Ltwore Giatiana Lasso & areata in Fuosfa com indies bx Flsofia “el Linguagio presi [Universita del Sad Milao (200°) Paralamete ho cat arse po Us eg leneranra del Glappone diplomanibs! al corso Pinna a perfsionameno ditTs14.0, "ed in. sto prowgvende ‘uionomament gl stad inal € in Glapone. twalmente 8 lawcanda magistrate in Sere Anopolgiche ed Etnlepche ‘reso Universit deh Sd Mtane-Bleocea «3 occupa di fara pop giappanese e sudcoreant. Dal 2007 collabora el ‘Quadern Asta! con receon! su Trl di area giappons. -Moshtagh Khorasani Manouchehr AHISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEARS AND LANCES IN IRAN Marouchbr Mostagh Khorason grande eer tre dsr ¢ ral tara Bence perineal 2008 dl promi "Te Tord ok Price of te Ian Repubic of an” nel compo deg std Iroc presents in quia lance lane persian iprearende ‘an peri ree pra comp poco coat. Iwo gee pre de i del Bronco ¢ et Fro con le lnc deo (4 Larton,de tombe Mr deg se a Gian mete delle (quate pone mre nel ae Nao del Tra rotenone el periods chomone coma art anico eso rc fe plone lance. et 10.00 immortal quel hrghe crate Nel erode Paice © Sassanid po Fac. lca era Varma pi Imran sats tle cma pent con caval ¢ caval in ‘mann Lance pean he poses cope e“ehodae de slat eoeloon mec ‘apo fa cont mime deme ance mantener lve Inport fin amen lean da feo © pss wed ¢ Sure ele mint lo Soni i uet prids ed anche Msc Mane Team ioe opel del Dasani, qel a ‘he ame det Sve deh Bri. ‘Pere perinde MAL. Khan Hira fe ance ele ore mae fome'ewh ea Selo Ghiaadorn asi 9 unde ase 4 Masih Roan Matoucher Ary ae devant of ama ne ares aanipmnel ‘pear ones ton re eee Introduction ears have aay played a very important role in Iranian rly history, and the lance was highly regarded as a ‘weapon among the Irians. Spear earers bad a long reach on the tli, and spears could be used eflestively in war aod ances played ery importa role as the main weapons fon the batlefid. This was also the cae though Iaian malta Fistor, ts reach and cheap production were important ctor for ‘Stablshing formations of spear fighters and lance Maher. ‘Adtonally, one could learn the techniques of spear fighting and Tance fighting much faster than other weapons, such as swords The spear is alo a generally useful and ubiquitous weapon, relatively easy and cheap to manufacture (a comparison w swords), and useful for honing as wel as for wars Nomally, a spear o ance consists of a ‘wooden sha a apr ead or lance hea andthe ut at heen of the sha. Different types of spenbeads were used during diferent prvi in Iran and ere meant for diferent purposes. One sould fot thatthe general term for spears a lnces in Persian is me as Unlike the English languages the Persian does no diferente ‘between spars and ances The following ance discuss diferent types of spearheads tha stem fom the Bronze apd ion age periods of ran. Secon, the atc ‘xpands onthe oe of sears in the Acharenin prod. The thd pat ‘ofthe atcle explains lances and ance fighing during the Pain tnd Sessanian periods The lst part ofthe atte deals with the role of Sears lancer afer the Islamic prod. ‘Spearhead from the bronze and iron ages in Ian Excvated spearheads were found ip Lursan and westem pos of Iran as wel in the excavations conducted in the norte eovnces in Irs, such as Malik. Negahban excavated many spearheads with ‘arping shapes and sizes of bie nd shalom the toms of Maik Tei remaable ose hat afer areas, spears make vp the Second largest tego” of weapons found in Mari Negahban oncodes that the large number of spearheads found in Mari Indicates that the spear, being handy weapon fr ws in this forested ‘mountain region, as «popular weapon among the Mark warns. "Nepbon safes the spearheads into ca major types based on thei thape, decoration, and composin, including a numberof subtypes" ‘These ince: mua and decoaive spearheads; spearheads ih ‘angular lads light spearheads: long spearods with shorter tangs Spearhead with ovate blades ea spearhead: spearheads wit ong ‘aes and short tang; spearheads with lage bodes; spearheads with swollprojesting mideibs and lng, Ylded sockets, small spearheads, and iron spearheads ‘Other archeological sites and areas ia northern Iran aso had 3 umber of bronze spenheads. For example, there are a number of “Speaheads fom the Amish region that are stored in the Natio Nuseum of lan. These can be elasfed it speateads with log Wades, broad mideibs, rectangula-seaioned tangs. and reinforced Shafe opening o reveal the ang and rounded shoulders: sean With Tong Blades and shor tangs, small spearheads with an ovate Pade, a mide, and asocketed shat ovate Spearhead wih midi, 2 cylndial sha, and a Tong tng: and spearheads with bade and socketed end. Speareads fom Amar, oation tlzo rove some snc similares with spearheads from Mart and ‘Amish. Five examples ar kept inthe National Museum of an Diflerent types of brome spearheads are also reprted fm ‘ristan and the westem pas of Ian. Two bronze ypeaeads with ‘ovale bles, rb, and scksted nde are kept im the Natal ‘aseum of ran. One ofthese bronze spearheads weighs 150 grams “The oer bronze sperhead Is 218 cm Tong (15 cm bade). The Gianeter of ts baw is 15 om, and it weighs 100 grams. tron Sgeheads were also found in the tombs at Djub-i Gauhar. Four Sickeed iron speatheadswere found there. Only one of the spearheads it longer tan the socket, and wo spears have a socket twice as long a8 the spearheads. In the fouth example, only a fragment ofthe Socket was preserve. Te ity of spearheads found inthe tors may be de tothe misdentifcaton of tng ahead. ‘As such i could be tha they were uscd as javelin hea 5 STE ert 10927 ade sen ‘ince Mens Kw)usc stags Krrasan ManouePer ee "kristy e seep oT ‘pours endlnce nan ‘Spears and sparen fom the Achaemenian period en ents as te Aen ae old Pesan spear was ale art and Speman 38 ee A ee Sera ie onic ates Seca Br em en wera a ae acl oa eta renee Piste Aa ee a see So soe ee egg a oct ht et ee Siec rre tee e sei) en oe en Seb egato mecca age wag ay ge ne enemy ae one sc tee Sen if We ey feppgeerg eres a hae ht ara cht re ie i fecea viae See Na spo gsr es ata cane Maat te Penance, seman sienna aa ar ial ism pe. The Hades mounted the hf by ‘means of a tang inserted into a shaft and weighs 150 grams. 2 Siren arpayet Boner Nae Rosana 4 SERS Suga te tom ON 5 SSSR erat Ro Ne Rota DNS 5 Sete mews ryt Bae Ne Ro, DN 5 Sta 528) io scenepma 907 Psczaa inne). i under ait ot oshagh Reese Manoucter Arista Pe cavaupment oF ‘Spears aed lances inn Actuemesian spear sats were made either of ome) wood oe nel and terminated in appleshaped spear buts. Herodotus reported ‘thatthe shafts of rain spats were made of comel wood and Were six to seven feet long. Ffom this feature of ter weapons, ein Spearmen received the nichname “apple bearers”, The apple bearers Trlonged to the 10000 song Immortal Guus; they. were the noblemen anne. te Immorals. One thousand solders of the Trmortal Guards the special guards ofthe king. cared spears ending in golden spear buts and’ 1000 other solders caied speas terminating i slvr spear buts A single wait of a thousand spe teres, called arobar in Olt Persian. guarded the chart of the Achocenian King. They were difrentited fom the other seatolders by the golden spear buts on ther spears. The spear Dts Were ot only made of god and silver a bronze spear but was also recovered from the Sth entry cemetery at Deve Husk in Nother Syria This was probably used bya merenary in. Achaemenian service There are angular sits cu into the surfie that resemble those shown on spear bust Persepolis and Sasa. ‘Dung ttle, the Achaemenian spear fghers held thei spears under he ight armpit while abbing thir enemies. Sometimes, hey ted thir spears as jvelins. The spears were also wsod with one and for overhead tating: this tesnige s clearly depicted on el in the Besh, museum. Poiming to the example of a Chorasian avalryman depicted ona molded tenacta Mask excavated fom 3 tomb a Koikyrglan Kal on the barks of the Ox, Sekunda sates that this Sepicuon of evan contains an ely represen of the long, twoshandd lance wie hy calaprac hey eval, howe asa fomas. This eavaiyman is lighily armored an crying sal higger tucked in his bl abviusy a Penn anata. Sekunda fof the opinion that much longer cavalry lances were produced and awed afer the deft a Tsus signaling the stroducon and evelopment ofthe cataract heay eal the forrear To the ‘motive knight. The Iranians at this time dsearded thir javelin (pala in avr of he vorhanden,Spears and lances daring the Parthian and Sean eawy mounted lance fighters are known 9s cataracts, THe can ants were fly develope by the time of te Pains sptanhae us the most important weapon, aftr the bow, for the To ane he frmer waste main weapon ofthe enycatanhacts, Patan ed was the min weapon of the lght-moune aches and th seetad Henn) wooden sats and were two meter ong With Tse ey ance as The arian cataract coud del¥t Vy Bae wen laws wth these lances, and thee ae pviod anu ae partion cataracts wre able cpr and ail 60 dat a aiymen with one ance Blows The Pathan lance o Kontos rn teas and had large, sword-like blade and butt sik 8 1 ee cued in a downvardstabing,overar otion a ads arin bayons ign, There are ve excavated exams a ae eneends rom the National Muscum of Tra All hese Saar ge made orn and have sockets, meaning that they wre lanes a haf The length af hese anecheads fom ef 10 igh evs emt) 375m, c) 232m, d) 37 em, and e) 33.5 6m. sa caaition of heaily armed cataracts continoed in de eof i eneeina in Middle Persian, spear is elle art The ancien aoe eas open), which was wsed by the Ackacmeians, Was re rs ar daing the Sassanian pris, The word, nak ws ‘ana er ering wo pers in tis prod ler words for nls a a The word mézak contains the oot ofthe word Fr aaa ped a New Pern, Spee towing of aig WA Pe ng hs period was called rézakarih Te lance was Sa mck ofthe Savaran (Sassunian heavy cvay uns) ma pert Sucanian period. The Sassanian cots red fro a came ct ores and wee as stable siting io thi vit ane oy heen che there. They made up he fit ans sae an bale formations ike walls; behind them were positioned of Sasa a hind the archers came the war cleans (DE th toreduced bythe Sassanians), Hee the etapeats eyed este tar inh Sassari itary, Tey tacked 8 Vey ayer ineypuaka. and were supported by the bownen vo cosh thei aor te enemy's ies andthe commander a quadratic ‘oaagh Rares Manoucrer Aniston he development of — ‘Spears andlances i ran as sted nt cone, cover, ging oder ists a ps {Be iden. nthe whe bal amore, cboectet caly Heiter ete ee ce at Seceeicanee eae ‘outnumt ‘the heavy cavalry by ten to one as a Parthian times. Heavy cavalry could rarely break inf fant sehadiet frac cecope atone jin close-packed squadrons with the best peotected troops at the front Leva eeraaee ee ea rk acto sth et oy yen af he ei Thi a I into te pose tineitgee jen tea wee framed (high-cantied) saddles: however, such horsemen could Serre ves doef atone meme Benga aga ad Fa tht Sto any yd he nl ee ced zinc ete ‘with two hands, usually at level. Bas ‘i won ied adie Satis sisicuricamicae Seine ee eoeae coors eect Srainenaecr nema akan smelt ie eres aerate ame meer, ae bce possible due to the introduction of in en on, ae sos Teanlan spears or lances aftr the Islamic period Ate the Mastin Conquest of Iran the s es of fre, the spearance reine its ingranso n f e ae wenso ettlel Hes sa om of firearms, the spear aways layed a majoerole fet nin ao te ates or xm he Daas famous for Uhowing spears ubin (javelin) ad, in general, forunder asin 94 7 _moshagh Krrasai Wanoucher Arise oe devant of Zpoas ad iances nan capone aici fev eigen thie nepas The weapons i te ou ced bin ein cr shot Donan ey dae sv anes nO sa rng show shot 03 {oobi nea nd vay aed ith pew mins Os ousted neonate oS ee damig Ac Zt nd ols, he cee nmr asthe sae Be ng a so ean ede has amb sae The tga pu, seca ec of Fe ay escpeying ne ine 2 (an Mand arse fm he 18 ry fe Sie ited erying 3 etn ese ane cig A (2 Tree ah ceiry hein, Rosin is depicted ing fo essen Baten ae mowed ond Rosa big ‘Anan ig slong ve ospen He ane ete apex Another rile fom + 108 cent ns le Sime the ale tes Rostan 2 mars tS ah Rost, ting Aled ding the rian of ‘Sad es yaar sing anor or spars an ae ing thet Yaniger: Bate graying sab cach fh the sans umigt or te Sahnine, dated 10 cet be i nga One ofthe esis using 9 word 2 a ons eng ance, ech wing both nde 2 Meld and rine stomach Tal capes es a ee wna ong al and ana, ashore aN eof tem havea rounded bata he ed conte rant saved ss accurate the ha tht pr ate sane hee ips of Pes aden se he simple, singled fm), ) me Bea eat and) bin Gavel sy The me (get) has a slender ade wih a rence td bets Maro ne may and fe emia hn ein pear tsa th hel ae soni age a pd ys of gold and svt Zaller ak Rohrer vow this spear type as the types Iranian spear form. This {ype of spear isa staght lance with ahead about 12-80 cm tong and the speareads could be tiangular or quadre and, smetines, fat and Wide. Mos spears were aboot 3-46 meters long bat shoe nes With a lngth of 15 to 2 meters also existed, the later being used by the infty and eae mimneyce (literally, half sper). The shafts terminate ina pear-shaped end atthe spear but; sine they were ey to Tose, very few of them have survived to the present time. Some spears have tassels atthe end of the spear socket. These tse ae ‘ther made of hai. silk, woven yak Bai, ce eoton. These are of @ toch inertial compared Yo the rough horsehair sed on Turkish spears The tassel hair on Iranian spears was made of finer oat air | woven yak ait. There is a beatfel spearhead atte wo Fath Ali Ssh ajar hat, is kept inthe Miltary Museum of Tehran (museum invenory number 2), The whole pice is made of watered tel (crucible sel). The tp ‘ofthe spearhead is broken; probably 2 cm of the ips broken of A reinforeing midi rns through the whole bade. There is sel ‘pen (pereing) atthe hase of the Hade. The faceted. hase is Aesoated with gold overay ina lea design (nayo-e go! wr bay). ‘The total length ofthis spearhead is 46 cm, and it weighs 288 grams. Another watered stot spearead i kee in the Miltary Muscum of | Iran (museum inventory number 1). The surface of the blade is devoted with two raised snakes runing towards the base of the spearhead, The tip of the bade is felnforce. This spearhead has a socket at its base. The total length of this speahead i 5.5 em and ‘weighs 310 grams. There are also some speafeads that ave one or tho hooks onthe sides. The hooks were used io entap the mounted vale of the enemy and pall those soldiers off ther horses. The ‘mongols used a type ofthis spear with one hook. spearhead wih {ov eescentfaped hooks on the side hep in the Military Museum Gt elvan. The edges of the spearhead as wcll as both sides of the ‘rescent-shaped hooks are very sharp. This spearhead consists of «60 ars: a) the spearhead and b) the socket wih two crescent-shaped hooks. The spearhead can be screwed to the socket. The remarkabie ‘eatire ofthis spearhead is thatthe whole length of the socket i ‘quipped with thoes and razne-tke edges so that the enemy in unable nune sti : angi Romar Araneae " “speers and fances in Iran to gi he socket during combat. The otal length of hs ies i $1 inva weighs 44S grams. ae vregiy ito ronne tte wel ees a ea Ghee iopaaamaee ie ert ec wet ne Aaa i etd es ee a 9 a icteric sacs ii oges crt euaecoa seuctetnctgunted gt a =i saan os med Fin ee i eneting fa fey dono appeaton ain ies Cm meena ian a ake meseronc sn dena ie era eon of ane of manfare ranging om the 10 the ‘ebm ofthe 19 centuy: he Rypotesizes ht thes vo gongs ‘ex se in cari pros Howeve, hs tae Sa a ihre way endo or tang of ese se thc bated ae asthe 11 etary Quoting Fon a eel rin i421, hei (1030 ADs a hate (oo ore pomged pes) WEE SEO ebatet 7 here is also evidence for the usage of two-pronged spearheads a wettest oh coe. Reza ie i ened a Pasay he safvids nthe Bato Bin. A Fe ie of worponged peta! is etd in te i sco of Tan tonne iro aber 31 TM Mili Merete ated 1, Sh anil Safi a ua bse the ad ar veld ith ok ater ast 9 oahagh Rowse Marcuster A haan’ oe development of ‘Spears andar ron Moral designs. The spearhead socket i acted and beauiflly gold- overlaid. The edges are very sharp and seated. Thee is a Bol ‘overlaid insertion on the hate of the Bade tht reads, Bonde Sh Feliyar Esmil (The Representative of Ali, the King ofthe county. Esl). The total length ofthis spearhead i 53 em, Another shot tvo-prged spear is Kept inthe Miltary Museum of Tehran (museum Inventor numer 39) This piece is atte to Fath Al Sth Odie, and itis remarkable in hat itis complete wih its sha. The spearhead is ade of watered tcl and consist of «two-pronged spearhead and 2 steel socket The steel socket i faceted and espn with shar, Triangular razors alongside the steel shat (probably to pevent the sem from grabbing it). The ares Between the razors ae devote ‘witha dal design by using a gold overiaying technique The base of the ste socket doesnot have triangular rare and is dcorated ith ‘goK overlay. which reads, Nasron Mn Alla a Fathon Qareeb (lp from God and Early Vicor). Between the wooden sha and the sel socket isan area made of rasan orginally decorated with 12 semipresion stones, namely 6 agate and 4 turquoise stones (10 stones ate missing). The tip of one of the Hades is broken. The end of the wooden shalt is pained and Taequered wih Moral design. Between the brass areas and the wooden shat is sing made’ of treads, indicating the remnans ofa ssl. The sal ext the Brass areas wrapped wih vere, The otal length of this piece is 1588 «rth length ofthe spearhead is 40S cm, andthe etre spear weihs (60 grams. There were also examples of Ue-pronged spearheads of ‘widens. Allan and Gilmour pot to two 198 entry examples ith {old overays kept in the Metopolitan Museum of Art, New York. They sate that these were made by Mohammad Hasan. An example of these trident is Kept in te Miltary Museum of Tehran (mateo inventory nunber 2). The whole spearhead is made of erie sel, Ts edges are sharp. The sal 6 facsed, and the otal length is 50.5 cm, Th veighs 460 grams, )The zubin or pin isa javelin. According wo Zok,-ubin were 8 special weapon of the Achaerenians thatthe Grecks adopted ang them javelin. Aubin was one meter lng with a sha mage of dat ‘wood or canes and witha head made of bronze or sce. Thee were si ie tae Seite a ca oh en mle fo a wo methods of owing the ja hoezonally in reports of Daya coma re were rater the Musim, Congest of Ia he cre moun soe io ged Javelin. The Daylamite inane ft fan Norte fen lite who funtioned a ye tin donee camel snc chatise weapon, Te DM a century and lane, OH cena pty vessel exeaated Ae infmyean crying 60 javelis win See ep Sami Me 20 Fe rally she a va, ED sod aug Soman Tyan alwing = Hemi esl hey. cre r+ hau, The TDS secre cre im ino Samanid infty oS avin wih ovo Heads eig Bat ets, An cam othe Sah ese 2 se id mse om he 18 ey et nar a Sa py and Bh NS 8 pores th be ter ld i fc rf he Pol emt he Dw ah and and 3 he nn ne Tey a ior es nd tls veh ‘Nicolle 200218) Speers oars nan These weapons were cued in cass insets of two or thre and used facshor distance throwing. Tenet, who, asthe fist Westem traveler to Kan inthe 1814 century reported on javelin, deserbing them as hallanees with tps ik short dats on shafts painted red and green ‘sith small lags of colored sik. Javelin were cried in time of war. “The ABBrid always cared two of these jveins in a ease placed lost horizontally under the right thigh and fixed to part of the “dle by means of a double strap. Drouille also desribed haw the ‘Nid threw them with great accuracy. There re tree examples oF jivelns attributed tothe ATAFd period that are kept in the Military ‘Museum of Teran. One of them is made of sel, ineluing the handle (anus inventory nurber 17). The otal length of his javelin is 93.5 fem and weighs 1050 grams. I consis of thee diferent parts: a) he jivelin ead ) a shorefacied shaft between the javelin ead and the Tong shat and the long stat. ‘Next othe abovementioned tems: neyze (spe), meri (combat fork) and zubin(velin), Persian manuscripts report of many other ‘ypes of spears. The following list provides the names of diferent ‘peso spears mentioned in various Persian manuserps 4) Neyze: 1s general term ia New Persian that desrbes both infty spears and evar lances. ‘The term neyze used in iferent anthologies such as Dine adald Samargand from the tenth ‘emury(Rudski, 20041382:91), Fare Onsor! Bale om the ‘leverth century (Onsori Bali, 1990/1369:15), Dixdne Quire Tabi trom the eleventh century (Quire Tabi, 1983/3622) y Masnai "Mana ftom thethiteenth century (Mole, 2O0GT3RS:713)" This term is aso used in epics such as the Garisbame fom the cleventh century (Asai Ts, 1938:131750), Historical manunerigs such as dab a-Harb a alSoje from the tvelth century (Mabirak Sih Fawre Modabar, 1967/1346261) y Tavive Ahmad Sah frm the thineenth century (ah 2001713792118) and journey accounts suchas Safarnime-3e Naser oar dels. XI (Water oor, 1985-13678), Anater word. for teferrng wo spear in Nes Persian is mexas. 1) Senin: Normally, the word sendin refers to the spearheaddor asi 94 esbiogh ora’ Manoucher Avista oie devant ot Spears and iances ran Matlt states that spearheads were aso called senan, But Persian wrest ano use this word wo refer to spealance in general 8 acts he eps ofthe Sohndme from te tenth century (Perdis, we stSBdL90) andthe Carddsbndme from dhe eleventh cenury (Asadi Tus, 1998:13173). “el ts type of javelin with a bifrcated head or «ident 1k Warns cared five to en pcses of ef and threw them one ta eather at their enemies, Diflerent Persian manuscripts refer She pe of weapon such a the epic Garkdsbme fom the eleven NS UPS and Tus, 193K 131780) and the Wistoreal manuscript Serie tar va al-Sojie fom the wwe exntury (Mobarak Sh te a edabbar,1961/1346-129). Mobirak Sth Faxre Modsbhor team thao! wa the weapons of dans and Afghans. THe ‘Sime mations his weapon very ote 4) Neo 1 was a special type of spear that es usd daring the snail period in ran In te mile of Hs sha there was a Toop eesti op into whic the index finger cou be inserted thereby at caser ioe town atthe enemy. Afr towing, the WAP ‘ould be retrieved bythe thrower “a Zubia a jveln thrown atthe enemy ding the war rcpench by te epee, Saldne (Prd, 1998386313). and ange (Fathali Xin Saba, 11) Another term for javelin in Seelam is hare ss decribed by Tarive Beihog! (hehosi SOW3E3:137) and dab a-Harb wa alSojde (Mobs Sh Fane Movabber, 19671346:330), [p.Darbas vas a spear with bitrate heal decorated with jade Nt was. carlin front of the King so that people Ker Jewett ears that darBk served 3 signal fr people to Keep ——. ‘ate he om he Qi pin (oy he Ny Nn > =>— Alien fom tenor pri (Comey fhe ia MuAn altel a ‘ean clin ror th Ai esi (Comtsy of the Nita Mase ude sna o4 Nosiogh Rrra Maal’ AT ie Bee — Grav lodinatiien References Primary Iranian references +” Asef, Mohammad Hem (Rostam al Hokams) 2003/1342). Rostam al Tari: Salaine Selselee Safavye, sare, Zandive va Oojarive.(Rostam af Tavaris: The Saltans of Safvid, ABE, Zant and Qiji} Annotated by Acicollah Alizadeh, Teh: Entesiae Per dos + Air Neitbur, Abu Hamid ben Aba Bakr Ebshim Farid ad- Din Mohammad (1998/1372) Maneg a-Teyr [Conversation ofthe Birds}. Amoated by Seyyed Sadoq Gobarin, Tehran: Sekatee [Entetirate elimi va Farhan, + “Alsimi, Mahmud alHossini al-Monsi thn Ebyhim (2001/1379). 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Terin: Enteric Alam + Manéehri Damn, Abolnaim Ahmad ben Go's ben Ahmad (19801363), Divine" Mamuéelvi Damani [Anthology of Manutshti Dim ini) Annotated by Mohamnd Dahir Siva “Tehran: Cap-e Gotan ‘Mavi Vazir Mary, Mohammad Kazem (1985/1374), dam irdye Naderi. Anesated by De. Mohammad Amin Rial, Thee \olumes. Tein: Enttirt Elm tsa “oshagh RrorsariManoucher Ait of he dveopont ‘Sars anaonces nan “+ Motirak Sh Favre Modabbar, Mohammad ben Mansur ben Said (19671346). Ae al-Harb va a alSojre (The Customs of ‘Nar and Bravery}. Annotated by Ahmad Sobeii Khansar. Teh: E Pata oti, Molin Jain Moborma Rumi (2007/1385) Jenn? Menai, Edited by Reynold A. Nicholson, Tehran: nett Hermes eine an Gane’, Nezim olin Abu Mohammad Ils ebw-e Yusot ebme Zaki ebn-e Moayyed (2007/1385a), | Sarafndme ‘Minotated” by Hasan Vaid) Dasgari. Introduction by Said amin Tern: Nate AK tam Neclin Gane, Nezim ol-Din Abu Mohammad yas ebn-© Yusor come Zaki cbn-e. Mouyyed (1999/1377), Ha! 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