 10

21
5.676 10

Bulk temp
(Use correlations)
There is also heat transfer due to

radiation:
22
11
Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015

Bulk temp
(Use correlations)
There is also heat transfer due to

radiation:
23
Where do we get ? Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Where do
we get
? Tb ,
,
using Kirchhoffs law

object in furnace: ,
energy emitted by walls, which

net flux to object: are acting as a black body
24
assuming:
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Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
Finally, calculate
net energy absorbed:
assuming:
equating with
expression for :
Geankoplis 4th ed., eqn 4.10-10 p304
25
Example: Geankoplis 4.10-3

A horizontal oxidized steel pipe carrying steam and having an OD
of 0.1683m has a surface temperature of 374.9 K and is exposed
to air at 297.1 K in a large enclosure. Calculate the heat loss for
0.305 m of pipe.
0.79 26
13
Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
Example: Geankoplis 4.10-3

A horizontal oxidized steel pipe carrying steam and having an OD
of 0.1683m has a surface temperature of 374.9 K and is exposed
to air at 297.1 K in a large enclosure. Calculate the heat loss for
0.305 m of pipe.
Answers:
6.9 /
6.1 /
163
0.79 27
One final topic: Radiation Heat Transfer Between Two Infinite Plates
Consider a quantity
of radiation energy
that is emitted from Left plate at Right plate at
surface 1.
T1 T2
1 emit
2 reflect 3 absorb
4 emit
See: Geankoplis, 6 absorb 5 reflect
section 4.11B
Also: Bird, Stewart,
and Lightfoot,
7 emit
Transport
Phenomena 1960
Wiley PP446-448
28
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Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015

First round surface
Between Two Infinite Plates
2
Quantity of energy q1 2
incident at surface 2: 1 T14
A
Quantity of energy
absorbed at surface 2: 2
q1 2

A 2 1 T1 A
4

A
2 2
1 2 1 A T14
Quantity of energy reflected
from surface 2:
fraction incident
reflected energy
This energy goes
back to surface 1.
29

Second round surface
1
Quantity of energy
absorbed at surface 1 1 1 A T
2 1 1
4
(second round):
fraction incident energy
absorbed
1 1 1 2 1 A T14
from surface 1
(second round):
reflected
30
15
Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015

Third round surface 2
Quantity of energy
absorbed at surface 2 2 1 1 A T
1 2 1 1
4
(third round):
absorbed
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 A T14
from surface 2
(third round):
reflected
There is a pattern.
31

Now, calculate the radiation energy

going from surface 1 to surface 2: Later, calculate energy from 2
to 1; then subtract to obtain
net energy transferred.
energy from energy absorbed

q1 2
1 2 at surface 2

2 1 A T14

2 1 1 1 2 1 A T14

2 1 1 1 2 1 A T14
2 2

2 1 1 1 2 1 A T14
n n

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Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015

Radiation energy going from

surface 1 to surface 2:

q1 2 1 2 A T 1 1
4 n n
1 1 2
n 0
How can we calculate ?
33
Answer: 1/ 1 Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Radiation energy going from

1 2 A T14
q1 2
1 1 1 1 2
1 2 A T14 A T14
1 2
1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
q1 2 T14

A 1 1
1
1 2 Final Result
34
17
Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015

Radiation energy going from q1 2 T14

A 1 1
1
1 2
Radiation energy going from q21 T24

A 1 1
1
1 2
NET Radiation energy going

q1 2 q21 T14 T24

from surface 1 to surface 2: A 1 1
1
1 2
35
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan
Radiation Shields
Radiation Shield
Left plate at Right plate at

T1 T2 T3
Purpose of Heat Shields:

To reduce the amount of
energy transfer from (hotter)
plate at T1 to second (cooler)
plate at T3.
Note:
qnet ,12 qnet , 23 q 36
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Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
Analysis of Radiation Shields Radiation Shield
We will assume that the

emissivity is the same for all
surfaces.
T1 T2 T3
qnet ,12 T T
4 4

1 2
A 1 1
1
Now we eliminate
T2 between these
qnet , 23 T24 T34 equations.

A 1 1
1
Note:
qnet ,12 qnet , 23 q
37

q T14 T24

q T24 T34

A 2 A 2
1 1
T1 T2 T3
q 2
T24 1 T3
4
A
q 2 q 2
1 T1 1 T3
4 4
A A
2q 2
1 T1 T3
4 4
A

q 1 T14 T34

A 2 2 1 38
19
Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
1
1 Heat
2 2
Shield 1
With one heat shield present,

T1 T2 T3
q falls by half compared to no
heat shield.
by the same analysis,

With N heat shields
N Heat 1
present, q falls by a factor
Shields 1 2 of 1/N compared to no heat
1
shield.
39
Radiation 0.1712 10
Summary: 5.676 10
General properties:
Absorptivity, Heat transfer coefficient:
gray body: constant
black body: 1
Emissivity,
,
Kirchoffs law:
|
Stefan-Boltzman law
,
Geankoplis 4th ed., eqn 4.10-10 p304
Heat shields:
Always use absolute
1 temperature (Kelvin) in
1 2 radiation calculations.
1
40
20
Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
CM3110
Part 2:
Professor Faith Morrison

Department of Chemical Engineering
Michigan Technological University
CM3110 - Momentum and Heat Transport

CM3120 Heat and Mass Transport
www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm310/cm310.html
41
CM3110
Summary
Within homogeneous phases:
Microscopic Energy Balances
1D Steady solutions
rectangular:
cylindrical:
ln
Temperature and Newtons law of cooling boundary conditions

(if is supplied)
Unsteady solutions (from literature)
Carslaw and Jeager
Heisler charts 42
21
Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
CM3110
Summary
Across phase boundaries:

Microscopic Energy, Momentum, and Mass Balances
Micro momentum:

Micro energy:
Simultaneous effects (complex)

Solutions are difficult to obtain (and often not really necessary)
use to obtain
Data correlations for:
forced convection,
natural convection (use in design)
evaporation/condensation
radiation 43
CM3110
Summary
Heat Transfer Unit Operations

Macroscopic energy balances
Heat Exchangers
double pipe (
Shell-and-tube
Heat exchanger effectiveness
Evaporators/ Condensers
Ovens
Heat Shields
44
22
Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015
CM3110
Professor Faith Morrison

Department of Chemical Engineering
Michigan Technological University
CM3110 - Momentum and Heat Transport

CM3120 Heat and Mass Transport
www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm310/cm310.html
45
23

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Heat Lectures 10-11 CM3110 12/7/2015

Radiation Heat Transfer

Summary (Part 2 thus far)

Temperature and Newtons law of cooling boundary conditions

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Summary (Part 2 thus far)

Radiation versus Conduction and Convection

Continuum versus Molecular description of matter

Real matter is not a continuum; at

Radiation versus Conduction and Convection

There is also, of course, a

When they undergo Brownian motion

Molecules are in constant motion (Brownian motion)

Simplest model More realistic model

But, there is more to molecular energy Molecular view

Sienko and Plane, Chemistry: Principles and

Radiation Heat Transfer

Predicts that properties that are carried by individual molecules

Gradient transport laws are due to Brownian motion

Heat Transfer by Radiation

Radiation is NOT a Brownian effect

How does this relate to chemical engineering?

Consider a furnace with an internal blower:

There is heat transfer due to

There is also heat

Heat transfer due We need to look

Why is radiation flux related to temperature and not to something else?

What causes energy transfer by radiation?

gray body: a body for which a is constant (does not depend on )

Kirchhoffs Law: emissivity equals absorptivity at the

Stefan-Boltzmann Law: the amount of

qemitted ,black body

Energy emitted by a non-black body

qemitted ,non black body

How does this relate to chemical engineering?

Consider a furnace with an internal blower:

There is heat transfer due to

There is also heat transfer due to

How does this relate to chemical engineering?

Consider a furnace with an internal blower:

There is also heat transfer due to

using Kirchhoffs law

energy emitted by walls, which

net energy absorbed:

Geankoplis 4th ed., eqn 4.10-10 p304

Example: Geankoplis 4.10-3

Example: Geankoplis 4.10-3

Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Transfer

Now, calculate the radiation energy

energy from energy absorbed

Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation energy going from

How can we calculate ?

Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation energy going from

Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation energy going from q1 2 T14

Radiation energy going from q21 T24

NET Radiation energy going

Left plate at Right plate at