Programa del curso II Luis Alfonso Flores Padilla 14/08/2017

Clasificacin de reas peligrosas

Unidad de competencia:
Se obtendrn los conocimientos y saberes necesarios sobre el comportamiento de las sustancias en
una determinada rea para seleccionar equipos y materiales.

Bibliografa Bsica:
NFPA-496 standard por purged and pressurized enclosures for electrical equipment.

NFPA-497 classification of flammable liquids or vapors

Norma oficial Mexicana NOM-001-SEDE-2012: Instalaciones elctricas actualizacin.

Proteccin de instalaciones elctricas industriales y comerciales, Gilberto Enrique Harper 2edicion,

Mxico, Limusa,2002, TK3226E572002

15/08/2017

Identificacin de reas clasificadas como peligrosas para instalaciones elctricas

1.- objetivo

Identificar las reas peligrosas para seleccionar el tipo de equipos elctricos y materiales a usar
para reducir riesgos.

Implementar acciones protectivas.

Conceptos bsicos.

rea peligrosa
Se define como rea peligrosa (clasificada) el rea que puede representar un riesgo potencial de
incendio o explosin, debido a la presencia o posible presencia de materiales inflamables o no
combustibles. Con una concentracin suficiente para producir una mezcla inflamable dentro de la
atmosfera de dicha rea. Las reas peligrosas se clasifican de acuerdo con las propiedades y
cantidades del material peligroso que puede estar presente dentro de dicha rea y se dividen en 3
categoras que se vern posteriormente.

En ellas la presencia de:

Gases lquidos o vapores inflamables

Polvos combustibles
Fibras particulares que fcilmente se pueden encender

Podra dar como resultado:

Fuego y explosiones

Paros tcnicos y demoras

Perdida en la produccin
Reparacin y reemplaz de equipos Material
combustible
Personas heridas o muertas

Combustion

Fuente de
Oxigeno
ignicion

Material combustible:

Flammable gas or vapor

Combustible vapor or dosis
Ignilible fibers flyings

Oxigeno:

Air
Other oxidizing atmospheric

Fuente de igncicion:

Heat
Spark
AIE

Despite the presence of these three elements, their presence alone is not anought to create an
explosion. But the fuel mixture can also be to rich this brings us the difference between LEL O UEL.

Limite de explosividad

What is an explosion?
An explosion is defined as a sudden reaction involving rapid physical or chemical decay
accompanied by an increase in temperature or pressure or both
When will an explosion occur?
The most common types of reaction are between flammable gases, vapor or dust with oxygen
contained in the surrounding air. As a rule, 3 basic requirements must be met for an explosion to
fake place in atmosphere air.

1. Flammable substance- needs to be present in sufficient quantify to produce an ignitable or

explosive mixture
2. Oxidizer-must be present in sufficient quantity in combination with the flammable
substance to produce an explosive mixture, most common is (O2).
3. Source of ignition a spark or high heat must be present

16/08/2017

Flammable substance
Flammable substance can be divided into three subgroups

Fammable gas
Flammable liquids/vapors
Flammable solids

Contributing factors for area classification

Temperature classes
Ignition temperature or auto-ignition temperature (ATI) is the minimum temperature of a surface
at which an explosive atmosphere ignites. Flammable vapors and gases can be classified into
temperature classes according to their ignition temperature. The maximum temperature of a piece
of equipment must always be lower than the ignition temperature of the gas-air mixture or vapor-
air mixture in which it is placed. Equipment shall be marked to show the operating temperature or
temperature class referenced to a 40 C (104 F) ambient. The temperature class (T code) is indicated
on the manufactures nameplate and is based on the table that will be shown later.

What is LEL and UEL?

The primary risk associated with combustible gases and vapors is the possibility of explosion.
Explosion like fire, requires three elements; Fuel, Oxygen and ignition source, each combustible
gas or vapor will ignite only with in a specific range of fuel/oxygen mixture.

To little or too much gas will not ignite. These conditions are defined as the lower explosive limit
(LEL) and the upper explosive limit (UEL). Any amount of gas between the 2 limits is explosive it is
important to note that each gas has its own LEL and UEL. As shown in the chart below. The gas
concentrations are shown by percent of total volume, with the balance as normal air.

The lower explosive level (LEL) is the lowest concentration of a gas in air capable of
producing a flash of fire when met with a source of ignition.
Concentration below the LEL will not fuel or continue an explosion, these concentrations
are considered too lean.
 The upper explosive limit (UEL) is the highest concentration of a gas in air capable of
producing a flash of fire when met a source of ignition.
Concentration above the UEL will not fuel or continue an explosion, the concentration are
considered too rich.
The LEL and UEL of gases very greatly depending on the chemical composition of the gas or
vapor however, safely applications monitor the LEL as rich explosive atmosphere are more
common in the process industry. Gas detector monitoring LEL measure the percent LEL of
the target gas a and typically scale 0-100% LEL. At 100% LEL the monitored gas has reached
the minimum concentration that can sustain combustion.

17/08/2017

100% VOL
Too rich for combustion UEL 75%
Combustible mixture LEL 4%
Too lean for combustion 0%

NFPA 497 classif flamables.pdf 68 paginas tiene el pdf

PAG. 6

Ventilacin Adecuada
A ventilation rate that afford either bair changes per hour, or 1 CFM per square foot of floor area,
or other similar criteria than prevent the accumulation of significant quantities of vapor-air
concentrations from exceeding 25 percent of the lower flammable limit.

Una velocidad de ventilacin que permita cambios de aire por hora, o 1 CFM por pie cuadrado de
rea de piso, u otros criterios similares que impidan la acumulacin de cantidades significativas de
concentraciones de vapor-aire superiores al 25 por ciento del lmite inferior de inflamabilidad.

4 es 100 % ------ 1 es 25%

H2 % CFM
25 % LEL 1 6
LEL : 4% 100 600
Q= 600 CFM

Limite mnimo de posibilidad del hidrogeno: 40%

EL etanol LEL 3.3%, Qu tanto debe de aplicarse para considerarse que tiene una ventilacin
adecuada? 3.33/4 =0.825

H2 % CFM
25% LEL 0.825 6
LEL: 3.3% 100 727.27
Q= 727 CFM
Para seleccionar una fuente de ventilacin en el cuarto de un saln necesitamos saber primero el
volumen del rea y a eso multiplicarlo seis veces como dice el texto marcado para seleccionar
nuestro sistema de ventilacin de una forma adecuada.

Para buscar el extractor nos vamos a un catlogo.

Nos vamos a tomar las medidas del suelo que es de 7m x 7m= 49m^2 de ah tenemos que
convertirlos en pies como esta normatizado esto nos da 527.432 pies cuadrados.

Tarea buscar un extractor que cumpla los requerimientos.

Conceptos bsicos
Between two limits explosions can occur under some condition, with the maximum explosive energy
available at approximately the midpoint. Note that these limits are sometimes referred to as LFL
(lower flammable limit) and UFL (Upper Flammable limit). These limits are empirically determined,
and various authorities sometimes quote slightly different figures, based on slightly different
experimental procedures

Entre dos lmites pueden ocurrir explosiones bajo alguna condicin, con la mxima energa
explosiva disponible aproximadamente en el punto medio. Obsrvese que estos lmites se
denominan a veces LFL (lmite inferior de inflamabilidad) y UFL (lmite superior de
inflamabilidad). Estos lmites se determinan empricamente, y varias autoridades a veces
citan cifras ligeramente diferentes, basadas en procedimientos experimentales ligeramente
diferentes

TABLA

Vapor density
An issue related to the specific gas or vapor involves the behavior of the material when it is released.
some materials are lighter than air, while others are heavier than air. Table 4.4.2 of NFPA 497
Recommended practice for the classification of flammable liquids, Gases, or vapor and of hazardous
(classified) locations for electrical installations in chemical process area also identifies the vapor
density for many common materials. Lighter- than- air gases (those with a vapor density less than
1.0) tend to dissipate rapidly and rarely accumulate to form an ignitable atmosphere near electrical
equipment, unless they are released in an enclosed area and are not permitted to escape. Because
of their rate of dissipation, classified areas for these materials tend to be smaller. Often these
materials have less effect on the electrical installation because it will be located closer to the ground,
and this material, when released naturally, leaves the location of the electrical equipment. It should
be recognized that lighter-than-air gas until it absorbs heat from the surrounding atmosphere.
Un problema relacionado con el gas o vapor especfico implica el comportamiento del material
cuando se libera. Algunos materiales son ms ligeros que el aire, mientras que otros son ms
pesados que el aire. Tabla 4.4.2 de NFPA 497 La prctica recomendada para la clasificacin de
lquidos inflamables, gases o vapores y de lugares peligrosos (clasificados) para instalaciones
elctricas en el rea de proceso qumico tambin identifica la densidad de vapor para muchos
materiales comunes. Los gases ms ligeros que el aire (aquellos con una densidad de vapor inferior
a 1,0) tienden a disiparse rpidamente y rara vez se acumulan para formar una atmsfera inflamable
cerca del equipo elctrico, a menos que se liberen en un rea cerrada y no se les permita escapar.
Debido a su tasa de disipacin, las reas clasificadas para estos materiales tienden a ser ms
pequeas. A menudo, estos materiales tienen menos efecto en la instalacin elctrica porque
estarn situados ms cerca del suelo, y este material, cuando se libera naturalmente, sale de la
ubicacin del equipo elctrico. Se debe reconocer que el gas ms ligero que el aire hasta que
absorbe el calor de la atmsfera circundante.