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CIV4235
Lecture 1
Dr. Ye Lu
Assessment
Students are required to achieve at least 45% in the total continuous assessment
component (assignments, tests, laboratory reports) and at least 45% in the final
examination component and an overall mark of 50% to achieve a pass grade in the unit.
Students failing to achieve this requirement will be given a maximum of 45% in the unit.
Worksheets submissions 8
(8 tutorial questions)
Project (Part A) 6
Project (Part B) 6
Project (Part C) 6
Total 100
Major Topics on STM Method
Strut and Tie Model (STM) Method: Introduction
Definition of B- and D- Regions
Design Steps of Strut and Tie Model
Dimensioning of Struts, Ties and Nodes
Calculation of Nodal Stresses
Design Applications for Deep Beams, Joints and Dapped beams
Bursting Forces in Bottle Shaped Struts
Design Applications for Anchorage Zones
Timetable
Week 1 Unit overview and Introduction to the strut and tie Work on Project of Part A
model method
Week 2 Design applications using the strut and tie model Problem set 1 of Part A
method I
Week 3 Design applications using the strut and tie model Problem set 2 of Part A
method II
Week 4 Design applications using the strut and tie model Lab session: Thursday 17 Aug
method III (revision)
Test 1: 8%, Friday 18 Aug
- Guest lecture given by Dr Binh Pham from
SMEC Report due date: 5 PM, Mon 28 Aug
References
Standards:
2009 AS 3600: Concrete Structures (Australian Standards available online through
Monash Library System)
Textbooks:
Foster, Kilpatrick and Warner "Reinforced Concrete Basics" Pearson, Australia, 2010.
(Chapter 7)
Todays Lecture
fsy
Inelastic
Elastic
fsy : yield strength of steel
sy : yield strain of steel
Concrete
fc
Ec = 5050 fcm
st < sy
sy st st = sy
st > sy
Under-reinforced Beam Ductile Failure
preferred
fc
c
s
fsy
sy st
Compressive Stress with Bending Moment
c c c c fc
c=u =0.003
kd/3
dn
dn C
jd=d-kd/3
st
st st
ct ct
T = Ast st
Kud/2
ku d
d
C C
A st
N.A. N.A.
2 fc ku d b = Ast fsy
k d
M u =T ju d = Ast f sy d u
2
Bernoulli Hypothesis ,
y
N.A.
My
=
Ig
y: Distance to neutral axis
P
B-region:
Definitions of B- and D-regions
B-region (Bernoulli or Beam): A portion of a member in which the
Bernoulli-Euler assumption can be applied.
D-region (Disturbed or Discontinuity): The portion of a member within a
distance equal to the member depth H from a force or from a geometric
discontinuity. The D-region may be further broken down into the
discontinuity D2 region and nearby transition D1 regions.
stress concentration
D2
D1
H1 D
2 D1 B D1 H2
B D1 D2
H1
H2-H1 H2-H1 H2
D
D2
H D1 B D1 D2 D1 B D1 D2
H H H H
B- and D-regions
D2 D1 H2 B D1 D2
H1 H2
D1 H2 D1 H3
D2
B H3
D1
H1 B
H3
H1 D1 D1 H3
B- and D-regions
SFD
BMD
Truss Model
Load Paths in Deep Beams
Truss Model
Strut and Tie Model (STM) - Truss Analogy
A truss model of a structural member, or of a D-region in
such a member, capable of transferring the factored loads
to the supports or to adjacent B-regions.
Ties
Nodes
Strut (concrete): A compressive member in a STM, representing the
resultant of compression field. STM
Tie (steel): A tension member in a STM. STM
Node: A point in a STM where the axes of the struts, ties and
concentrated forces acting on the joint intersection. Strut,,tie
Node zone (concrete): The volume of concrete surrounding a node
that transfers strut-and-tie forces through the node. -
STM Examples
Post-tensioned member
Pier cap
STM Examples
T
Struts
AS3600 requires the use of either fan or bottle type struts for all
cases if an opportunity occurs for a stress field to diverge.
A prismatic strut can be used only where the stress field cannot
diverge (e.g. a compression member which is uniformly loaded
across its entire surface).
Ties
Tension ties include stirrups, longitudinal reinforcement (steel,
prestressing tendon), and any special detail reinforcement;
A critical consideration in the detailing of the STM is the provision of
adequate anchorage of reinforcement.
Nodes
Nodes are the connections of the STM, where struts and ties
converge, or where forces are redirected in a STM.
3 ELEMENTS
F = 0
x
F = 0
y
M = 0
Nodes
AS3600 defines node types according to the number of ties entering the
node.
CCC: The nodal zone is bounded only by struts.
node zone)
Nodes
CCT: The nodal zone is bounded by two or more struts with a
single tension tie passing through the node.
End plate
Anchored by bond within and behind the node Anchored by bond and radial pressure
Nodes
CTT: The nodal zone has two or more tension ties passing through
the node.
Singular nodes (e.g. Node B): the nodes are quite concentrated and cover a
small area where one of the struts or ties represents a concentrated stress
field, e.g. single loads, support reactions, concentrated forces by
reinforcements, or geometrical discontinuities.
B
Singular and Smeared Nodes
Singular nodes are more critical since the force transfer is more abrupt which
creates higher stress concentrations.
A check of concrete stresses in smeared nodes is generally unnecessary as
long as the anchorage of reinforcing bars is ensured.
Ties can cross struts but struts generally cannot cross or overlap;
A good STM should minimise both the forces in the various component
elements and the element length to avoid large deformation before the tie
yields
STRUTS CAN ONLY ACROSS ON THE NODES
Fl i i i = minimum
where Fi, li and i are the force, length, and mean strain in strut or tie
element i, respectively.
Good and Pool STM Struts cross
Inclined
and/or long
ties
Large
deformation
of struts
Good Poor
Good and Pool STM
Good Poor
Triangulated STM
Simplified and Refined STM
Transverse Force through Thickness
Assumption in CIV4235
75
75
100
Unless specified otherwise, the top strut and bottom tie models should have a
distance of 75 mm (node position) to the surface of concrete, meanwhile, there is
a horizontal gap of 100 mm (node position) between the STM and concrete
boundary for anchorage.
Project Introduction
Two reinforced concrete deep beams are to be tested experimentally to
failure. You are required to compare and discuss the failure loads
measured experimentally with those calculated on the basis of STM
method.
Part 1:
(a) Determine the distribution of elastic stresses using a commercial
FEA package;
(b) Calculate the theoretical failure load of the deep beam using the
STM method.
Part 2:
(a) Compare the theoretical failure load obtained from Part 1 with the
measured experimental value;
(b) Discuss the reasons which cause the difference between
experimental and theoretical results.
Specimen Dimension
Note: You are to complete this project in a team of two members. Your
report must cover both Parts 1 and 2.
Due date for report: 5:00 PM 28 August, 2017 (Monday).