UNIVERSITY

OF NEW SOUTH WALES

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND

MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

ENGINNEERING MECHANICS 2
MMAN 2300


SEMESTER 2, 2017

LAB 1:

DYNAMIC OF SPRING MASS DAMPER SYSTERM FOR SINGLE DEGREE
OF FREEDOM





FIRST NAME: MUHAMAD HAZIM
SURENAME: CHE MOHD NASSER
STUDENT ID: Z 5100371
PROGRAM CODE: 3707

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Vibration is one of the most important aspects to take into consideration during the design
phase of a project. All components in a system vibrate at a certain frequency which caused
by a free harmonic or forced harmonic motion. Many engineering systems collapsed due to
excessive vibration and the famous example is Tacoma Bridge in United States of America
where the bridge had undergone resonance zone before collapsed.

In reality, majority of systems are two or more degree of freedom but the system is assumed
to be a single degree freedom (SDOF) of spring mass damper system for this experiment. This
is because to strengthen the skill of analytical thinking for SDOF.

2.0 AIM

To study the relation of the single degree of freedom (SDOF) motion under free and force
harmonic motion.

3.0 Apparatus

The apparatus used for this experiment are listed below;
1) Power supply
2) Oscilloscope
3) Unbalanced rotating wheel rig including motor.
4) Crocodile clip wire

4.0 Procedure

The procedures that are followed to conduct free vibration experiment is listed below;
i. Connect all the crocodile clip wire to the power supply, oscilloscope and to the motor.
ii. The oscilloscope had been configured to run in sine wave.
iii. The power supply is set upped with zero voltage (the motor is not running).
iv. Once an impulsive force had been applied to the beam, the oscilloscope had been
paused.
v. The graph and data displayed on the oscilloscope are recorded and tabulated in table
1.

The procedures that are followed to conduct forced vibration experiment is listed below;
i. Connect all the crocodile clip wire to the power supply, oscilloscope and to the motor.
ii. The oscilloscope had been configured to run in sine wave.
iii. A voltage is applied to the motor (motor is running at frequency of 15 Hz).
iv. Once the graph and the value reached constant, the oscilloscope had been paused.
 v. The graph and data displayed on the oscilloscope are recorded and tabulated in table
3.
vi. Repeat step ii to v by setting the motor to run at frequency of 16 Hz, 19 Hz, 32 Hz, 40
Hz, 50.45 Hz and 60.17 Hz.
vii. The motor passed 20 Hz as quickly as possible to avoid extreme vibration in the beam.

5.0 Result

Free Vibration Data
Number of Cycle (N) x(mv) Period, T(ms)
1 40.6 -84.0
2 37.3 -38.5
7 32.3 194
Table 1. Table of free vibration data.

Period, T(s)
DT1-2 DT1-7
Value 0.0455 0.278
Table 2. Time difference between first with second cycle and first with seventh cycle

Forced Vibration Data
Number of Peak to Peak
Frequency (Hz) Period, T (ms) Amplitude (mv)
Cycle (N) (mv)
1 64 15.76 63.46 32
2 84 16.77 59.64 42
3 216 19.34 51.7 108
4 104 32.27 31.98 92
5 84 40.62 24.62 42
6 64 50.45 19.02 32
7 100 60.17 16.62 50
Table 3. Table of forced vibration data.

6.0 Data Analysis

Free vibration
Experimental
For free vibration data, logarithmic decrement is applied to analyse the height recorded
between the first and second cycle and first and seventh cycle.

First and second cycle.
-
"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ =
/

40.6
"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ =
37.3

"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ = 0.08477

First and seventh cycle
1 -
"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; =
>?-

1 40.6
"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; =
6 32.3


"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; = 0.04666

From the logarithmic value, the damping ratio is obtained by average logarithmic value and
using a formula that is listed below.

First and second cycle.

"#$"%&'"()*+,-./
"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ =
/
4 / + "#$"%&'"()*+,-./


0.08477
"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ =
4 / + 0.08477/


"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ = 0.01349



First and seventh cycle.

"#$"%&'"()*+,-.;
"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; =
/
4 / + "#$"%&'"()*+,-.;

0.04666
"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; =
4 / + 0.04666/

"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; = 0.006066


From the recorded time difference between, damped natural frequency can be obtained by
using the displayed formula.

First and second cycle.
2
F,"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ =
D12

2
F,"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ =
0.0455


F,"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ = 138.092


First and seventh cycle.
2
F,"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; =
D17

2
F,"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; =
0.278


F,"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; = 80.3532


As damped natural frequency is obtained, natural frequency can be obtained by using the
formula showed below

First and second cycle.

F,"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ = (,"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ 1 "#$"%&'"()*+,-./ /

F,"#$"%&'"()*+,-./
(,"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ =
/
1 "#$"%&'"()*+,-./

 138.092
(,"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ =
1 0.01349/


(,"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ = 138.046


First and seventh cycle.

F,"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; = (,"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; 1 "#$"%&'"()*++N,-.; /

F,"#$"%&'"()*+,-./
(,"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; =
/
1 "#$"%&'"()*++N,-.;

80.3532
(,"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; =
1 0.006066/


(,"#$"%&'"()*+,-.; = 22.6082


The difference for logarithmic value between the first with second cycle and first with seventh
cycle is 0.04666. The calculation for the difference between the first with second cycle and
first and seventh cycle is shown below

QRSTRUVWRXYZ[ = "#$"%&'"()*+,-./ "#$"%&'"()*+,-.;

QRSTRUVWRXYZ[ = 0.08477 0.04666 = 0.04666

0.04666
, QRSTRUVWRXYZ[ = 100 % = 53.2041 %
0.08477

The average value of damping ratio, damped and undamped natural frequency are calculated
and calculations are showed below;

"#$"%&'"()*+,-./ + "#$"%&'"()*+,-.;
"#$"%&'"()*+,*e"%*f" = = 0.009779
2

F,-./ + F,-.;
F,*e"%*f" = = 80.3467
2

F,-./ + F,-.;
F,*e"%*f" = = 80.3467
2

(,-./ + (,-.;
(,*e"%*f" = = 80.3532
2

Theoretical

The aluminium beams dimensions are given which are 3 mm x 40 mm x 570 mm. The
theoretical volume of the aluminium beam is 0.00009 m3 where the calculation is shown
below.

,)j"k%"l)&l*+ =

,)j"k%"l)&l*+ = 3 40 570

,)j"k%"l)&l*+ = 68 400 o

,)j"k%"l)&l*+ = 0.0000684 o

The mass of the beam is calculated by multiplying the density and the volume of the
aluminium beam. The step is shown below.

',q"*' = ,)j"k%"l)&l*+ ,

',q"*' = 0.0000684 2750

',q"*' = 0.1881

The effective combined mass is calculated by using the given (form lab sheet) formula where
the calculations is shown below.

13
"u = + q"*'
35

13
"u = 0.248 + 0.1881
35

"u = 0.3399

The beams second moment of inertia is calculated and the working is shown below.

o
)j"k%"l)&l*+ =
12

20 3o
)j"k%"l)&l*+ = = 90 w = 9 10.-- w
12

In calculating spring constant, the formula that is given is used by substituting the calculated
second moment of inertia for the beam and the given Youngs Modulus which is7.1 x 1010
N/m2. The calculation is shown below.

192
)j"k%"l)&l*+ =
o

192 7.1 10-y 9 10.--
)j"k%"l)&l*+ =
(570 10.o )o

)j"k%"l)&l*+ = 6624.872

Hence the theoretical value for natural frequency is calculated by using that is shown below.

)j"k%"l)&l*+
(,)j"k%"l)&l*+ =
"u

6624.872
(,)j"k%"l)&l*+ =
0.3179


(,)j"k%"l)&l*+ = 144.3667


To calculate damped natural frequency, the average value of experimental damping ratio is
used which is 0.009779. The calculation is shown below.

/
F,)j"k%"l)&l*+ = (,)j"k%"l)&l*+ 1 "#$"%&'"()*+,*e"%*f"

F,)j"k%"l)&l*+ = 144.3667 1 0.009779/


F,)j"k%"l)&l*+ = 144.3598


The experimental and theoretical value for damped and undamped natural frequency are
tabulated in table 4.





 Damped natural frequency, Undamped natural

Wd (rad/s) frequency, Wn (rad/s)
Experimental 80.3467 80.3532
Theoretical 144.3598 144.3667
Table 4. Experimental and theoretical value of damped and undamped natural frequency.

The percentage of error between experimental and theoretical value for damped and
undamped natural frequency are tabulated in table 5 and the calculations are shown below
the table.

Damped natural frequency, Undamped natural

Wd (rad/s) frequency, Wn (rad/s)
Percentage of error, (%) 79.6711 79.6652
Table 5. Percentage of error for damped and undamped natural frequency.

144.3598 80.3467
, F % = 100 = 79.6711 %
80.3467

144.3667 80.3532
, ( % = 100 = 79. 6652 %
80.3532

Forced vibration
Theoretical
Natural Amplitude, X
Number of Frequency
frequency, r (w/wn) MX/me (m)
Cycle (N) (Hz)
w (rad/s)
1 15.76 99.0230 0.6859 0.8882 0.0003353
2 16.77 105.3690 0.7299 1.1395 0.0004301
3 19.34 121.5168 0.8417 2.4266 0.0009161
4 32.27 202.7584 1.4045 2.0274 0.0007654
5 40.62 255.2230 1.7679 1.4703 0.0005551
6 50.45 316.9867 2.1957 1.2616 0.0004763
7 60.17 378.0963 2.6187 1.1707 0.0004419
Table 6. Theoretical value of natural frequency, r, MX/me and amplitude.

The calculations to get for the first cycle of natural frequency, r, MX/me and amplitude is
shown below. The steps are repeated for each cycle.

= 2 = 2 15.76 = 99.0230


 99.0230
= = = 0.6859
( 144.3667

"u /
=
/
1 / / + 2#$"%&'"()*+,*e"%*f"

"u (0.6859)/
=
1 (0.6859)/ / + 20.0097790.6859 /

"u
= 1.0122


/
=
/
"u 1 / / + 2#$"%&'"()*+,*e"%*f"


= 1.0122
"u

0.004 0.03
= 1.0122
0.3179

= 0.0003353

The graph of theoretical amplitude against frequency are shown below in figure 1.

Theorectical amplitude (m) against frequency (Hz)

0.0016

0.0014

0.0012
Amplitude, X(m)

0.001

0.0008

0.0006

0.0004

0.0002

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Frequency (Hz)

Figure 1. Theoretical amplitude against frequency graph.
The graph of experimental amplitude against frequency are shown below in figure 2.

Expereimental amplitude (mV) against frequncy (Hz)

250

200
Amplitude, X (mV)

150

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Frequency (Hz)

Figure 2. Experimental amplitude against frequency graph.

7.0 Discussion

The discussion points are listed below
1. The percentage of the difference between logarithmic value between the first and
second cycle with first and seventh cycle is 53.2041%. The huge difference between
the two values is caused by cumulative error which the logarithmic value between first
and seventh cycle to deviate extremely compared to first and second cycle.
2. The percentage of error for damped and undamped natural frequency is 79.6711 %
and 79.6652 % respectively.
3. No comparison can be made between theoretical amplitude against frequency and
experimental amplitude against frequency because the amplitude value recorded in
the experiment is in milli voltage (mV) where the calculated theoretical value is in
meter (m).
4. From figure 1 and figure 2 it can be observed that the resonance frequency is about
around 20 Hz. No specific resonance frequency can be obtained as this is not a
destructive test. To obtain resonance frequency, the beam needs to vibrate extremely
until fracture.
5. In this experiment, the resonance frequency is passed quickly to avoid extreme
vibration that will cause the beam to break.
6. Theoretically (figure1), the vibration amplitude is approximately at 0.0004 m when it
passed 30 Hz but experimentally (figure2), the vibration amplitude decreases after 20
Hz but increase back after 50 Hz.
7. Two amplitudes are observed in the experiment (figure 2) because the system is not
purely single degree of freedom. The system is assumed to be single degree of
freedom.
8. From the dimensionless amplitude against frequency ratio (Appendix A), it can be
found that the theoretical value of amplitude at resonance to be higher compared to
experimental amplitude. This because theoretical natural frequency tends to be
higher compared to experimental value.
9. From the dimensionless amplitude against frequency ratio (Appendix A), when the
frequency is too low, the amplitude (MX/me) to be approximately at zero. When the
frequency is high, the amplitude (MX/me) to be approximately at one regardless how
big the value of frequency ratio.
10. When the w=wn the amplitude (MX/me) will be extremely high which indicates it is in
resonance.
11. It can be seen from amplitude against time graph (Appendix B), the amplitude
decreases and it shows the beam undergoes underdamped motion in which the
damping coefficient determines the rate of decay.
12. It can be seen from amplitude against frequency graph (Appendix C), the highest
amplitude is 40.6 mV where the damped natural frequency is at 138.0998 rad/s.
13. It can be seen from amplitude against time graph (Appendix D), the amplitude remains
constant at 225 mV and it indicates the beam is undergoes forced harmonic
oscillation.
14. It can be seen from amplitude against frequency graph (Appendix E), the highest
amplitude is 225 mV where the damped natural frequency is at 154.7583rad/s.
15. The sources of error for this experiment might be as listed below
i. Students are holding the table during the experiment is conducted.
ii. The dimension of the beam is not calculated before the experiment is
conducted. This leads to inaccurate volume which causes the
experimental value of natural frequency does not accurate.
iii. The mass of the motor, disk and out-of-balance weight is not calculated
and the assume combined mass which is 248 grams is used in the in
this analysis. This will lead to in accurate value of total theoretical
effective mass.
iv. The presence of magnetic fields and Tribo-electric effect on the
crocodile clip (Meettechniek.info, 2014). When the crocodile clip is in
wide loop, there is a presence of induce current which will give an
effect on the oscilloscope. When the motor is running and the beam is
vibrating, it will cause the crocodile clip to vibrate and influence the
graph shows in oscilloscope.
v. The oscilloscope isnt being calibrated before running the experiment.
vi. Then experiment is done only once where no average data can be
calculated and no data to be compared between the first, second and
third experiment.
vii. The beam is not fully rigid and this will cause the system in not in single
degree of freedom.
viii. A formation of oxidation is detected on the beam. The material
properties have changed and this lead to a significant percentage of
error.
 ix. The accelerometer reading might have been influenced by the
surrounding temperature. This is because the accelerometer reading
depends on the surrounding temperature
16. The possible way to overcome the error are listed below;
i. During the experiment, students are not allowed to hold the table.
ii. Before running the experiment, calculate the dimension of the beam
by using electronic Vernier calliper to get an accurate reading.
iii. Before running the experiment, the mass of the motor, disk and out-
off balanced weight need to be calculated.
iv. To avoid magnetic field, twisted the crocodile wire between each other
to cut down any effect on external magnetic fields.
v. To avoid Tribo-electric effect, the crocodile clip wire must make sure
not affected by the vibrating motor and the beam.
vi. Before running the experiment, calibrate the oscilloscope to reduce
any system error.
vii. Run the experiment thrice to get good and precise average value.
viii. Make sure the beam is firmly connected to the base before running the
experiment so that the experiment can be assumed to be a single
degree of freedom.
ix. Check the beam thoroughly. If oxidation is detected, change the
oxidation part or change the whole rig.
x. Read the manufacturers manual for the accelerometer to know what
is the optimum temperature to use accelerometer with a good result.

8.0 Conclusion

From the experiment, the aim of the experiment is achieved by understanding the
relationship between free and forced for Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) motion. We can
conclude that the experimental and theoretical value are good enough and justify each other
with a deviation resonance reagent of the beam is at 20 Hz, the experiments have shown the
concept of free and forced vibration successfully.


9.0 Reference

Meettechniek.info. (2014, April 8). Measurement Errors. Retrieved August 29, 2017, from
Measurement Errors :: Electronic Errors:
https://meettechniek.info/measurement/faults.html







10.0 Appendices

Appendix A

Non-dimensionalised amplitude against frequency ratio

4.5
Non-dimensionalised amplitude (MX/me)

3.5

2.5

2 Series1

Series2
1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency ration, (w/wn)

Figure 3. Non-dimensionalised amplitude against frequency ratio graph.

Appendix B


Amplitude, (mV)

40.6
37.3




32.3
-84 -38.5 194 Time (mS)

Figure 4. Amplitude against time graph for free vibration.

Appendix C


Amplitude, mV

40.6






Wd=138.09198 rad/s Frequency, (Hz)






Figure 5. Amplitude against frequency graph for free vibration








Appendix D

Amplitude, (mV)
225






Time, (mS)





Figure 6. Amplitude against time graph for forced vibration.

Appendix E

Amplitude, (mV)

225

Wd=154.7583 rad/s Time, (mS)

Figure 7. Amplitude against time graph for forced vibration.