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HOME 555 TIMER CONTACTLESS DIGITAL TACHOMETER USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

Contactless Digital Tachometer using 8051

Microcontroller
AUGUST 7, 2017 BY ADMINISTRATOR 18 COMMENTS

Contents [hide]

1 Principle Behind the Circuit

2 Construction and Output Video
3 Contactless Digital Tachometer Circuit
4 Circuit Diagram of Contactless Digital Tachometer
5 Components Required
6 How to Design Contactless Digital Tachometer?
6.1 Sensor Circuit Design
6.2 Controller Circuit Design
6.3 Microcontroller Code
7 How to Operate the Contactless Digital Tachometer Circuit?
8 Applications
9 Limitations of the Circuit
10 Related Articles

A Tachometer is a device which measures the speed of a rotating object like an electric motor
or a crank shaft of a vehicle engine. Speed of an electric motor is determined by the number
of revolutions made by the motor in one minute. In other words, speed is measured in RPM
(Revolutions per Minute). Here, in this project, we designed a simple Non Contact or
Contactless Digital Tachometer using 8051 Microcontroller, which can measure speed with an
accuracy of 1 rev/sec.

Contactless Digital Tachometer Step by step process with CODE, FREE Signup
and your can make you own tachometer at home with this course.

Principle Behind the Circuit

The basic principle behind the Contactless Digital Tachometer involves a simple embedded
system with a sensor, a controller and an actuator. The sensor used here is Infrared (IR)
transmitter receiver pair, the controller used is the 8051 Microcontroller loaded with a
compiled code and the actuator is a display device, for displaying the speed of the motor.

The sensor senses the speed of the motor without actually being in contact with it by the
principle of light transmission and reflection and generates a signal. This signal is converted
into an electric signal and fed to the microcontroller, which is programmed to calculate the
speed in terms of number of motor revolutions in one minute. This speed is displayed on the 7-
segment display.

Construction and Output Video

Contactless Digital Tachometer Circuit

A Tachometer is basically used to measure angular speed of a motor. It can be mechanical
device with a warm gear and spindle arrangement or an electrical device which converts the
angular speed into electrical signal. The electrical tachometer in turn can be an AC
tachometer or a DC tachometer.

While a conventional tachometer is a contact tachometer, which can produce erroneous

results due to change in contact parameters, a Contactless digital tachometer is preferred
which doesnt requires any contact with the device whose speed is to be measured.

It basically works on the principle of retro reflective scanning, wherein a light source device
like LED transmits light signal to the retro reflective target device which reflects the light,
which is in turn received by the light detector.

Contactless Digital Tachometer Step by step process with CODE, FREE Signup
and your can make you own tachometer at home with this course.

Circuit Diagram of Contactless Digital Tachometer

Components Required
8051 Microcontroller
8051 Development Board
8051 Microcontroller Programmer
IR Sensor Module (Reflective Type)
4 Digit 7 Segment Display
4 x 2N2222 NPN Transistors
4 x 470 Resistors (1/4 Watt)
8 x 100 Resistors (1/4 Watt)
If Development Board is not used, then you need
11.0592 MHz Quartz Crystal
2 x 33pF Ceramic Capacitors
2 x 10 K Resistor (1/4 Watt)
10 F Capacitor (Polarized)
Push Button
1 K x 8 Resistor Pack

How to Design Contactless Digital Tachometer?

Sensor Circuit Design
The sensor circuit consists of an IR transmitter and an IR receiver. An IR LED is used as the
transmitter and a photo diode is used as the receiver. A reflective type of IR sensor is used in
this project. In this type, the IR transmitter and receiver are placed side -by side.

The IR transmitter circuit is very simple. The anode of the IR transmitter is connected to 5V
supply and the cathode is connected to ground through a current limiting resistor of 150.
Thus, the IR transmitter starts emitting infrared rays.

IR receiver used in the project is a photo diode and it must be connected in reverse bias. The
negative terminal or cathode is connected to 5V supply and the positive terminal or anode is
connected to ground through a current limiting resistor of 10K.
And finally, the output of the IR receiver is given to the comparator. The comparator compares
the input from the IR receiver with a reference value (which is given through a 10K
Potentiometer). If the input from the IR receiver is greater than the reference value, the output
of the comparator will be HIGH or else, the output will be LOW.

The following image shows the circuit diagram of the Reflective type IR Sensor used in this
project.

Contactless Digital Tachometer Step by step process with CODE, FREE Signup
and your can make you own tachometer at home with this course.

Controller Circuit Design

The controller circuit consists of the microcontroller and its interfaces. Here, we chose
AT89C52 microcontroller. Microcontroller reset circuit consists of a push button, a resistor and
a capacitor with values such that the voltage at the reset pin doesnt falls below 1.2V and the
timing constant is never less than 100ms. Here, we selected a 10 K resistor and 10F
capacitor.

Since the oscillating frequency of the microcontroller is 11.0592MHz, we selected the values of
ceramic capacitors to be 33pF. The EA pin must be pulled high via a 10K resistor as we are
not using any external memory.

The interfacing between the Microcontroller and the IR Sensor is accomplished by connecting
the output pin of the IR sensor to PORT3 pin P3.4. Next is the 4 Digit 7 Segment Display. The
following image shows the pin out diagram of this display.
The Segment inputs of the 4 Digit 7 Segment display i.e. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and DP are
connected to PORT0 through individual 100 Resistors. The Digit Selection Pins of the 4
Digit 7 Segment display (Dig1, Dig2, Dig3 and Dig4) are connected to the Emitter terminals of
4 2N2222 NPN Transistors. The base terminals of these Transistors are connected to PORT2
pins P2.0, P2.1, P2.2 and P2.3 through 470 Resistors.

Microcontroller Code
Once the circuit is designed and drawn on a piece of paper, the next step is to write and
compile the code. Here, we used the Keil Vision software to write the program in C language.

Prior to writing the code, general steps needs to be followed like creating a new project and
selecting the target device or the required microcontroller. Once the code is written, we saved
it with .c extension and then added it to the source file group under the target folder. The
code is then compiled by pressing F7 key.

Once the code is compiled, a hex file is created. In the next step, we use Proteus software to
draw the circuit. The code is dumped into the microcontroller using an 8051 Microcontroller
Programmer and the software associated with it.

Note: Also read the interesting post Password Based Door Lock System using
Microcontroller

How to Operate the Contactless Digital Tachometer Circuit?

When the IR sensor is powered, the IR transmitter starts emitting IR rays. A motor is placed in
front of the IR sensor, with its shafted marked with a white dot.

As the motor shaft rotates such that the white spots comes in contact with the sensor, the IR
rays are reflected by the dot and falls on the IR receiver. The photo diode, which is used as the
IR receiver, starts conducting whenever the IR rays are reflected.

At this point, the output of the IR sensor is given to the comparator and the output of the
comparator is HIGH when the IR rays are reflected and the output of the comparator is LOW
when there are no reflections. Hence, the output of the comparator is in the form of an ON-
OFF pulse.
This pulse is given to the microcontroller as a timer input and the microcontroller is
programmed to calculate the number of times the motor rotates in a second.

The speed of the motor is calculated by multiplying the value of final count by 60 to get the
speed in revolutions per minute. This value is then displayed on the 4-digit 7-segment display.

Related Post Digital Voltmeter using ICL7107

Applications
1. The Contactless Digital Tachometer circuit can be used to calculate speed of rotating
wheels, discs and motor shafts.
2. This circuit can be used at places where direct contact with motor shafts or wheels is not
possible to be made, as in case of vehicles and also in industrial machines.
3. This circuit can be used at homes to check speed of small battery operated fans and
other motor based devices.

Limitations of the Circuit

1. The ICs used in this circuit are CMOS devices and are highly static, making it impossible
to touch them with bare hands.
2. It has limited life time due to use of battery for powering the circuit.
3. Speed calculation may be affected by the varying duty cycle of the timer.
Related Articles

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Counter using 8051 Thermometer using Control System using 555 Timer
Microcontroller AT89C51 and LM35 Microcontroller

Stepper Motor Control IR Remote Control Super Sensitive Password Based Door
using 8051 Switch Intruder Alarm Lock System using
Microcontroller 8051 Microcontroller

FILED UNDER: 555 TIMER, 8051 MICROCONTROLLER, ELECTRONICS, EMBEDDED, FREE PROJECT CIRCUITS, MINI PROJECTS

Comments

shashank says
MAY 27, 2014 AT 5:52 PM

please provide me the code for this also

Reply
 Administrator says
MAY 30, 2014 AT 6:47 AM

You can get everything form here code and step by step process.

http://courses.electronicshub.org/courses/tachometer-project

Reply

aniket patil says

DECEMBER 21, 2015 AT 5:06 AM

it is very helpful & benefitial for me

Reply

haymanot takele says

OCTOBER 29, 2014 AT 5:49 PM

please post by my email

Reply

aniket patil says

DECEMBER 21, 2015 AT 5:08 AM

please provide me code of contactless digital tachometer using 8051 microcontroller.

Reply

Administrator says
APRIL 14, 2016 AT 1:24 PM

Please have a look below link you can get everything from here. (step by step
process along with code)

http://courses.electronicshub.org/courses/tachometer-project

Reply
 yuvraj s says
MARCH 8, 2016 AT 3:27 AM

please provide code for this project

Reply

Anusha says
APRIL 30, 2016 AT 6:09 AM

We have explained everything in detail along with code in this course Please check
this
http://courses.electronicshub.org/courses/tachometer-project

Reply

Premang says
MARCH 9, 2016 AT 6:10 AM

I also want code for this project..

Please provide as soon as possible..

Reply

Anusha says
APRIL 30, 2016 AT 6:09 AM

We have explained everything in detail along with code in this course Please check
this
http://courses.electronicshub.org/courses/tachometer-project

Reply

Srivatsmohan says
APRIL 11, 2016 AT 9:20 AM

Please provide me embedded c code for the project

Reply

Anusha says
APRIL 30, 2016 AT 6:09 AM
 We have explained everything in detail along with code in this course Please check
this
http://courses.electronicshub.org/courses/tachometer-project

Reply

Praveena appana says

APRIL 28, 2016 AT 3:05 AM

is der any other kit needed to dump the code to microcontroller????

Reply

Anusha says
APRIL 30, 2016 AT 6:05 AM

yess..you need a programmer to dump the code.We have shown step by step
process to create this project in our courses..go through
this.http://courses.electronicshub.org/

Reply

sagar says
APRIL 28, 2016 AT 10:20 AM

please send code

Reply

Administrator says
APRIL 28, 2016 AT 12:14 PM

The code and step by step tutorial available here, just have a look.

http://courses.electronicshub.org/courses/tachometer-project

Reply
 Jim says
NOVEMBER 15, 2016 AT 7:33 AM

I have been surfing online more than 2 hours today, yet I never found any interesting article
like yours.
It is pretty worth enough for me. Personally, if all website owners
and bloggers made good content as you did, the internet will be a lot more useful than
ever
before.

Reply

Naveen says
DECEMBER 27, 2016 AT 1:14 PM

Is there any vedio lecture available on this project

Reply

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