7/13/2017 RoutesofDrugAdministrationMedicalOnline

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Routes of Drug Administration

By Medical-Online | June 8, 2017 0 Comment

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If you require medication, for whatever ailment, when taking a medication due to whatever aliment, the drug administration can vary
depending on various circumstances, for example, the desired e ect of the medication, whether the medication is intended to be local
(aimed at a speci c areaof the body) or systemic (aimed at the whole body), as well as the patients well-being. A list of commonly used
routes of drug administration can be found below, along with useful information about dosage and abbreviations.

Routes of Drug Administration

1. EnteralEntering Intestinal/Digestive Tract

Oral

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The mouth route is the most commonly used route of drug administration due to the ease in which the drugs can be taken. This method
also provides the most di cult pathway for the drug to reach the targeted area. Drugs which are taken orally have a high chance of
incurring the rst-pass e ectalso known as rst-pass metabolism, which refers to the drug concentration being reduced before
arriving at the systemic circulation.

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Rectal

Rectal administration can deliver both systemic and local e ects, although it has proven to be rather ine ective at times. This type of
administration can be useful for those who nd it di cult to swallow, or keep down medication, for example, people with vomiting
condition.

Sublingual

Although this type of administration does not lead to the drug entering the gastrointestinal tract, it is placed under the tongue,
therefore, it is considered oral and enteral. The medication rapidly di uses into the network of capillaries, directly entering the system
circulation.

2. ParenteralMedication That Avoids the Gastrointestinal Tract

Intravenous (IV)

This is the most common parenteral route of drug administration, which is often administered when a quick e ect is required from the
drug. This method involves injecting the medication straight into systemic circulation. However, there are numerous drawbacks to this
method, including giving too high a concentration of the medication.

Intramuscular (IM)

This method of drug administration o ers patients with a faster e ect than medication that is taken orally. Through this route, the drug
can be in aqueous or depot form. But the aqueous can be absorbed faster than depot form. Besides, the amount and rate of absorption
are highly dependent on local blood ow and where the injection is made.

Subcutaneous (SC)

Much like IM injections, SC injections need similar absorption. This route of drug administration is slower to take e ect than IV, but also
has reduced risks.

3. Other Routes

Inhalation: This route is typically used for drugs that are gaseous, or for medications that can be given in aerosol, such as an
asthma pump. This form of administration o ers almost instantaneous e ects.
Intranasal: This is the term given to medications that are administered through the nose.
Topical:Medication that is supplied exactly when and where it is required or desired.
Transdermal:This is the term given to medication that is absorbed through the skin, the rate of absorption, however, is dependent
upon an individuals skin characteristics.
Intrathecal/Intravetricular: For this route, the medication is administered into cerebrospinal uid.

Drug Administration on Dosage and Time

Dosage

To correctly determine how much of a medication you should be taken, you should always seek advice from a medical professional.
Although most medications advise the recommended dosage within the instructions, you should still have a consultation with your
doctor before proceeding.It can be very di cult to determine the correct dosage of medication when treating many illnesses and many
factors can a ect your required dosagesuch as your age and physical state, etc.

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Time

It is also important to know when to take the medication. Many types of treatments require the medication to be taken consistently at
precises times, or with precise intervals between each dosage. If these strict guidelines are not followed, then the treatment may prove
to be ine ective.

Below is a table with some common abbreviations used with prescriptions and medication:

ABBREVIATION IN PRESCRIPTIONS MEANING

p.o. Taken by mouth

p.c. Taken after meals

a.c. Taken before meals

b.i.d. Taken twice daily

t.i.d. Taken three times a day

q.i.d. Taken four times a day

q.o.d. Taken every other day

qAM Taken in the morning

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q4h Taken every four hours

h.s. Taken at bedtime

ad lib. Taken as desired

prn Taken as needed

Drops

Pros & Cons of Di erent Routes of Drug Administration

1. Oral

Pros: Easily administered; preferable to patients; slow-release medications may extend the duration of the e ect; medications are
formulated to avoid stomach acids and digestive enzymes.

Cons: Unsuitable for those who are experiencing severe vomiting or have di cultyswallowing. Also, because it is absorbed slowly, this
route is not fast acting. And unpredictable e ect due to stomach acids and digestive enzymes should be noticed.

2. Rectal

Pros: Absorption rate is good as the haemorrhoidal veins connect and drain straight into the inferior vena cava.

Cons: Disliked by some patients; not suitable for those who have undergone anal or rectal surgery/injury.

3. Subcutaneous or Intramuscular

Pros: Absorption is good; e ect of medication happens quicker than many other routes of drug administration; can have extended
duration of medicinal e ect, depending on formulation.

Cons: Absorption can be unpredictable; injections may hurt or scare patients (especially children).

4. Intravenous

Pros: O ers a very dependable e ect, drugs reaches the systemic circulation instantaneously.

Cons: Requires specialist equipment; requires more work from health care professionals than other routes; can be unnerving to some
patients; disposed to t infection; may cause adverse reactions.

5. Topical

Pros: Easy to administer; extremely un-invasive; high rate of patient satisfaction.

Cons: Very slow rate of absorption.

6. Inhaled

Pros: Extremely high rate of absorption.

Cons: E ectiveness depends upon the patients inhaler, and their technique when using it.

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