Pgina 1 de 7

CENTRO DE CINCIAS
DEPARTAMENTO DE FSICA

ELETROMAGNETISM NOTEBOOK

CURSO: FSICA BACHARELADO

ALUNO: MARCIO ANTNIO MATIAS COSTA
MATRICULA: 391618

Quinta, 06 de Maio de 2017.

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEAR

CENTRO DE CINCIAS - DEPARTAMENTO DE FSICA
 Pgina 2 de 7

CHAPTER 1 THE ELECTRIC FIELD: CONTINUOUS CHARGES DISTRIBUITIONS.

1.2 - GAUSSS LAW

We know that the electric field is described visually by using electric field lines. Here that description is put in
rigorous mathematical language called Gausss Law that is one of Maxwells equations. In electrostatics, Gausss
law and Coulombs law are equivalent.
A closed surface---like the surface of soap bubble is one that devides the universe into two differents
regions, the region enclosed by surface and region outside the surface. Figure 1.1 shows a closed surface of
arbitrary shape enclosing a dipole is such that the number of electric field lines beginning on the positive charge
and penetrating the surface from the inside depends on where the surface is drawn, but any line penetrating the
surface from the inside also penetrates it from the outside. As we can see, in the surface shown (Figure 1.1), the net
number of lines out of the surface is zero. For surfaces enclosing other tipes of charges distribuitions, such as
shown in figure 1.2, the net number of lines out of any surface enclosing the charges is proportional to the net
charge enclosed by the surface. This rule is a statement of Gausss law.

Figure 1.1 A surface of arbitrary shape
enclosing an electric dipole. As long as the
surface encloses both charges, the number of
lines penetrating the surface from the inside
is exactly equal to the number of lines
penetrating the surface from the outside no
mtter where the surface is drawn.
Figure 1.2 A surface of arbitrary shape
enclosing the charges +2q and q. Either the
field lines that end on q do not pass through the
surface or those that penetrate it from the inside
is the same numbers of lines as from the outside.
The net number of lines outside is the same
number for a single charge of +q, namely its
equal to a net charge enclosed by the surfaces.

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEAR

CENTRO DE CINCIAS - DEPARTAMENTO DE FSICA
 Pgina 3 de 7

The mathematical quantity that corresponds to the number of fields

lines penetrating a surface is called the electric flux . The field
lines penetrating a perpendicular surface to , as shows the figure
1.3, the electric flx is the product of the magnitude of the fiels E and
the area A:

= EA 1.1
Figure 1.3 Field lines representing a
From the SI units, we see that the unit of electric flux is uniform electric field penetrating a plane
2 /. Because E is proportional to the number of field of area A perpendicular to the field.
lines per unit area, the flux is proportional to the number of
field lines penetrating the surface.

Now, we consider a surface of area A2 that is not perpendicular

to the electric field However, the number of lines that pene-
trate the surface of area A2 is the same as the number that pene-
trate the the surface of area A1 , which is normal to These
areas are related by; figure 1.4
1.2
Where is the angle between and the unit vector that is
normal to the surface A2. Therefore, the electric flux through
a surface is defined by:
Where is the component of normal to the surface.
Figure 1.4 shows a curved surface over which may vary. If the Ai
of the surface element which is small enough. Thus, it can be mode-
led as plane, and the variation of the electric field across the element
can be neglected. The flux of the electric field through this element is
Figure 1.4 Electric field lines of a uniform
electric firld that is perpendicular to the
surface of area A1 but makes an angle
with the unit vector that is normal to the
surface area A2. Where is not
perpendicular to the surface. The flux is
EnA, where En = E cos is the component
of that is perpendicular to the surface.
The flux through the surface A2 is the same
as that through the surface of area A1.

where is the unit vector perpendicular to the surface element and

is the electric field on the surface element. If the surface is curved,
the unit vectors for the different small surface elements will have
different directions. The total flux through the surface is the sum of
i over all the elements making up the surface. In the limit, as the
number of elements approaches infinity and the area of each element
approaches zero, this sum becomes an integral. The general definition of electric flux is thus
Figure 1.4 If En varies from place to place
of electric flux is
on a surface, either because the magnitude E
varies or because the angle between and
varies, the area of the surface is divided
into small elements of area Ai. the flux
DEFINITION OF ELECTRIC FLUX 1.3
through the surface is computed by summng
On a closed surface we are interested in the electric flux through the over all the area elements.
surface, and by convention, we always choose the unit vector to be

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEAR

CENTRO DE CINCIAS - DEPARTAMENTO DE FSICA
 Pgina 4 de 7

out of the surface at each point. The integral over a closed surface is indicated by the symbol Hence, the total
or net flux passing trhough a surface S can be written as:

1.4

The net flux net through the closed surface is positive or negative, depending
on whether is predominantly outward or inward at the surface. At points on the
surface where is inward, En is negative.

Figure 1.5 shows a spherical surface of radius R that has a point charge Q at its center. The electric field
everywhere on this surface is normal to the surface and has the magnitude

Thus, the net flux of out of this sphere is

where we have taken out of the integral because it is constant

everywhere on the surface. The integral of dA over the surface is just Figure 1.5 A spherical surface
the total area of thesurface which for a sphere of radius R is 4R2. enclosing a point charge Q. The net
Therefore, we have: flux is easily calculated for a
spherical surface.It equals En
multiplied by the surface area A or
En4R2.
1.5

Thus, the net flux out of a spherical surface that has a point charge Q at its center is independent of the
radius R of the sphere and is equal to Q divided by 0. In our observation, we see that the net number of lines
through a closed surface is proportional to the net charge inside the surface. This number of lines is the
same for all closed surfaces surrounding the charge inside the surface, independent of the shape of the
surface. Thus, the net flx out of nuy surface surrounding a point charge Q equals Q/0.
We can extend this result to system containing multiple charges. In figure 1.6, the surface encloses two
charges, q1 and q2, and there is a third point charge q3 outside the surface. Because the eletric field at any
point on the surface is the vector sum of the electric fields produced by each of the three charges, the net flux
out os the surface is

The flux 3 (due the charge q3 which is outside the surface) is zero because every field line from q3 that
enters the refion bounded by the surface at one point leaves the region at some other point. The net flux out
of the surface therefore equals net = (q1 + q2)/0, which may be positive, negative or zero depending on the
signs and magnitudes of q1 and q2.

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEAR

CENTRO DE CINCIAS - DEPARTAMENTO DE FSICA
 Pgina 5 de 7

The net outward flux through any closed

surface equals the net charge insidethe
surface divided by 0:

GAUSSS LAW 1.6

Gausss law is valid for all surfaces and all charge distri-
butions. For charge distributions that have high degrees
of symmetry, it can be used to calculate the electric field,
as we illustrate in the next section. For static charge dis-
tributions, Gausss law and Coulombs law are equivalent.
However, Gausss law is more general in that it is always
valid whereas the validity of Coulombs law is restricted Figure 1.6 a surface enclosing oint charges
to static charge distributions. q1 and q2, but not q3. The net flux is out the
Example surface is 4k(q1 +q2).

EXAMPLE 1 Flux electric through a Piecewise-Continuous Closed Surface

(Figure 1.7) (a) What is the net outward flux through the closed surface? (b) What is the net
charge inside the closed surface?

Soup-can-shaped formato de lata.

Analysis: The closed surface consists of three pices two flat (plano) ends and a curved side. Separately, we
calculate the flux of out of each piece of this surface. The net outward flux through the entire closed
surface is obtained by summing the fluxes throgh the individual pieces. The net outward flux is related to
the charge by Gausss law.

Solution:
1 On each pice of the surfce we draw the outward mormal
and the vector .
2 We can calculate the outward flux through the right end of
the cylinder;
right = rightA = R2 = +200N/C) (0.05m)2
right = 1.57 Nm2/C

3 Now, we calculate the outward flux through the left side;

Figure 1.7
Where the piece of surface is at z = -10cm and =- .
left = leftA = (- )R 2
= - (200N/C) (- ) (0.05m)2
2
left = 1.57 Nm /C

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEAR

CENTRO DE CINCIAS - DEPARTAMENTO DE FSICA
 Pgina 6 de 7

4 The outward flux through the curved surface is given by:

curved = curved curved A = 0 because and are pependicular to each other.

5 The net outward flux is the sum through all the individual surface.
net = right + left + curved = 1.57 Nm2/C + 1.57 Nm2/C
net = 3.14 Nm2/C

b) Using Gausss Law in the closed surface provides;

net = Q/ 0 Q = net0 = (3.14 Nm2/C) (8,85x10-12C2/ Nm2)

net = 2.78x10-11C = 27.8pC

EXAMPLE 2 The electric field due a point charge

Starting with Gausss law, calculate the electric field due to an isolated point charge q.

Solution: Because the single charge has spherical symmetry,

we categorise this problem as on in ehich there is symetry to
aplly Gausss law. Thus , we choose a spherical surface of
radius r centered on the point charge, as shows figure 1.8.
The electric field due to a positive point charge is directly
outward by symetry and therefore normal to the surface at
every point. Thus, E is parallel to dA at each point.

Therefore, EdA = EdA and the Gausss law gives

Figure 1.8 The point charge q is at the

center of the spherical gaussian surface,
and E is parallel to dA at every point on the
By symetry E is constant everywhere on the surface, so it can
surface.
be removed from the integral. Therefore;

Solving for the electri field, we obtain

Finally, we get at the electric fiel due to a point charge that we developed from the Coulombs law.

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEAR

CENTRO DE CINCIAS - DEPARTAMENTO DE FSICA
 Pgina 7 de 7

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEAR

CENTRO DE CINCIAS - DEPARTAMENTO DE FSICA