~ Japan, with its principal island, Honshiu, and attendant island north and south, lies off the eastern coast so of Asia, which is separated by the Riad eta sea of Japan. The eastern shores of ™™~ Japan is bounded by Pacific Ocean. te ~ The major islands,sometimes called the “Home Islands", are (from north to south) Hokkaido, Honshu (the "mainland"), Shikoku . and Kyushu. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCESGEOLOGICAL ~ The earthquakes in Japan has effect building development practically Japan is rugged hill country and four fifths of the area is occupied by forest and wild vegetation. ~ Bamboo is plentiful, and extensively used in building. Stone is mainly of volcanic eruption. ~ Stone is used for foundation work,for the lower portions of walling, which would be erected an upper timber structure. CLIMATIC ~ Japan is influenced by a cold airstream from Asia in winter, and by warm moist air from Pacific in summer. ~ Houses, face south projecting eaves to give protection against sun, while high courtyard walls screen the northern cold winds of winter.HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, AND RELIGIOUS ~ During Suiko Period (A.D. 522 - 645) Buddhism became firmly established. ~ Feudalism, in the 13th century recognized 3 groups: (1) The Emperor and Nobles (2) The Shoguns with military caste (3) The people ~ Under Tokugawa Dynasty (1603 - 1868), Emperors emphasized and actively promulgated after continual strife, which resulted civil war, the last Shoguns resigned in 1867. ~ A constitution was formed in 1890 which recognized the rights of people. ~ For almost 200 years, Japan was closed to the outside world. ~ Shinto was Chinese name for indigenous poly-demonism which existed in Japan before introduction of Buddhism.RELIGION ~ Shinto, indigenous poly-demonism ~ Buddhism Religion Distribution in Japan 0.01% 0.12% 427% 23.6% Pie Chart of Religion Distribution in Japan The main religion in Japan is Buddhism t+ or known as Shinto.‘ amas fo cmpontns ~ The architecture of Japan was derived from China, but maintained its own special charac- ad teristics of lightness as delicacy. in ~ Refinement in Japanese architecture is com- wi bined with carving and decoration which is noticable in timber construction. ~ Flat terrace roof that are dominant to form contrast from Middle East and India. Root styles ~ "Iramoya Gable" at the upper part of roof while the lower part of the roof is in hipped form. noe ~ Roof covering can be thatch, shingles, or tiles. es ~ Column that found in temples or gateway is Ken rocks followed from Chinese form. ~ "Ken" is known as standard measurement of a Ae Mea ct Tues ot § i i Root mat of woolen intercolumniation. ee ~ "Yarigana" is used to split timber and ith rocks beautify it. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERSSAMPLE OF ROOF COVERINGJAPANESE ARCHITECTURE (6th CENTURY A.D. - PRESENT) 1. = Introduced the “gassho type of construction” based on the principle of the rigidity of a triangle which formed the fundamental structural system considered resistant to earthquakes a.) ASOKA PERIOD — predominant religion “Buddhi e. g. Buddhist Temple b.) NARRA PERIOD — introduction of different roof construction: 1, — gable roof 2. — pyramidal roof ie — hip roof 4. — hip ridge roof PERIODS OF JAPANESE ARCHITECTURENames of roof components Teums Root styles § trimoys 4 Kiriewme Private Temple of Crown Prince ShOtoku > Hopye 9 Yosemuné3. KONIN PERIOD — time of transition when Japan was engrossed in assilating imported culture thus little attempt to adopt new architectural forms 4. FUJIWARA PERIOD ~ Japanese period which reached their full maturity. One Luxurious feature found in a Japanese mansion is the Buddhist Altar. Hou-ou-dou of Byoudouin Corridor of Amida Hall, Temple southeast of Kyoto Nishi Honganji TempleShrine made during Kamakura Perion 5.KAMAKURA — MUROMACHI PERIOD — decline of Buddhist religion and rise of military order. “ Tea House” was added to a Japanese mansion. Kinkaku-ji or "Temple of the Golden Pavillion" (luromachi Period)6. MAYAMA — YENKO PERIOD — architectural interest was transferred from religious to secular structures. EXAMPLES of Japanese Structures a) TEMPLES: Buddhist Temple of Horiuji Shinto Shrine or Kamiji Kuridini Temple, Kioto b) TOMBS: Tombs of Ieyasu, Nikko c) PALACES: Imperial Palace, Nara Mikado's Palace, Kioto Palaces of the ShogunBuddhist Temple Tombs of Ieyasu Shinto Shrine or Kamiji of Horiuji Mikado's Palace Palaces of the Imperial Palace ShogunJomon Period ~ The earliest period of Japan lasted from around 13000 BC to 300 BC. ~ Dwellings were built directly over an earth floor with a wood foundation and a thatched straw roof. ~ Inside the house, the floor may have been hollowed in, which is why Jomon Period houses are often called “pit dwellings". Yayoi Period ~ The Yayoi Period lasted around 300 BC to 300 AD. ~ Characterized by the start of widespread rice farming, resulting in the appearance of permanent settlements with bigger populations. ~ Communities become organized in villages as a whole, with areas demarcated for granies, storehouses and living quarters. ~ Houses were built on stilts to keep away pests. Structures such as village fences and watch towers were applied. IVI. Ness\ioN Sa V Od ONNO) t0)Jomon Characteristics ~ Huts built by digging as deep as 2-3 feet deep ~ Trees used as pillars to suport roof. ~ Roof is made of long ggrass or skins of wood. ~ Shape like tent with small ridge on the roof for ventilation. Yayoi Characteristics ~ Yayoi architecture is similar to architecture of Southeast Asia where buildings are raised up from ground. ~ Used gable roof. ~ The roof is over a wattle screen wall surrounded by a damp-excluding ditch SSD MPN omw NOs UsOsU0) tts)CONSTRUCTION METHOD SHINDEN-ZUKURI SHOIN-ZUKURI KURA-ZUKURI HOUSE AND RESIDENCESHINDEN-ZUKURI HOUSES In around the eleventh century, when Japan's unique culture came into the full bloom, mem- bers of the aristocracy began to build a distinctive style of house for themselves called shinden-zukuri. This type of house which stood in the midst of a large garden was symmetrical, and its rooms were connected with long hallways. It allowed residents to enjoy seasonal events and the beauty of the nature.SIIOIN-ZUKURI IOUSES As political power passed from the nobles to the samurai (warrior class) and a new form of Buddhism made its way to Japan, core aspect of traditional culture as we know it today be- gan to take root, including ikebana (flower arranging), the tea ceremony, and Noh, The samurai created their own style of house called shoin-zukuri.This influence can be seen in the alcove ornament of the guest room of modern houses. eer ace ga : biKURA-ZUKURI HOUSES Housing continued to develop during Meiji Era (1868-1912). Some towns had houses built in kura-zukuri style, which featured Japanese looking exteriors but were made from more fire-resistant materials. The style that is the basis for Japanese home today, which usually have a long hallway through the middle of the house with rooms on each side, is said to combine foreign culture with the style of house preferred by the samurai.Construction of a small wooden house in the traditional styleHow to build a wooden house 1 inawabari aircrews the rope sts to mark the osition of the house Kebenun: plaster Serangoon Goneret-uchi pourng the Tootngs 1 1 1 . ' == : keancerginn woot 1 for the romeo sce Shiagé: The house is romp Jorg: erecting te ‘on the foundationsTEMPLES / SHRINES TORII PAGODA PALACE TEA HOUSES BATH HOUSESTEMPLES / SHRINES ~ Shinto temples and Buddhist temples. ~ Featured the :orii gateways. (1) Monumertal, free-standing gateways to a Shinto shrine (2) Deriveé from the Chinese pai-lou (3) Two upright pillars or posts supporting 2 or mcre horizontal beams, usually curving upward. (4) Worshippers have to pass under this for prayers to be effective TODATJI TEMPLE IN NARA (BUDDHIST TEMPLE) USA JINGU SHRINE IN USA (SHINTO SHRINE)JAPANESE GATEWAYS OR "TORII" ~ It is a symbol of a shrine. It represents the division between the everyday world and the divine world.L.Torii - Shinto gate 2.Stone stairs 3.SandO - the approach to the shrine 4.ChOzuya or temizuya - fountain to cleanse one's hands and face 5.1618 - decorative stone lanterns 6.Kagura-den - building dedicated to Noh or the sacred kagura dance 7.Shamusho - the shrine's administrative office 8.Ena - wooden plaques bearing prayers or wishes 9.Sessha/massha - small auxiliary shrines 10.Komainu - the so-called "lion dogs”, guardians of the shrine M.Haiden - oratory 12.Tamagaki - fence surrounding the honden 13.Honden - main hall, enshrining the kami. On the roof of the haiden and honden are visible chigi (forked roof finials) and z katsuogi (short horizontal logs), both common * shrine ornamentations.Komainu : the stone dogs which face each other at the entrance to shrines, ‘guarding the precincts. One dog always has its mouth ‘open and is called A. wh: ile the othor has its mouth closed and is called Un, Inari style + torii The symbol of a shrine is its gate, or Torii, It represents the division between the everyday world and - Hishoku the divine world, Madte) * Water Chézuys: the small pavilion near the main hall with water ond ladies. People come here to wash their hhands and rinse out their mouths before going to the main hall to pray. Toshogu Shrine\Verious features of temple architecture > kom Statues and images ofthe Budeha. @ tis @ or] @ (eames) of the Buddhist erood here that holy rales sa be the remains of the Buddha, are preserved. (Kamakura ora) ‘Typical layouts of Buddhist temples in Japan 0st important buildings in the temple are the main hall (HONDO, KONDO. una hiee CO Te rene Cesar RCC a CRC re Sas on the inner sunc Preheat ttsMain Honden styles MOST COMMON STYLE OF SHINTO SHRINE Ketwosi high Shrine buildings can have many different basic layouts, usually named either after a famous shrine's honden (e.g. hiyoshi-zukuri, named after Hiyoshi Taisha), or a structural (<7; ~ simyeanteniet characteristic (e.g. irimoya-zukuri, ‘Shine suk: __ Sumvosn Taine after the hip-and gable roof it adopts.) et SngS ONS prot {testa Mecopetton bret} The suffix -zukuri in this case means "structure™ kor) © Munamochi ashi The honden's roof is always gabled, and some styles also have a veranda-like aisle called hisashi (a I-ken wide corridor Kaciinrtar surrounding one or more sides of the core of Kesuga Tasha Nara pret) a shrine or temple). Among the factors involved in the classification, important are the presence or absence of: (1) hirairi or hirairi-zukuri (2) tsumairi or tsumairi-zukuri Nagare-zukur: Hochimon-2ukuri: Kamo Jinja use Jingu (Oita pret) {kyoto Metropolitan pret.)Main Honden stylet Katsvogi high fe Hake-ot © Munemachi bashira (1) hirairi or hirairi-zukuri A style of construction in which the x... building has its main entrance on the sidenasni which runs parallel to the roofs ridge Shines keri : Singtel) (non gabled-side). The shinmei-zukuri, ee nagare-zukuri, hachiman-zukuri, and hie-zukuri belong to this type. ‘Sumiyosh:zukuri (2) tsumairi or tsumairi-zukuri i Kasuga star Taisho sur A style of construction in which the Kssuge'Tahattare prt) ‘eumo Tisha Shimans pret) building has its main entrance on the side which runs perpendicular to the roof's ridge (gabled side). The taisha-zukuri, sumiyoshi-zukuri, Stori-zukuri and kasuga-zukuri belong to this type. Nagaré-zukuri: 'a Karo Jinjo Use Jingu (Gita pret) «kyato Metropolitan pret.)2. NAGARE-ZUKURI A style of Shinto shrine, 1, SHINMBI -ZUKURT based on the Ise prototype. ‘. but with the front slope of A style of Shinto shrine embodying the yoof extending to form a the original style of Japanese canopy over the entrance building, before the introduction stair, this space eventually of Buddhism. developed into a prayer room for worshippers.3, KASUGA-ZUKURI A style of Shinto shrine, characterized by a hipped roof extending from the main roof, over a centrally placed entrance stair at one gable end kateuogl ~~ 7 The short wooden billets placed at right angles to the rye of a Shinto shrine, high =——- The crossed fil formed by the projecting barge boards at each end of the ridge ofa Stiato shoe. haghira ~~ ‘sacred post Shinto architecture. shaped by human hands.<— Hajuthe topmost chamber sd to \~ Sera section neve nape PAGODA SEENON ~ Derived from the Chinese pagoda ~ Square in plan ~ Mostly 5 storeys, 45 m in height ~ Virtually suspended around a central timber (stable against earthquake shocks) LUkebana:a decoration in the ~ Wide projecting roofs to each storey, Horn: nine rings subtly curved ~ The ground storey contains images and shrines. The upper storey serve as The five elements “belvederes" tepresenting t Buddhist universe, sky, wind, fire, water and earth, B Sky A Wind x Fire IK Water Govino arcted 2 oroveyards Gojd-no-t6 (five-storied pagoda)finial (sorin) thied floor sacred jewel” (hiju? “dragon wheel” (ryasha) “water flame” (suien) “sacred rings” (hérin) “flower bowl” (ukebana) “reversed bow!” (fukubachi)PALACE ~ A simple type, consisting of a principal hall, joined by corridors to separate pavilions for the family of the Emperor. ~ From the 16th century, palaces were proected by walls of masonry, often formed with a batter, concave on the external face, and with tilted quoin stones, to resist earthquake shocks moat invariably encircled the walls. _—The tenshu (castle tower) was protec ted in order by fortified courts called hommaru, ninomaru, and sannomaru meaning ‘main court’, ‘second court’ and “third court’ respectively. vi 4.}-Uchibori {inner moat) a ST Sotobori (outer moat) ‘The masugata was a square embat tlement which forced anyone entering the castle to make a right angled turn before he could pass through the gate. CASTLES Castles in Japan underwent their most intensive phase of development in the Sengoku Era (Warring State) from 15th to 16th century. Built with the object of keeping the enemy out, they are elaborate in design and strongly fortified. Their mag- nificent architecture also served to demon- strate the power of the joshu, or lord of the castle.The topmost roof of the castle Douails of castle construction ( See so a facilitate obser tion of the ousies. Himeji caste lord! the castle would live mes canto was under siege F< sniypinom Sasi ae ANY Iutiotoshra spacial chamber but Mochizonae tut over the wal of the east. IS oor could be oxened downwards fo King of pimitwe rank! {0 drop rocks onto the heads of [uackers ying to scele the wall Asweplainedabove,twasvery acute captured casi Se thore wore mon called ninja ‘szecaly tained inthe af of being unseen. In the picture ‘ne trying Yo nk tno the eae. Kurumaseird (siege tows) ‘Siege machinesTEA HOUSE ~ In Japanese tradition a tea house can refer to a structure designed for holding Japanese tea ceremonies. ~ This structure and specifically the room in it where the tea ceremony takes place is called chashitsu. The architectural space called chashitsu was created for aesthetic and intellectual fulfillment. ~In Japan a tea house can also refer to a place of entertainment with geisha. These kinds of tea houses, called » are typically very exclusive establishments. The rustic style of the rural ga cottage was adopted for the tea house, emphasizing such natural materials as bark- covered logs and woven straw. In addition, a traditional Japanese style culture such as tatami, shOji, and fusuma was stylized in Muromachi period.Plan of a Japanese Tea RoomBATH HOUSES ~ Closely resembles the large private house, but it is invariably planned round a central courtyard. ~ In large examples, upper floor are provided with connecting galleries. ~ Appreciation of the importance of personal hygiene is strongly marked in the Japanese character. ~ Ina family, the same hot water is used by everyone, the oldest member going in first. Utmost con- sideration is always reserved" Ryoubu Miwa Smale Rystustle BRACKETING SYSTEMPREPARED BY: LOZADA, AUSTIN WARREN PRESENTED BY: ABAD / CABRERA / CAS / GOZO / LOZADA / MACEDA / PAUIG