iu; i;H yd mrud: i;H m%:u uqKh - 2014 cQ,s

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kqu yd lau
ISBN 978-955-51707-3-4

il,o ysl l;=jrhd i;=h'

m%ldYkh (

mQcH jkm,dfka is Oud,xldr ys

w;=fldar<j;a;"
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mdlal'

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uqKh (

iqfka .%e*slaia" ud;r

rl:kh ( 041-2227688
mQcH jkm,dfka is Oud,xldr ys *elaia ( 041-2223802
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 mgqk
msgq wxl

wgqjd l;d yd tys b;sydih 4 - 23

nq oyu ud. phdjls wd.ula fkdf 24 - 49

nq oyu" nqoaOd.u yd kk oHdj 50 - 93

msk yd l=i,h 93 - 111

;sfrdal=vv iQ;%h 111 - 122

03
 wgqjd l:d yd tys b;sydih

ys ud yshka tod ,xld mqrhg ^wkqrdOmqrhg& jevu

lrka lrk ,o w;suy;a Ydik fYdaOk fufyjr u.ska fy,f
W;=re l=re mh kka fmrl, yeka jq hCI f.da;%slhka nyq,j iQ
tjlg bkah iNjhla we;s rcqka rcl, rdcH ;=, isjQfha n,j;a
fjkils' fufia is jQ fjkial ixialD;sl" wd.l" Odl yd
idys;Huh jYfhka fukau Ys,amShuh jYfhka o Odldrfhka
j.SlrKh lrka fmkajdh yels jqj;a fuys ud n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkafka ta ish,a,u i,ld n,kakg fkdj wd.l jYfhka yd nqoaO
Ouh me;af;ka is jQ fjkial ms<sn|j hlsis .%yhla bm;a
lrkakgh'

ys udyshka tod wkqrdOmqrhg mefKkakg fmr meye,s

f,aLk l,djla wkqrdOmqrfha fkd;snqkq nj wo ta ms<sn|j u; m%ldY
lrk fndfyda W.;=kaf.a u;hhs' kuq;a wkqrmqr m%foaYfha f,aLk
.kajd ,shd ;snQ w;S; fndfyda foa kgu;a lrk ,o lekSj, yuq
we;' tfia ,xldmqr rdcHfha ^wkqrmqr& hqKq f,aLk l,djla" wCIr
ud,djla" idys;Hhla tod fkd;snqK;a fkdmej;sh;a f fy< f
wks;a m%foaYj, fYaIfhkau foaj fy,h kka tod m%isoaO jQ
ckanqoamfha ys yshka mefKkakg;a fmr ^kef.kysr reyqfKa
yd lrf& b;du;au hqKq f,aLk l,djla" idys;Hhla yd Ys,am l%u
j,ska fmdaIs; jQ ixialD;shla mej;s njg wo jk g u;= we;s
fndfyda idCIsj,ska Tmamq we;'

ys udyshka nqoaO Ouh /f.k ,xld mqrhg

^wkqrdOmqrhg & meKsfha fuu foaj fy<fha tod w.kqjr jQ ^rc.,&
^wok wmdr ia;%slalfha& rc.y kqjr isgh' f nj meye,sju
uydjxYfha i|yka jkafka ckanqoamfha rc.ykqjr isg ,xldmqr
rdcOdkshg ys yshka iu msi meKs njh' uydjxYh mjik
f w;S; isu imQK i;Hhhls' tjlg ckanqoamh f,iska

04
yekajQfha nqka ckauh ,enQ wo rc., msys foaj fy<hgh' th tod
ckmo rdYshlska hq;= fjku rdcOdkshls' u.O rdcHh bka tlls'
u.Ofha w.kqjr jQfha rc.y kqjrhs' wo th wmdr rc., wdY%s;
Yd, m%foaYhla f,iska ykd f.k we;' tod u.O rf w.kqjr
jQfha rc.y kqjrhs' tod u.O rg jQfha wo wmdr n,a, yd
fudKrd., ia;%slal j,ska iuka; Yd, m%foaYhls' f ia;%slal
j, fYaIfhkau wmdr ia;%slalfha rc.," iuka.," kqjr.,"
mql=Kdj" ks,a.," nqoaOx.," kcx., yd mshka., wdY%s;j wo
olakg we;s w;s mqrdK w;s uy;a fn!oaO kgUqka yd mqrdjia;=
wdY%fhka wmg tod f m%foaY j, meje;s Y%S N+;sh yd ixialD;sl
hqKqj .ek ys;d .; yelsh'
nqmshdKka jykafiaf.a msksfuka miqj jir 700la muKu
.= ld, mrdihla ;=, tk l%s'j' m<uqjk ishji olajdu uq
f,djgu f:rjd nqoaO Ouh b.eka jQ uQ,ia:dkh jQfha u.Org
rc.ykqjrhs' m<uqjk yd fojk Ou ix.dhkdjka meje;ajQfhao
fuu wmdr ia;%slalfha rc.,h' furg b;sydih ,shq uyd jxYfha
meye,sju f nj i|yka f' wkqrdOmqrfha uyd ydrh"
f:rjdkaf.a wd.l uQ,ia:dkh jQfha rc.y kqjrg ^wmdf& f
;;ajh wys fuka miqjh' hlsis iajdNdl m;lska tk
kshhlska" iqkdhlska fyda c, .e,aula fyda Yd, .skakla jeks
fohla fya;= fldg f.k uq kef.kysr m<d;u jdf.a kdY ta
m<d; ck Y+kH ;;ajhlg m;au;a iuu fuf;la f:rjd uQ,
ia:dkhj meje;s rc.ykqjr kdY u ksid f uQ,ia:dkh
wkqrdOmqrhg udre .sh nj b;du;au meye,sh' ka rc.,
lrf.k hkq ,nk lekS j,ska fidhd.;a fndfyda lreKq wkqj yd
wog;a b;s we;s kYaGdjfYaI j,ska fmkakq lrk wdldrhg
rc.ykqjr ^wmdf& tod meje;s Yd, NslaIq uOHia:dk" msfjka
foaYK Yd,d" lgdr fldgd we;s Yd, .,af,ka wdfhka f nj
ukdj meye,s fjhs' rc.," iuka.," kE,a," mql=Kdj yd ta wjg
05
m%foaYj, wog;a l n,d .; yels .,af,ka iuQyh ;=ka oyila
muKh'
tod Ndr; foaYfhka wmdf rc.ykqjrg meKs ys
l=udrhd we;= ix>;a;d" iqukd" iqkkaod wd .sys rc l=ur
l=udhka rc.,g meKsfha tod rc.y kqjr ;snq msfjka j,ska yd
oHdia:dk j,ska msis nqoyu bf.k f.k OudjfndaOh ,nd
.kakgh' fufia OudjfndaOh ,nd .;a miqj me uM,
,nd.;a nj uydjxYfha yd mjxY l:d j,ska b;du;au msis f,i
meye,sjk lreKls'
rc.,ska yuq jQ fi,a,smsj,skao ys ud yshka msksjka md
jod< miqj ;ekam;a lrk ,o NIaudjfYaI j,skao" miqj l, lekS
j,skao ;ju;a fidhd fkd.;a w;s uy;a idCIsj,ska o ukdj Tmamqjk
foa k ys ud yshka wkqrdOmqrhg jevu lf,a wmdr rc.,
msys fn!oaO msfjka ixlSKfha isg njhs' ys yshka
wkqrdOmqrhg jevu lr ;u hq. fufyjr imQK lsfuka miqj
kej;;a ;fha b;s ld,h .; lr msksjka md jodf,a;a wmdr
rc., ^rc.ykqjr& nj rc.,ska yuq we;s fi,a,smshl igyka lr
;su ldgj;au fjkia l, fkdyels i;Hhls'
wmdr ia;%slalfha rc.," mshka.," iuka.," ks,a.,"
kqjr.," mql=Kdj" nqoaOx.," kE,a, wd wlalr oioyia .Kkla
m%foaYhka ;=, me;s we;s mqrdjia;= wkqrdOmqr hq.hg;a fmr hq.hlg
^tk nqoaO hq.hg& wh;a nj kgu ikd: lr iy;sl lr we;' f
w;s uy;a mqrdjia;+ka u.ska wmg lshd mdkafka wfma i;Hhu b;sydih
flfia fyda hgm;a lr oud we;s njhs' fy<u kshu ksjer Wreuh
fidhd hk ;reK oaj;=ka kef.kysr m<df;a wmdr" fudKrd., yd
n,a, ia;%slalj, we;s f mqrdoHd;aul jkdlulska hq;= jeo.;a
kgUqka yd ta ta ia:dk ms<sn|j ksjer f;dr;=re" ld,jljdkq yd
fjk;a wod, idOlo iu.ska fidhd.kakg wjxlju W;aidy h
06
hq;=h' f m%foaYh uydjxYfha tod ,shd igyka l, ckanqoamhhs'
u.O rdcHhhs' rc.ykqjrhs' wfma f.!;u nqmshdKka jykafia
nqoaO;ajhg m;a uq,au jir ismyla muKu ld,hla jev isfha
rc.ykqjrhs' wo tys ku rc., njg mj;kh we;'
ys udyshka wkqrmqrhg jevu lrkakg fmr f fy<f
meye,s yd hqKq wCIr l,djla fyda ixialD;shla fyda fkd;snqkq nj
wfma W.;a h;a hhs lshd .kakd fndfyda mKa;hka fukau fn!oaO
NslaIQkao wo mqk mqkd m%ldY lr;s' kuq;a f,dalfha fjk;a lsis rgl
tjlg fkdmej;s ;r hqKq NdId idys;Hhla wCIr l,djla yd
ixialD;shla tjlg wm rfgys meje;s njg fndfyda idCIs we;' ys
yshka wkqrmqrhg mefKkakg l,ska fy< f wfkl=;a m%foaYj,
tjka hqKq wCIr l,djla yd ixialD;shla meje;s nj ka Tmamq
we;' ys ud yshka iska wkqrmqrhg f.k wd ish hqKq wCIr
l,djka yd wfkl=;a wxf.damdx.hka ys yshka iska ,nd .;af;a;a"
bf.k .;af;a;a rc., rc.ykqjr tod meje;s oHdia:dk yd
msfjka j,ska i Ndr; foaYfhka fkdjk njo wo jkg ukdj
Tmamq lr we;' ta nj wfma fn!oaO W.;a h;a .sys me wh
ms<sfkd.ekSu ta whf.au lreuhls'
fy< niska ,shd ;snQ uq,au fy, uydjxYh ,shQ uydjxY
.;alre ;u rhd f,i f;dard .;af;a gq.euqKq uy rc;=udhs'
gq.euqKq uyrcqf.a mshd reyqfKa Wmka uydkd. mqrfha rcl<
fy<kd. mrmqrg whs;s merKs kd. fy,fhls' gq.euqKq uyrcqf.a
uj kef.kysr m%foaYfha md,lfhl=j is foaj fy,fha foaj rc
mrmqrg wh;a le,Ks;siai rcqf.a hKshhs' fufia kef.kysr yd
reyqfKa tod md,kh ndrj lghq;= l< uq,a fy, rc mrmqr folla
taldnoaO lrka Wmka l=urd jQ gq.euqKq rcq u,h rgg l rgg yd
W!jgo f.dia tys iydho we;sj fiakd ixOdkh lrf.k tjlg
wkqrdOmqrfha ^W;=re l=re mfha& md,kh ndrj is mrfoaYS rcqka
^chf.a mgka t<dr olajdu wkqrmqr rdcOdksfha rdcH md,kh ndrj
07
isfha mrfoaYs Ndr;Sh rcjrekah& m<jd yer rg tlafiai;a lr
foaYSh md,khla rf ia:dms; l<y'
gq.euqKq uy rc;=ud fufia foia n,f. m<jdyer rg
tlafiai;a l,d fukau" rf u;= wkd.;hg ;kau n,mE m%Odk
lreKq ldrKd lsysmhla o f iuu fjkia lrkakg fhks'
1' rf fuf;la meje;s kef.kysr w.k.rh ^rc.ykqjr&
wkqrdOmqrhg udrelr w;s k a md,k uOHia : dkhla
wkqrdOmqrfha msysgqjd Wm rcjreka hgf;a wE; tmsg m%foaYhka
md,kh lrkakg mgka .ekSu'
2' rf fuf;la meje;s uq,au oHd l,d Ys,am yd nqoaO Ouh
b.ekajQ uOHia:dkhla jQ rc.ykqjr yd ., f;jkdrduh
jeks fjk;a jeo.;a k.rj, msys mqia;ld,j, ,shd ;ekam;a
lr ;snQ myrKh lrka ;snQ fndfyda fmd;am;a ;%smsglh yd
fy< wgqjd jxYl:d we;= fndfyda wd.l fmd;am;a fukau
wfkl=;a jeo.;a fmd;am;a ish,a,uo w;ska ;ekQ wkqrdOmqr
k.rhg f.kajd f.k tys i;auy,a mqia;ld,hla" m%didohla
lrjd tys ;ekam;a lsu'
3' rf O m%foaY j, fYaIfhka kef.kysr yd reyqfKa
m%foaYj, j;a jQ ksiqka jeo mqod .;a f.!;u nqmshdKka
jykafiaf.a Ydl Od;=ka jykafia,d ish,a,u mdfya
wkqrdOmqrhg jevu lrjd Yd, od.e blr tajdfha ;ekam;a
lr ksiqkag wkqrmqrfha wguia:dkhu jkakg ie,eiau'
f ksid g fmr kshu ksjer wguia:dkh f,i ie,l+ nqoaO
Yla;shg wkq.; jQ W;= ia:dkhka hgm;a wNdjhg .shy'
fuf;la l,a fn!oaO ck;dj w;f m%isoaOj ;snQ W;a;rdrduh"
lms,drduh" l=iskdrdrduh" bism;kdrduh" fjkdrduh"
f;jkdrduh" iKs iEh yd iuka.sr wNd;hg f.dia
wkqrdOmqrfha kj wguia:dkhla blsuo isoaO h'
08
4' isjq fy,fhau fn!oaO Yaj oHd,h f,iska fuf;la l,a
fmr. f,dalfhau m;,j mej;s rc.ykqjr msys uQ,sl
fn!oaO ydr" msfjka yd oHdia:dk ixlSKh fjkqjg
wkqrdOmqrfha uyd ydrh" f,dajduydmdh yd rejkaje,s iEh
we;= fjfyr ydr msfjka f.dv kxjd fn!oaO Yaj oHd,h
w;a w.kqjrg tk wkqrdOmqrhg f.k hduo fuys ish'
ndysr mri;=re wdl%uKj,ska yd ndysr ixialD;sl yd wd.l
n,f. j,skao fuf;la l,la iajNdlju wdrCId mej;s rc.,
rc.ykqjr msys fn!oaO oHd Ys,amSh uOHia:dkh wkqrdOmqrh jeks
ndysr f,dalhlg jD; jQ;a wkdrCIs; jQ;a ia:dkhlg f.k .shy'
wkqrdOmqrhg f.k .sh rdcH md,k uQ,ia:dkh jir 800lg 900lg
miqj kej;;a wdmiq fmdf<dkakrejg f.fkkakg;a is h' g;a
jvd wkqrdOmqr rdcOdkshg ksrka;rju foaYSh foaYmd,ksl wdl%uK
yd ixialD;sl yd wd.l n,f.j, wdl%uKhka f jir 900l
ld,mrdihla mqrdu ;kau fkkakg h' f ksid is jQ n,j;au
kdYh k ksjka olskakg Wmldr jk fia fuf;la msisj meje;s
nqoaO Ouh" woyk wd.ula njg mj:kh uhs' nqoaO
mksjdkfhka miqj jir 700la muK . ld,hla wdrCId mej;s
rc.ykqjr rc., fn!oaO Yaj oHd,h wNdjhg f.dia ta ia:dkh
ckY+kH ia:dkhla njg m;au is kg jir 1900la muK .=
ld,hla .; we;' f ksid fn!oaO f,dalhdg u.O rg rc.ykqjr
yd tys f;dr;=re ish,a, kdu ud;%hla muKla h' ckanqoamh
bkahdjg mjrd ka iqoaoka iska u.O foaYh;a rc.ykqjr;a hk
ish,a,u;a bkahdjg nf,kau mjrd kay' bkahdf tf;la Nd;d
l, fndfyda k . iqoaoka iska fjkia lrka w;au b;sydihla
bkahdjg ksudKh lr kay'
wkqrdOmqrfha uyd ydrhg f:rjd fn!oaO Yaj oHd,h
udre lrkakg fmr tk nq'j' 685- 705 ;a muK jk f;lau foaYSh yd
foaYSh W.;=ka fukau idudkH rgjeishka" NslaIqka jykafia,d fukau
09
isjq fy<fhau l=,j;=kao W.;=kao Wiia fn!oaO wOHdmkhla ,enQf
rc.ykqjr msys fn!oaO wOHdmk uOHia:dkfhks' wkqrdOmqrfha fyda
W;=re ueo" ngysr" jhU m<d;a j, fyda fjk;a fujka hqKq fn!oaO
wOHdmk uOHia:dkhla ta w;S; hq.fha meje;sfha ke;' bkahdf;a
wcka;d" fj,af,dard wd fn!oaO Yaj oHd,hka wdrN lrk ,oafoa o
g;a miqj wd hq.hlh' tk nqoaO jI 800 ;r miqld,hlh'
bkahdf miqld,Skj wdrN lrk ,o fuu fn!oaO Yaj oHd,j,
msis f:rjd nqoaO Ouh lsisfgl;a b.ekajQfha ke;' ta fjkqjg
b.ekajQfha WmksYoa" ffck" yd uydhdk fn!oaO oYKhhs' ta ksid
wkqrdOmqrfha uyd ydrfha nq'j' 700 muK ia:dms; l< fn!oaO
Yaj oHd,h ta uq,au hq.fha wfkl=;a fn!oaO oHdh;khkag jvd
fjkia fufyjrla fn!oaO f,dalhdg bgq l, nj meye,sh' flfia
fj;;a wmdf rc., - rc.ykqjr msysgqjd ;snQ nqka oji mgka
jir 700la muK .= ld,hla ;=,u W;= nqoaO Ouh msis f,iska
W.eka jQ ta bmerKs wOHdmk uOHia:dkh jeks hqKq ;;ajfha
wOHdmk wdh;khla bkamiqj ljodj;au f,dj ys fkdh'
wo f,dalfha fndfyda hqKq Yaj oHd,hka we;' wo fy<
fo Yaj oHd, j, fn!oaO oYKh" fn!oaO ixialD;sh" fn!oaO
b;sydih yd fn!oaO idys;Hh b.ekajQj;a tod rc.ykqjr msys
fn!oaO Yaj oHd,fha b.ekajQjd fuka msis nqoaO Ouh tajdfha
W.kajkjd hehs lsj fkdyelsh'
wkqrdOmqrfha uydydrh uq,afldg f.k tod wdrN l< ta
fojk fn!oaO Yaj oHd,h ;=<o uq,au hq.fha fuka wOujd "
wkhjd foa b.ekajQfha ke;' f hq.h jk g;a bkahdj ;=<
m%p,s; fjka mej;s uydhdksl woyia" ffj;=,Hjd woyia" y,dy,
Ifuka" f:rjdka iska neyer l<y' tfia kuq;a l,ah;au uyd
ydl NslaIQkago bkah n,mE we;su ksid;a uydhdk nqoaOd.f
n,mE we;s jQ ksid;a .%duHjQ;a" ySk jQ;a" fmda;=cksl jQ;a fndfyda
foaj,a l%udkql+,j ckm%sh foa f,iska Ih ksfoaYhg we;=,;a l<
10
ksid bf.k .kakg ,enqKs' f wkqj ksu, nqoyu hgm;a
Nla;sfhka woyk nqoaOd.ula fy,fo ckm%sh m%p,s; jkakg
uyd ydl wOHdmk wdh;k ;=,o miqld,Skj fufia is jQ
fndfydauhla fjkialo fya;= jQ nj fmkajd h hq;=h'
nq'j' 915 muK nqoaOf>daI yshka l,s= rf isg wkqrmqr
uyd ydrhg meK uydydl NslaIqka uq<d fldg msis fy<
wgqjd ,ndf.k fy< wgqjd md<shg mj:kh lrkakg mgka .;ay'
f hq.h jk g;a ksjka wjfndaO lr .kakg Wmldr jk m fy<
wgqjd j,ska meye,s lr .%y lr b.eka jQ ksu, nq oyu
Nla;sfhka woyk nqoaOd.ula njg m;a lr .kakg wjYH ish
Odk iQCIu wdldrfhka fhdod ;snQ nj;a th b;d iQCIu f,ig yd
uydydl kdhl ldrldkaf.a is;a .kakd m;a isoaO jQ nj;a
b;du;au meye,sh' fy< wgqjd j, meye,sju i|ykaj ;snQ ksu,
uqla;s ud.h fjkia lrka uydhdk nqoaOd.fuys ms<s.;a
uQ,Ouhkag wkqj fjkial we;s lr .kska uyd ydl wOHdmk
wdh;kfha fuf;la meje;s wdl,am yd mrud:hka fjkia ulg
fhduq lrjkakg fufia fy< wgqjdjkays lrk ,o mj:khka
n,j;afiau fya;= jQ nj ka miqld,Skj is jQ fjkial foi
uis,su;aj n,k l, b;du;au meye,sh' fy< wgqjd" nqoaOf>daI
yshka md,shg mj:kh lsf Yd, jYfhka ;u u;hkag
.e,fmk m fjkial l, nj nqoaOf>daI yshkau ;u f,aLkj,
meye,sju i|ykalr we;'
nqoaOf>daI yshka fy< ug mefKkakg;a jir lsysmhlg
l,ska bkahdf fpda, rdcHfha ldffha isg wkqrdOmqr uyd
ydrhg meKs nqoaOo;a; keue;s uydhdksl yskulao fy< wgqjd
,nd .kakg;a uydhdk nqoaOd.u uyd ydrh ;=< m;=rejkakg;a
n,j;a W;aidyhla re kuq;a th uyd ydlhska iska jH: lr
nqoaOo;a; yshkaj wdmiq Wr.mqrhg^fpda,foaYhg& yrjd hjkakg;a
l%shd l<y'
11
nqoaOf>daI yshka wkqrdOmqrhg mefKkakg l,ska by;
i|yka l< nqoaOo;a; yshka o yuq ;udg is jQ foaj,a ms<sn|j
ish f;dr;=re ,ndf.k h,s;a fkdjk wdldrhg iQCIu f,iska
;u fufyjr bgq lr .kakg l%shdl, nj;a nqoaOf>daI W;am;a;s
l:dfjys meye,sju i|ykaf' f ksid fuh ;rula rg is;d u;d
l,a h,a n,d lrk ,o l=uka;%kld jevms,sfj<la nj meye,sh'
bkahdf uydhdkslhskaf.a n,mEj,ska ksu, nqoaO Ouh
/l .kakg uydydlhska iskao O l%ufohka yd Wml%uhka
fhdod ;snQ nj;a b;du meye,sh' uyd ydrhg meKs nqoaOf>daI
yshka j uydydlhska iska tljru ms<s.;af;a fyda Yajdi lf<a
fyda ke;' f wkqj nqoaOf>daI yshkaj mCId lrkakg uyd
ydlhska iska mCIK lsysmhlau meje;ajQ njo ,s; idCIs j,ska
meye,s f' m;xc,s wd.u ms<sn|j;a" isxy, yd md,s NdIdjka
ms<sn|j;a" WmksYoa yd yska Ouh ms<sn|j;a" uydhdk nqoaOd.u
ms<sn|j;a" yi, kqula ,nd is fofhys mrm%dma; n%dyauKfhl= jQ
nqoaOf>daI yshka iska wjidkfha uydydlhskaj ;u u;hg
kujd .kakg iu;a h' f wkqj tjlg uyd ydrfha wdrCId
iys;j ;ekam;a lr ;snQ jeo.;a u fy< wgqjd fmd;a ,nd .;a
nqoaOf>daI yshka tajd md<s nig mj:kh lr ,shd ;eh' f wkqj
uydydlhskaf.ao tl;ajh we;sj uyd ydrfha fmd;a.=f,ka ,nd
.;a uyd wG l:d ^uQ,G l:dj& md<s nig mj:kh lrka
Y=oa ud.h we;= fmd;a 17lau nqoaOf>daI yshka iska md,s wG
l:d hkqfjka rpkd l,y'
nqmshdKka judkju jev is hq.fha ud. niska foaYkd
lrk ,o nqoaO NdIs;h ta k j, mgkau fy< niska wG l:d f,iska
,shd ;nd fy<j jeishkaf.a Ou {dKh jvd jOkh lr .ekSug
Wmldr jk fia mYS,khg ,nd f jevms<sfj,la rc.ykqjr
l%shd;aulj mej;=ks' f i|yd uQ,slju l%shdlf,a uyd
m%d{hskajykafia flfkl= f,iska f.!;u nqmshdKka iskau
12
fkdfhla jr i|yka l< uyd lpdhk uydm%d{hska jykafia we;=
uM,,dNS wdhhka jykafia,d msils' miq lf,l rc.ykqjr
rc., fn!oaO Yaj oHd,fha nqoaO Ouh W.;a fndfyda nqoaO
Y%djlhska jykafia,d t;eka mgka ^nqoaO mksjdKfha mgka& jir
700la muK .= ld,hla ;=<u f fy< wgqjd nqoaO Ouh b.ekSu
i|yd mYS,kh l< nj;a tajd ksjer ksu, nqoaO Ouhu jQ nj;a
meye,sh' f ksidu fy< wgqjd fmd;am;ao mhdma;s Ouh hk
fldgig .efkhs' ys l=udrhd rc.ykqjr - rc., fn!oaO Yaj
oHd,hg meKs hq.h jk g;a nqoaO Y%djlhska ,shd ;snQ" mYS,kh
lrka ;snQ fy< wgqjd ys yshka o mYS,kh l, nj;a rc.y
kqjr - rc., isg wkqrdOmqrhg jevu l< jod< wjia:df ys
yshka iska tjlg rc.y kqjr mqia;ld,fha ;ekam;a lr ;snQ fy<
wgqjd j,ska fldgila^fmd;a lsysmhla& wkqrdOmqrhg /f.k .sh
nj;a uydjxYfhysu meye,sj i|ykafjhs' ys ud yshka
wkqrdOmqrhg /f.k .sh ta fy< wG l:d wdhhka jykafia,d
iska fy< niska ,shQ fy< wgqjdfjdau h' fy< wgqjd ,shqf;a
;ekam;a lr ;enqf;a fy<j kef.kysr m%foaYfha msysgd ;snQ
rc.ykqjr fn!oaO Yaj oHd,fhah' tfia fy< wgqjd ,shd ;nka
fy<j jeishkag ksu, nqoaO Ouh odhdo lr ,nd kafka ud.
M,,dNS wdhhka jykafia,d iskah' ys l=udrhdo bkahdf
l<s= foaYfha isg rc.ykqjrg- rc.,g meK jir lsysmhla mqrdu
ud. ni fy< ni yd fy< wgqjd bf.k f.k ksu, nqoaO Ouho
f;are f.k ta u wkq.ukh lr uM, ,nd.;af;a wmdr rc.,
msys fn!oaO Yaj oHd,fhah' rc., msys ydr wdrdu
ixlSKfhah'
;%smsgl Ouh - nqoaO NdIs;h - ud;=, wf,fka fy<
wl=frka isxy, NslaIQka jykafia,d iska f,aLk .; lrkakg fhfka
nq'j 456 h' tf;la l,a lgjpkfhka jkfmd;a lr .kska
mrmrdfjka mrmrdjg ;%smsgl Ouh mj;ajdf.k wdfo isxy,
fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,dh' ;j;a jir 450 lg muK miqj nq'j'
13
915 muK nqoaOf>daI yshka fy< wgqjd md,s NdIdjg mj:kh
lrkakg fhks' fufia fy< niska fy< wl=ka tod ,shQ uq,au fy<
wgqjd iSy,G l:d lsisfjl=;a wkqrdOmqrfha fyda uyd ydrfha
fyda ,shQ tajd fkdf' fid Yd, fy< wgqjd m%udKhla ,shk ,oafoa
rc.ykqjr - rc., msys fn!oaO Yaj oHd,fhah' f tlo fy<
wgqjdjlaa fyda wkqrdOmqr uyd ydrfha ,Sjd k uyd jxYfha ta nj
meye,sju igykalr ;nkq we;' kuq;a uyd jxYfha O ;eka j,
fy< wgqjd ms<sn|j;a O foa i|yka fj;;a tajd ,shQ wh .ek fyda
;eka .ek fyda ,shd ;nd ke;' tajd uyd ydr mqia;ld,fha ;ekam;a
lr ;snQ nj;a we;=ka y;a fofkl=f.a nrg iudk nrlska hq;= mqiafld<
fmd;a tys ;ekam;a lr ;snQ nj;a i|yka f' f fmd;a j,ska je
yhlau fy< wgqjd jQ nj;a uyd jxYfhau ,shd ;nd we;'
Y=oa ud.h we;= md,s fmd;a 17la nqoaOf>daI yshka iska
,shk ;=rdjgu rc.ykqjr fyda wkqrmqr uyd ydrfha fyda md<s
NdIdfjka wgqjd ,shd ;enQ njla lssis;ekl i|yka fkdf' kuq;a
;%smsglh kka ,shQ ish ;%smsgl fmd;a ,shd ;enQ NdIdj jQfha ud.
NdIdjhs' uQ, ud. NdIdjg wl=re ke;s ksid uq,au hq.fha ud.
NdIdfjka foaYKd lr ;snQ nqoaO Ouh ta NdIdj fjkia fkdlru
isxy, fy< wl=re Nd;d lrka ud. moje,a ,shd ;enQy' fufia
jir 450la muK .= ld,hla lgmdv lrf.k jkfmd;a lrf.k
mj;ajd f.k wd nq oyu u;lfha rojd .ekSf myiqj i|yd ta
ud. moje,a fma,s f,iska ilia lr f.k fm< .iajd ;snqKs' tfia
fm< .eia jQ oy mo" fm< oyu f,iska miqj Nd;hg meKshy' f
ud. fm," miqj md,s njg m;ah'
' fm< oyu f,iska jkfmd;a lrf.k lgmdv lrf.k jir
ydrish mkia.Kklau mrmrdfjka mrmrdjgu mj;ajdf.k wd
oyu lsisgl;a fjkia fkdh' th tf;la .= l,la hk ;=re f,aLk
.; fkdlrkakg;a fya;= ;snqks' ud. NdIdjg wl=re ke;slu bka
m%Odku fya;=jhs'
14
 fy< f fy< wl=ka isxy, NslaIQka jykafia,d iska
;%smsglh f,aLk .; l,dg miqj wd hq.hl ta wNdIfhka
bkahdfo ixialD; wl=frkao" k rf k wl=frkao fjk;a
fjk;a rg j, ta ta rf Nd;d l< NdIdf wl=frkao fuu ud.
Yo ix{d f,aLk .; l<y' tys ud. NdIdfjka foaYKd lrk ,o
uq,a nqoaO foaYKdj wdrlaId h'
uq,au jrg fy< oamfha ;%smsgl Ouhg w: olajka fy<
wgqjd fy< wl=frka fmd;a j, ,shd ;enqjdg miqj bkahdf O
uydhdksl fn!oaO oaj;=ka iska o Odldr fjkial iys;j
;%smsglhgu w: l:d ,shk ,' ixialD; niska ^pkaoiaj,ska&
bkahdf ,shQ fndfyda w: l:d mok fldg f.k uydhdk
oYkhla yd uydhdk nqoaOd.ulao bkahdf ia:dms; h' uq,au
;%smsglhg wh;a jk ksu, nqoyu .%y lsug muKla uq,a hq.fha
fy< niska fy< w: l:d ,shd ;snqKs' LqoaOl ksldhg we;=,;a jk
fndfyda md<s fmd;am;a nqoaO mksjdKfhka miqj O W.;=ka iska
O wjia:dj, ,shd ;enQ fmd;a m;ah' uq,a u fy< wgqjd yehg
.efkkafka mqiafld,j, ,shd;snQ fmd;am;ah' f w;r jeo.;a u yd
m%lg wgqjd fmd;am;a f,iska i|yka jk lsysmhlau we;' fjd fy<
wgqjd" iSy,G l:d f,iska m%p,s;h'
1' uyd wG l:d = uQ,G l:d
2' uyd mph wG l:d = nq le,s wgqjd
3' l=reka wG l:d
4' ixfm wG l:d
5' fmdrdK wG l:d
6' mqndph wG l:d
15
md,s yd fn!oaO Yaj oHd,fha W.;=ka fukau wfkl=;a
oaj;=ka yd mfhaIlhskao iska wo jk g m%ldY lrkq ,nk
wdldrhg f fy< w: l:d" iSy, w: l:d ,shk ,oafoa l%s' j' 3 " 4
fyda 5 jk ishjia j, muKh' kuq;a f u;h myiqfjkau wkd: l<
yels u;hls' nqoaOf>daI yshka fy< wgqjd md,shg mj:kh lf<ao
f l%s'j' 4;a 5;a hk ld, jljdkqfh' tk nq'j' 915 muK
uydkdu rcq rdcH md,kh l, ld,fhah'
nqoaOf>daI yshka fukau Bg fmr fy< ug meKs fndfyda
bkahdkq yd k ixpdrlhska iskao l%s'j'4 jk ishji jk g;a f
rfu ,sh ;snqKq fy< wgqjd .ek fyd| kqula ,nd ;snqKs'
nqoaOf>daI yshka fy< ug mefKkakg fmr jdih lf<a
l<s= rg m;xc,S yska wdY%uhlh' fuu m;xc,S wdY%uhg
fy,fuka meKs wNh.sjdiS fn!oaO NslaIqkaf.ka nqoaOf>daI
yshka fy< ni yd fy< wgqjd fukau md,s nio ukd fldg bf.k
.;ay' tfia bf.k .;a nj meye,sju Tmamq jkafka fy< ni .ek
hula fkdk fy< wgqjd .ek hula fkdk tla jru wyiska lvd
jegqKq wfhl=g isxy, niska ,shd;snQ fy< wgqjd md,s nig mj:kh
l< fkdyels ksidh' fuh b m%d;sydhhla f,iska fmkajkakg
fndfyda wh W;aidy .;a;;a fuys tjekakla ke;' fuys i;H k fy<
ug mefKkakg fmr nqoaOf>daI yshka iska fy< ni" md,s ni
iy fy< wgqjd jir .Kkdjla ;=, fydkau wOHkh lr ;u
.=rejrhd jQ m;xc,S iuo f .ek idlPd l< njhs'
nqoaOf>daI yshkag fy, wgqjd mj;kh lsf fuu fYaI
rdcldh mjrk ,oafoa f i|yd ,enQ fYaI mqyqKqjlska o miqjh'
fuh jir .Kkdjla ;=, isoaO jQ l%shdoduhka" l=uka;%Khka iuQyhl
m%;sM,hka f,iska kd wyfnka is jQjla o fkdf'
16
 f wkqj ys yshka tod wkqrdOmqrhg mefKkakg;a fmr
ld,hl mgkau rc.ykqjr - rc., fn!oaO Yaj oHd,fha uM,
,dNS fy<j jev is isxy, wdhhka jykafia,d iska w:" Ou"
ksrela;s" miNsod iys; j ,shd ;snQ ksu, nqoaO Ouh fy< wgqjd
f,iska m%p,s;j ;snqks'
oyug ifldg fyfjka fmrlS hkd jYfhka f,dajev
irdfo f nj i|yka lr we;' f ksu, fy< wgqjd bf.k f.k
Ou ud.h wkq.ukh lrka ksjkg imeKs i ieg kula .ek mgkaf.k wkqrdOmqrhg meKsfhah hk u;h f u.ska
f lfhka lshefjhs' nqoaOf>daI yshka iska ,shd m,l, md,s fmd;a
17u fyda lshjd lsisfjl=g;a wojk ;=re;a ksjka ud.h myod .kakg
,enqkd hehs fld;eklj;a i|yka lr ke;' u;=jg;a f md,s wgqjd
lshjd ksjka l .; fkdyel'
Bg fya;=j jQfha ksu, nqoaO Ouh i|yka lrka ,shd ;snQ
W;= fy< wgqjdj, i|yka msis Ouh md,s NdIdjg mj:kh
lsf lrk ,o fjkial ksidh' tfia;a ke;sk Ouh wd.ula
njg m;a l< ksidh' f,!lsl;ajh hym;a lrkakg" fo iem n%yau
iem" rc iem ,nkakg f w;ska ,shQ Ouh Wmldr jqk;a flf<ia
uq,a lmd oud ksndk.d ud.hg msfikakg k Wmldr jQfha
ke;' u;=jg;a Wmldr jkafkao ke;'
ys ud yshka wkqrdOmqrhg mefKk g ;%smsglh o tys
/f.k wdfh hk jer u;hla wo fndfyda oaj;=ka w;r uq,a
neif.k we;' kuq;a ys ud yshka jevu l< hq.hg jir tlish
wiQjlg muK miqj wd hq.hl tk nq'j' 456 j,.nd rdcH
md,k hq.fha ;%smsglh m<uqjk jrgu f,aLk .; l, nj ljqre;a
okakd m%isoaO i;Hhls' ys yshka wkqrmqrhg jevu lr foaYKd
lrk ,o iQ;% .Kk myf<djlg wdikak .Kklg iSud we;'
kuq;a ta foaYKd lrk ,o iS; jQ iQ;% lsysmhlska ksjka olskakg
Wmldr jk ish Ouh myod ij imQK f,iska foaYKd l,
17
fial' Bg wu;rj ys yshka nq oyu bf.k.;a rc.ykqjr -
rc., wdhhka jykafia,d iska ,shd Nd;d lrka ;snQ iuyrla
fy, wgqjd" mqiafld, fmd;a jYfhkau wkqrdOmqrhg ys yshka
we;= msi iska /f.k we;a fy< wgqjdo ykajdfok ,' f
wkqj wkqrmqr rdcOdksfha jdih l, hCI f.da;s%l fy, ck;dj f
fy< ni lshjkakg;a k ish njo meye,sh'
ys yshka we;= msi bkahdf hlsis ;eklska
imQKfhkau ksfYaOkh jkafkah' ys ud yshka ,xldmqrhg
^wkqrmqrhg& mefKk ld, jljdkqj jk g bkahdj ;=,
fld;eklj;a ksu, nq oyula Nd;fha fkd;sks' uydhdkslhska
iska ^uyd idx>slhska iska& ksudkh lr.;a uydhdk u; yd
ixl,amhka iq jYfhka bkahdfo me;sr mj;skakg yelshdj
;snqk;a msis ksu, nqoaO Ouh ldf kfhka tmsg W;=re
bkahdj ;=, k fkd;sks'
uyd jxYh md,s NdIdfjka ,shd ;enq fyda mj:kh lr ,shQ
uydkdu yshkao nqoaOf>daI yshka fukau ld,sx. fyda fpda,
foaYfhka fy,jg meK fy< niska ,shd ;snQ uyd jxYh uQ,dY%
fldgf.k md,s niska uydjxYh;a ,shd ;eh' uq,au md,s uydjxYh
^wo wmg lshjkakg we;s fmd;& ,shd m< lf,ao l%s'j' 5 jeks
ishjfia muKh'
nqoaOf>daI yshka md,s wgqjd fmd;am;a ,shqjdg miqj wd
wdikaku jIl uydkdu yshkao md,s uydjxYh mj;kh lr
,shd ;nd we;s nj fmfka' uydjxY l;D uydkdu yshkao
nqoaOf>daI yshka lrk ,o fufyjr k isfhah' b;du by,ska
nqoaOf>daI yshka jKkd lrka wkqnq yshka f,iska ykajd
,shd ;eug ;r fm<Uqfka f fofokdu tlu wdldrhl
rdcldhla lsug fy,ug meKs ksidh'
18
 nqoaOf>daI yshka yd uydkdu yshka wkqrmqrfha fy< m;
fmd; md,s NdIdjg mj:kh lr ,shQ hq.fhka miqj;a bkah yd
,dxlsl oaj;=ka iskq;a O wjia:dj, O jQ wgqjd" ld" mamks
,shd m< lrk ,' fufia w: l:d ^wgqjd& fy< niska fyda md,s niska
fyda ,shQ fndfyda fofkl=ka iska moku f,iska" uq,dY%hka f,iska "
Nd;d lrk ,oafoa tjlg ckm%shj meje;s uq,au fy< wgqjd
fmd;am;ah'
uM, ,dNS wdh uyd ix>r;akh iska rc., ukdj rpkd
lrk ,o fy< niska ,shd ;snqK fuu fy< wgqjd fmd;a" md,s NdIdjg
mj;kh lsf tu fy, wgqjd fmd;aj, idrh muKla f.k ;u
kqu yd W.;alu;a m%fhdackhg .kska ;uka ms,s.;a m;xc,s
u;jdohka o fmd;a ;=,g we;= l< nj nqoaOf>daI yshka iskau ;u
fmd;aj, ,shd ;nd we;'
fuys nqoaOf>daI yshkau ,shd ;nd we;s m my; i|yka
jk m h h fjkial lrka f md,s wgqjd fmd;am;a rpkd l,
nj meye,sju ,shd ;nd we;'
1' Ndidka;rfj ys;ajd
uq,a fy<wgqjdj Nd;d l< nia jyr fjkia lr fmd;a ,su
i|yd md,s NdIdj Nd;d lsu'
2' ;x jchs;ajdk mudox f,aLx
nqoaOf>daI yshkaf.a kqug wkqj jer ;eka fidhd k
tajd neyer lr ta fjkqjg nqoaOf>daI yshka ksjer hehs
ks.ukh l< u;hka w;ska we;= lsu'
3' F:dru.a.x p iudihs;ajd
wkjYH wdldrhg iuyr ;ekays ,shd ;snQ ia;rhka fyda
mqkrela; fodia neyer lr ixlafYamfhka ,su'
19
4' ksphx inufiaihs;ajd
w;S ; ld,hg .e,mq k ;a " fmd;a ,s h k ld,hg
fkd.e,fmk ksYaphka neyer lr ld,hg wod, jk m
iu; ksYaphka w;ska we;= lsu
5' ;ka;slalux l[a wfjdlal;ajd
hq.hg ld,hg .e,fmk m jHdlrK yd NdId ;s
ixfYdaOkh lr ,su'
nqoaOf>daI yshkau ,shd;nd we;s m fuu lreKq ldrKd
foi n,k g fuu md,s wgqjd fmd;am;a ,su i|yd uq,au fy<
wgqjdjka Nd;d l,;a" fy< wgqjdjkays ;snQ uq,a iajrEmh ^ksu,
nj& fndfyda rg ld,hg .e,fmk m;a" nqoaOf>daI yshka ms<s.;a
iu;hkag yd m;xc,s wd.f ms<s.;a iu;hkag .e,fmk m;a"
fjkiaalr ,shd ;enQ nj ldg;a meye,sh' uyd m%d{hka jykafia,d
iska fy< j" fy<ni yeoErE isxy, jeishkag" .e,fmk m ,shd
m<lr ;snQ" mYS,kh lrka ;snQ jir wgishhla kuishhla muK
.= ld,hlau fy<j Nd;d lrka meje;s fuu fy, wgqjd
nqoaOf>daI yshka ;u wNsu;h m Odldrfhka fjkial lrka
md,s NdIdfjka h,s;a wf;ka rpkd lsu ksid" fy,u jeishkag
woyk nqoaOd.ula mj;ajdf.k hkakg ta wgqjdjka Wmldr jqj;a"
ksndk ud.h" uqla;s ud.h jeiS hgm;a jkakg k f lrk ,o
fjkial n,j;a fiau fya;=mdol h'
nqoaOf>daI yshka iska ,shq fuu md,s wgqjd fmd;am;a
fndfyduhlau mD;.ack mqoa.,hskaf.a is;a.kakd m ckm%sh
wd.l ixl,amhkao we;=,;a lrka ,shQ ksid f w;a md,s wgqjdj
uydydl NslaIQkaf.ao is;a .kakg iu;ah' f wkqj f,!lsl
jYfhka n%yau;ajhg <xjkakg fo ksia iem im;a ,nkakg yd
fndai;a fmre mqrkakg iqiq jk m f:arjdoS nqoaOd.uo h,s fjkia
lrf.k ilia lr.;ay' f ksidfjka l,ah;au uydydl fn!oaO
20
uOHia:dkh ;=, msysgqjd ;snQ msfjka j,;a nyq, jYfhkau ckm%sh jQ
yd Odldr Ihhka w;ska W.kajkakg;a mgka .;ay'
fy< wgqjd hk m%p,s; kdufhka yekajQ" nqoaO foaYKdjgu
fy< niska ,shQ w:l:d Yd, m%udKhla fy< j jeishka w;f uq,a
hq.h ;=, Nd;d fjka meje;s nj wfma oaj;=ka" b;sydi{hska yd
fn!oaO mjreka o tlfy<du ms<s.kakd fohls' kuq;a wo jk g
wmg b;s we;af;a f fy, wgqjdj, k muKls' f fy< wgqjd
uq,skau ,shqf ljqo@ l;D;=uka tl mqoa.,fhlao mqoa.,hska
iuQyhlao@ ,shQf ljodo@ fld;kl fjd ,shqf o hkd lreKq
wojk g;a wfma fn!oaO mjrekag ksrdlrKh lr .kakg neh'
w.la uq,la fidhd.; fkdyels m%YaK iuQyhlg Tjqka uqyqK fok
fha .egjla njgo fuh m;a we;'
nq'j' 350g wdikak ld,hl reyqfKa uydkd. mqrfhka
wkqrdOmqrhg meKs gq.euqKq rc;=ud iska rg tlafiai;a lr uyd
ydrfha mqia;ld,hla f.dv kexjQ njo^i;auy,a m%didohla& uyd
jxYh i|yka lrhs' gq.euqKq rc;=ud rg tlafiai;a lr rf isjq
fy<fhau w.k.rh wkqrdOmqrhg f.k .sh miqj kef.kysr rc.,
yd reyqfKa lE.,af,a fukau ., f;jkdrdufhao Nd;d lrka
myrKh lrka ;snQ jeo.;a fn!oaO fmd;a m;a ish,a,u
wkqrdOmqrhg f.kajdf.k tla/ia lr uyd ydr mqia;ld,fha
;ekam;a lrkakg fhkq nj uydjxYh meye,sju i|yka lrhs'
fufia fy< wgqjd fmd;am;a uQ,sl jYfhkau f.kajQfha ., msys
f;jkdrdufhka yd rc., msys fn!oaO Yaj oHd,fhkah'
tod uydydrfhao myrKh lrk ,o ksu, nq oyu ,shd
;snQ fuu fy< wgqjd fmd;am;a wkqrdOmqrfha uyd ydrfha ,shQ njla
fld;klj;a uydjxYfha fyda fjk;a ,sh,a,l fyda i|yka jkafka
ke;' tfia wkqrdOmqrfha fyda uyd ydrfha fjd ,shkakg fhfka
k tys l;=jrhdf.a ku yd tajd ,shkakg uq,sl jQ wfkla whf.a k
21
. o wksjdhfhkau uyd jxYfhau i|yka lr ;nkq we;' wfma
je<,S .sh fy< fnd b;sydih u;= lr .;a g muKla u f ishu
m%Yak j,g ksjerj;a msisj;a ms,s;=re ,nd.kakg;a yelsjkjd
we;'
uydjxYfha- fYaIfhkau mqrdK fy< niska ,shd ;snQ uq,au
uyd jxYfha - f,aLk .; lr ;snQ yeu jpkhlau yeu mohlau f
isjq fy<hg wod, jQ;a wh;a jQ;a isjq fy<fha ksiqkag wod, jQ;a k
. yd fM;sydisl is muKlau h' ta wkqj uyd jxYfha i|yka
ish k ." b;sydih" rcjre ish,a, isjq fy,hgu wh;a
ia;rhkau h' ta hq.h jk g Ndr; foaYfha fyda isjq fy,hg
ndysr jQ fjk;a foaYhla .ek fyda b;sydih f rfoS ,shd ;nkakg
;r fyda mqoa.,hska yd k. ,shd ;nkakg ;r fyda Wkaudohla
wfma merKs fy<.;al;=jrhkag fkd;snqKs' miql,l fy< uyd
jxYh md,s NdIdjg mj;kh lsu;a" mjxYh wd fndfyda fmd;a
m;a md,s NdIdjg mj;kh lsu;a" fy< wgqjd mj:kh;aa is
jqfha l,s= rfgka " fpda, mdKavHh jeks ol=Kq bkah rgj,ska meKs
isxy, yd md,sNdId W.;=ka w;sks' f ksid wkqrdOmqr rdcOdksh rf
w.k.rh f,i je hqKq jkakg fmr;a uyd ydrh cd;Hka;r
Yaj oHd,hla ;;ajhg m;ajkakg fmr;a ys yshka
wkqrdOmqrhg jevu jkakg fmr;a wfma fy< jhsk ;=, b;du
jeo.;a hqKq b;sydihla" ixialD;shla " f,aLk l,djla fukau Ys,am
Ydia;% W.;a ck;djlao j;aj ishy' ta" fy< jhsfka kef.kysr
m,df;a" reyqfKa iy Wvrg llr m%foaYj,h' tajdf.au wmdr
rc.,^tod rc.ykqjr & msys cd;Hka;r fn!oaO Yaj oHd, u.ska
Yd, oHd;Ska msila f,djg ysl,d muKla fkdj fmd;am;a
Yd, rdYshlao fy< niska fy< wl=frka ,shd wdrCId lr f.ko
;snqKs'
22
 wmdr - rc., - rc.ykqjr isg hCI fy,fha w.kqjr jQ nq oyu ud. phdjls - wd.ula fkdf
wkqrdOmqrhg jevu l< ys ud yshka jykafia wkqrdOmqr uyd
ydrh wdrN lrka wkqrdOmqrhg f.k .sfha msis f:rjd nqoaO nqka jykafia foaYKd lr jod< W;= ksndk ud. m%;smodj
Ouhhs' ta jljdkqj jk g nqoaO Ouh f:rjd " uydhdk hk k .%y jk nqoaO Ouh hkq mpiuqmamdo Ouhhs' mpiuqmamdo
j,ska ksldhhka f,i fn fkd;snqK;a wkqrdOmqr m%foaYfha Ouh wjfndaO lr.; hq;= jkafka p;=wh ip Ouhka wjfndaO
l%shd;aulj meje;s nqoaOd.u f:rjd nqoaO Ouhg mgyeks jQjla lr.ekSu i|ydh' ;u meje;au ^j;au& ms<sn|j h:dN+; {dK
h' f wkqj ys udyshka iska islrk ,o fufyjrh jqfha oYKh l .ekSug ,efnkafka p;=wh iphka h:dm wjfndaO
wkqrdOmqr rdcOdkshg yd tys ck;djg ksu, nqoaO Ouh h,s lr.ekSfukau muKs' fuh bf.kqula fyda kqula muKlau fkdf'
ykajd uhs' ys yshka iska nqoaOd.ula f.kdjdh hk u;h kqu blaujd ,nd.kakd lauls' ^cdkf;da miaif;da&
imQKfhkau jer m%ldYKhls' f wkqj ys ud yshka iska kk oHdj u.ska fyda WmksIoa oYkh u.ska fyda ffck
tod lrk ,o W;= fufyjr ksjerj w.h lrkakka wd.ula wd.f tk weoys,s ;=,ska fyda fuu uqla;s {dK oYKh ^lau&
f.kdjdh" wd.ula ykajd kakdh hkqfjka lreKq ,nkakdjQ jer ,nd.; fkdyelsh' f wkqj nqoaO Ouh hkq lsisfia;au woyk
m%ldY fkdlsug j. n,d .; hq;=h' wd.ula fkdf' oYKhlao fkdf' ;ukau wkq.ukh lr ;ukau
ksjka olskakg Wmldr jk msis ud. phdj h,s fy,hg w;al .; hq;= taldhk ud. phdj fmkajdka oyuls' th
ykajd kafka ys udyshka isks' jir 280lg fmr fy<j ksndk.d ud. m%;smodjhs' iirg neKq ne fidhd ne l
jeishdg ksjka olskakg Wmldr jkfia YdlH uqkSkahdKka jykafia ne j,ska ;ukau iyuq,skau ksoyia jkakg wkq.ukh l<hq;= yd
foaYKdlr jod, Ouh ^ud. phdj& wkqrdOmqr m%foaYfha iQ Wmldr lr.; hq;= m%;smodjhs' ta m%;smodj m<uq fldgu ksjerj
hlaL fy,hska w;ska .s,syS wNdjhg f.dia ;snQ hq.hl fuu W;= wid k.; hq;=h' wid k.;a m%;smodj ;ud iskau fm!oa.,slju
fufyjr lrkakg W;=re l=re oamhg tk hlaL fy< foaYhg wkq.ukh lr ;ukau w;al .; hq;=h'
meKSu is l< nj ljqre;a f;are .; hq;=hs' tod msisj foaYKd l< ud. m%;smodj l,ah;au wd.ula
njg m;alr .ekSfukq;a oYKhla njg m;alr .ekSfukq;a is jQ
tlu m%;sM,h W;= ksndk.d ud. m%;smodj wNd;hg f.dia
ksjk jeiS hgm;a hdu muKs'

wo wms Nla;sfhka woyk" Yajdi lrk nqoaOd.u hehs

iu;fhka k lrkq ,nk f wd.fuys lsisfia;au ksjka l
.ekSf ud.hla fmkajd fokafka ke;' f,!lsl jYfhka fyd|
hym;a meje;aula .ska .gu mj;ajd f.k hdug" wmdfhka
ffrkakg" fo ksia iem ,nkakg k nqoaOd.uo h ;rulg
Wmldr fj;;a f,dalfhka tf;r ioygu ixidr lska ksoyia

23 24
jk f,daflda;a;r ksndk.d ud.hla k nqoaOd.f fyda fjk;a
fudku wd.ul fyda fmkajd fokafkau ke;' W;= nqoaO NdIs;fhka
Khg b,a,d ,nd.;a moje,a nyq, jYfhkau Nd;d lrka ta moje,a
j,gu f,!lsl jYfhka w: olajd" ilia lr .;a wd.u nqoaOd.uhs'
uydhdk nqoaOd.u fjd" ,dud nqoaOd.u fjd" f:rjd nqoaOd.u
fjd" fudkh fyda woyk nqoaOd.ul fyda fjd tod f.!;u
nqmshdKka foaYKd l< fmkajd jod< ud.h" m%;smodj ^uCud
mmodj& wo m%dfhda.slj Nd;d lrkafkau ke;' ta .ek okafkao
ke;' ksfil= Wm; ,;a flfkl=g W;= ksjka ud.h l .kakg
wo jk g n,j;au ndOlhla njg m;a we;af;ao iu;fhka
woyk nqoaOd.uuhs' Ou ud.h yd wOu ud.h hehs wdka;sl
n,f.hka folu f,dalh ;=, ioygu l%shd;aul fjka mj;S'
[a[dK Yla;sfhkau l%shd;aul jk" [a[dK Yla;sfhkau
ksudKh jQ" i;aj mqoa., yd jH jia;+ka" f,dalh ;=, l%shd;aul
jkafkao f n,f. folu l%shd;aul f m%;sM,hla f,isks' Ou
ud.h wkq.ukh lrkafka;a wOu ud.h wkq.ukh lrkafka;a
ksiqka m%Odk fldg.;a i;aj mqoa.hska iskauh'
Ou ud.h wkq.ukh lrk iEu ksfil= iska u lrk
lshk ys;k iEu Oudkql+, l%shdldrlulau iajNdjOuh msis
lrkakg;a" Yaj Yla;sh hym;a n,f.hla njg m;alrjkakg;a
n,j;afia Wmld fjhs' tajdf.au whym;a l%shdldrl lrk
wOufhys yeisfrk iEu ksfil= iskau" i;ajfhl= iskau lrk
whym;a l%shd ksid iajNdjOuh wiajNdl ;;ajhg m;alrk
whym;a M, mdl Wreu lrfok" Yaj Yla;sh ls<s lrk
n,f.hlaa f,iskao l%shd;aul fjhs' f wdldrhg ;u ;uka lrk"
lshk" ys;k" fyd| fyda krl hk folu ;u ;ukagu wdmiq whym;a
M, mdl wm, Wmj fyda hym;a M, mdl iem im;a fyda f,iska
wdmiq Wreu fjhs' hfula Yaj Yla;sh msis lrk OudkqOu
m%;smodfjys yeisfrkafka k tjka mqoa.,fhl= ixidr nej,skao
25
ksoyia fjhs' ndysr f,dalh iu we;s ish inkaO;d iy Kh
.kqfokq j,skao ksoyia fjhs' thu ksjkhs'
f wdldrhg m%;sreoaO Ou;djhka follau l%shd;aul u
fya;=fldg f.ku f,dalhlao ksudKh mj;S' tal mdCIslj fyd|
fyda krl fyda hk n,f. foflka tl n,f.hla muKla f,dj
mj;skakg l%uhlao ke;' f ksh; Ou;djh h:dm f;are.;a
Ouh l.;a f,d;=rd nqoaO;ajhg m;ajk yeu nqjrhka jykafia
flfkl=ka iskau fya;=M, Ouh f,dalhdg foaYKd lr jodr;s'
fuhu ud. nia jyka mpiuqmamdo Ouh f,iskao .%ylr
fmkah'
woHduQ, mpiuqmamdo kHdhh u.ska .%ylr ia;r lr
fmkajd fokafka .gu" .ska .gu f,dalh mj;ajdf.k hkakg
Wmldr jk" iuqoh W;amdokhjk wdldrhhs' l=i, uQ,
mpiuqmamdo Ou kHdhh u.ska .%y lr fmkajd fokq ,nkafka
f,dal meje;aula wjika lrk uhs' wmje;aug uhs' meje;au ;=,
muKlau f,dalhla we;' lla o we;' ksjfka meje;aula ke;s ksid
f,dalhlao ke;' meje;aula fyda f,dalhla ke;s ksid ksjfka llao
ke;' tfia k i;aj mqoa.,hska iska |jkq ,nk wfkaldldrjQ
flka fokakg tlu l%uh f,daflda;a;r ksjkhs'
nqoaOd.uo we;= yeu wd.ulu u;=lr fmkajd fokafka
f,!lsl jQ ;djld,sl iqjhls' wmdfhka ffrkakg fukau fof,dj
yd n%yau f,dalj, iem im;a kakg fyda fndai;a fmre mqrka
mdr;d mqrka l,am ld,dka;rhla fndai;aj iem kakg;a u
lshd fokafka nqoaOd.u we;= wd. j,sks' kuq;a nqoaO Oufhys
fmkajd fok taldhk ud.h ksfil= Wm;,;a f wjia:dfu
myiqfjkau lr.; yels imQK lr.; hq;= m%;smodjls' f wkqj
nqmshdKka jykafia fmkajd kafka ud. phdjhs' nqoaO Ouhg
miqld,Skj ,shQ w:l:khka ksid th oYKhla f,iskao wd.ula
f,iskao jHdma; u ksid f W;= ud. phdj jeiS hgm;a .shy'
26
 WmksIoa oYKh;a" ffck wd.u;a hk fol iu nqoaO
Ouho taldnoaO lrkakg Ndr; foaYfha n,j;a W;aidyhla rE
w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,iska uydhdk nqoaOd.u kka wd.ulao ysh'
nqoaO Ouh hkq oYKhla fkdf' Ndr; foaYfha wix.dpdh
;=uka iska ixialD; niska ,shQ wNsOu iuqph keu;s fmdf;ka
W;aidy f.k we;af;a WmksYoa oYKh yd iu nqoaO Ouh
taldnoaO lrkakghs' miq lf<l fy,f ,shQ wNsOu wG l:d hehs mg,jd .ekSf fya;=j ksidu wojk g oYkd Ndjkdj
yd wNsOud: ix.%yh hk fmd;a folgu wix.dpdh ;=udf.a
fmd;aj,ska yd fjk;a ffj;=,Hjd ixialD;sl fmd;a j,skao h
wdldrhl n,mEula we;s u ksid miqj nq oyu oYKhla f,iska
yodrkakg mgka .;ay' kuq;a nq oyu hkq oYKhla fkdf' nq
oyu hkq m%dfhda.slju wkq.ukh lrka l%shdjg kka w;al .;
hq;= m%;sm;a;s iuQyhls' ud. m%;smodjls' wo md,s yd fn!oaO Yaj
oHd,fha;a wfkl=;a Yaj oHd,j,;a W.kajk fn!oaO oYKh"
fn!oaO ixialD;sh wd Ihhka msis nq oyuu fkdf' nqka
jykafia tod foaYKdlrk ,o ud. moje,au m%fhdackhg .kska
miqld,Skj mD:.ack mKa;hska iska ta moje,a j,g ,shQ f,!lsl
w: l:d iuQyhls' f w: l:d bkahdf ixialD; NdIdfjkq;a"
fy< f md,s yd fy< NdId j,skq;a ,shQnj fmfka' nqoaO NdIs;fha
bm;a l, ksjka olskakgu Wmldr jk ud. phdj iyuq,skau
hym;aj th oYKhla f,iska k bf.kf.k Wmd ,ndf.k
f,!lsl;ajh ;=, ;j ;j;a w;rux jkakgu f w: l:d uq,ah'
ms<sfj;ska fm< .eiSug Wmldr jk f,iska foaYKd lr jod<
uCud mmod kka fmkajQ ud. m%;smodj ^nqoaO Ouh& fufia
fjkia lr.kakg fhfka tla w;lska th wd.ula f,i Nla;sfhka yd
Yajdifhka woykakg mqre u ksid;a" wks;a w;ska wNsOuh kka
Ihhla f,iska fn!oaO oYKh f,iska oHdia:dkj, W.kajkakg;a
mgka .ekSu;a iuh' kqu jvd jOkh lr.kakg wNsOuh yd
fn!oaO oYKh Wmldr fj;;a ksjka l.kakg k thu n,j;au
ndOlhla njg;a m;a we;' thg fya;=j f,!lsl jQ WmksIoa oYKh
27
fn!oaO oYKh f,iska wNsOu iuqph keue;s fmdf;ka t,s la
jQ fyhsks' ixialD; NdIdf jpkhla jQ oYKh iy ud. NdIdf
tk oiaifkak myd;nd oiaikSshdkx wd moj, w:h tllau
fkdf' ixialD; NdIdf tk oYKh hkq kquls' kuq;a nqoaO
NdIs;fha Nd;d l< oiaifkakoiaikShdkx wd jYfhka fmkajQfha
lauls' f ksid nqoaO foaYKdj yd WmksIoa oYKh jrojd tllau
oYkd Ndjkd uOHia:dk wd jYfhka nqoaO Ouhg fkd.e,fmk
fndfyda wre;a iqka jQ moje,a isxy, fn!oaOhska iskau Nd;d lrka
is'
miaikd" wkqmiaikd hkqfjka nqoaO foaYkdf fmkajd jod<
Ndjkd l%uhka miq lf,l oYkd Ndjkd hk jpkhg udre lr
.;af;ao f WmksIoa oYkfha n,mEula ksiduh'
j;udkfha .sys me" W.;a h;a" fn!oaO wfn!oaO ldf.a;a
w;s uy;a ie<ls,a,lg yiqjkafka fn!oaO oYKh kka yekafjk
wNsOuh;a nqoaOd.u kka yekafjk mqo mQcd " je " ms" he
me;= hk ms<sfj;a iys; jQ weoys,a,kah' uqla;s ud.h fmkajd
jod< nq oyu fufia hgm;a ta fjkqjg wOHhkh lrK fn!oaO
oYKhl=;a Nla;sfhka woyk nqoaO wd.ul=;a ksudKh h'
fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ud yshka iskao" B'v' wldr
uy;d iskao" ;j;a wdldrhlska udka l%uisxy Y+ka iska yd
j,afmd, rdyq, yshka iska o f jer u;=lr fmkajd
fn!oaOhdf.a oy u jD; lr fokakg uE; w;S; hq.hl n,j;a
W;aidyhla .;a;o wm woyk wd.f fndfyda jer yd wvqmdvq
fmkajd kako ta m%h;akhka iu; wd.l n,f.hka iskau lvd
| oud wlduld ouk ,' wo jk g ta whqka fmkajd ka ish
wvqmdvq" fpk fmd;g muKlau iSud we;' tod B' v' wldr
uy;d" udka l%uisxy uy;d" fmd,aj;af;a nqoaO o;a; udyshka
jykafia" j,afmd, rdyq, yshka wdka iska fmkajd ka foa u.ska nq
28
oyu ud. m%;smodjla f,iska jD; lr fokakg W;aidy .;a;o ta
ish m%h;akhka wid:l jkakg o n,j;au fya;=jlao ;snqks'
j;udkfha Yaj oHd,j, yd wfkl=;a oHdia:dkj,
W.kajk fn!oaO oYKh;a yq ckhd Nla;sfhka woyk nqoaOd.u;a
hk folu kshu fn!oaOfhl= jkakg Wmldr fkdjk nj mqk mqkd
lshka fld;ekl fyda jrola is we;s nj Tjqka iska fmkajd
kak;a ta jro ksjer lr kshu ksjer ud.h fmkajd fokakg ;r
ksjer ud. phdj jD; lr fokakg ;r tod Tjqka iu;a fkdu
fuhg fya;=jhs'
jro jro yehg fmkajd u;a" jer foa .ska .gu
l%shd;aul fuka oy ud.h jefik nj fmkajd u;a" ksjer
ud.h fmkajd ksjer ud. m%;smodj ksrdjrKh lru;a"
m%dfhda.slju ta ksjer ud.fha .uka lrkakg lshd u;a hk
mshjrhka y;ru imQK fkdjQ wjia:djl kshu nq oyu
^ud.h& jD; jkafkao ke;' fuho p;=wh iphka wjfndaO lr
.ekSuuh'
1' jro - laL wh ipx
2' jro .ska .gu lrka mj;ajdf.k hdu - laL iuqoh
wh ipx
3' jro ksjer lr ud.h ksrdjrKh lru - laL ksfrdaO
wh ipx
4' ksjer ud.h fy,s fmfy,s lr ksjer
u wkq.ukh lrkakg wjYH m%;smodj
wdoYfhkau fmkau - laL ksfrdaO
.dKS mmod
^ud.& wh ipx
wo oHd wdh;kj, fn!oaO oYKh bf.k .kafka
^wOHhkh lrkafka& W.;alu yd nqoau;alu ,nd .kakgh' tfia;a
29
ke;sk f,!lsl;ajh ;=, uyka;;ajhla ,ndf.k rdclSh mKa;"
;%smsgldpdh uydpdh wd f,!lsl ;dkak udkak Wmd ;k;=re ,nd
.kakgh' tfia ke;sj p;=rdh i;Hhka wjfndaO lr .kakg k
fkdf' tajdf.au wo Nla;sfhka nqoaOd.u woyk fndkqjka hehs
lshd.kakd wh wd.u woykafka wmdfha hdfuka je<flkakg
^rukh& fyda fo ksia rc isgq iem u;= u;=;a ,nd .kakgh' wo
nqoaOd.u f,iska W.kajk fofhys yrh mrud:h .%y l< hq;=
jkafka f wdldrfhks'
tod nqmshdKka fmkajd jod< uqla;s ud.h k jQ msis
mrud: Ouh fjkia jpkhg muKlau iSud nqoaOd.ula f,iska
wojk g fn!oaOhska iska Nla;sfhka woykq ,n;s' ta nj myiqfjka
hful=g f;are .kakg ne jk wdldrfhkau nq oyuo lD;s lr
w: .kajd we;s nj;a fmkajd h hq;=uh' nqmshdKka msksjka md
jod< ta hq.fha mgkau fy,f yd bkahdf ,shQ fndfyda w:
l:d ^wgqjd ld mamks& ksid isjQfha uqla;s ud.h jeiS hgm;aj
f.dia f,!lsl w: idOkh i|yd muKla f,!lsl w: idOkh bgq
lr .kakg wjYHjk m wd.ula yd oYKhla ksudkh uhs'
fndfyda .sys me W.;=ka yd oaj;=ka wo uq,a ;ek ,nd
fokafka fn!oaO oYKh k jQ f wNsOu Ihhgh' f ksidu
ud. m%;smodj jeiS hgm;ah' ksndk.d foaYKdjlajk nq oyu
oYKhla njg;a m;a h'
fuys ksh; m%;sM,h jQfha p;= wh iphka wjfndaO lr
.kakg uq,a hq.fha fndfyda msilg Wmld jQ ud. phdj
Nd;fhka bj;auhs' W.;a h;a .sysme fn!oaO fomsiu fn!oaO
oYKh lrmskakd.;a w;r wks;a w;ska mD;.ack .e fn!oaOhska mqo
mQcd" foaj weoys,s jeks Nla;s ud.hla fj;g fhduq h' f
wkqidrfhka nqoaO "fn!oaO jeks ud. moj, ksjer msis Ou
w:h mjd f;are .kakg ne jQ .sys me nqoaOd.ldr msila wo
jk g wm rfys o l .kakg ,efnhs'
30
 wdr[a[jdiS" jkjdiS fyda kHdhjd .sys me fn!oaO
W.;=ka fukau khjdkao ud. phdfjys yeisu fjkqjg
wNsOuh wOHhkh lrkakg fyda Oq;dx. muKla rlska wka;jd
f,iska l%shdlrkau u. jrojdf.k ksjka olskakg W;aidy .kska
is;s' wo j;auka hq.h jkg fn!oaO oYKh yd wNsOuh bf.k
.kafka;a W.kajkafka;a ksjka olskakg nq oyu Wmldr lr .kakd
woyilska fkdj W.f;l= Wmd ,ndf.k /lshdjla ,ndf.k
uydpdhjrfhl= mKa;fhl= fyda ydrdm;s flfkl= W.f;l=
f mgq f,!lsl mrud:fhks' flfia fj;;a fudkjd b.ekajQj;a
fudkjd bf.k .;a;;a wo fn!oaO oYKh kka W.kajk Ih
ud,dj ;=, fyda wNsOuh kka W.kajk moje,a ;=, fyda uqla;sh
i|yd Wmldrjk m%dfhda.sl ud. phdjla k we;af;au ke;' ksjka
lSu hkq ;ud iskau ;ud ;ud ;=,skau ;udu l .; hq;= ud. phdj
i fmd; m;lska fyda moje,a iuQyhla bf.k .ekSfuka fyda l .;
yels tlla k fkdf' ixidrhs lshd ;ukau ;SrKh lrf.k ;
meje;au .gu mj;ajd f.k hkakg ls%hdlrk ;=re h,s h,s;a
^mqknfjda& inkaO;djhla we;s lr .ekSfuka iirg nef|k ne
ksudKh lr .kska ixidr .ufkau fhfo;s'
f wkqj ixidr frda.h ms,sn|j .%y lrk ,o nqoaO
foaYKdjla jQ ixfoaYKdj jerhg w: .ekah' ixialD; NdIdj
W.;a fn!oaO .sysme fomsiu iqkaor" iqx.dr;ajh flfrys i
wOHd;al uqla;sh flfrys keUqre fkdh' tjka W.;=kag ud.
phdj ms<sn|j wu;l h'
b;du;a ir,jQ;a" isxy, fy< fn!oaOhdg f;are .kakg
myiq jk wdldrhg iq.ujQ;a .dNSr w: iys; jQ;a ixfoaYKdj"
tk nqoaO {dK mo y;frka lrK ,o ix .%yh " W.;a mD:.ack
fn!oaO msi iska hgm;a lr ouk ,' ixfoiafia;s " ixudofma;s"
iuqffoa;s" ixmyxfia;s hk mo y;frka pQ,y;amfodamu iQ;%h
we;= ;%smsglfha tk iQ;% ish .Kkl .%y lrk ,o ixfoaYKdj
31
fn!oaOhdg f;are .kakg nejk wdldrhgu f,!lsl jYfhka w:
.kajd nqoyu ^ud. phdj& wNdjhg m;a lrk ,'
fuu nqoaO {dK mo y;ru ;j;a iQ;% Ou fndfyduhl
ix;sgG;s" ixksiSh;s" taflda Ndjx" iudh;s hk ixmo
y;frkao nqoaO foaYKdf .%y lr we;s nj;a fmkajd h hq;=uh'
f fudk wdldrfhka fyda .%y lr fmkajd we;af;a ix
idr hehs ^mxpialkaoh Wmdodkh lr .kakd& yeuglu
inkaO;djhla neula ilia iirg nef|k wdldrh fmkajd
u;a" tjeks inkaO;d j,ska ksoyia ug wkq.ukh l< hq;=
ud. phdj fmkajdu ms<sn|j;ah' ud. phdj wkq.ukh l<
hq;af;a iuqoh ksfrdaO lsugh' iuqoh hkq ix uhs' ix W;amdokh
uhs' inkaO;djhla Wm; ,euhs' f ika ika l, yelafla;a
ixLdr- ixLdr l< yelafla;a iuqoh ksfrdaO lsfukau muKs'
iuqoh ksfrdaO lsug W.;alu nqoau;alu n,j;a ndOlhls'
inkaO;djh we;sjkafka" iuqoh Wm;la ,nkafka m%shfoag
we,Sfuka " wm%shfoag .efuka yd m%sh wm%sh w;r uek fudayfhka uq,d
fuks' fuhu rd.h" oafYh" yd fudayh hk mo ;=fkkau .%y lr
fmkah' f wkqj ud. NdIdf" nqoaO foaYKdf ix hk mofhka
.%y lf,a rd." oafY" fuday hk .;s ;=fkau tl;=jla ms<sn|jhs'
f .;s ;=ku is;lu my,jk tlgu l%shd;aul jk is;la ls,sjk
.;s ;=kls' u;= meje;au ksudKh jkafka rd. nj" oafY nj yd
fuday nj is;la ;=, Wmk fya;=j ksiduh' iuqoh hkq u;= iir
neula inkaO;djhla W;amdokh u hkqhs' fuhu ix Njx
ixN+;x hk ud. mo j,skao nqoaO foaYKdfu .%y lr we;'
Ofuda ixflda ;;ajhg m;ah yelafla f wdldrhg
;udf.au isf;a Wmk ix l .ekSfukau muKs' iuqoh ksfrdaO
l< yelafla Ofuda ixflda hkak h:dm f;are .;a
flfkl=gu muKs' hx lsx iuqoh Oux in;a;x ksfrdaO Oux
32
hk nqoaO jpkh ^Ouplal mj;a;k iQ;%h& f;are .; yels wkd;aujdoh lrmskakd .;a uydhdk nqoaOd.ldr W.;=ka tod
jkafkao Ofuda ixflda hkak f;are f.k" iuqoh ksfrdaO l< nuqKqjdoh iqkanqka lrkakg Wmldr lr.;a whla f,iska fufia
yelsh" iuqoh ksfrdaO l< hq;=h" hkako h:dm f;are .;a wkd;aujdoh Wmfhda.s lr .;af;a uOHld,Sk bkahdf i
flfkl=gu muKs' iuqoh hkq rd.fhka" oafYfhka yd fudayfhka fy<j k fkdf' f wkqj;a fmkajd h hq;af;a nq oyu
ixidr inkaO;djhla w;ska ksudKh lrf.k iir meje;au oDIahla fyda oYKhla fyda wd.ula fyda jdohla fyda fkdj ud.
.ska .gu mj;ajdf.k hduhs' m%;smodjla njhs'
p;= wh iphka wjfndaO lr .ekSug ixfoaYkdf tk nqoaO kd.dcqkmdohka jykafia fukau wix.dpdhhka jykafiao
{dK mo y;ru ksh; jYfhkau Wmldr lr .; hq;=h' ixfoaYkdj iska tod bkahdf nq oyf tk moje,au mok lrf.k wkd;au
hkq nqoaO foaYKdjhs' ixjr" ixisu iud ^ix+ud&hkq jdohla iy fn!oaO oYk jdohla ^wNsOuhla f,iska& ksudKh lr
;%sYslaLdjkah' fuhu iS," iud" m[a[d f,iskao .%y lrkq ,nhs' .;a nj meye,sju fmkajd h hq;=hs' ;lhg .,md ;lhg
f wkqj ixjr h yelafla i;r ixjr iS,fha msysgd ;udu l%shd .e,fmk whqka nuqKka mrdch lrkakg;a fufia nqoaOd.u Wmldr
lsfuks' ixis|h yelafla iu: miaikd Ndjkd jefuks" iud lr.;a kuq;a uqla;s ud.h jeiS hgm;a wNdjhg hkakgo thu
;;ajhg m;ah yelafla isf;a uq,a nei f.k mj;sk rd. uq,a" oafY fya;=mdol h' bkahdf ixialD; W.;=ka iska f wdldrhg
uq,a" fuday uq,a isf;ka Wrd oud h,s iuqoh ys fkdjk wdldrhgu f,!lsl mrud:hka fmr fldgf.k f,daflda;a;r ksjka ud.h
;u is; msis lr .ekSfuks' ixidr inkaO;djkaf.ka iyuq,skau hgm;a lr ouka wOHhkhg iqiq Ihhla f,iska" fn!oaO
ksoyia u iud ^ix + ud& hkafkys Ou w:hhs' oYkhla f,iska nqoaOd.ula ksudKh lr .;ay' wo jk g fn!oaO
ffjl WmksIoa oYKh wd;aujdohla f,iska fmkajQ yd md,s Yaj oHd,fha fukau wfkl=;a foaYsh yd foaYSh ishu
nqmshdKka jykafia tod wd;aujdoh imQKfhkau m%;sfCIam l<y' oHdh;k j,;a W.kajkafka msis ms;=re ud. phdj fkdj"
wd;aujdoh neyer l< nqkajykafia wfkla wka;h jQ wkd;au jdohla uydhdk nqoaOd.f W.;=ka iska ksudKh lr ka wkd;au jd
k jQ oDIahl msysgd Ouh foaYkd lf<ao ke;' f wkqj wo oYkh yd WmksIoa oYKh mdol fldg.;a fn!oaO oYK jdohls'
nqoaOd.f wld n,h orkakka yd fndfyda W.;=ka mqk mqkd m%ldY
fuh nq oyu hehs mejiSu fyda ud. phdj hehs lshdmEu
l,;a nqoaO Ouh lsisfia;au wkd;au jdohlao fkdf' wd;au
fyda W;= nq oyug lrkd n,j;au ks.%yhls' f wkqj msis nq
jdohlao fkdf' wd;au jdoh fukau wkd;au jdoh hk wka;jd
oyu hkq kqu blaujd .sh lauls' f lau ;ud iskau ;ud
oDIaka folu neyer l< nqmshdKka jykafia fya;=M, Ouh k jQ
;=,skau mila fldg l.; hq;=h' w;al .; hq;=h' cdkf;da "
mpiuqmamdo Ouh nqoaO Ouh f,iska f,dalhdg foaYKd l<y'
miaif;da " wryf;da" ixud inqoaOiai hkqfjka fuh Ou .%yfha
f wkqj nq oyu wkd;au jdohla fkdjk nj;a wkd;au jdoh kka
fmkajd we;'
oDIa jdohla Wkajykafia fyda lsisu wdhhka jykafia flfkla fyda
foaYKd fkdl, nj;a fuys wjOdrKfhkau fmkajd h hq;=hs' kuq;a nqoaO NdIs;fha foaYKdlr jod, iuyr moje,a muKla fkdj
wo iu; nqoaOd.fuys wkd;au ixl,amhla ms<s.ekSu oDIa.; ;ukau .,md .;a ;l ;lhkao uq,afldg .kska wkd;aujdoh
uls'
33 34
Tmamqlr.kakg W;aidy l< kd.dcqk mdohka jykafia i;aj kdih" j" lh" uk hk bkashhka yh i fjk lsisjla fuys ixjr
mqoa.,hska " jH jia;=ka muKla fkdj mrudKqj lshd fohlao ke;ehs lr .; fkdyelsh'
Tmamq lrkakgo fjr h' nqmshdKka foaYKdlr jod< f W;=
;j;a ndysr flfkl=f.a wei lK wd bkashhka Tng ixjr
Ouh wkd;au jdohla fkdjk nj l .; yels jkafka wksp laL
lrkakg fyda wixjr lrkakg fyda fkdyelsh' Tf bkashhka ixjr
wk;a; f;are .ekSfukauh'
fyda wixjr lrkakgo fjk ldgj;au fkdyelsh' f Ou;djh
we;" ke;" hkq wka; folls' nq oyfuka fmkajd kafka we;" f;are .;hq;=h' fuh ixjr" ixisu yd ixud hk ;%sO islaLdjkah'
ke; hkak udhdjla njhs' kspfia" iqLfia" w;a;fia Wmdodkh nqka jykafia fmkajd jod< ud. phdj imQK lr.;
lrf.k mj;ajd .kakg" kj;ajd .kakg ne Ou;djh nq oyfuka yelafla bkash ixjr iS,fhks' m%;Hh ixjr iS,fhks' m%d;sfudlaL
fmkajd kay' ta wkqj f meje;au ;=, [a[dKfhka idod ilia ixjr iS,fhks' wdjl mdY=oaO ixjr iS,fhks' f i;r ixjr
lr.;a ishu ixLdr - ixL; - kspfia" iqLfia" w;a;fia mj;ajd iS,h jefukau wkql%ufhka iu: miaikd je iudm;a;shg
.; fkdyelsh' kj;ajd .; fkdyelsh' ta ksidu if ixLdrd m;ah yelsh' m%{dj ,efuka iud wx. imQK lr.; yelsh'
wkspd;S " if ixLdrd laLd;S" if Oud wk;a;d;S hkqfjka nqmshdKka foaYKdlr jod, fuu ud. phdfjka wE;alr iu;
oyfuys mjid we;' fuys w:h we;" ke; hkak fkdf' tfukau fn!oaOhdj w;rux lf,a wNsOuh fn!oaO oYKh yd wkd;au jdoh
fuys w:h ks;Hhs" wks;Hhs" iemhs" lhs" wd;auhs" wkd;auhs hkako lrmskakd .ekSu ksid tl w;lskq;a" mqo mQcd weoys,s yd hd{d iys;
fkdf' Nla;sfhka woyk wd.ula wfkla w;skq;a fn!oaOhdg W.ekafuks'
is;lu Wm; ,nk bp = leue;a; uq,a fldgf.ku Wm; nqmshdKka tod ud. NdIdfjka foaYKd lrK ,o Ouh iy
,nkakdjQ ksp" iqL " w;a; hk l%shdld;ajh ksidu woHd uQ,fhka fy, wgqjd f,iska fy, wl=ka isxy, wdhhka jykafia,d" NslaLqka
is;lu mp iuqmamdo l%shdj,shla l%shd;aul fjhs' leue;a;g neu iska ,shd ;snQ mhdma;s Ouh l,ah;au ixialD; wd bkah
inka O u mp uhs ' mpu fya ; = j fldgf.k NdIdj,g mj:kh l<y' miqld,hl w: l:d ,shQ fndfyda
inkaO;djhla isf;a Wm; ,nhs' ta ix W;amdo Ouhhs' iuqoh = ix oaj;=ka iska fy, wgqjd md,shg yd ixialD; NdIdj,g;a
W;amdokh = ix Njx = ix N+;x wd ud. NdIdf f mo mj:kh lf<ah' ixialD; yd md,s NdIdj,ska ,shd ;snQ w: l:d
ish,af,kau fmkakq lf<a ixidr inkaO;djhla Wm; ,nk f;jkqjg h,s;a jrla isxy, nig;a mj:kh lrf.k Nd;hg
ksudKh jk wdldrhhs' iuqoh wd mo y;frkau fmkajQfha M,hls' .;ay' f whqka nqoaO NdIs;h md,shg ixialD;hg yd isxy,g
mdlhls' iuqoh ug fya;=j mpuhs' mp fkdjqfha k fukau k" cmka" fn" nqreu" ;dhs wd NdId j,g;a uE; hq.fha
iuqoh ys fkdf' mp jkafka" leue;af;kau nef|kafka" wefika bx.%Sis yd cuka wd wmr. NdIdjkag;a mj;kh lrf.k
olsk rEmhg" lfkka wik Yohg" kdihg fkk .| iqj|g" wOHhkh lrkakg mgka .;ay' fufia O hq.hkayS O W.;a
jg fkk rihg" lhg fkk myig yd ukig fkk h;a mKa;hska iska msis nqoaO foaYKdj fjk fjk NdIdjkag
Ouhghs' mp ug fya;=j bkash ixjrh ke;sluhs' wixjr mj:kh lr f,aLk.; lsf;a ta ta f,aLlhkaf.a kqu u;s
luhs' iS,h wjYH jkafka ixjr u i|ydh' ;udf.au wei" lK" u;dka;r fukau j .;a wd.l u;s u;dka;rhka o we;= lrka

35 36
,shQ ksid;a msis ud. phdj oYkhla njg m;ajQy' nqmshdKka
jykafia tod W;= nqoaO Ouh foaYKdlr jod< msis mrud;_h jQ
fo ksiqkaj iir lska ioygu uqojd ksoyia lsu hkak jpkhg
muKla iSudug j;udkfha Nd;d lrk wNsOuh" fn!oaO
oYKh" wkd;au jdoh yd nqoaOd.u fukau fn!oaO ixialD;sh hk
ishu Ihhka whym;a f,iskau n,mE nj b;sydifhka ukdj
meye,s jkakls' fjd Ihhka jYfhka yodrkakg wOHhkh
lrkakg lgmdv lrkakg muKla iSud h' f wkqj .%ka:OQrhg
keUqre miaikd OQrh iyuq,skau wNdjhg .shy'
kk oHdj fukau wo fn!oaO oYKh hehs" wNsOuh hehs"
oHd wdh;kj, W.kajk Ihhkao ;lfhysu msysgd ms,s.; hq;=
idfmaCI i;Hhh mok lr.;a;ls' kd.dcqk mdohka jykafia nqoaO
wd.fuys yrh /l .kakg wkd;au jdoh yd fn!oaO oYKh bm;a
lsu ksid ;lh keue;s wh fn!oaOhska w;g ,nd we;' kuq;a
nqoaO foaYKdf fmkajd fokq ,nk mrud: lau" w;SJsh {dKh
uska muKlau idlaId;a lr.; yels mrud: i;Hh k jQ ksndk
;Fjh w;laldjpr Ouhls' ;u isf;a fuf;la Wm;,;a flf<ia
is;=,s ;ukau l f.k iyuq,skau h,s;a flf<ia fkd Wmk
;;ajhgu ixLdr ksfrdaO lr .ekSfuka muKlau iud uqla;shgo
m;ah yelsh' fuu iud uqla;sh hkak jpk moje,a j,ska lshd ;j;a
flfkl=g wjfndaO lrh yels ;;ajhla fkdjk ksid th bkashf.dapr
oyula fkdjk w;SJsh {dKhla f,iskao fmkajd h hq;=h'
f Ou;djhka meye,sju f;aref.k ;udu ms<smeh hq;=
ud. phdj wkq.ukh lsu w;ayer th fkdjkd fohla f,iska
l,ah;au neyer lr ouk ,' fida;dm;a;s ud.h ilDod.d
ud.h" wkd.d ud.h" wry;a ud.h hk i;r ud.hkau isf;a
Wmk flf<ia m%ydKh lrka mmQrKh lr.; hq;= ud.
phdjla i" m%dfhda.slju ms<sfj;ska fm<.eish hq;= fohla i"
wOHhkh lr oYKhla f,iska oHdh;khlska bf.k.; yels
37
tlla fkdf' fuys f;areu ndysr mqoa.,fhl=f.a kqu m%fhdackhg
f.k ta ndysrfhka ,o kqu u;u ;udf.a kqu hqKq lr .ekSfuka
muKlau ksjka idlaId;a lr.; fkdyelsh hkakhs' f i|yd ;ud
;=,skau u;=lr .; hq;=" tfukau m%dfhda.slju ;udu ms<smeh hq;=
lau jk fhda mp iuqmamdox miai;s hk lau wksjdhfhkau
,nd.; hq;=h' f lau Ofuda ixflda hk ud. moj,ska
.%y lrk lauhs' tk fya;=M, Ouhg nyd .,md n,d ix mo
y;ru f;are f.k nqoaO {dK mo y;r ;=,skau ixjr" ixis|u
yd ixudu lr.; hq;=h'
wNsOuh" fn!oaO oYKh" wkd;au jdoh fukau nqoaOd.u
hkfoa Ihhka f,iska W.kajkakg;a wOHdmk wdh;kj, wOHhkh
lrkakg;a mgka .ekSu;a iuu ix foaYKdj wNdjhg f.dia
Nd;fhka neyeru ksid ksjk ^ksndk& hkak me;=ula muKlau
h' wo ishu nqoaOd.ldrfhda ksjka m%d:kd lrk" ksjka hk
tmuKlskau iEySug m;ajqk mD:.ackhska njg;a m;a jQfha f
wdldrfhks'
nq oyu wojk g md lrkafka wry;a wd uM,
,nd.kakd wfhka fkdf' mxpialkaoh Wmdodkh lr .ekSfuka
,nk ixidr flka ksoyia f ud. phdj m%.=K lsu i|yd
fkdf' W.f;l= " hf;l= uydpdh wdpdh Wmd ,ndf.k
m%isoahg m;a jkakg yd ,dN i;aldr ,nd .kakgh' f ksid
.%ka:OQrh msu uq,a ;ekg meK miaikd OQrh msu iyuq,skau
wNdjhg .shy' fndfyda fofkl= wo fn!oaO oYKh" wNsOuh yd
fn!oaO ixialD;sh wd Ihhka bf.k .kafka W.;alu i|ydh'
rdclSh mKa; Wmd ,nd .ekSugh' nK lshkakgh' kqu yd
W.;alu i|ydh' f lsisjl;a ksjk ke;s nj Tjqka fkdoks;s'
ms<sfj;a msu" Ouphdfjys yeisu me;a;lg oud oy foiSfuka
m%isoah" m%;s,dN" ls;s m%ixid ,nd .ekSu fukau ,dN i;aldr ,nd
.ekSu i|ydu m%uqL ia:dkhla fok ,'
38
 nq oyfuka fmkajd jod, Oudkq Ou mmodj
nqoaO Ouh hkq wd.ula fyda oYKhla fyda fkdj ud.
phdj fmkajQ oyuls' ud. m%;smodjls' ta u fmkajQfha ixidr
flka uqla;sh ,nd .ekSu i|ydhs' uqla;s {dK oiaikh
i|ydhs' uqla;s {dK oiaikh ,nd .ekSu i|yd - p;= wh
iphka wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= wkq.ukh l<
yels ud. phdj fmkajd jod< W;= nqoaO Ouh wd.ula njg
m;alr f.k nqoaOd.u hk im%odhsl mohlska Nd;hg .ekSu;a"
fmr wmr fo. weoyQ fjk;a wd. iu ieiug W;aidy .ekSu;a
iuu fn!oaO hk moh mjd n,j;a wjq,a iy.; ;;ajhlg m;ah'
nqka foiQ msis Ouh lKmsg fmr,df.k hemSu i|yd jHdmdr
i|yd m%isoah m%pdrh i|yd fhdod.kakg mgka .ekSu fuys m%;sM,h
h' f wjq, ksid nq oyf mrud:h hgm;aj f.dia ksjka u
jpkhg muKlau iSudh'
Nla;sfhka yd Yajdifhka weoysh hq;= ;j;a tl iu;
wd.ula f,iska nqoaOd.u hk kdufhka yekaug;a" foaj;ajfhka"
nqoaO hk ku woykakg;a mgka .kS' fuhg;a jvd n,j;au kdYhla
jQfha tod fmr. m%p,s;j meje;s fjk;a iu; wd. jQ fo wd.u"
Ysj wd.u" WmksIoa wd.u" ffck wd.u" yska wd.u yd nuqKq wd.
j, Yajdi l< n%yau;ajh" foaj;ajh iy Nla;sfhka weoyQ ;j;a
fndfyda wd.l ixl,am l%udkql+,j nqoaOd.ug;a jeoao .ekSuhs'
fmr. wd. j, tod Nd;d lrK ,o je" ms" he yd me;=
nqoaOd.ug;a we;=,;a lr .ekSu ksidfjka ksjka wjfndaO lr.kakg -
iir flka ioygu ksoyia jkakg Wmldr jk fia m%ldY l<
ud. phdj - uqla;s ud. m%;smodj - jpkhg muKla iSud
im%odhsl jYfhka yd Nla;sfhka woyk ;j;a tl iu; wd.ula
njg nqoaOd.uo m;ah' nqoaOd.ula ksudKh lrf.k Nla;sfhka
wd.ula weoySf ksh; m%;sM,h jQfha ud. phdj wNdjhg f.dia
uqla;s ud.h jeiS hgm;a hduhs'
39
wms wo fufia Nla;sfhka woyk" nqoaOd.f uqla;s ud.h
wkq.ukh lsula fyda ud. phdj f;aref.k p;=rdh i;Hhka
wjfndaO lr .ekSug Wmldr jkakdjQ uCud mmodjla fyda
lsisfia;au Nd;d lrkafkao ke;' wo uCud mmod hkak ueo
udj; ue ms<sfj; hkqfjka jerhg mj;kh lrf.k we;'
wmdfhka ffrkakg yd fo ksia iem im;a h,s h,s;a u;=
u;=jg;a ,nd .kakg;a Wmldr jk m mskal muKla lsf
ms<sfj;la wo iu;fhka woyk nqoaOd.fuys we;ehs lsj yelsh'
wmdfhka fu;a fo iem rciem ,eu;a iir lafjk ksjk
wdjrKh lrK foaj,a nj k.; hq;=h' lduf,dal j, iq.;s f,dal
j, ksjkla ke;' wmdfhka fu hym;a jqk;a t;k;a ksjkla ke;'
;u isf;au Wmk rd." oafY" fuday hk flf<ia .;s h,s fkdWmk
f,iska ^wkq;amdo& flf<ia uq,a Wrd wialr oud ksoyia uu ksjkhs'
fuh l=i,iai Wmimod hkqfjka nqoaO NdIs;fha meye,sj fmkajd
fok ,'
f fld;kl jqj;a fldhs f,dalhl jqk;a meje;aula
mj;ajdf.k hhs k t;ek ksjkla ke;' ksjfka meje;aula ke;'
meje;af ksjkla o ke;'
kQ;k hq.fha ngysr rgj, Wm; ,enQ kk oHdj hehs k
lrK oHdj iu nqoaO Ouh ieih fkdyel' cd Womd" cd
w.;d" wcd y;d wd jYfhka nq oyf fmkajQ oHdj iy wm
wo Nd;d lrk kk oHdj w;r n,j;au fjkial we;' nqoaO
Ouh mrud: Ouhls' fuys oHdj hkqfjka ^cd Womd" cd
w.;d& hkqfjka fmkajQfha ; meje;au ms<sn|j kso l
h:dN+; {dK oYKh ,ndf.k" p;=rdh i;Hh wjfndaO
lr.ekSuls" h:djd ;:dld nj lSuls'
nqmshdKka jykafiaf.a msksfuka l,lg miqj nqoaOd.u
hk kka woyk wd.ula ksudKh lrf.k tod iu;fhka
40
Nd;fha mej;s fjk;a ckm%sh wd. j, wx.hka o Bg we;=,;a
lrf.k je " ms" he" me;= iys;j Nla;sfhka woyk ;j;a imdol uKav,h hehs ms<s.;a uKav,h W.;=ka h;=ka njg
w;a wd.ula ksudKh lr.;a nj ishu fn!oaOhska kaj;a is;d
n,d f;are .; hq;=h' nqmshdKka jykafia hkq wd. l;D flfkl=
fkdf' wd.ul ksud;Dka jykafiao fkdf' Ouhu .=rejrhd
fldg" Ouhu uQ,sl;ajhl,d i,ld l%shd l<hq;= ud. phdjla
fmkajd jod< W;a;ufhls'
uni yd fha b;sydih
rgl ;reK mrmqr ksjer ksjy,a ka;kfha msysgqjd
l%shdlrkakkaa msila njg m;alrjkakg - tk OudkqOu
mmodjg fhduq lrjkakg Wmldr jkakd jQ n,j;au idOlhla
jkafka l=vd l, mgkau ;u u ni;a " ;u rf ksjer b;sydih;aa
ms<sn|j h:djdj is;kakg iqiqfia kqj;a lsuhs' orejkag
ksjy,aj ksoyia j is;kakg mqre mqyqKq lruhs'
wm j;ajk f rg isjq fy,hhs th miqj isxy,h h' f
rf ksiqka Nd;d l< uq,au NdIdjka jQfha ud. yd fy, nihs' wfma
isjq fy,h ms<sn|j b;sydih wm ukdfldg k .; hq;=h'
ckanqoamh" W;=re l=re oSmh" wmr f.dahdkh yd mQj foayh hk
isjq mhka isjq fy,h f,iska tod wE; w;S;fha yekah' uyd
jxYh" oSmjxYh " W;a;r jxYh yd fjk;a jxY l:d ,Sf wfma
fy,fh' f ish fmd;aj, ,she we;af;a wfma isjqfy,fha
b;sydihhs' fy< Wreuhhs' fujka jxY l:dfmd;a uq,skau ,shd
m,lf,aa fy< nisks' miq ld,hl f fy< niska ,shd ;snQ fmd;am;a
md,s NdIdjg mj:kh lrk ,' wm rf uq;=ka ;a;ka Nd;d l<
msis fy< ni yd msis ud. ni hk NdIdjka fol l,ah;au
ixialD; NdIdfjka yd fjk;a NdIdj,ska Khg .;a jpk Nd;d
lrkakg mgka .ekSu ksid ixlr ;;ajhg m;ajQy' fuh wo Bfha is
jQjla fkdj w;S;fha j,.nd hq.h fyda Bg;a fmr mgkau is jQ
mhdihls'
41
1954 ;%smsglh isxy,g mj;kh l< ;%smsgl .%ka:
m;ajQfha wfma msis fy, yd ud. NdIdjka folgu ixialD; jpk
wdfoaY lrkah' f W.;=ka h;=ka Nd;d l, NdIdj .ek ksjy,aj
yd ksoyiaj i,ld nefjd;a Tjqka Nd;d l< jpk j,ska nyq;rhla
ixialD; NdIdfjka Khg .;a jpkhkah' fufia lD;s lrK ,oafoa
fy,ni muKlau fkdf' msis nq oyuo f wkqju lD;s lrk
,oafoa fjhs' ir, iq.u ud. yd fy,nia jyr fjkqjg mrniska .;a
ixlSK" iqx.drd;aul" ixialD; jpk fhdodf.k ;%smsglh
isxy,hg mj:kh lr we;s nj th lshjk kEu flfkl=g wo
f;are .; yelsh' fufia ixlr ixialD; mohka fhdodf.k
isxy,hg ;%smsglh mj:kh lr we;af;a mj:lhska iska ;uka
INdId mrfYajrhska nj fmkajkakg i" ir, iq.u isxy, wre;a
,nd fy< orejkag oy u fmkajd fokakg k fkdf' f
mj:kh ksid isjQ tlu foh isxy, ;%smsglh wo lshjk
kjlfhl=g isxy, NdIdj;a" nqoaO Ouh;a hk folu ;s;a; lidhla
njg m;auhs' wxvr fou, fyda wmN%xY fuka tajdfha wre;a f;are
.kakg ne ;;ajhg m;a lru fudk ;r mdmhla hs kaj;a
;%smsgl .%ka: imdol uKav,h f,iska l%shd lrk wurmqr ksldhsl
uy f;reka jykafia,d l,amkd l< hq;=j we;' fy< orejkag isxy,
NdIdj yd nqoaO Ouh ;s;a; lidhla njg m;a lrjkakg f
mj:lhskaf.a ixialD; ixlr jpk fhu n,j;a fiau fya;= N+;
jQ nj kaj;a ms,s.; hq;=uhs' f wdldrfhkau uq,skau fy< wl=ka
fy< h;=ka iska fy< niska ,shd ;snqKq uyd jxYh" m jxYh"
W;a;r jxYh yd fy< wgqjd fukau wfkl=;a jxY l:dj,o
wka;.;j we;af;a wfma rf k" ." mqoa., kdu yd ia:dk kduhka
il fjk;a msgrglg wod< f;dr;=re fyda k . mqoa., kduhka
fyda fkdf' fy< f isxy, wl=ka ,shQ isxy, yduqrejka ,shQ"
wfmau ud. ;%smsglh wfmau b;sydifha fldgils' wfmau fy<f
fldgila jQ cnqoamfha Wmka f.!;u nqmshdKka jykafia iska
42
foaYkd lr jod< is ioaOuh jir ydrish mkyla muKu .=
ld,hla lgjyka mj;ajdf.k wdf;a" lgjyka f.kd oyu
f,aLk .; lrk ,oafoa;a" wfmau isxy, fy< NslaLq ix>hd jykafia,d
iskauh'
f wkqj uyd jxYfha;a" m jxYfha;a" ;%smsgl fmd;aj,;a
i|yka jk ishu k ." f;dr;=re " mqoa., kdu" ia:dk kdu wd
ish,a,u merKs fy< f Nd;d lrk ,o tajd i fjk;a rgl fyda
mrfoaYl k . fkdjk nj fydkau f;are .; hq;=h' fjd
fjk;a rglg mjrd wfma fy, Wreuh wo fufia kdY lr"
hgm;a lr oukakg W;aidy lrkafka tod;a nqoaO Ouhg;a"
nqmshdKka jykafiag;a" f rgg;a reoaO jQ ;HdoDIal nuqKka yd
mn%dclhska iskauh' wo Tjqka fjk;a fIhlska f rfu bm
wfmau fy, b;sydih;a" msis nq oyu;a lD;s lr kdY lrkakg
Odldr l%shdldrl lrk njo f;are .; hq;=h' wfma ;reK msi
fukau .sys me W.;=ka yd foaYmd,lhska iskao f mru i;Hh
f;are f.k lghq;= l< hq;=uh'
uydjxYh yd ;%smsgl fmd;aj, fukau f rf ,shQ w;S;
fmd;am;a j,o igyka we;af;a fjk;a ndysr rglg wod< b;sydih
hehs Odldr ;l ;l bm;a lrka wfma isjq fy<fha fy<
Wreuh Ndr;hg ndr fokakg lghq;= lf<da 1850 - 1900 w;r
fmd;am;a ,shQ bx.%Sis cd;slhskq;a Tjqkaj wkq.ukh l< wfmau l
iqoaokq;a iskah' th Tjqka iska wmg lrk ,o n,j;a u kdYhls'
wms wo ixlr" mr.e;s cd;shla we;af;a fujka kdYhla fy<
nig;a" fy, b;sydihg;a is lsf m%;sM,hla f,isks'
ch rcq fuys mefKkakg fmr f rf b;du;au hqKq
f,aLk l,djla" ixialD;shla yd Ys,am Ydia;% fukau jd ud.
moaO;shlao furg mej;=ks' wo rc., ^wmdf& .,
^ieje;akqjr& nq., ^l=iskdrdkqjr& jeks ia:dk j, wmg olakg
,efnk mqrd jia;= ish,a,u ch furgg mefKkakg fmr wfma fy<
43
orejka iska lrjQ ksudKhka ys fYaI jQ foa i ch rcqf.ka
miqld,Skj lrjQ foaj,a fkdf'
ch rcq bkahdf isg furgg mefKk hq.h jk g
wkqrdOmqrh uq,a lr.;a W;=re l=re jhsk f,aLk l,dj" Ys,am l%u yd
;dlaIKh w;ska t;r hqKq fkdjqj;a jhsfka kef.kysr yd
reyqfKa fndfyda m%foaYj, b;du;au hqKq rdcHhka mej;=ks' wmdf
rc., ^rc.ykqjr& fukau fldfid,a rg ieje;akqjr^wo .,&
fuhska uq,a ;ekla .;a rdcHhka folls' tfukau lkao Wvrg
m%foaYj,o inr.uqfo b;du;a hqKq ksiqka j;a jQy' f.!;u
nqmshdKka jykafia jir y;<sia mylau md.ukska .ka .ug jevu
lr oy foaYkd lf<a f fy<j j;a jQ fy< jeishkagh'
fy< wgqjd fmd;a m;a yd fy< jxY l:d ish,a,u ,shkakg
;r hqKq f,aLk l,djla meje;s nj;a ;%smsglh .%ka:drEv lrkakg
;r hqKq wCIr rgdjla yd woyia m%ldY lsf yelshdjla wfma
fy,hkag ;snqKq nj;a wo fndfyda W.;=ka iska wu;l lroud l%shd
lr;s' f wkqj wfma ;reK mrmqf is;= me;= yd l%shdldrl fudg
lrkakg fujka jer iu; b;sydihla fnfykau n,mE nj
meye,sju fmkajd h hq;=h'
wfma l=vd orejkag;a" ;reK YajoHd, YsIHhskag;a"
fYaIfhkau .=rejrekag;a ish ni;a" ;u rg ms<sn|j ksjer
b;sydih;a fydkau k bf.k .kakg wjYH kuq;=l ,nd h
hq;=h' iq cd;slhska yd l iqoaoka iska ksudKh lr wm msg nf,ka
megjQ jer b;sydi l:djka ka fjkia lr .; hq;=h' ngyska
uqo,g Wmd ;k;=re yd uydpdh mg ,nd.;a wfma
b;sydi{hska" mqrdoHd{hska fukau fn!oaO oYkh ms<sn|
W.;=kao ka kej; is;d n,d ;uka w;ska is jQ jer ksjer lr
.kakg ld,h meK we;ehs fmkajd fokq leue;af;' fYaIfhkau
iu; " im%odhsl wd.l ixl,amhkays t,a,S fkdisg ishu fy<
44
ckhd nq oyu ksjerj yodrd ksia .=K oy jvd jOkh lr
.kakg l%shd l< hq;=h'
wfma mdi,a j, orejkag my< mka;s j,u nqoaOd.u yd
nqoyu w;r fjkila we;s nj meye,sju fmkajd ug kaj;a
lghq;= l,hq;=h' f nj j.lsj hq;= W.;=ka iska f;aref.k
md,lhskajo kqj;a lr lghq;= lsu kej; nq oyu k.d isgqjkakg
l< yels yd l< hq;= jvd;a jeo.;a u ldhhs'
W;= nq oyu woyk wd.ula njg m;a lf,a;a" ud. phdj
fn!oaO oYKhla njg fjkia lf,a;a mrfoaYSka iskauh' wfma
fy<hska iska mrfoaYlhska l< f fjkial i;=kau ms<sf.k nq
oyu iy ud. phdj Nd;fhka bj;a lrkakg;a l%shd l<y'
Ndr; foaYfha uydhdksl fn!oaO W.;=ka iska ixialD;
niska ,shd m, lrk ,o fmd;am;a lshu jrola hehs ug fkdyefhs'
ta fmd;am;a lshjk .ukau wfma fy, u ,shq ;%smsgl .%ka:hkao
mYS,kh lrka msis nq oyu" ud. phdfjka fjkia lr foaYKd lf<a ke;' iQ;%hg Ouhg nyd .,md ne,Su yd khg ii|d
Nla;sfhka woyk wd.ula njg m;a lr .;a wdldrh;a fydkau
f;are .;hq;=hs' Ndr; foaYfha ,shQ ishu fmd;am;a j,g WmksIoa
oYKh;a ffck wd.u;a" fo yd mqrdK .%ka:hkq;a w;suy;a
n,mEula lr we;s nj;a f;are .; hq;=hs' fujeks foaj wd. j,
n,mEu ksid msis nq oyu hgm;a ;j;a tl wd.ula njg
m;af b;sydih wm meye,sj ,shd t<s olajd u;= mrmqr kqj;a
l< hq;=uh'
wm rf oy mdi,aj," mdie,a j, fukau msfjka j,o
orejkag W.kajkafka jer b;sydihls' jer wd.uls" jer
NdIdjls' nqoaO wd.u" fn!oaO oYKh" fn!oaO ixialD;sh hkqfjka
wo wfma mdie,aj, yd oHdh;kj, W.kajk foaj,a ;=, ke;s tlu
foh;a nq oyu muKs' ngysr rgj,a j,ska fukau bkahdfjkao Khg
.;a fndfyda jer foa wo wfma mdie,a j, wfma orejkag W.kaj;s'
45
msgrka .;a;;a jer foa jeruh' y foa k yh' y jer fidhd
n,kakg fya;=M, oyuu Nd; l< hq;=h'
wfma iudch msis jkafka;a" mqrjeishka wjxl jkafka;a" is,a
rlsk msila njg m;ajkafka;a" kshu ksjer fya;=M, oyu f;are
.ekSfukau muKs' nq oyf yrh thhs' iQ;%hg " Ouhg nyd .,md
n,d" khg ii|d n,d l%shd lsu hkafkys kshu w:h ud.
phdfjys yeisuhs'
jer wd.ula yd jer b;sydihla wfma orejkag b.ekau
jydu kj;d oud ksjer b;sydih;a ksjer nq oyu;a W.kajd fyd|
mqrjeishka njg m;a lsu ldf.a;a hq;=lu yd j.lSula jkafkah'
wNsOuh yd ud. phdj
nqmshdKka tod foaYKdlr jod< nq oyu ;=, ud. phdjla
i wo Nd;d lrk w:fhka wNsOuh hehs fldgila fjkalr
ne,Su ;=,ska ixjr " ixis|jd " iud ;;ajhg m;aug wNsOuh
hehs fldgila wjYH fkdf' fohkag muKla f;are .; yels
fohkag foaYKd l< fohla f,iskao .eUqre Ou fldGdYhla
f,iskao wNsOuh hehs msglhla tlalr .;af;a miqld,hlh ' uq,a
nq oyf fujeks fohla fjkafldg fmkajd ke;'
uyd Ndr;fha wix.dpdh;=ud keue;s uydhdksl fn!oaO
mjrhd ls;= jiska 3 jeks ishjfia muK ixialD; NdIdfjka ,shQ
wNsOu iuqph keue;s fmd; f wNsOu fldgfia wdrNh
f,iska fmkajd h yelsh' miqj fy< f o wNsOud: ix.%yh
kka fmd;la ,shd wix.dpdh ;=ud iska bm;a l, foa h,s fn!oaO
oYkhg tl;= lr .;ay'
46
 f fmd;a folu ,sf ;%smsglfha tk iuyrla ud.
moje,a Nd;d lrka tajdg WmksIoa oYKfha tk iuyr u;hkao
tl;= lr .;a nj;a meye,sju fmkajd h hq;=h' oHdh;kj,
fn!oaO oYkh wNsOuh wd jYfhka wo fuu Ihh W.kajkakg
iqiq m ilia lr f.k we;' fufia W.;alu kqj;alu yd
;ldka; nj /l.kakg f wdldrfhka ilia lr .;a wNsOuh
ksid .%ka: OQrh msu imQK lr.;a;;a f ldrKhu miaikd
OQrhg - ud. phdj imQK lr .kakg n,j;a u ndOlhlao h'
fy<j fn!oaOhd ud. phdfjka wE;ajkakg;a" ksjka lSu
m%d:kdjlg muKla iSud lr .kakg;a n,j;afiau fya;= mdol jQfha
uydhdk nqoaOd.fuka Khg ,ndf.k Nd;d lrk f wNsOu
Ihh fya;=fjks' ful, fn!oaO .sys me - W.;a h;a ldf.a;a
n,j;a wjOdkh fhduq we;af;a uydhk nqoaOd.fuka u;= lr fmka jQ
fn!oaO oYKh flfrys kd msis nqoaO foaYkdfjka fmkajd jod<
ud. phdj flfrys fkdf'
tfukau kQ.;a .e im%odhsl fn!oaO msi iska ;u
wjOdkh fhduqlr we;af;a je " ms" he" me;= flfrysh'
Nla;sfhka fohka woykakdlafuka .e fn!oaOfhda nqka woy;s' f
wkqj nyq;rhla kQ.;a .ehka ;j;a fo flfkla bfha hd{d
lrk wdldrhgu ksjk b,a,d nq ms<su yd fnda .ia bfha;a h;s'
j;s" mqo;s" m;;s'
fn!oaO oYKh yd wNsOuh;a wkd;au jdoh;a lrmskakd.;a
W.;a h;a fn!oaOhska msi ;u is;=" me;= fukau phd rgdjka ta
whqka yev.iajdf.k fjkuu f,dalhl w;rux jQy'
f ksid W;= nqoaO foaYKdfjka fmkajd jod< ud. phdj"
^Oudkq Ou m%;smodj& uqla;s ud.h idlaId;a lr.kakg fkdj
f,!lsl;ajh hym;a lr .kakg muKla Wmldr jk fia wd.ula
njg m;alrf.k" ksjka lSu m%d:kdjlg muKlau iSud lr .;ay'
47
tfia;a ke;sk u;= nqjkakg" u;= nq jk nqka l ksjka olskakg
muKla m%d:kd lrk mqreoaolgu m;alr .;ay'
f wkqj nq oyf fmkajd jod< uCcsud mmod hkako ueo
udj;la" ue ms<sfj;la njg mj:kh lr .;ay' msis nq
oyfuys fmkajd jod, uCud mmod hkq rd. uofhka" oafY
uofhka" fuday uofhka iyuq,skau ksoyia u hk w:h ,nd
fo;;a nqoaOd.f ueo udj; w:hla ke;s m%;smodjla ke;s m%ldYhla
njg;a wo m;a we;'
iuqoh Wm; ,nkafka is;luh' iuqoh Wm; ,nkakg uq,a jQ
fya;=j rd.fhka u;a " oafYfhka u;a fudayfhka u;a l%shd
lsuhs' iuqoh ksfrdaO lsug k wksp laL wk;a; fufkys lr
isf;a yg.kakd u;afuka ksoyia h hq;=h' ksod" rd." ksfrdaOd
mksiai.a. hkqfjka fmkajd jodf,a fuu udj;hs' m%;smodjhs'
wdi mQcd iy wd.u
idys;Hh" uQ;s Ys,amh" ;% l,dj" ix.S;h yd fjk;a wdi
jYfhka is; iu:hg m;alrjk ;djld,sl yd f,!lsl l%shdldrl
bf.k f.k kqj;a thska mkakrhla ,efukao hlsis wdi
iqjhla wdiajdohla" iykhla ,nd.kakg ksidf.a is; blauka fj;s'
f fudfydf;a ,nk ;djld,sl bkashhka mskf iqjhg mD;.ack
f,dalhd .scq fj;s' f whqka is; ;djld,slj iqjhg m;alrjk
fndfyda foa ishu wd.j, nyq, jYfhkau Nd;d lr;s' mD;.ack
is;lg .e,fmk m lEu u" ksjdi " we| we;s,s " fi mqgq" kdk
ldur is;a; ldur f wd fndfyda foa wdi iqjh i|yd f,dalhd
Nd;d lr;s' f ish,a,u miqj ixialD;shla f,iska iu; f' ye
.Eremamq Nd;d lrka wdydr .ekSu ngysr ixialD;shhs' mka
mef" msf,a ksod .ekSu isxy, ixialD;shhs' fjd wd.u fyda Ouh
fkdjqK;a wd.u Ouhka yd fujeks ixialD;sl wx. fjka l,
48
fkdyelsh' ye .Eremamq Nd;fhka msdkl wdydr .ekSu fn!oaO nq oyu nqoaOd.u yd kk oHdj
NslaIqjg fkd.e,fmk ixialD;sl wx.hls' kuq;a fuh mdmhla fyda
wl=i,hla jkafkao ke;' wfma ms<s.;a iu;hg wkqj fn!oaO nq oyu = nqoaO Ouh hkq lsisfia;au wd.ula fyda oYKhla
NslaIqjla md;%fhys w;ska odkh je<h hq;=h' md;a;r j; uyd fyda fkdj ud. m%;smodjls' W;= nqoyka fufia u fmkajQfha
n%yaudhq iQ;%fhys nqmshdKkau foaYKd lrk ,o Ouhla f,iska ixidr uqla;sh idlaYd;a lr.kakghs' ksiqkag uqla;s {dK
igyka lr we;' wfma ixialD;shg wkqj fjd .e,fmk nj fyda oYKh ,nd .kakghs'
fkd.e,fmk nj fyda ;SrKh lrkafka f,!lsl udkfhka fuka uqla;s {dK oYKh ,nd .ekSu hkq p;= wh iphka
ukskakg mqre mqyqKq jQ mD;.ack mqoa.,hska iskah' ,xldf isxy, wjfndaO lr .ekSuuhs' f i|yd wkq.ukh l,hq;= msis ud.
f.orl fn!oaO NslaIqjla ye .Eremamq j,ska odkh j<ohs k th m%;smodj ^ud. phdj& fmkajd jod< W;= nq oyu" l,ah;au
fn!oaO ieye;sfhl=f.a is; lS .efik ;rf wixjr l%shdjls' nqoaOd.u hk kkau im%odhslj woyk ;j;a tl iu; wd.ula
kuq;a msgrgj, wfmau isxy, fn!oaO NslaIQka ye .Eremamq j,ska fia Nd;hg meKSfuka jer rdYshlgu uq, msreKs' fmr wmr
odkh j<okjd uu l we;' f ksid md;a;rhl odkh je<u fo.u weoyQ woyka mj;sk fjk;a wd. iu" nq oyu ieiug
fn!oaO NslaIqjlg iqiq ksfoaYs; fohls' W;aidy .ekSu;a iuu th n,j;au wjq,lgo fya;= mdol h' f
f wkqj wd.u;a ixialD;sldx.hkq;a tlu wdrlg ilia wjq, fld;r n,j;a o h;a" tod nqmshdKka foaYKdlr jod<
fjhs' kuq;a nqoaO Ouh hkq fya;=M, oyug wkqj ;SrKh jkakls' ud. phdj hgm;a f.dia Nla;sfhka yd Yajdifhka woyk ;j;a
mp f k ix Wm; ,nhs' mp fkdf k iuqoh fkdWm' ix tl wd.ula u;= uhs' nqoaOd.u hk kka yekaug;a jvd" n,j;au
Wm; ,nhs k iuqoh ysf k th wOuhhs' iuqoh ksfrdaO fjhs kdYhla jQfha tod fmr. m%p,s;j meje;s fjk;a n,j;a" ms,s.;a
k mp fkdf k t;ek ud. phdj l%shd;aul fjhs' wksp" wd. jk fo wd.u" Ysj wd.u" ffck wd.u yd WmksIoa oYkh
laL" wk;a; fufkys l< hq;= jkafka mp fuka ksoyia jeks foajjd wd.j, Yajdi l," Nla;sfhka weoyQ fndfyda wd.l
jkakghs' u;su;dka;r yd ixl,amhkao miqld,Skj" l%u l%ufhka nqoaOd.ug;a
jeoao .ekSu ksihs'

if ixLdrd wkspd fmr. wd.j, tod ckms%hj Nd;d l< iu;fhka

if ixLdrd laLd ms<s.;a" hd{dl%u" me;= me;Su" je jeu" fukau mqo mQcd
if Oud wk;a;d meje;auo" nqoaOd.ug;a we;=,;a lr .ekSu ksid ksjka wjfndaO lr
hk Ou;djh ks;r isysm;a l< hq;= jkafka mp fuka .kakg Wmldr jk fia foaYKd lr jod< W;= uqla;s ud.
je<lSughs' m%;smodj kug muKlau iSud h'

wo wms iu;fhka woyk f nqoaOd.fuys" tod foaYKdlr

jod< nq oyfuys fmka jQ uqla;s ud.h wkq.ukh lsula ke;sjd
fukau" p;=rdh i;Hhka wjfndaO lr.kakg Wmldr jk uCud

49 50
mmodjlao .%y lr foaYKd lrkafka ke;' ue ms<sfj;" ueo
udj; hkqfjka jerhg mj;kh lrf.k wo Nd;d lrK
uCud mmodj nqmshdKka tod foaYKd l< oyug brdu fjkia
fohls' fjkia .%yhls'
wmdfhka ffrkakg iy u;= u;=;a fo ksia iem im;a
,nka ixidr .uk .ska .gu hym;a wdldrfhka mj;ajdf.k
hkakg Wmldr jk oyula - ud. m%;smodjla - wo nqoaOd.fuys
W.kajhs' wmdfhka ffrkakg iy fo ksia iem im;a ,nkakg
msxl lrk m%d:kd m;k" fn!oaOhska msila yslsu msis
nqoyf mrud:h fkdf' u;= nq nj m; m;d fndai;aj fmre
mqrka msxl lsu uydhdk nqoaOd.fuka ,;a jer wdNdIhls' tho
ixidr meje;au mj;ajd f.k hkakg ieliQ Wmdhls'
ldu f,dal j," iq.;s f,dal j, u;= u;=;a w;ruxjk
l%ufohl ksjkla ke;' rc iem" fo iem fyda n%yau iem ,nk f
fld;klj;au ksjkla ke;' ta ish iem im;a o h fkl wjika
l ksh; jYfhkau Wreu fjhs' f ksid fo ksia iem im;a
m%d:kd lrka mska oy lsu nqoaOd.ug .e,mqk;a" nq oyug k
fkd.e,fmhs' f fld;kl fyda meje;aula mj;ajdf.k hkakg
lghq;= lrhs k t;ek ksjkla ke;' ksjfka meje;aula ke;'
wcrdur iem;lao ke;' meje;af ksjkla o ke;'
ngysr rgj, uE; ld,hl Wm; ,enQ kk oHdj hehs
k lrk oHdj;a" nq oyf cd Womd" cd w.;d hkd mo
j,ska w: .kajk oHdj;a lsisfia;au ixikaokh l< yels tlla
fkdf' f wkqj kk oHdj yd nq oyu ixikaokh lrkakg hdu
mqyqka l%shdjls' nqoaOd.u iy kk oHdj ixikaokh lrkakg hdu
kEu flfkl=g l, yelsh' fmr wmr fo.u fndfyda w;S;fha iQ
W.;=ka fukau kQ;k oaj;=ka o nqoaOd.u yd kk oHdj ii|kakg
uy;a jer jEh fhdod fmd;am;a ,shd m%isoaO lr we;' kuq;a ta lsisu
51
oajf;l= nq oyf fmkajd ka ud. phdj ksjerju wjfndaO
lr .;a W.;=ka hehs m%ldY l< fkdyelsh' ud. phdj ksjerj
wjfndaO lr.;a hful= fk Tyq p;=rdh i;Hhka wjfndaO
lr.;af;l=o jkafkauh' f wkqj mD;.ack mqyqka" W.;=ka" h;=ka
nqoaOd.u" nqoaO oYKh fyda fn!oaO ixialD;sh yodrd ta kqfuka
,shQ fmd;am;a ksjka olskakg Wmldr jkafkao ke;' tajd W.;alu
kqu" udkh" uu;ajh hqKq lrf.k f,dalh ;=, w;rux jkakg k
n,j;a f,iu Wmldr fjkq we;' ;=ka f,dalfhkau tf;ru ksjkhs'
f,daflka W;= rg is ,xldjhs'
f,daflka W;= rg is ,xldjhs hkqfjka .dhkd lrk
merKs .S;hla Tn;a wikakg we;ehs is;' Tn f .S;h Y%jKh
lrk fldhs h fudfyd;l fyda fuys we;s .dNSr w:h fukau
moje,a j, we;s woyia .ek;a .eUqka is;d nefo@ fuu
mD;=;,h ;=, we;s ish .Kkla jQ n,j;a yd hqKq hehs iu;
rgj,a j,g jvd f l=vd rg W;=u rg njg m;ajkakg uq,a jQ tlu
fYaI fya;=jla we;' f tlu fya;=j f jhsk ;=, nqoaO Yla;sh
mej;Suhs' nqoaO Yla;sh hkq nq oyf Yla;shhs' Nj Wrd f
Yla;shhs'
nq oyu Wmkafka f rfh' fuh nqka Wmka foaYhhs
hkqfjka mjikafka w;S;fha j;udkfha fukau wkd.;fha;a h
khlo W;= nq oyu h,s u;=jkafkao f uOH uKav,h ;=,skau jk
ksidh' f rg nqka Wmka fy, mhhs' ckanqoamh hkq isjqfy,fhka
tl mhla f,iska w;S;jxY l:dj,;a wfma lvb fmd;aj,;a
meye,sju igyka fldg we;' ^ckanqoam lvhs fmd; lshjd
n,kak&
f rg m%;srEm foaYhhs mqf; l; mq[a[;d Yla;sfhka
hq;=" uM, ,nkakg iqiql ,enQ ksiqka fukau" cd; fida;dmkak
52
ksiqkao Wm; ,nkafka f is ,xldj kka wo wm ykajk isjq
fy,h ;=,uh' nqoaO Ouh Wm; ,enQ" nqoaO Ouh f,aLk .; lr
mj;ajd f.k hk " u;=jg;a rd;a ld,hla msis nq oyu wdrCId
mj;sk W;= rg f is ,xldjhs'
f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, ksiqkao w;S;fha nqoaOd.u weojQy'
wog;a kdl jYfhka nqoaOd.u woyk fndfyda rgj,a f,dalfha mj;S'
f yeu rglu mj;skafka nqoaOd.ula i W;= nq oyu fkdf'
ksjka olsk nq oyu fjk;a rgl w;S;fha mej;=fka hehs lsj
fkdyelsh' nqreuh" ;dhs,ka;h" kh" fldhdj" negh"
hkduh" cmka rg wd ms<s.;a iu; nqoaOd.u woyk fndfyda
rgj,a wo f,dj mej;=k;a" ksjka olskakg Wmldr jk ksjer ud.
phdj meye,s lr fok W;= nqoaO Ouh lshd fohla wo f fldhs
rgl fyda Nd;fha mj;skafkao ke;' w;S;fha o Nd;fha mej;sfha
ke;' nqoaOd.u hkqfjka im%odhslj Nd;d lrk ;j;a tl wd.ula
muKla f fn!oaO hehs k lrk fjk;a rgj,aj,o mj;S' f fy<
f yer fjk;a tlo rglj;a nq oyu yd nqoaOd.u w;r we;s
mrud:hSh fjkial l .kakg yels ;rf {dK Yla;shla we;s
ksiqka Wmkafkao ke;' f l=vdrg f,dalfha W;=u W;= rg njg
m;a jkakg fya;=mdol jQ ishu lreKq;a" iajNdl msysu;a fjk;a
Odldr idOl;a nqoaO Ouh ksidu nqoaO Yla;sh ksidu wmg ,enqKq
odhdohls' fjk fudk iu; wd.ula weoyqj;a th nq oyf
wdYsjdoh ,nd .kakg ndOdjla jkafkao ke;'
tod f.!;u nqmshdKka jykafia nqoaO;ajhg m;a jQ hq.fha f
rf tlo nqoaOd.ldrfhl=j;a jdih lf,a ke;' kuq;a n%yaucd,
iQ;%fha fmkajd fok m O wd. yeg .Kklau tjlg f rf
uq,a nei f.k woyka Nd;fha mej;=ks' tod nq oyu wid ksjka
u.M, ,nd.;a ish ksiqka Bg fmr fjk;a wd.ula Yajdi l< yd
weoyQ ksiqkauh' f wkqj nq oyu wkq.ukh lrkakg iu;
wd.ula weoySu ndOdjla lr.; hq;= jkafkao fkdf'
53
fy< ni" fy< b;sydih yd nq oyu
rgl ;reK mrmqr ksjer ksjy,a ka;khla lrd fhduq
lrjkakg k l=vd l, mgkau orejkag ;u ujq ni;a ;u rf
ksjer b;sydih;a ms<sn|j b.ekau cd;sl wjYH;djhls' f rf
uq,au foaYSh NdIdjka jQfha ud. ni;a fy, ni;ah' f rf uq,au
b;sydih jQfha uydjxYfha i|yka jk m uyd iu; rdc
mrmrdfjka mej; tk nqka Wmka ckanqoamfha b;sydihhs' isjq
fy,fha b;sydihhs' ch rcqf.ka isxy, cd;sh ys jQ nj wuQ,sl
fndrejls'
wfma rf w;S; fy,hska Nd;d l, ud. yd fy, nia jyr
l%ufhka wi,ajeis n,j;a rfgka Khg .;a ixlr ixialD; NdIdfjka
yd fjk;a mrNdIdjkaf.ka Khg .;a fndfyda jpk miqj tl;=lr
.ekSu ksid ixlr NdIdjla njg m;a lr .;a njo k.; hq;=h'
1954 tf;la ud. niska mj;ajdf.k wd ;%%smsglh isxy,
NdIdjg mj:kh lrkakg rcfhkau .%ka: imdol uKav,hla
m;al<y' f .%ka: imdol uKav,h imQKfhkau jdf.a tod
wurmqr ksldhg whs;s iajdka jykafia,df.ka iuka; h' tod
;%smsglh isxy,hg mj:kh l, f W.;a" h;a NslaIQka
jykafia,d ta i|yd Nd;d l, jpk j,ska ishhg yeglau ixialD;
NdIdfjka Khg .;a pxoiaffjl nfiys jpkhkah' f ixialD;
jpk iys; l,j NdIdj lsisfia;au W;= nqoaO Ouh ksjerj
.%y lrkakg .e,fmk NdIdjla fkdf' ud. moj,ska tf;la l,a
mj;ajdf.k wd msis ;%smsglh isxy, NdIdjg mj:kh lsf
isxy, orefjl=g f;are .; fkdyels wdldrhg ixialD; moje,a Bg
we;=,;a lf,a mj;lhskaf.a I NdId mrfIaYajr kqu Wmamd
fmkajkakg i ir," iq.u fy, jyrg .e,fmkakg fkdf' ir,
iq.u fy, wre;a we;s jpk fldf;l=;a wmg ;snqK;a mr niska .;a
ixialD; ixlr mohka Nd;d lrka ;%smsglh isxy,hg mj;kh
54
lf,a mj:lhskaf.a ixialD; NdId kqu biau;= lr fmkajkakg jYfhka i|yka lrkq ,enqfka ckanqoamh " W;=re l=re oAmh" wmr
hehs fl,skau fpdaokd l, yelsh' fuhska is jQ ksh; m%;sM,hla jQfha f.dahdkh yd mQj foayhhs'
isxy,hg mj:kh l, isxy, ;%smsglh lshjk kjlfhl=g tajd
;%%smsglh f,aLk .; lf,a;a ;%smsglhg l,ska f rf ,shQ
wmN%xi fyda wxvr fou< fuka w:hla Ouhla ke;s" f;are
fy, wgqjd fmd;am;a ,Sf;a" f fy< fu nj wo jk g fndfyda
.kakg fkdyels ;;ajhg m;auhs' f wdldrhg momru f,iska
.sys me W.;a h;a whg mjd wu;lj f.dia we;' ud. hkq uQ,
;%smsglh isxy, NdIdjg mj:kh lsuo nq oyf fmkajd jod<
NdIdjhs' ta uQ, NdIdjg wCIrhka ke;' f wkqj f.!;u nqmshdKka
ud. m%;smodj wNdjhg hkakg n,j;afiau fya;=h'
foaYKd lrk ,o W;= nq oyu jir ydrish mkia .Kklau hk;=re
wfmau isxy, h;=ka ,shQ uydjxYh" mjxYh yd fjk;a fy< lgmdv lrf.k" jkfmd;a lrf.k mrmrdfjka mrmrdjg
jxY l:djkays i|ykaj we;s f;dr;=re fjk;a rglg wod< jQ foaj,a /lf.k;a f,aLk .;lf,a wfmau isxy, yduqrejkah' isxy,
f,i k . f,iska fmkajd Odldr jQ ;l ;l bm;a wl=kah' mqiafld, fmd;aj, mkaysfoka wl=re ,shk l,dj wfma
lrka" wfma ksrjq,a fy, b;sydih Ndr;hg ndrfokakg hduo my;a fy,j jeishkag bkahdfjka mqre mqyqKq l, fohla fkdf'
kska; l%shdjls' f jrog uq,a jQfha 1850-1900 w;r ld,h ;=, wfma
;%smsgl Ouh f,aLk .; lsf tjlg Nd;d lrk ,o k
b;sydih w;ska ,shd t,s olajkakg W;aidy l< bx.%Sis yd fjk;a
." rdcOdks" mqrjrhka" rcjreka " isgqjreka fukau ish Wmud
foaYSl b;sydi{hska iska ,shQ foaj,a fukau mqrd oHd{hskao iska
l:d;a f isjqfy<hg wod,j tod Nd;d lrk ,o k .h'
o ,shq foaj,ah' fcda gk" fia m%skafiia" fldx.agka"
l,ah;au ta merKs k .j,g w;a k . mgne| .;a;o" ta ish
lkskaye" .hs. m;=ud" ia f" t'iS'mS' fn,a fukau ta bx.%Sis
fmd;a m;a j,;a ,shjqfka f isjq fy<fha b;sydi l:djhs' th
uy;ajreka .sh u.u wkaOdkqlrKfhka wkq.ukh l, wfmau l
ljodj;a ldgj;a fjkia l< fkdyelsh'
iqoafodao f lD;s ls j,g j.lsj hq;=h' th Tjqka iska wmg wfma
u;= mrmqrj,g lrk ,o n,j;au kdYhls' f wkqj wfma ;reK mdie,a orejka fYaIfhkau Yaj
oHd,j, bf.k .kakd ;reK .sys me isiqka iska ish ni;a" ish
f rf ,shQ uydjxYfha mjxYfha fukau wksl=;a ishu
rg ms<sn|j ksjer b;sydih;a fydkau k bf.k f;are .;
jxY l:djkays tk uyd iu; rdc mrmrdf isg iqoafodaOk rcq
hq;=h' wfma rf b;sydih lD;s lr,shq foaYlhska yd ta
olajd jQ ishu rcjreka f rf ^isjq fy<h& rcl l< rcqkah'
foaYlhskaf.ka Wmd ,nd .kakg wJOdkqlrKfhka jer foa
rcjrekaf.a kh' f rfu iQ fy< .;al;=jreka iskau uq,skau
.gu wkq.ukh lrka orejkag;a jer W.kajk wfma iuyrekag
,shQ f w;S; fmd;a m;a j, w;S;fha Nd;d l< k . fjk;a rgl
ka j ;a f lreKq wjfnda O lr h hq ; = h ' mq r doHd
whf.a k . f,i jrojd jgyd .;af;a foaYsl .;al;=rejka
fomd;fka;=fjys mqrdoHdj ms<sn|j lghq;= lrk fndfyda
isks' ch rcq fuys mefKkakg fmro f fy< f hqKq
mqoa.,hskq;a ;u Wmdh /l .kakg k ku jer foaj,a ikd:
ixialD;shla" f,aLk l,djla" Ys,am Ydia;% fukau b;sydihlao wm
lrkakg l%shdlrk nj;a b;du;au meye,s lreKls'
i;=j ;snqKs' kuq;a ta wkqrdOmqrfha fkdf' kef.kysr m%foaYj,"
lkao Wvrg" inr.uqf fukau reyqfka m%foaYj,h' tl, isjqfy<h

55 56
 bkah .;al;=jrekaa yd hqfrdamSh .;al;=jreka iska jkajr
wfma b;sydih Tjqkag .e,fmk m ,shd w;au u;hka bm;a
l,;a wo jkg ta ish u;hka wkd: jk ;ekg f;dr;=re
yuqfjka mj;S'
f wdldrhgu wfma ;reK mrmrdjo nqoaOd.u k jQ
woyk wd.u;a " nq oyf fmkajQ ud. phdj;a hk fol w;r we;s
mrud: jYfhka jQ fjkial .eko widk bf.k .; hq;=h'
wjfndaOfhka f;are .; hq;=h' wfma fy<u Wmka mqf; l;
mq[a[;d Yla;shla we;s fy< ckhdg foaYKd lrk ,o f W;=
ud. m%;smodj weoys,a,la njg m;a lrk ,oafoa mrfoaYska isks'
fYaIfhkau Ndr; foaYfha yd negfha fukau fjk;a fmr.
rgj,o fmd;m; ,shd uydhdksl yd ;ka;%hdksl fukau
ffj;=,Hjd foaj wd. ixl,am iu nqoaOd.u inkaO lr
.ekSfuks'
Ndr;fha ixialD; niska tod fuod ;=r ,shk ,o fndfyda
uydhdksl fn!oaO fmd;am;a lshjd f;are .kakgo wm W;aidy l<
hq;=h' nqoaO mksjdKfhka miqj wd hq.fha Ndr;fha ,shk ,o
ishu uydhdksl fmd;am;a j,g ffck wd.f fukau WmksIoa
oYKfhao n,mE ;kau we;=,;a we;' mqrdK .%ka: j,ska we;s jQ
n,mEu;a WmksIoa .%ka:j, wdNdIh;a foaj wd. ksid we;s jQ n,mEu
ksid;a nq oyug isjQ ydksh nq oyfuka fjka fldg k ykd
.kakg ;r wfma ;reK mrmqr oCI h hq;=h' ksoyia ksjy,a ka;k
Yla;shla we;s lr .; hq;=hs' wd.l n,mE j,ska ksoyia jkakg
l%shd l,hq;=h' Ndr;fha m%p,s;j meje;s foaj wd.l ixl,am ksid
msis nq oyu ud. m%;smodjl ;;ajfha isg Nla;sfhka woyk
;j;a tl wd.ula njg m;a jQ whqre f;are .; hq;=hs' wOHkh l,
hq;=h'
wfma rf mdi,a j, oy mdi,aj, msfjka j, muKla fkdj
Wiia oHdh;k j, yd md,s fn!oaO Yaj oHd,fha mjd orejkag
57
W.kajkafka ksjer nq oyu fkdf' fn!oaO oYKh" fn!oaO
ixialD;sh" fn!oaO b;sydih yd nqoaOd.u hk Ihka ;=, W;= nq
oyu wvx.= fkdf' tys we;af;a jer b;sydihls' jer NdIdjls'
jer wd.uls' f oHdh;k j, W.kajk foaj, wfkla ish,a,u
;snqK;a b.ekakQj;a tys ke;s tlu foa nq oyu muKs' bkahdfjka yd
miqld,Skj ngysfrkao Khg .;a fndfyda foa jer iys;j wo wfma
mdie,a j, wfma orejkag W.kaj;s' wNjHh" woaN+;" wdYaphu;a
nqoaO b;sydihla orejkag W.kajk nj ka ka fndfyda fokd
ms,s.ks;s' fujeks oE W.kajd l=vd l,u orejkaf.a uki lD;s lr;s'
wfma iudch fYaIfhkau rggu wdoYu;a h hq;= NslaIq
iudch" wo fujka fYdapkSh ;;ajhlg m;ajkakg uq,a jQfha wm
woyk nqoaOd.u wo jHdmdrhla ;;ajhg m;a uhs' wo fndfyda
fofkl= uyK fjkafka /lshdjla" jk jD;a;shla" foaY.; ula
fyda mkai,a foam, md,khla n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjks' ka ka foaYmd,k
mrud:hla we;sj;a ks,;, n,;, ,nd.kakg;a fndfyda fofkl=
uyKlug m;afj;s' wd.f kdufhkau Odldr jQ ixOdk"
n,fiakd ixOdk we;s lrf.k mgq wd.l cd;sl fukau
foaYmd,ksl wruqKq we;sjo wo fn!oaO NslaIQka ms,a fn ls%hd lr;s'
wfma iudch msis fjkafka;a mqrjeishka wjxl f,i
l%shdlrkafka;a is,a rlsk iudchla njg m;ajkafka;a kshu ksjer
Oudkq Ou m%;smodju wkq.ukh lf,d;a muKs' f i|yd nq
oyf fmkajd jod< ud. phdj f;are f.k j;ah hq;=hs'
orejkag l=vd l, mgkau jer wdoYhla ,nd fuka je<lS ksjer
u lshd h hq;=h'
nqoaO Ouh" fy< b;sydih fy< ni wd jYfhka mdi,a j,
W.kajk Ihhka ms<sn| ksfoaYs; fmd;am;a ,shk wOHdmk
n,Odka j m<uq fldgu kqj;a l< hq;=h' Tjqkag wd.u yd Ouh
w;r we;s fjkial f;are lr fkd f iudch hym;a ksiqka
58
iys; iudchla njg m;a lsu l< fkdyelsh' yeu foaYmd,lfhlau
mgq yd fm!oa.,sl mrud:hka w;yer fmdf hym;a wjxl
mrud:hka iys;j l%shdlrkakka njg m;al, hq;=hs'
oYKh" wNsOuh yd nqoaOd.u
wdpdh B' v,s wldr uy;d iska ,shQ ,xld Ydik
jxYh keue;s fmdf;a t;=ud iska i|ykalr we;af;a fufiah'
ud. phdj hgm;a nq oyu wNdjhg m;ajkakg;a wOHdmkh
^.%ka: OQrh& uy;a fldg i,lkakg;a jQ fyhska nqoaOd.ulaa" fn!oaO
oYKhla fukau wNsOuh keue;s Ihhlao w;ska W.kajkakg
mgka .;ay'
fn!oaO oYKh fn!oaO ixialD;sh yd wNsOuh wd jYfhka
ksfoaYlr Ihhka f,i ful, W.kajk yd bf.k.kakd Ihhka
wOHkh lsfuka muKla nq oyf mrud:h jYfhka fmkajd jod<
ud. phdj imQK lr .ekSug tajd Wmldrhla jk foaj,ao
ke;sk ndOlhla jk foaj,a hs wms pdrd;aulj i,ld ne,sh
hq;=h' wo fn!oaO yd md,s Yaj oHd,fha;a uyd msfjkaj,;a fjk;a
oHdia:dkj,;a rdclSh mKa; Wmd i|yd;aa W.kajkafka;a" bf.k
.kafka;a wNsOuh yd fn!oaO oYKh hkqfjka Ihhka folls'
nqmshdKka jykafia lsiskl wNsOuh hehs Ihhla wo
Nd;d lrk w:fhka foaYKdlr ke;' fohkag muKla f;are
.; yels fohkag muKla foaYKdl, .eUqre Ouhla f,iska wojk
g W.;=ka ykajkq ,nk wdldrfha wNsOuhla lsiskl ud.
phdj foaYKdl, nqmshdKka jykafiaf.a nqoaO foaYKdf k
wvx.= ke;'
nqmshdKka jykafia msksjka md jodrd jir 700lg muK
miqj uyd Ndr;fha iQ wix.dpdh;=ud k uydhdksl mjrhd
59
iska rpkd lrk ,o ixialD; fmd;la jQ wNsOu iuqph k jQ
fmdf;ka uq,a jrg wNsOuh Ihhla f,iska t<s lajQy'
fuu wNsOu iuqph wdY%fhkau Bg miqj wd ldf,l
wNsOud: ix.%yh kka isxy, niskao fmd;la ,shk ,' wNsOu
wG l:d kka md<s niskao wgqjd fmd;la fy, fu ,shd we;' f
fmd;a ;=ku tl;= lrf.k wojk g wNsOuh keue;s Ihh Wiia
wOHdmk wdh;k j, W.kajkq ,nhs' fn!oaO oYKh keue;s
Ihg;a Nd;d lrkafka f fmd;a fm< we;= ;j;a md,s wG
l:dfmd;a lsysmhls' ^Y=oa ud.h we;= wgqjd fmd;a fm,&
fy,j fn!oaOhd l%ufhka ud. phdfjka yd OudkqOu
m%;smodfjka msfykakg fukau m%d:kdjlg muKla iSud jkakg;a
fya;= jQfha;a uydhdk nqoaOd.fuka Khg .;a fn!oaO oYKhla"
wNsOuhla yd fn!oaO ixialD;shla fy,j fn!oaOhska iskao miq
ld,Skj lrmskakd .ekSuhs' fn!oaO oYKh" wNsOuh yd fn!oaO
ixialD;sh hk Ihhka ;=ku oHdia:dkj, bf.kf.k W.;alula"
Wmdhla ,nd.kakg Wmldr jk kuq;a" ud. phdj imQK lr
.kakg k ixidr flka ksoyia jkakg k thu n,j;au
ndOlhla jQ njo b;du meye,sh'
W.;a .sys me fomsiu nqoaOd.u hhs wo i<lkafka fn!oaO
oYKh wNsOuh" fn!oaO ixialD;sh yd fn!oaO b;sydih hk
Ihhka mka;s ldur ;=, b.ekauhs' wOHhkh lsuhs' yeoEuhs'
.%J:OQrh msuhs' W.;a h;a .sys meje ia;%S mqreI fomCIhu ;u
is;= me;=" yeis rgdjka " phd rgdjkao" is;a ;a o f
fn!oaO oYKh yd ixialD;sh wkqju yev .id .kakg;a W;aidy
l<y' f wkqj nqoyfuka fmkajd jod, m%dfhda.slju wkq.ukh
lr" w;a|.; hq;= W;= uqla;s ud.h f jer oYKh fya;=
fldg f.ku wNdjhg m;a jQy' f wkqj ksjka me;Su" msxl lrka
fo ksia iem im;a me;Su" fndai;a fmre msu" u;= nqjk nqka
l ksjka me;Su hkd foa nqoaOd.u f,iska ms<s.;ay'
60
 uCud mmod hkak ueo udj;la " ^Middle Parth) uOHu
m%;smodjla hk jer w:fhka f;are lrkakg mgka .;ay' f
ud. mo ;=fkys w:h f;are .kakg ne jQ iS; nqoaOd.ldrfhda
ljodj;a yuq fkdjk ueo udj;la fydhka ixidr .ufka uxuq,d
is;s'
uCud mmod hkq ueo udj; fkdf'
nqoaOd.f wo iu;fhka .%y lrkq ,nk wdldrfha
W.kajkq ,nk wdldrfha ueo udj;la fyda ue ms<sfj;la fyda
f,iska iud wx. wg .%y lsu imQKfhkau jerh" uCud
mmod hkqfjka ^wdh wYaGdx.sl ud.h = iud wx. wg& W;=
nq oyfuys .%y lr fmkajQfha u;afuka ^uofhka& ksoyia jk
m%;smodj hk msis w:fhks' rd. u;ska" oafY u;ska" fuday u;ska"
udk u;ska ksoyia jk m%;smodj = ud. phdj = uCud
mmodj f,i;a iud wx. wg f,i;a nqoaO foaYKdf meye,sj
msisj foaYKd lr ;sh;a ueo udj;la fidhka w;rux ug
l%shd lsu nqoaOd.f iu; ms<sfj;hs'
ud hk ud. mofha f;areu hulska iyuq,skau ksoyia
u ^wkq;amdo ksfrdaOh& kej; isf;a flf,ia fkdWmk f,iska
ksoyia u hk f;areuhs' is;lu Wmk" rd.fhka u;ajk iajNdjh "
oafIfhka u;ajk iajNdjh" fudayfhka u;ajk iajNdjh .%y lf<a
uC hk mofhks' ;ukaf.au is; rd.fhka" oafYfhka" fudayfhka
u;au ksidu f ixidr l ;ukau ksudKh lr .kakd nj hful=
h:dm l.;fyd;a muKlau f u;afuka ksoyiaj is;
WfmlaLd ;;ajhg m;alr .; yelsfjhs'
uCud .u iQ;% Ou hkqfjka uCud ksldfha tk iQ;% 152
gu ud. NdIdfjka k lr we;' ^nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: j,"
uCud ksldh .%ka:j, ix{dmkh n,kak& uCud ksldfha
61
m<jeksu iQ;%fhka .%yjkafka ud hk moh ms<sn|jhs' fuh
uQ,mhdh iQ;%h f,iska nq oyf .%y lr we;' f wkqj
u[a[;d ;Fjh ud u[a[;s" k u[a[;s ;;ajhg m;alrk
l%ufoh^mhdh&.%y lf,a uQ,mhdh iQ;%fhks' uCud ksldfha
tk iQ;% Ou ish,a,u fm< .id bm;a lr we;af;a f ldhh bIaG
isoaO lr .kakg Wmldr jk m uCud .u Ouhka yehgh'
;j;a w;lska .%y l<fyd;a uCud hkq flf,ia j,ska
ksoyia uh' flf,ia Wmkafkau is;la ;=, u;aula we;sjk ksidh'
u;au hkq uo f,iskao isxy, niska i|yka l< yelsh' m%sh foag
wef,kafka u;au ksidh' wm%sh foa iu .efgkafka;a u;au ksidh'
wlaLu wiqL w;r ukskafka;a uq,djkafka;a u;au ksidh' tfiak
iirg nefok ishu inkaO;d we;s lrjk uQ, fya;=j isf;a Wm;
,nk u;af iajNdjhhs' uohhs' u;au ksid is; ta u;a jQ rEmfhys
wef,hs' yd fjhs" nef|hs' th ;Kayd hk ud. mofhka .%y lr
we;' ^hdhx ;Kayd fmdfkdaNld& mqk mqkdu ysjkafka" Wmkafka
f ;kaydj tl .gu isf;a Wmk fya;=j ksiduh'
;Kayd mphd Wmdodkx hkq mxpialkaohu Wmdodkh lr
.kafka f u;au ksid we;sjk fokdj;a" fokdj ksid Wmk
;Kaydj;a" ;Kaydj ksid Wmdodkh lr .kakg we;s wdYdj;a ksidh'
woHd uQ,fhka .%y lrk ,o uq mp iuqmamdo .%yhu
ixidr .ukg mqoa.,fhl= i;ajfhl= nef|k" inkaOjk wdldrh
.%y lrkakls' th isf;a u;aula uq,alrf.ku isfjhs' isf;a
we;sjk fuu u;afuka ksoyia u i|yd Wmldr lr.; hq;=
m%;smodjka nq oyu ;=, ud. phdjla f,iska .%y lr kay' f
ud. phdj uCud .u iQ;% Ou j,ska .%y lr we;' fuh
uCud mmodjhs' tk isf;a Wmk rd. uoh" oafY uoh" fuday
uoh" iyuq,skau lmd ug Wmldr jkakd jQ ud. m%;smodj
uCud mmodjhs' ^rd.laLh" fudaylaLh" oafIlaLh&
62
 nqoaOf>daI yshka iska ,shQ fmd;aj, uCud .u iQ;%
Ouhka hkq ueo m%udKfha iQ;% Ou f,iska j. lr olajd ,shd f uoh hk flf,ia.;s ;=fkau tl;=j tl mohlska .%y lr fmkajd
W;= Ouh momru w:hlg yer jQ miqj wfma fndfyda W.;a
fn!oaOfhdao th wkaOdkqlrKfhka ysiauqkskau ms<s.;ay' ta wkqj
u;ska u me;a;lg oud ueo w;rux jkakg l%shdlrk msila njg
nqoaOd.u woykakka m;ah'
u;au isjkafka rd wrlal= jeks u;ameka fuka muKlau
hehs W.kajk fn!oaOhskag momru f,iska nK foaYkd lrk"
foaYlhskao wo we;' iqrdfrh uCmud oGdkd frukS hkq
ish u;a j,ska m%udohg m;ajk nj m%ldY l< ;ekls' fuys
m%udo fjkafka ksjkhs' ry fur hkq is; .; u;a lrjk - uohg m;a
lrjk ish fya;= .%y l< ;ekla i rd wrlal= jeks u;ameka ksid
muKla jk ;djld,sl u;au muKlau .%y lsu fkdf' rd wrlal=
ksido mqoa.,fhl=f.a .; is; folu u;af' kuq;a rd. uoh" oafY
uoh" fuday uoh" udk uoh" rEm uoh" Ok uoh" n, uoh" ks, uoh"
fhdnk uoh" ksfrda.S uoh" l=, uoh" wd jYfhka is;l yg .kakd
ish ryfur yg .kakg fya;= mdol jk lreKq nq oyf
meye,sj .%y lr we;' f ish u;a j,ska is; uqojd .ekSu
i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= m%;smodj .%y lf,a uCud mmod hk
nqoaO NdIs;fhks' fuh ueo udj;la f,iska .;af;a nqoaOd.fh'
W;= nq oyf th uofhka ^u;afuka& ksoyia uhs'
we,ms,a,la ksid uo ueo njg m;a lr .ekSu ksid ksiqkag
myiqfjkau idlaId;a lr.kakg ;snQ ksjkg u weys .sh nj
ljqre;a fuys l,amkd l< hq;=h' ueo udj;" uOHu m%;smodj
(Middle Parth) wd jer jHjydr mohka kaj;a wms Nd;fhka
bj;a l< hq;=hs'
Ouplalmj;a;k iQ;%fha uCud mmodj .%y lf,a
iud wx. wgla yehgh' f jpk foflau ud hk mofhka .%y
jkafka u;afuka - uofhka ksoyia u hk w:hhs' ix hk
63
mofhka fmkajqfha ixidrhg nef|k rd. uoh" oafI uoh" fuday
uls' f wkqj ixud ^iud& hkq ixidr .ukg nef|k neu
ilialrk u;afuka ksoyia u hk w:hhs' wfkal cd;s
ixidrx .d:df .%y lf,a mD;.ack f,dalhd wfkal wdldrfhka
iir lg nef|kafka ix ^rd." oafI" fuday& idrj;a fia olsk ksidh'
fuys widr;ajh - ksiaidr nj" wkd: nj fkdolsk ;dlal,a iir
.uk ksudKh lr.kafka u;aug fya;=jk rd.fhka oafYfhka
fudayfhka lghq;= lrk fyhsks' iirg nef|k ndk ilialr .kakd
fyhsks'
f wkqj nq oyug wkqj uCud mmod uCud .u iQ;%
Ou_ wd moj,ska w: .ekajQfha iirg nef|k uofhka u;afuka
ksoyia ug wkq.ukh l<hq;= ms<sfj;hs'
iud wx. wglska .%y lf,ao iirg nef|k ne Wm;
,nk" u;afuka uofhka ksoyia jk" m%;smodj .%y lsughs'
iud hk mofhka wo nqoaOd.f ia;r lrkafka fyd|" hym;a"
ksjer wd w:hka f.kyer mEuhs' fuh wd.ulg .e,mqk;a" nq
oyf fmkajd fok m fudk fha fyd|" hym;a ;ekl Wm;
,eu;a inkaOu;a Wmdodkh lr.ekSulau f,iska .%y lrk
ksid iud hkq iirg inkaO jk ish nkaOk j,ska ksoyia
u f,iska f;are .; hq;=h'
nqoaOd.ula woykakdg ud. phdj wu;lj .shy' uqla;s
ud.h yd ksjka lSu hkak m%d:kdjlg muKla iSud h'
wNsOuh yd fn!oaO oYKh Wmd ,nd f.k kqu jvd jOkh
lr.kakd wOHhk ud.hla muKlau h' rd.fhka" oafYfhka yd
fudayfhka lghq;= lrk" ixjOkh f,!lsl jYfhka muKla b,lal
lr.;a" nqoaOd.ldrhska msila rgg Wreu lr fokakg f ish,a,u
fya;=mdol h'
64
wd.u yd ixialD;sh
wd.u;a iu.u ixialD;shlao rgl ysfjhs' idys;Hh " ;%
l,dj" uQ;s Ys,amh" ix.S;h yd fjk;a f,!lsl jQ wdi jYfhka is;
iu:hg m;alrjk fndfyda oE bf.kf.k kqj;a " thska
mkakrhla ,en .ekSu;a f,!lsl jYfhka wdiajdohla ,nd .ekSu;a
wd.ul yd ixialD;shl hqKqjgo fya;=fjhs' fufia f,!lsl
wdYajdohla i|yd .scqjk mD;.ack ksidf.a is;s,s yd
l%shdldrlo iudc iu; yeis rgdjo " pd;% jd;% o ta wd.ug
wkql+,j yev .efihs' f ish,a,u ixialD;sldx. jYfhka o wms
fmdf k lruq'
msis mrud:fhka nqoyu foaYKd lrkafka ke;' Ou {dKh
,ndu fojk fyda ;=kajeks ;ekg oud f.dvke.s,s ;ekSu ms,su b
lsu fyda fjk;a f,!lsl ldhhla fmrgq fldg f.k kug muKla
Ou foaYKdjla mj;ajk l%uhla rg ;=, m%p,s;j we;' f ljqreka
rjgkag lrk foaj,a hs uiSu yer wmg wo l, yels fjk;a
fohla ke;'
wdoYu;aj lsis ndysr wfmaCIdjla fyda , uqo,a tl;=
lsula fyda ke;sj" ksjer ud. phdju meye,s lr p;=rdh
i;Hhka wjfndaO lr.kakgu Wmldr jk fia Ou foaYKd
meje;afukau muKla f l%uh b;d blaukskau fjkia l< hq;=h'

wm rf;a nqoaOd.u;a iuu fmryr" fjila f;drka" wd.l wo .=jka ,s udOHhkays" rEmjdyskS udOHhkays m%isoaO
W;aij" lk mQcd msxl fukau nqoaO rdc ud,s.d ;ekSuo f jk g foaYlhska jykafia flfkl= ,jd f,dalhgu wefikakg Ou foaYKd
ys ;sf' f yer yeu .ulu msxl lrk uqjdfjka i,ams,a lrK l%uhla b;du ckm%sh we;' f i|yd Yd, uqo,lao ta ta
meje;au" kdgH fmkau" kdv. keu" ix.S; ixoYkh wdh;k j,g f.jkakg isfjhs' fuys ;u h.sh {d;shdg msx
meje;au yd l nK lSuo wo lr f.k hkq ,nhs' wd.l yd wkqfudaoka lsu flfrys fyda ;ukaf.a k . lshjd m%isoahla
ixialD;sldx. f,iska fjd fmd ckhd w;f ckm%sh ;;ajhgo m;a m%pdrhla i|yd lrk l%shdjla njg m;a u ksid kd y;,sia myla
we;' f ishu ixialD;sldx. wo wd.f kdufhkau lrk fyda Bg;a wvq ld,h oy kqula ,nd u l< yels hs l,amkd l<
foaj,ah' f,!lsl yd fN!;sl ixialD;sldx. jYfhka fjd hlsis hq;=h' ixksfok udOHhka ;=,ska lrk fujeks fndfyda foaj,a
iudcuh jkdlula .;a;o f ish,a,u wo jk g jHdmdl rd.fhka" oafYfhka" fudayfhkau lrk lshk ys;k foaj,a jk
;;ajhlg m;au lK.dgqjg lrKls' ksidu tajdg ikaksfok hk kuo fhdod we;' fjd o wd.f
kdufhkau lrk jHdmdl fldgilgu wh;a uqo,a tl;= lrkakg
fudav .e fn!oaOhdj uq,d lrka msxlula lrk uqjdfjka" fh Wmdhkah'
fnda mqcdjla lrk uqjdfjka" mkaif,a uqo,a tl;= lrk jHdmdrhla
lsu wo nyq,ju olskakg we;' fnda m%ldrh ;ekSu" ffp;Hhla
blsu" fjk;a f.dvke.s,a,la blsu bhg oud msxlula lsu" iuq;s i;Hhh yd mrud: i;Hhh
Ou foaYKdjla meje;au wo jk g iu; l%uhhs' kuq;a ksfil=g muKlau f;are .;yels iuq;s i;Hhl=;a" ksjka
mkaif,a Ou foaYKdjla meje;ah hq;af;a ksiqkag ud. olskakg Wmldr jk mrud: i;Hhl=;a lshd i;Hhhka follau
phdj f;are lr oy kqu ,nd p;=rdh i;Hhka wjfndaO f,dj mj;sk nj h:dm f;are .ekSu ksjka wjfndaOhg;a Wmldr
lr .kakg Wmldr jk wdldrfhks' wo tl iu; mkai,lj;a f fjhs' mD;.ack f,dal i;ajhdg iuq;s i;Hh i mrud: i;Hh

65 66
hehs fohla we;ehs lshd is;d .kakgj;a neh' iuq;s i;Hfhys
msysgd l%shd lsu fuf,dj ;h hym;a fia .gu mj;ajdf.k
hdug k fnfykau Wmldr f' fuys f,!lsl;ajh ;=, isjk
w;ruxu fkdfmkS hhs'
nqoaO foaYKdf .%y lrk mrud: i;Hh yd iuq;s
i;Hhh hk fol miqld,Skj w: l:d ,shQ fn!oaO W.;=ka yd
mKa;hska iska jer wdldrhg w: l:kh lrkakg .;a
W;aidyhka ksid msis nq oyu lD;s h' fuf,dj j;a u tlu
la l|lehs nqmshdKka jykafia k lsisu ;ekl foaYKdlr ke;'
kuq;a miqld,Skj nq oyug w: l:d ,shQ fndfyda fn!oaO mjreka
fuf,dj uyd la l|lehs" tlu la l|lehs" w;sYfhdala;sfhkau
,shd olajkakg W;aidy .;ay' fuhg fya;=j mrud: i;Hhh yd
ksrdi iqjh ms<sn|j h:d N+; {dk oYKhla ke;s luhs'
mpiuqmamdo .%yh ksjerj f;are .;a flfkl=gu
muKla la iem lshd follau f,dj mj;sk nj;a" wdi iem yd
ksrdi iem hkqfjka folla mj;sk nj;a f;are .; yelsh' l
fukau iemo hk folu ksudKh lr.kafka ;uka lrk lshk ys;k
fya;=kau mok lrf.k nj;a Ou;djh ;=,skau f;are .ekSuhs'
f wkqidrfhkau ksjk hkq ixLdr WfmalaLd {dKfhka wgf,da oyu
foiu n,d ish,a, flfrys fkdwe,S" fkd.e" uq,d fkd WfmalaLd
is;la mj;ajdf.k hdu nj;a" mrud: i;Hh f;are .ekSug ixLdr
WfmalaLd {dKh uq,ajk nj;a f;are .; hq;=h' wmg l iem Wreu
jkafka is; ;=, wfmaCIdjlaa we;s jQ ksihs' ta ;uka wfmaCIdl, foa ta
wdldrfhkau is fkdjk fkdmj;sk fkdkj;sk tlla jk ksid l
we;s f' wfmaCIdj fj;au isf;a Wmk ksp" iqL" iqj" w;a; hk
ksYa; ;;ajhka ms<sn|j;a is;skau nef|k ;rugu l Wreu fjhs'
wksp" laL" wk;a; hk ksh; i;Hh;dj mila fldg l .;af;a
k lsisu lla Wreu jkafka fkdf' ta wksp jQ laL jQ wk;a; jQ
mxpialkaohu Wmdodkh lr fkd.kakd fyhsks'
67
f wkqj if ixLdrd wkspd;s" if ixLdrd laLd;s"
if Oud wk;a;d;s" hod m[a[dh miai;s" w;ksxo;s laf
tai u.af.da Y=oahd hk f mru i;Hh mila fldg lSu fuu
ud. moj,ska .%y l< w:hhss'
f wkqj mrud: i;Hh m%{dfjka l.; hq;= mila fldg
l .; hq;=^cdkf;da" miaif;da& tlls' f i|yd iu; i;Hh
kso n,kakg " kso n,d olskakg" ;u ukfiau Yla;shla Wmojd
.; hq;=hs' thu uqla;s {dK oYKhhs'
iu;h yeugu" yeu;eklgu" yeu flfkl=gu tlfia
.e,fmk fohla fkdf' ld,dud iQ;%fha;a i;r uymfoaY iQ;%fha;a"
pxls iQ;%fha;a ;j;a iQ;% Ou .kKdjlu;a iu;h lvd | fy,sh
hq;= ;eka olajd we;' mrud: i;Hh lSug n,j;au ndOlhla
jkafka iu; i;Hh kspfia olsk fyhsks' w;a;fia olsk fyhsks'
ixldr" ixldr lrkakg;a" iJ" iJ lrkakg;a ixidr
inkaO;d j,ska fokakg;a^iud& ixjgfhka jf {dK
oYKh ,nd.kakg;a hful= ;=, Yla;shla we;s lr.ekSu
n,j;afiau ksjka ug Wmldr jkakls' f wkqj ksjka lSu keue;s
mrud: i;Hh lsh yelafla iu;fhkao ksoyia fukauh'
th uqla;s {dK oiaikhhs'
wms tfkod j;ajk" ;h mj;ajdf.k hk f,!lsl
fN!;sl f,dalh .ska .gu hym;a wdldrfhka mj;ajdf.k hdug
k iu;hkao n,j;afiau Wmldrfjhs' ishu woyk wd.j,
fukau fN!;sl" f,!lsl f,dalhd hym;a njg m;a lrk l%shdud.
hkago uq,a ;ek ,nduo olakg we;' f wkqju iudchl
j;ajkakka yehg wms ms<s.;a iu;hkago .re l, hq;=h' kuq;a
tys mrud: i;Hhka l .kakg thu ndOdjla f k tys uid
ne,sh hq;=h'
68
 iu;hka rfgka rgg" mqoa.hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg ld,fhka
ld,hg md,lhdf.ka md,lhdg hq.fhka hq.hg fjkiajk fohls'
iu;h iodld,sl i;Hhla fkdjkafka f ksidh' th ijidOdrK
tllao fkdjk ksid;a mrud: i;Hfhka fjkia f' kuq;a mrud:
i;Hhka ljodj;au tfia fjkia fkdf' nq oyfuys yrh jQ mp
iuqmamdo .%fhka fmkajd fok ,o mrud: i;Hh .%yh yeu
;eklgu" yeu rglgu" yeu hq.hlgu" yeu mqoa.,fhl=gu" yeu
wjia:djlgu" yeu Ou;djhlgu" yeu wd.ula woykafkl=gu;a"
fmdh' nqoyu hkq mru i;Hhhs' f ksid nq oyu wd.ula fkdf'
lsisu wd.ulskao nqoyf fmkajk mru i;Hh l .; yels
fkdf' mp iuqmamdo Oufhka fmkajd jod, fya;= M, oyu fudk
rfcl= g j;a " fudk wd. Ydia ; Dka flfkl= g j;a " fudk
fofhl=gj;a wl=rlska we,ms,a,lskaj;a fyda fjkialr bm;a l,
yels fohla fkdf'
ixidr l yd uqla;s ud.h
nq oyu ms,sn|j wo ngysr W.=;=kag fukau fmr.
f,dalfha W.;=kago ,nd we;s kqu imQKfhkau jdf.a jer
iy.; kquls'
fuf,dj ;h" j;au tlu la lkaordjls hk jer
u;hla wo nqoaOd.fuys;a iuyre W.kajhs' fuh miqld,Sk
mKa;hska iska fyda W.;=ka iska fyda ksudKh lr.;a jer
u;hla i nqmshdKka foaYKdlrk ,o fohla fkdf' nqmshdKka
foaYKd lf,a" if f msfhays ukdfmays kdkdNdfjda kdNdfjda
ixidfrda uynhd hkqfjks' fuys woyi jerhg .%y l,
mKa;hska nq oyuu lD;s l,y' ix hkq rd." oafY" fuday hk
flf,ia .;Skah' f flf,ia .;s jkjd" fyd|hs" m%shhs" ukdmhs"
69
idrhs hkqfjka ;SrKh lsu ix idrhs lshd Wmdodkh lr .ekSuhs'
hful= f flf,ia .;s jkjd fyd|hs idrhs lshd f.k" ta wkqj
lghq;= lrkafka k Tyqg f meje;au uyd Nhlg" frda.hlg"
kdYhlg fya;= u ksh;h' rd.h" oafYh" fudayh" neyer l,
mqoa.,fhl=g Nhg m;ajkakg fya;=jla ke;' ksp fia iqL fia w;a;
fia w,a,df.k mj;ajkakg" kj;d.kakg fohla ke;' f f,dj uu
lshd uf.a lshd" uf.a wd;auh lshd fohla Wmdodkh lr f.k
mj;ajkakgo fkdyel' iuq;s i;Hhla f,iska uu lshd flfkl=
we;' kuq;a mrud: i;Hhh yehg ksp jQ iqL jQ w;a; jQ ufula
mj;skafka ke;'
mD:.ack f,dalhd mxpialkaohu Wmdodkh lrf.k iem
kafka f,dalhd wdYajdoh lrkafka ^wiaidfida& tys wksp nj laL
nj" wk;a; nj f;are fkd.;a ksiduh' mxpialkaO f,dalhu
mD;.ack mqoa.,hska iska iFjhska iska Wmdodkh lrf.k
w,a,d.kafka tys iemhla" iqjhla" ysrla" idr njla olsk ksiduh'
f idr nj" iem nj" ys nj" ta ta mqoa.,hdf.a lau" oDIah"
uekSu " udkh" u wkqju ;SrKh jkakls' f u m%shnj yd wm%sh
nj uq,a fldg f.ku ysjkakls' is;l m%sh nj " wm%sh nj Wm;
,eu;a" ms%h foag we,Su;a wm%sh foag .eu;a hk fuu fya;=j ksidu
is;l wre oDIahla" u;a ula we;sjk ksidu m%sh wm%sh fol w;r
uq,dula o isfjhs' uq,d jQ is;la hkq fudayfhka l%shd;auljk
is;ls' f wkqj m%sh foag we,Su;a" wm%sh foag .eu;a" m%sh wm%sh fol
w;r uq,d u;a mp f uq,sl wjia:djkah' mpu fya;=j
fldg f.ku iuqoh Wm; ,nhs' ixidr inkaaO;djhla we;s f' f
Ou;djh fkdokakd wiaiq;j;a mD;.ack mqoa.,hd iirg nef|k
ne ;=ku ilia lr .kS' ne ksudKh lr .kakd wjia:dj wdi
iqjhls' kuq;a neug nekq miq thu lls'
tfia k f meje;au ;=, we;s ishu la ;uka iskau ;u
leue;af;kau ksudKh lr.kakd la l|ls' f wkqj f Wm; ,enQ
ksia Nj m%fhdackhg f.k f uyd la l| ;ukau ksudKh
70
lr.;a tlla nj f;are f.k bka ksoyia jkakg fmkajd jod,
ud. phdj imQK lr .; hq;=h'
h:djfndaOfhka f i;Hhka l" lg fya;=j f;are f.k
.sysf.h yer f.dia me o msu tlls' th mrud: i;Hh
idlaId;a lr.kakg hk .ukls' .sys f.or m%YaKj,ska ksoyia
f mgq f;kdfjka uyK u;a" le<hlg f.dia iudcfhka iej
hdu;a" rela uq,lg" iq[a[d.drhlg" wdr[a[hlg f.dia m%Yak
j,ska ksoyia jkakg l,amkd lsu;a kshu ksjer ms,s;=re fkdf'
ta mqoa.,hd wdr[a[.; jQfka" le,hlg .sfha" rela uq,lg .sfha
isf;a oyil=;a m%Yak we;sj k tajd ;djld,slj hgm;a lr .;a;;a
mkai,g fyda wdr[a[ fiakdikh;a Wmdodkh lr .ekSu ksid
t;ek;a w,a,d .ekSug l%shd lrk ksid ksjk wdjrKh f' ;u is;
;=,u Wm; ,nk rd. ne" oafY ne" fuday ne h:dN=; {dK
oYkfhka l ta ne j,ska ;udu ksoyia uu uqla;s ud.hhs' l ta flf<ia u, lvd bj;a lsf m%dfhda.sl l%shdj,sh lrka is;
f,dalh" ksjk yd m%{dj ^m[a[d&
ksjka lSu hkq" m%{dfjka f,dalh" we;s iefhka lSu
hehs fndfyda W.;=ka oaj;=ka iska ,shd olajd we;' foaYKd lr
fmkajd fo;s' f m%ldYKfha wvx.= mo ;=kla ^3& mrud: jYfhka
f;are .; hq;=j we;'
1' f,dal 2' ksndk 3' m[a[d
1' f,dal(- f,dal hkq wrg kuls' fuys reoaO moh wf,dal hkakhs'
wr w;ayeu wf,dal hkafkys w:hhs' f wr ^f,dal& we;s
jkafka;a ta wfrka ksoyiaj wf,dal ;;ajhg m;a lr .kafka;a
;u is;uh' f,dal wr we;s jkafka;a rd. wr" oafY wr yd fuday
wr ksidh' wf,dal ;;ajhg m;ajkafka rd. wfrka rd.
;;ajhg m;a u;a" oafY wfrka woafY ;;ajhg m;au;a"
fuday wfrka iyuq,skau kfuda hk ;;ajhg m;afukq;ah' ta
i|yd wkq.ukh l, hq;= miq l, hq;= mshjrhka lsysmhlau Oufha
ksfoaYs;h'
71
plaLq lrKS" {dK lrKS" Wmiudh" wNs{dh ifndaOdh ksndkdh
ixj;a;;S hkq tl .%yhls'
plaLqx Womd" {dKx Womd" m[a[d Womd" cd Womd "
wf,daflda Womd hkq ;j;a .%yhls'
f m%ldYK folu Wmqgd .;af;a m<uq Ou foaYKdj jQ
Ouplalmj;ajk iQ;% foaYKdfjks' f ud. phdj wkQmQrl jQ"
wkqmqnx.ujQ;a l%shdj,shls' Womd hkq Wmojd myod .ekSu hkakhs'
m<uq fldgu f,dal wfrka oy wei Wmojd myojd .; hq;=h'
fojkqj {dKx Womd hkq l< hq;= lrKSh Ouhka f;are f.k
fkdl<hq;= wlrKSh Ouhka w;ykakg {dKh Wmojd myod
.ekSuh'
f;jkqj m[a[d Womd hkq isf;a Wmk Wmk flf<ia u,
msis lr .ekSuh' ^rd. " rd. lsuh&
cd Womd hkq ^rcx ;u,x& isf;a fuf;la mej;s
flf,ia u, Wrd oud f,dalh kso n,d mrud: i;Hhh" p;=rdh
i;Hhka l .ekSuh' h:dN+; {dK oYKh ,nd .ekSuh' f,dalh
kso lSuh'
wf,daflda Womd hkq f,dal ;;ajfhka wfrka mrud;_
i;Hh lSuh' kej; ljodj;au flf,ia kue;s wre mg,fhka is;
ls,s fkdjk wdldrhgu isf;a {dKd f,dalh" m%{df,dalh we;s
uhs'
iu; jYfhka wms olsk wr;a " wf,dal ;;ajh;a" hk fol
mrud;_ jYfhka .;a l, uiei wd bkashhkaf.ka flfkl= olsk
fN!;sl f,dalh wNsnjd hk w;Skash {dKfhka iu; f,dalh;a
mrud;_ i;Hh;a folu lSuhs' wf,daflda Womd ;;ajhg m;auhs'
h,s ljodj;a rd. wfrka" oafY wfrka" fuday wfrka is; wre
fkdjk ;;ajhg m;au wf,daflda Womd ;;ajhg m;a uhs'
72
2' ksndk(- hkq ksjkhs' fuys reoaO moh ndk" neu hkqhs' rd.
neug" oafY neug" fuday neug nekq mqoa.,hd ;ud ksudKh
lr .kakd meje;au ;=, w;rux fjhs' f ne ;=ku tlg f.d;d .;a
l, ixidr neu ^ndk& ksudKh fjhs' f ne ;=ku lmd ndfkka
ksoyia u ksndk hk w:hhs'
3' m[a[d#- ksjk jid isk" iirg ne| ;nk" ksjk wdjrKh
lrk" mxpldu kSjrK Ouhkau Wmoaojkafka flfkl=f.a is;
;=,uh' m[a[d hkq whls" wdhqOhls' m%{dj keue;s wdhqOh
uqjy;a lrf.k" mKfmdjd" mK;shdf.k" flf,ia ne ;=ku tljr
lmd oud nefuka ksoyia h hq;=h' m[a[dj kue;s wh
fudg jkafka rd. u," oafY u," fuday u, keue;s flf,ia u,
nekq miqjh' ne lmd ksoyia jkakg Wmldr lr.; yels
wdhqOh^m[a[d& ;ud ;=,u ie mj;S' ta wdhqOh fudg mj;S'
f wdhqOh fidhd k mK fmdjd uqjy;a lrf.k flf,ia ne ;=ku
lmd u ksndk ;;ajhg m;a uhs' ix idrhs lshd ;SrKh lr ;j;a mD;.ack mqoa.,hska [a[dKhg jy,a wdiajdohla ,nkakg
fuf;la ld,hla mxpialkaOhu Wmdodkh lr .;af;a f h .uk
.gu mj;ajd f.k hkakg Wmldr jk [a[dK Yla;sfhkss'
rd.fhka" oafYfhka" fudayfhka ixLdr lrk yeuglu h .uk
hkakg Wmldr jk [a[dK Yla;sho Wm; ,nhs' {dK Yla;sh
jid isk" m%{dj uqjylr ouk ksidu [a[dK Yla;sh hk
kkau f Yla;sh k l<y'
iuq o h Wm; ,nka f ka u " ixidr inka O ;djhlg
nefokafkau" [a[dK Yla;shla isf;a W;amdokh jk ksiduh' f
wkqj flf,ia .;s isf;a mj;sk ;=rdjgu iuqoh Wm' iuqoh Wm;
,nkjd;a iuu [a[dK Yla;sho Wm; ,nhs' [a[dK Yla;sh
iir h .uk .gu mj;ajdf.k hkakg Wmldr fjhs' [a[dK
Yla;sfhka l%shdlrk is;l ixLdr mj;ajhs' ixLdr meje;au
jkjd fyd|hs m%shhs ukdmhs lshd ;SrKh lr l%shdlrk yeuglu
iuqoh Wm; ,nhs' iir .ukg nef|hs' ne ;=ku ilia fjhs'
73
fufia .%y lrkq ,nk mpiuqmamdo Ouh ^fya;=M,
oyu& fya;=M, jdohla f,i f;are .ekSu jerh' fuh oDIa.;
ula fyda oDIajdohla fyda f,i .ekSu;a jerh' fuu fya;=M, Ou
.%yh ;=, mpiuqmamdo Ouh ;=, fyda mp iuqmamdo Ouh
u.ska ia;r lrk mrud: i;Hh ;=, fyda lsis wka;jd oDIahlg
m;afjk lsisjla o f.dkq ke;' Ydiaj; jdoh" Wfo jdoh" wd;au
jdoh" wkd;au jdoh" ixL; jdoh" wixL; jdoh " BYajr jdoh fyda
foaj jdoh wd jQ wka;jd u;hka u.ska fmkajd fok wdldrfha oDIa
.;ula ksjer mpiuqmamdo Ou .%yfha k ke;' f
Ou;djh fldhs ld,hg;a" ldg;a" fld;ekg;a idOdrKh'
mpula is fkdjqfkd;a iuqoh ys fkdf' mpu fyda mp
fkd bka ksoyia u fyda ;u ;ukag lr.; yels fohls' fufia
mpfuka ,nk wdi iqjh ksYa; jQ iodld,sl jQ" w;a; fia
meje;ah yels tllao fkdf' f Ou;djh f;are fkd.;a wiaiq
ixLdr meje;au hkq ixidr l ksudKh lr .ekSuhs'
mpiuqmamdo Ouh ms<sn|j miqld,Skj w: l:d ,shQ
fndfyda wgq j dpdka jyka f ia , d;a " uOHld,S k uydhdk
mjrekafukau uE;ld,Sk fy!;sljdkq;a hk f ljqrej;au W;=
mp iuqmamdo Ouh ksjerj f;are .;af;au ke;'
mpiuqmamdo .%yfha ;smjghlau nqmshdKka jykafia iska
foaYKdlr jod< nj Tjqkag l.kakgu neh' woHduQ, mp
iuqmamdo .%yh muKlau lshjd n,d thska f;are .; yels Ouhla
we;af;ao ke;' mp iuqmamdo Ou .%yh wx. imQKj f;are
.;yels tlla njg m;ajkafka tys ;smjghu h:dm mila fldg
l.;af;d;a muKs'
74
 fhda mpiuqmamdox miai;s" fida Oux miai;s
fhda Oux miai;s fida ux miai;s
hfula wx. imQKj" ;smjghu iys;j mp iuqmamdo
Ouh mila fldg wjfndaO lr .;af;ao" Tyq nqoaO Ouh olS'
hfula nqoaO Ouh mila fldg olS k Tyq nqka olS" nqoaO;ajhg
m;afjhs hkak fuys f;areuhs'
Y=oa ud.h ,shQ nqf.dia yshkaf.a mgka ta yshka ,shQ
md,s w: l:d wkq.ukh lrka Bg miqld,skj wgqjd ld mamks
,shQ" mp iuqmamdo jrKhka ,shQ fmr wmr fo.u mjreka
fukau uydhdk nqoaOd.ug inkaOj Odldr jQ wNsOu .%yhka
bm;a lrka fmd;a ,shQ fmr wmr fo.u mjrekao"
fN!;sljdka f,i nq oyu foi ne kQ;k f,aLlhskao hk
ldgj;au miq.sh jir 1800 la fyda Bg;a je > ld,hla ;=,u nqka
foaYKdl, W;= oyu l ksjka l .kakg fkdyels h' fufia
ug m,uqjku fya;=j jQfha mpiuqmamdo Oufha ;smjghu
mila fldg l .kakg Tjqkag ne uhs'
woHduQ, mpiuqmamdo Ou .%yfhka bm;a lr
fmkajQfha ksjkg ndOl jQ ksjk wdjrKh lr isk flf,ia .;s
is;l Wm; ,nk wdldrh .%y lsuhs' ix Njx hkq iuqoh
ysuhs' woHd mphd ixLdrd" ixLdr mphd [a[dKx" Wmdodk
mphd ix Njx" Nj mphd cd;s wd jYfhka bm;a lrK ,oafoa
woHd uQ, jYfhka Nj iliajk wdldrhhs' l=i,uQ, mp iuqmamdo
.%yfhka f.!;u nqmshdKka jykafia .%ylr fmkajQfha fuu
flf<ia Wm; ,nk l=Kq uq,a Wrd ouk l%ufoh fmkajd u u.ska
iuqoh ksfrdaO lr Nj ksfrdaO lr cd;s ksfrdaO lrk wdldrhhs' f
wkqj woHd uQ, mpiuqmamdo .%yh muKlau bf.k f.k tys
tk moje,a l muKlau w,a,df.k lgmdv lr .;a;dg fyda
mpiuqmamdo jrKhla ,shd lajQ .sys me fudku
75
f,aLlfhl=gj;a mjrfhl=gj;a nqoaO Oufha yrh jQ flf,ia uq,a
is;ska Wrd oukakg Wmldr jk m%dfhda.sl ud. phdj l ;j;a
flfkl=g f;are .kakg yelsjk wdldrfhka" th wx. imQKj
,shd olajkakg fyda foaYKdlr bm;a lrkakg fyda fkdyels u
ksidu fu;=jla .=l,la ksjka u wdjrKh hdug n,mE uQ,slu
fya;=j h'
f w;r woHduQ, mpiuqmamdo .%yh muKlau bm;a
lrka fmd;am;a ,shd nqoaO Ouh bm;a lrkakg W;aidy l,
nqoaOf>daI yshkaf.a mgka ishu .sys me W.;=ka uy uqyqfoa mrla
f;rla fkdk w;rux jQjka fia l%shdlrka wjfYaI f,dalhdjo
ixidr id.rfha w;rux lrkakgu Odldr jQ fmd;am;aa ,shd
m<l<y'
freldfka pxou, kdyshka iska ,shQ mp iuqmamdo
jrKh kue;s fmdf;a ,shd la jQ mpiuqmamdo jrKh yd
.%yh imQKfhkau jer iys; jQ wx. imQK fkdjQ
u;jdohla f,iska udka l%uisxy uy;d iska ,shQ 1' kqu yd
lau 2' fn!oaO oYKh yd ud.h 3' Nj lu ldYh 4' ilialv
hk fmd;a y;frkau ia;r jYfhka fmkajd we;;a" udka
l%uisxy Y+kao lsisfgl;a l=i,uQ, mp iuqmamdo Ouh hehs
lshd fohla we;ehs lshd fyda k isfha ke;' Y=oa ud.h ,shq
nqf.dia yshka fyda Bg miqj f rf fukau msgrgj,o Y=oa
ud.h .=re fldg .re fldg fmd;am;a ,shQ wgqjd ld ,shQ lsisu
flfkl=go fuu l=i,uQ, mp iuqmamdo Ou .%yh f;are lr
fmkajd fokakg fkdyels u ksidu ksjka u jeiS .shy'
jir 1800lg;a je ld,hlg miq j woHduQ ,
mpiuq m a m do .% y h;a " woHduQ , ks f rda O h;a " l= i ,uQ ,
mpiuqmamdo Ouh;a hk ;=ku .%y lrka fuf;la l,a wf
w;m; .E ksiqkag h,s;a ksjka u ksrdjrKh lr fokakgu f
76
lreKq fufia ,shd olaj' foaYKdlr fmkajd fo' nqoaO Oufha
fmkajQ wx. imQK ksjka u = ud. phdj Oudkq Ou
mmodj meye,sj yd msisj tod foaYKdlr we;' ;%smsgl
fmd;aj,o ,shd olajd we;' Nx.m%lrKfha mphd WoafoaY"
ksfoaY" mksoafoaY jYfhka mp iuqmamdo .%yh kdkd whqka
,s ;ju bm;a l< whq r e wog;a ols k a k g we;'
uydj.a.md,sfhys;a ;smjghu meye,sju .%y lrka mp
iuqmamdo .%yh bm;a lr we;' fjd meye,sj yd msisj
foaYKdlr f,dalhdg bm;a lrkakg fkdyels u ksidu ud.
phdj hgm;a .%ka:OQr muKla jeo.;a fldg i,lkakg mqre jQ
nj fmkajd h hq;=h'
woHduQ, mpiuqmamdo .%yh;a l=i,uQ, mpiuqmamdo
Ouh;a hk .%hka folu h:dN+;{dKfhka ukdfldg f;are
fkd.;a flfkl=g fudk mKa; Wmd ;snqK;a uydpdhh ;k;=re
;snqK;a p;=rdhh i;Hhka wjfndaO lr.; fkdyelsh' ksjk
wy,lgj;a mefKkafkao ke;'
freldfka pkaou, kdyshka fyda udka l%uisxy Y+ka
fyda hk fofokdu mp iuqmamdo .%yh hehs ;rfha Yajdi
lf<a;a k .;af;a;a lshjd f;are .;af;a;a woHduQ,
mpiuqmamdo .%yhu muKls' l=i,uQ, mpiuqmamdo Ouh
hehs lshd tlla nqoaO foaYKdf we;s nj mjd Tjqka fndfyda fofkl=
fkdoks;s' ta .ek wid k.;a fyda f;are .;a uydpdhjreka mjd
wog;a ke;'
miq.sh jir 1800la muK .=ld,hla ;=, fn!oaO fmd;am;a
j, ,shQ oHdia:dkj, yd uyd msfjka j, fyda YajoHd,j, fyda
fn!oaO oYKh fyda wNsOuh b.eka jQ" uydpdhjreka fyda
foaYlhska fyda oaj;=ka fyda nqoaO foaYKdf yrh jQ mpiuqmamdo
Ouh ;smjghu iys;j ,shd t,s olajkakg fyda foaYKdlr
m%ldY lrkakg fyda fkdo;a ksidu ksjka u weys .shy' wd.ula u;=
77
moje,a iuQyhla lgmdv lr.ekSug fyda .d:d ms;a f,i
icdhkd lrkakg fyda muKla mqre h'
p;=rdhh i;Hhhka wjfndaOfhka f;drj isf;a uq,a nei
f.k mj;sk flf,ia uq,a l=Kquq,a ;=k ^rd. uq," oafY uq," fuday uq,&
Wrd is;ska bj;a lr oukakg fkdyelsh' l=i, uQ, mpiuqmamdo
.%yfhka .%y lr fmkajQfha f l=Kq uq,a ;=ku Wrd bj;a lrk
l%ufohhs' iuqoh ksfrdaO l< yels nj wid k f;are f.k iuqoh
ksfrdaO lsu m%dfhda.slju l%shd;aul lsu fu;ek l%shd;aul l<
hq;=h' tfia iuqoh ksfrdaO lsu;a" wkq;amdo jYfhkau ksfrdaO lsu;a
OudjfndaOh ;=,skau ,nd .;yels lauls'^cdkf;da miaif;da&
fu;ek ksfrdaO lsu hk mofhka woyia lrkafka ke;s lsu
hk f;areula fkdf' is;skau ixLdrhla f.a lrk frdao lsu
fkdlr" frdao ksfrdaO lsuhs' fu;ek f i|yd ixLdr WfmalaLd
{dKh Wmojd .; hq;=h' isf;a Wmk ishu ixLdrhka h:dm
f;are f.k tajd bjid uid n,d WfmalaLd is;lska l%shdlr tajdg
fkdwe,S" fkd.e" uq,d fkd l%shd lsug mqre u ixLdr WfmalaLd
{dKfhka l%shd lsuhs' wksp laL wk;a; f;are .ekSuhs'
mD;.ack mqoa.,hd iy wh idjlhd
iEu mqoa.,fhlau" i;ajfhlau mD;.ack ;;ajhg m;ajkafka
;u bkashhka mskjka h wdiajdohla ,nkakg;a ta wdiajdoh .ska
.gu wiS;j ,nkakg;a l%shd lsu ksidh' f ksidu mxpialkao
f,dalhu Wmdodkh lr .kakg;a isfjhs' W!fkda f,daflda w;s;af;da
;Kayd odifhda hkafkka .%y lf,a mD;.ack mqoa.,hd fldmuKu
wei "lK" kdih" j" lh yd uk hk bkashhka mskjQj;a iEySulg
m;a fkdu ms<sn|jhs' w,afmap;djhla" ,o fohska i;=gqulao
ke;' mxpialkao f,dalhu Wmdodkh lrf.k ,nk f wdi iqjh
kspfia" iqjfia" iqLfia" w;a;fia lSu jer lauls' jer
odIahls'
78
 lrk nj f;are .; hq;=h' f jer isxy, mj:kh ksid
;ukaf.au isf;a Wmka f jer leue;a;g mp u ksid ;%s,laLKh hkafkys imQKfhkau w:h lD;s h'
uq uy;a ixidrh mqrdu mxpialkao f,dalhgu noaO fj ne ne
f ixidr h .uk wd nj f;are .; fkdyels mqoa.,hd wiaiq;j;a ksp- wksp" iqL- laL" w;a; - wk;a; hk ud. mo hq.,
mD;.ack mqoa.,fhl= yehg Oufha ykajkq ,nhs' p;=wh ;=k fjkqjg ks;H - wks;H" iem - l" wd;au- wkd;au hkd jYfhka
iphka wjfndaO lr.;a mqoa.,hd fuf;la l,a lal jer wo iu; nqoaOd.f isxy, mo hq., ;=kla Nd;d lsu
lSfuka mrud: i;Hh jQ wksp nj laL nj" wk;a; nj imQKfhkau jerh' jers Ou w:h lD;s lr ;%s,laLK
mila fldg l .; hq;=h' f meje;au ;=, hula idrhs is;d ;uka hkako ;%s,CIKh hkqfjka ,CIKhka ;=kla f,iska jerhg Nd;d
Wmdodkh lr .kakd lsisjla kspfia mj;ajd .kakg kj;ajd .kakg lr;s' ;u isf;a Wmk jer .;s ;=kla kf.k jer flf,ia
neh' ho kspx ;x laLx hx laLx ;ok;a;d hkq Wmdodkh lmd bj;a lr u hkq ;%s,laLk LK" Lh " K jYfhka ud.
lr.;a hula kspfia mj;ajkakg W;aidy lrk yeu gu th tfia NdIdf fmkajd kaa rd.laLh" oafYlaLh" fudaylaLh lsuhs' Lh
kj;ajkakg" mj;ajkakg ne Ou_;djhla ksid ^mkduhla& hkq iyuq,skau is;ska lmdyer Wrd wialr uhs' f wkqj LK
kj;ajkakg ne iajNdjhla mj;sk ksid n,dfmdfrd;a;=jQ iemhu im;a;sh hkq rd." oafY" fuday .;s is;ska lmd yer ix myod bj;a
oafIhlg m;au l kka Oufha fmkajd jod<y' fidaukiainj lr uhs' Lh hkq tfia lmd uhs' K hkq lmd wjika l<d
n,dfmdfrd;a;= h' fodaukiainj Wreu h' fufia yeu hkqhs' kdY%jhka jykafia hkq wry;=ka jykafiagu kuls' kdcd;s
n,dfmdfrd;a;=jlau lgu yerfjk lu Wreu lrfok kx mqrdKx wd jYfhka fmkajq yeu ;eklu lmd wjika lr
Ou;djhla f,dj mj;S k t;ek we;af;aa wkd: ;;ajhg m;auls' we;af;a ;u isf;au Wm; ,nk flf,ia .;ska ;=kh' ^rd." oafY"
widrnjg m;auls' f ksid widrlfGak wk;a;d hkqfjka fuday&
Ou_fhau meye,s lrhs' idrhs lshd iem n,dfmdfrd;a;= jqk;a Wreu
;%smsglh isxy,hg mj:kh lsf f yeu ;eklu
jQfha lu k th widr jQ wkd: jQ ksiaidr jQ ;;ajhls' f wkqj
mdfya ixialD; mo wdfoaY lsfuka W;= nqoaO foaYKdj lD;s h'
mxpialkaOhu ;ka Wmdodkh lr.kakd mD;.ack mqoa.,hd ;=,
lD;s lr Nd;d lsfuka ksjka ud.h jid uQ nj kaj;a
we;s lau ta Wmdodkh lr.kakd foa ksphs" iqLhs" iqjhs" iqnhs
f;are .; hq;=j we;'
w;a;hs hkqfjka .;a jer ;SrKhls' ksjer ;;ajh f;are .;a
mqoa.,hd f mxpialkao f,dalhu olskafka wksphs" laLhs" Ou kshduhg wkqj hfula ;u isf;a Wmka leue;a;g
wk;a;hs lshdh' f msis lau lska ksoyia jkakg Wmldr nefkd;a ^mp jqfkd;a& ta leue;a; ta wdldrfhkau .ska .gu
jk ksjer jQ tlu lauhs' mj;ajkakg l%shd l,fyd;a ksp ugo" lgo" wkd: ugo fya;=
fjhs' ^wk;a;d;S& wk;a; hkq wkd: u - w;rux u i wkd;au
wksphs" laLhs" wk;a;hs hk ud. mo ;=k fjkqjg
hk woyi fkdf' nqoaO foaYKdj lsisfia;au wd;au jdohla fyda
wks;Hhhs" lhs" wkd;auhs hkqfjka wo jerhg isxy, NdIdjg
wkd;au jdohla fyda fkdf'
mj:kh lrf.k" isxy, nqoaOd.ldrfhda jer f,iska Nd;d

79 80
 widrlfGk wk;a;d hk mofhys f;areu idrhs lshd
rd.fhka" oafYfhka" fudayfhka Wmdodkh lr.;a foa ^ixidr& ksid
mqoa.,hd wkd: ;;ajhg m;a iir fld;ekl fyda u;= u;=;a
bmfoka uefrka la |jk nj m%ldY lsuhs' hd hq;= u fkdl
j,au;a jQfjl= fia wkd:u wk;a;d hkafkys f;areuhs'
f wkqj wksp wkqmiaikd lrka isf;a Wmk ksp
i[a[dj r,k mqoa.,hd laLdkqmiaikd lrka isf;a Wmk iqj"
iqL" iqN i[a[dj is;ska Wrd ouk mqoa.,hd wk;a; wkqmiaikd
lrka isf;a Wmk w;a; i[a[dj Wrd ouk mqoa.,hd wksp
laL wk;a; hk ;%s,laLk Ndjkdfjka flf,ia lmd oud ksjka
olskakg iqiq mqoa.,fhla njg m;ajkafkah'
fufia wksp laL wk;a; hk ;%s,laLkh h:dm f;are
f.k mpfuka " ksod ;;ajhg;a" rd.d ;;ajhg;a m;ajQ
mqoa.,hdg muKla iuqoh ksfrdaO lsfuka Wmdodkh lrf.k ;snQ
mxpialkaofhkau ksoyia h yelsh' inQm mksiai.af.da hkq
fuhhs' fuh ksfrdaO .dKSs mmodj imQK lr .ekSuhs' ksfrdaO
l, hq;af;a ;udf.au isf;a Wmk iuqoh ^leue;a;g neuhs& i
fjk;a lsis ndysr fohla k fkdf'
1' ksodkq miaiS yr;s" wNskJx mcy;s
ksodkq miaikdj fufkys lr isf;a Wmka leue;a;g ^kka&
wNskJokfhka nefok jer .;s iajNdjfhka ksoyia h
hq;=h'
2' rd.dkq miaiS yr;s rd.x mcy;s
rd.dkq miaikdj fufkys lrka isf;a Wmk rd.fhka
;Kayd Wmdodkfhka nefok jer iajNdjfhka ksoyia h
hq;=h'
81
3' ksfrdaOdkq miaiS yr;s" iuqohx mcy;s
ksfrdaOdkq miaikdj fufkys lrka isf;a Wmk iuqoh kue;s
jer inkaO;djfhka .;s iajNdjfhka ioygu ksoyia
h hq;=h'
4' mksiai.a.dkq miaiS yr;s" inQm mcy;s
f wkqj mksiaid.dkq miaikdj fufkys lrka mp fuka
je,lS fuf;la Wmdodkh lrf.k ;snQ mxpialkaohu Wmdodkh
lr.ekSfuka je,lS isuhs'
f nqoaOdkqiai;sh jeuhs" ksjkg Wmldr jk nqoaO Ndjkdjhs'
inQm mksiai.af.da
fuf;la ld,hla idrj;a fia l jkjd hehs is;+ m%shhs
yshs lshd ;SrKh lrf.k" mxpialkaOhu Wmdodkh lr .kakg
l%shd lf,a;a jer laula jer oDIahla mej;s fyhsks' ta jer
lau ilaldh hhs" [a[dK ;a;fha ls,s jQ leue;a;hs
^lsp;djhhs&' ta wkqju mp" iuqoh ys" mxpialkaohu
;u is;skau ;udu Wmdodkh lr.;a nj ka lsh hq;=h'
mxpialkaOhu Wmdodkh lr .ekSu fya;= fldg f.ku ish la
Wreu h' ix;af;ak mxpqmdodkialkaod laLd hkakhs'
f ;;ajh h:d m f;are .;ag muKla Wmdodkh lr.;a
mxpialkaofhkau ksoyia h yelsh' ^iN+m mksiai.af.da&'
l=i,uQ, mp iuqmamdo l%shdj,sh k" is;la ;=,u l%shd;aul
is;lu Wm; ,nk rd. uq,a" oafY uq,a" fuday uq,a kue;s flf<ia uq,a
;=ku Wrd wialr ouk l%shdms,sfj; l=i,uQ, mp iuqmamdo
Ouhhs'
l=Kq uq,a is;ska .e, hdu ;udu ;ud ;=,skau l .; hq;=h'
l=Kq uq,a .e, .sh miq flf,iaj,ska f;drjQ msis is;l ksjqk nj
82
ndfkka ksoyia jQ nj ^ksndk& ;ukagu m%;HCI w;al .;
yels jkq we;'
mpiuqmamdo .%yfha moje,a l lgmdv lr .;a;dg
fyda f moj, w:h fjk;a h wdldrhlg f;are .;a;dg fyda
ksndk ;;ajhg m;ah fkdyelsh'
fuu mshjr ;=ku kej; u;la u i|yd h,s;a igyka lr ;n'
1' woHduQ, mpiuqmamdo .%yfhka fmkajQ Ou;djh
h:dm f;are .; hq;=h' ksjk wdjrKh lrk ishu lreKq tys
tlska tl ia;r lrka .%y lr we;s nj;a k.; hq;=h' iuqoh
ysu ksid inkaO;djhg ne iir .ukg .ska .gu nefok
whqre fuhska fmkajd ka nj f;are .; hq;=h'
2' iuqoh ksfrdaO l< yels nj;a" iuqoh ksfrdaO lrkakg .; hq;=
ksjer l%shdud.hka y ye f;are .; hq;= nj;a" ;u isf;a Wmk
iuqoh" Wmk fudfydf;au ksfrdaO lr ixidr inkaO;djhg
nefuka j<ld,Su;a l .; hq;=h'
3' isf;a Wm; ,nk flf,ia uq,a Wrd bj;a lr oud h,s flf<ia
fkdWmu ^wkq;amdo ksfrdaOh& i|yd Wmldr jk l=i, uQ,
mpiuqmamdo .%yfhka fmkajd jod, ud.hu wkq.ukh lsuo
h:dm l< hq;=h'f mshjr ;=ku p;=rdrlaLd Ndjkd l%ufhka yd
i;r i;smGdk Ndjkdfjys fhfukau m%dfhda.slju bIaG isoaO
lr.; yels nj;a f;are .; hq;=hs' mpiuqmamdo oy .%yh
w;ska fidhd k h,s;a .%y lsfuka fmr fkdweiQ rE oyula
f,iska f.!;u nqmshdKka jykafiao tod ksndk.d ud.h
f,dalhdg fy<slr jod< fial' th ishu nqjrekaf.a;a nqoaO
Y%djlhskaf.a;a hq;=luls" j.lSuls'
h<s;a > ld,dka;rhlg miqj f W;= ud. m%;smodj
ksjer f,i;a" msis f,i;a" m%d{djka; l=,mq;%hskag wkq.ukh l<
83
yels m%;smodjla f,i;a" GOufokSsh f,iu w;ao .kakg iqiq
f,i;a" fufia h,s;a foaYkd lrka ,shd meye,s lr fo' ta ksiairK
wdOHdifhkauh' f W;= oyu fufia meye,sj msisj ,shd
;nkafka u;= mrmqr j,;a Wmk mskaj;a l=,mq;%hskag yd fo
ksiqkago ksjka u jD; lru i|ydh' f u wid k f u
ksjerj f;are f.k f u wkq.ukh lsfukau ksndk iqjh
w;a| .ekSu m%{djka; ksiqkaf.a hq;=luh" j.lSuh'
ix foaikdj h,s;a foaYKd lsu
nqoaO;ajhg m;a jQ ishu nqjrhka jykafia,d h,s h,s;a
f,dalhdg ixfoaYkdj foaYkd lrk fial' ixfoaYkdj hkq nqoaO
{dK mo y;rls' pq,y;amfodamu iQ;%fhka b;du meye,sj nqoaO
{dK mo y;r foaYkdlr .%y lr meye,slr we;' ix foiai;s"
ixudofma;s" iuqffoa;s" ixmykafia;s hkqfjka nqoaO {dK mo
y;r .%y lr we;'
1' ixfoiai;s hkq ixidr .ukg i;ajhd" mqoa.,hd inkaO
jk wdldrh" iuqoh Wmk wdldrh" iuqoh ksid ixidr .ukg ysr
bka ksoyia jkakg nej la k wdldrh .%y lr ixLdr"
ix{d "iJ" ixidr" ixf;kd" ixls,sfGk" ix.Ksld fodia wd jQ
iir .ukg fya;=ka foaYKd lr .%y lr uhs'
2' ixudofma;s hkq ix j,ska ksoyia jkakg ksjer u
fmkajd fo;s" foaYKd lr;s hk w:hhs' ixjr fuka" ixis|fuka
yd ixud wx. wg kue;s wdh wYaGdx.sl ud.h wkq.ukh lsfuka
ixidr .ufkka" ixidr flka ksoyia jk u ;j;a wdldrhlg
meye,sj .%y lr fohs' fndfyda iQ;% Ou j, ix;sG;s"
ixksiSo;S" tafld Ndjx ixudh;s hkqfjkao f iud ud.hu
.%y lr we;' ixud hkq rd.fhka" oafYfhka" fudayfhka
ksoyia f ud.hhs' ixudm;a;s hkq rd.fhka" oafYfhka"
fudayfhka ksoyia jQ miqj m;ajk ;;ajhhs' iudo fma;s hkq
84
ud. phdj" ksjkg Wmldr jk wdldrhg meye,sj fmkajd .%y
lr uhs'
3' iuqffoa;s" ix + Wfokh hk mo folla fuys wvx.=h' jodf,a ixfoaikdjhs'
Wfokh hkq h,s fkdWmk f,iska Wrd wialr lmd bj;a lsuhs'
fufia Wrd wialr bj;a l,hq;= jkafka rd." oafY" fuday hk iuqoh
Wmk l=Kq uq,a ;=khs' fuys islr .; hq;af;a is;l h,s h,s;a Wm;
,nk flf,ia .;s ;=ku iyuq,skau bj;a lsug
iuqfomam%ydKfhka lghq;= lsuhs'
4' ixmykafia;s" ish flf<ia .;s m%ydKh lr ish flf<ia
uq,a Wrd bj;a l< miq is;l we;sjk myka u" ksu" ksndk
;;ajh f mofhka .%y flfrhs'
f nqoaO {dK mo y;frkau p;=rdh i;Hhkao bm;a lr
we;' f wkqj pQ,yFmfodamu iQ;%fha meye,sj .%y lr fmkajk
wdldrhg f nqoaO {dK mo y;r hful=g f;are .kakg ne
jqfkd;a W;= nq oyuu hgm;a hkafkah' wo jk g f lD;s
;;ajh m%dfhda.slju l.; yelsh' nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka:j,
f nqoaO {dK mo y;r momru f,iska mj;kh lr isxyf,ka
w: olajd we;af;a" n,.kaj;s" f;o .kaj;s" u fmkajd fo;s"
To.kaj;s jeks f;areula ke;s moj,sks' f ksid ixfoaikdj wNdjhg
.shy' ix hk moh mjd ksmd; mohla fia .%y lr ikaksmd; hla
f,iska wo fndfyda W.;a h;a nqoaOd.ldrhkau .%y lrfo;s' nqoaO
Ouh fufia lD;s lrka msis ksjka u jid oukakg fldhs;r ksjk" uqla;sh" hym; msKsiu foaYkd lr jodrk fial' tod
n,j;afia f jer mj;khka yd jer w: la fya;= w;S;fha fukau" fuod j;udkfha;a "u;= wkd.;fha;a ixfoaYKdjla
we;shs f;are .; hq;=h' ixfoaikdjla wx. imQKj Y%jKh lr
f nqoaO {dK mo y;frka .%y lr fmkajQ ksjka ud.h meye,sj
msisj wjfndaO lr .ekSu p;=rdh i;Hhkau wjfndaO lr .ekSu
nj;a f;are .; hq;=h'
85
ys ud yshka ,xld mqrhg ^wkqrdOmqrhg& jevulr
W;=rel=re mjdiSkag foaYKd lr jod< iQ;% Ouhka 15 w;ka
m<uqfldgu pQ,yFmfodamu iQ;%h foaYKd lrka" foaYKd lr
f wkqj wo ixfoaikdj hgm;a wNdjhg f.dia W;= ksjka
ud.ho iyuq,skau jeiS woyk wd.ula njg m;a we;' ka f
jkg h,s;a ixfoaYKdj foaikd lr" .%y lr ixjr" ixisu"
iud" hk ;%sYslaLd .%y lr" nqoaO{dK mo y;ru u;=lr fmkajd
mskaj;a ioaOiai l=,mq;%hskag ksjka l.kakg Wmldrjk fia ud.h
jD; lr we;' ixfoaikdjla fkdwid ix moh f;are fkdf.k
W;= nq oyu ;=, .%y lrk ixidr .uk .ek f;are .;
fkdyelsh' ixidr flka ksoyia jkakg k nqoaO {dK mo
y;ru w: Ou iys;j f;are f.k ud. m%;smodj mQK lr .;
hq;=h' ud. m%;smodj .%y lf,a ixjr iS,h" ixisu keue;s iu:
miaikd yd iud kue;s wdh wYaGdx.sl ud.h .%y lsfukah'
Ou ix>dhkdjla meje;au hkq nqoaO {dK mo y;r .%y
lrka h,s ixfoaYKdjla wx. imQK f,iska foaYKd lsuhs'
ixmo y;r .%y lrkakgu uq ixhqla; ksldhu Wmfhda.S
lrf.k we;' i;a;siafnda mdCIsl Ouhkau imQK lr.;
yelsjkafka ixjr" ixisu" iud hk ;%sYslaLd f;are .ekSfukauh'
ixLdr" ixldr lrkakg iuqohka ksfrdaO lrkakg Wmldr jk
ixfoaYKdj ishu f,d;=rd nqka jykafia,d iska fo ksiqkaf.a
h:dm foaYKdlr .%y lrkakg Ou {dKhla ,enQ W;a;ufhl=
iskau mpiuqmamdo Ouh f,dalhdg foaYKdlr ksjka u jD;
lr fokq ,nhs' f wkqj miq.sh jir 1800la muK .= l,la ;=,
ixfoaYKdj hgm;a wNd;hg m;aj ;su ksid fndfyda msxj;a fo
ksiqkag ksjka u idlaId;a lr .kakg fkdyels h' ka b;d .=
86
ld, mrdihlg miqj h,s;a ixfoaYkdj .%y lr foaYkd lr mskaj;a
fo ksiqkaf.a ksjka u" ud. phdj jD; lr fokakg wjYH fldgi .%y lrhs' f fldgia fol inkaO lrk moh ;iai
ishu lreKq ldrKdo imqrd we;' foaYKdlr fmkajd we;'
kfuda ;iai N.jf;da wryf;da iud inqoaOiai
fuu mdGh wo jk g iu; jYfhka ms<sf.k we;af;a;a
Nd;d lrkafka;a kuialdr mdGh f,isks' iu; jYfhka fn!oaOhska
yeu fyd| jevlau mgka .kafka fuu mdGh uq,afldg f.kh' mkais,a
iudoka jkakg fmr;a kuialdr mdGh lshj;s' ;%smsgl fmd;a fmf,a
yeu fmd;lau;a wdrN lrkafka f kuialdr mdGh we;=,;a
lsfuks'
;%smsgl fmd;aj, mjd fuu mdGh isxy, NdIdjg mj:kh
lrka mo mru f,iska fufia ,shd we;' ta Nd.Hj;a wry;a" iud "
inqrcdKka jykafiag udf.a kuialdrh fjd' hkqfjks' wo
iu;fhka mo mru f,i jerhg w: .kajd iu; nqoaOd.f
mskaj;=kag fuu mdGfha f;areu W.kajd we;s wdldrhhs' fufia fmkajd
kafka wo W.;a" h;a" uydpdhjreka mjd ms<s.kakd" .re fldg
i<lk Nd;d lrk tlu w:hhs'
wgqjdpdka jykafia,do f mdGh ms<sn|j Odldr jQ .d:d
f.d;d .%yhka bm;a lr we;' fuys ta wgqjdwdpdka jykafia,d
la jQ w:hka .ek wms igyka ;nkakg woyia fkdlrk w;r f
mdGfha i|yka moj, mrud:h OudkQl+,j .%y lrkakg muKla
fuys woyia lruq' ksjkg Wmldr ud. phdj imQK lr
.kakg Wmldrjk w:fhka f mdGfha w:" Ou" ksrela;s" .%y
lsu f fmdf;ys uQ,sl mrud:hhs' mskaj;a Tn fuh uis,sj;aj
lshjd f;are .kakg W;aidy .kak'
f .d:d mdGfhys fldgia 2la we;'
1' kfuda hk wl=re foflka uq,a fldgi .%y lrhs'
87
2' N.jf;da" wryf;da " iud inqoaOiai hkqfjka fojk
hkqhs' ;iai hk mofhka fya;=M, inkaO;djhla fmkakq lrhs'
P Plal iQ;%fha wjidk fldgfia;a f fya;=j ksid f M,h we;sfjhs'
f fya;= ke;s lsu ksid f M,h fkd Wmhs" hk lreK bm;a
lsug ;iai hk moh Nd;d lr we;' ud. NdIdf fya;=M,
inkaO;djhla .%y lrkakg ;iai hk moh Nd;d l< nj
fmkajd h hq;=h'
kfuda hkq mo folls' fuda hk mofhka fudayh" ujq l=ilg
we;= u hk w:h;aa k hkqfjka fudayh ke;s lsu keje;au
k;r lsu hk w:h;a fmkakq lrhs' f wkqj kfuda hkq fudayh
iyuq,skau ke;s lsu" kej; ujq l=il Wm;la ,nkakg fya;=jk
ish lreKq j,ska ksoyia u hk w:h f.k fohs' kys cd;=
.n fihshx mqkf;S;s hkqfjka foaYKd lf,ao kfuda hk mofhka
.%y lrk ,o w:fhkauh' fud hkq ujg kuls' h i;ajfhl=
kej; kej;;a ujql=ilg hkafka fudayh ksid mxpialkaohu
Wmdodkh lr.kakd ksidh' fudayh iyuq,skau is;ska ke;slr uQ
fudayh isf;a h,s fkdWmojk mqoa.,hd h,s ujq l=il ms<sis| fkd.kS'
f w:fhka kfuda hk moh fu;ek Nd;d lr we;'
kfuda hk moh miq ld,hl kuialdr lsu hk w:fhka
,shd olajkakg fya;= jQfha kuiaf;a hk ixialD; mofha w:h
momru f,iska nqoaOd.ug wdfrdamkh lr .ekSfuks' ud. nqoaO
NdIdfjys jkaod hk moh jkaokd lsu" kuialdr lsu hk
w:fhka Nd;d lr we;' wdgdkdh iQ;%fhys fndfyda ;ekaj,;a
i;anq jkaokdjla l, nj jkaod hk moh Nd;d lrka .%y
lr we;' nqoaO foaYKdf fyda uq,a hq.fha nqoaO NdIs;fha fyda kfuda
hk mo fol Nd;d lf,a fudayh iyuq,skau keiQ " fudayh
ke;slr.;a hk w:h .%ylr fmkajkakg i kuialdr lsug
fyda jkaokd lsug fyda fkdf' uq nqoyfu ud. phdfu
88
taldhk mrud:h is;l Wmk fudayh iyuq,skau ke;s lr uhs'
fudayh ke;s lr uQ wjia:djloS muKla mqoa.,hd mQK uqla;shg
m;ajkafkah' kfuda hk mofha we;s b;d .eUqre Ou w:h momru
f,i yrhla w:hla ke;s wdldrhg wo Nd;d lrk nj fuhska
f;are .; hq;=h' wd.ula hkq je" ms" me;=" he" uq,a lr .;a
Nla;sfhka woyk Yajdi lrk fohls' f ksid nq oyf fmkajd
jod< Ou mohla jk kfuda hk mofha Ou w:h hgm;a lr
wd.ug .e,fmk fia je ms lrkakg Wmldr jkfia f mo
fm<;a fhdod .;a nj meye,sh' ksjka lSu hkq jeSfuka " msfuka
fyda kuialdr lsfuka fyda lr.; yels fohla fkdj fudayh ke;s
lr fukau lr.; hq;= fohla nj mila fldg l .; hq;=h'
f .d:df fojk fldgi jQ N.jf;da" wryf;da" iud"
inqoaOiai hkqfjka uQ,sl lreKq y;rla .%y lr we;' f lreKq
y;ru imQK lr .ekSu ksid tys M,h f,iska fudayh iyuq,skau
ke;sh hk w:h fuys bm;a lr we;' f lreKq y;ru ksh;
jYfhkau mqoa.,fhl=f.au is;l Wm; ,nk fudayh ke;slr .ekSu
i|yd Wmldr jk uQ,sl lreKq y;rls'
1'N.jf;d(- hkq j; Nd. lr fnod ne,Suhs' uq Nx.
m%lrKfhysu olajd we;af;a Odldrfhka j; Nd. lr fnod
ne,Suhs' j; hkq ys; .; foflau tl;=jls' wms mqoa.,fhl=" jHhla"
jia;=jla lshd olsk foh fldgia lr fnod n,kakg mqre h hq;=h'
ialkaO" f.dvj,a myla f,iska fnod ne,Su rEm" fokd" i[a[d"
ixLdr" [a[dK f.dvj,a myl tl;=j fnod n,d h:dm f;are
.ekSu;a ksid fuys we;s >k i[a[dj" j i[a[dj | jefghs'
plaLq " fida;" >dK " yd" ldh" ufkda jYfhka fnod ne,Sfukao >k
i[a[dj | h yelsh' wdfmda" f;afcda" jdfhda mG" wdldi"
[a[dK jYfhkao fnod n,d >k i[a[dj | h yelsh'
fo;sia l=km fldgia f,iska fnod ne,Sfukao >k i[a[dj" i;aj
mqoa., i[a[dj | u u.skao fudayfhka ug fukau ksp"
89
iqL" iqj" w;a; hk jer i[a[djkaf.ka ksoyia ugo n,j;a
fiau Wmldr fjhs' f wkqj uq miNsodu.a.mam%lrK .%yfhau
lr we;af;a f wdldrhg j; Nd. lr fnod ne,Sfuka >K ix{dj
re lr .kakg Wmldr jk fia lrk ,o .%yhls' tfukau
Nx.mam%lrKhu Nd;d lr we;af;a Odldrfhka f nUhla
muK jQ j; ^.; ys;& fnod n,d Nd.lr fuys we;s h:diajNdjh
f;are lr ughs' f ksidu uq,a hq.fha nq oyu Ncjdoh
f,iskao tjlg yekah' wdlaLkd foaikd mgmkd " m[a[mkd
Nckd jrKd W;a;dksluka;d hkqfjka ip Nx. iQ;%fha o
f oyu Nx. lr fmkah' fufia Nx. lf,a fnod fmkajQfha
nUhla muK jQ f mqoa.,hd i;ajhd hkqfjka ykajk .; ys;h' f
ksid fudayh ke;s lr .ekSug f fnod ne,Su ufydamld fjhs'
2'wryf;da(- mD;.ack f,dalhd mxpialkaohu Wmdodkh lr.kafka
f,dalh Wrd mdkh lr f,dalh ri ne,Su i|yduh' weiska rEmhla
gqg ta rEmh Wrd mdkh lr ri n,d wdiajdohla ,nhs' lfkka
YO rEmhla weiqkq g ta YO rEmh ri n,d Wrd wdYajdohla
,nhs' kdifhka " fjka" lfhkao f wdldrhgu .| " iqj| ri yd
myi Wrd bka wdYajdohla ,nhs' f wdiajdoh ,eu fya;=fldg
f.ku [a[dK Yla;shlao cks; fjhs' [a[dK Yla;shla
ksudKh lr .kS' fuu ri ne,Sf l%shdj,sh ksid ;=ka f,dalhu .ska
.gu uu ug uf.a f,iska mj;ajd .kakg isfjhs' mxpialkaohkau
Wmdodkh lr .ekSugo fuu ri ne,S uq,a fjhs' f fya;=fldg
f.ku rd.fhka m%sh foag neu " oafYfhka wm%sh foag .eu"
udkfhka uq,d jer fia uekSu hk iirg nef|k l%shdldrl
;=ku;a mD;.ack mqoa.,fhl= w;ska isoaO fjkafka ri ne,Sf l%shdjg
fm<fUk ksidh'
f wdldrfhka f,dalh ri ne,Su h wjfndaOhlska w;ayeh
yels k ;=ka f,dalfhkau ksoyia h yelsh' ldudjpr f,dal"
rEmdjpr f,dal " wrEmdjpr f,dal hk ;=ka f,dalh ;=,u mD;.ack
90
mqoa.,hd w;rux jkafka f ryne,Sf fya;=j ksiduh' nq oyfuka mfPaohl;a b;du;au meye,sj uQ,mhdh iQ;%fha .%yhka
W.kajkafka f mxpialkao f,dalhu" wei" lK" kdih" j" lh" uk wdY%fhka .%ylr fmkajd we;' iud ;;ajhg hlsis flfkl=g
kue;s ifodka Wrd ri ne,Su kj;ajd oud WfmalaLd is;ska lghq;= m;ah yelafla ixjr ixis|jd ,Sfuka miqjuhs' f ksid iud
lrkakg b.ekauhs' ta i|yd l< hq;= foa f wdldrhg mp u hkq rd.fhka ksoyia uhs' oafYfhka ksoyia uhs"
kj;d" ri Wrdu kj;d" wdiajdohla ,eu kj;d oud f meje;aaf fudayfhka ksoyia uhss' kfuda hk W;= ;;ajhg m;aug f
ksh; iajNdjh jQ wksp nj" laL nj" wk;a; nj f;are .ekSuhs' wkqj iud ;;ajhg m;au wksjdhh wjYH;djhls'
fudayh ke;s lr.; yelafla iyuq,skau f,dalh ri ne,Su w;yer
ixLdr WfmalaLd {dKfhka l%shdlrkakg mqre fuks' f ;;ajh 4' inqoaOiai #- ix - nq - WoaOiai hkq mo ;=kls' Nj Wrd u hk
.%y lf,a wryx" wry;a hk mofhks' wo f wry;a hk moh w:h fuys ^nqoaO& f;are .; hq;=h' tk fya;=x mp ixN+;x
fjkqjg ry;a" ry;=ka jYfhka wd moj,ska isxy,g mj:kh hkqhs' ix Njx hkq rd. nj" oafI nj " fuday nj hk flf,ia uq,a
lrf.k Nd;d lsu imQKfhkau jerh' ud. ;%smsglfha yeu ;=khs' fuu flf,ia uq,a ;=ku is;lu uq,aneif.k mj;sk" is;lu
;eklu we;af;a wry;a" wryx hk mohkah' tys f;areu mxpialkao h,s h,s;a Wmk" ixidr l ksudKh lr fok jer wOu
f,dalh Wrd u kj;d oud" f,dalh ry ne,Su w;aye mqoa.,hd phdjg uq,ajk fya;=jhs' rd. uq," oafY uq," fuday uq, is;ska Wrd
hkqhs' fudayh iyuq,skau ke;sjkafka f,dalh ri ne,Su" mxpialkaoh bj;a lr wialrk ;=reu ixidr .uko .uka lrhs' ta ldu Nj" rEm
Wmdodkh lr .ekSu" iyuq,skau kj;d uQ glh' ta wkqj wry;a Nj fyda wrEm Nj hk ;=ka;rd Nj j,ska tllh' fudayh iyuq,skau
;;ajhg m;af lr.; hq;= jkafka f,dalh ry ne,Sf ;;ajfhka ke;s lrf.k h,s fudayh fkdWmk f,iska wjika l, yelafla f
ksoyia uhs' wry;a hk f mofhka .%y lr we;af;a f flf,ia Nj Wrd fuks' Wrd h hq;= ix Nj ;=ku h,s
w:hhs' kQWmk f,iska Wrd wialr u fudayh iyuq,skau keiSug fya;=
fjhs' inqoaOiai hk mofha mrud: f;areu fuhhs' Nj Wrd
3' iud #- ix + ud hkq mo folls' ix hk mofhka ud. wialr iuqoh h,s fkd Wmouhs'
NdIdfjys .%y lf,a rd." oafY" fuday hk ^mo& ;=fkau tl;=fjka
f wkqj kfuda ;iai N.jf;da " wryf;da" iud inqoaOiai
iliajk flf,ia .;sh ms<sn|jhs' ix hkq ixidr .ukg inkaO
hk .dGd mdGfha b;du;a .dNSr w:hla wvx.=j we;' ishu
lrjk .;s ;=khs' iuqoh hkq f ix .;s w;ska is;l Wm; ,eu
f,djq;=rd nqmshdKka jykafia,do mfia nqmshdKka jykafia,do
.%y lrK mohhs' ix jkjd m%shhs" ukdmhs" hk ;SrKhg nei
wry;a nqoaO;ajhg m;a ishu W;a;uhska jykafia,d o fudayh
.ekSu ixidr hkafkys f;areuhs' f flf,ia .;s ;=ku fya;=fldg
iyuq,skau kid oud h,s fudayh isf;a fkdWmk f,iskau fudayfhka
f.k i fjk;a lsis fya;=jla ksid mqoa.,fhl= i;ajfhl= ixidr
ksoyia jQ nj;a" tfia fudayh ke;s lr .;af;a j; Nd. lr fnod
.ukg inkaO jkafkau ke;'
n,d h:dN+; {dK oYKhla ,efukq;a" f,dalh ry ne,Su
f flf,ia .;s ;=fkkau iyuq,skau ksoyia u hk iyuq,skau w;yefukq;a" rd." oafY " fuday .;s ;=fkkau ksoyia
w:fhka iud hk moh ud. NdIdfjka .%y lr we;' ud fukq;a" h,s h,s;a flf,ia .;s Wmkakg fya;= jQ flf,ia uq,a Wrd
hkq hulska imQKfhkau ksoyia uhs' fuh g l,ska wialr fukq;ah' fuh ksjka wjfndaO lr.;a iEu wdhhka

91 92
jykafia flfkl=f.au ksh; ksflf,ia;djh .%y lr ia;r lr
uls' f .d:dj h fYaIs; mqoa.,fhl=g fYaI fldg jkaokdudk
lsula i|yd fyda kuialdr lsula i|yd fyda hk momru w:fhka
Nd;d l< mdGhla fkdjk njo f;are .; hq;=h' fufia momru
f,iska fuu .d:dj kuialdr lsug " jkaokd lsug Nd;d lrk
mdGhla" .d:djla f,iska miqlf<l Nd;d lrkakg mgka.;af;a
wd.ula u;= Nla;sfhka wd.u woykakg mgka .ekSu;a iuuh'
nq oyu wd.ula njg fmr,d.;a miqjh'
f wkqj W;= nqoaO Ouh ksjerj f;are .kakg W;aidy tod;a mej;=kd' mskal lsu nqoafOd;amdo" wnqoafOd;amdo ld,hka
lrk ishu msxj;=ka iska fuu .d:d mdGfhka lshefjkafka ;ukaf.a
isf;a mj;sk" Wmk fudayh imQKfhkau ke;slr m%{d uqla;shg
m;ajkakg w;HdjYfhkau imQK lr.; hq;= lreKq y;rla
meye,s lr fmkajdu nj f;are .; hq;=h'
msk yd l=i,h
in mdmiai wlrKx - l=i,iai Wmimod
i;a; mfhda omkx - ta;x nqoaOdk idikx
mskaj;aks" wo f mskaj;=ka ie meye nK wykafka tod
f,d;=rd nqmshdKka jykafia iska f,dalhdf.a ksu msKsi"
uqla;sh msKsi" foaYKd fldg jod< W;= Ou_ foaYKdjlg ijka
;ukaf. is; myod .kakghs' ;ukaf.a isf;a Wmk rd." oafY" fuday
wd jQ flf,ia m%ydKh lr, ys; ksfrdaO lr, ysf;a uqla;shla
rd.hla we;slr .kakghs' f mskaj;=ka wo ukqIH;aj m,dNhla
,enQ wh yehg" ksiqka yehg" f Ou_h Y%jkh lrk mskaj;=ka
yehg fndfyda mskal lrkjd' ;j;a wh l=i,a lrkjd' f msk iy
l=i,a hk mo foflka .%y lrmq foa fndfyda fofkla wo mg,jdf.k
;sfhkjd' msk tlla" l=i,h ;j;a tlla' nqyduqrefjda ksjka
wjfndaO lr .kakg Wmldr jk ldrKd .%y lrmq .d:djla ;uhs
uu ka m%ldY lf<a' h<s;a f .d:dj fufkys lf<d;a"
93
in mdmiai wlrKx - l=i,iai Wmimod
i;a; mfhda omkx - ta;x nqoaOdk idikx
f .d:dfjka m%ldY lr, ;sfhkafka ksjkg meye,s" msis
ud._hla' nqyduqrefjda nqoaO;ajhg m;ajkakg fmr;a ksiaiq mskal
l<d' tod nqyduqrefjda n%yau cd, iQ;%fhaoS lshmq wdldrhg ffck"
WmksYoa" fo " Ysj wd jQ Odldr fmr. wd. 64la muK
woyka ;snqKd' ta yeu wd.ulu jdf.a ksiaiq h wdldrhlg
iu;hla yehg" ms<s.;a im%odhla yehg mskal lsf is;la
foflau lrkakg mqjka' yenehs nq flfkla Wmkafka ksiqkag
mskal lrkak muKla lshd fokak fkfuhs' Bg jvd f l=i,iai
Wmimod lshk ;;ajh f;are f.k l=Kq i,d yer wialr,d ysf;a
Wmk flf<ia .;s iyuq,skau whska lr,d flf,ia uq,aWr,d
wialr,d odkak lshd fokakhs' ta ksid msk lshk tl;a" l=i,iai
Wmimod lshk tl;a fndfyda wdldrhlska fjkia jQ ls%shdldrl
folla' tllau fkdfjhs' nq flfkla nqoaO;ajhg m;afj,d foaYkd
lrk f Ou_h iyuq,skau mskal lsug tmd lshQ Ouhlao fkdfjhs'
nqyduqrefjda kkaod lshk iQ;%fha fYaIfhkau i|yka lr,d
;sfhkjd kkaodjks mskal l< hq;=uh lsh,d' nqyduqrefjda
mskal lsu m%;sfCIm lf<a;a kE' neyer lf<a;a kE' bj;a lf<a;a kE'
wialf<a;a kE' yenehs nqyduqrefjda meye,sju msisju foaYKd
l<d mskalula lr,d ;rlau ksjka wjfndaO lr .kakg" tfyu
ke;ak i;a;sia fndamdlaIsl Ou_ imQK lr .kakg mqjkalula
,efnkafka kE lsh,' ka ta fjkqjg wo ;j;a wdldrhl fjk fohla
lshkakg;a mqre fj,d ;sfhkjd' mskal lr,d yhkafk;a kE'
Ndjkd lr,d ;rhs ksjka olskakg mqjka fjkafka lsh,d' f
Ndjkdj lshk tl;a yhg f;are fkdf.khs f l:dj lshkafka" ta
ksid yeu flfklau l,amkd l< hq;=hs" msk;a" l=i,h;a" YS,h;a"
iudh;a" m%{dj;a" Ndjkdj;a f ishu foa ksjkg Wmldr jk
wdldrhg h m%;smodjlg wkqj fhduq fj,d ta ms<sfj;" m%;smodj"
94
imQK lr .kak k lsh,d' YS," iud" m%{d lshk ;%sYslaLdj
imQK jk m%;smodj ;ud ixjr" ixisu" iud lshk m%;smodj"
tfyu ke;sk i;r ixjr YS,h" iu: miaikd Ndjkd fol'
tajdf.au wdh wIaGdx.sl ud.h lshk f ish foaj,a ksh;
jYfhkau Wmldr fjkjd ksjka wjfndaO lr .kakg" uM,
,nkakg" wdijlaLhd {dKh ,nkakg" flf<ia iyuq,skau m%ydKh
lr oud isf;a flf<ia h<s kQmk f,i wkq;amdo f,i ksfrdaO lr,d
bj;a lr oukakg' ta ksid nqmshdKka jykafia nqoaO;ajhg m;a jQ
ld,fha" ta hq.fha" ta wjia:df" fkdfhl=;a wd.j, ;snQ fndfyda
hym;a fyd| foaj,a Wkajykafia;a w;yefha kE' ta ishu fyd|
foaj,a nqyduqrefjda f ksjka ug Wmldr jk wdldrhg w;ska
w: Ou_ ksrela;s bm;a lr,d mqf wkkqiaiqf;aiq Ofiq"
lshk kHdh Ouhg wod,j w;a w:hla Ouhla f yeu tllgu
bm;a l<d" ka wms l,amkd lrkjd k" nqyduqrejkaf.a fohla
fkdfjhs f u,a mQcd lsu" ffck wd.f fohla' foaj wd." isj
wd. wd ish wd.j,;a u,a mQcd lsu l<d' myka" iqj| "
ykal+re m;a;= l<d' fjd ta wd.j,;a mej;=kd' tajdf.au odkudk
u" okau mej;=kd' uyK nuqKkag" ;S:lhkag" ks.kaGhkag"
mn%dclhkag wd fndfyda whg nqyduqrefjda nqoaO;ajhg
m;ajkakg fmr;a nqoaO Y%djlhka we;sjkakg fmr;a" fndfyda rcjre
isgqjre okalo meje;ajQjd' ta ksid f odkh nqyduqrejka wdrN
l< fohla fkdf' tajdf.au tod uydudhd foah fndai;a;=ud
Wmkakg fmr;a is,a iudoka jqkd' ta ksid mkais,a" wgis,a" oiis,a f
wd fldg we;a;djQ iS, iudodkh nq yduqrejkaf.a fohla fkdf' ta
ld,fha nqyduqrefjda nqoaO;ajhg m;ajkakg fmr;a tod ta mej;s
fndfyda wd. j,;a hlsis iS,hla wdrCId l<d' iS,hla iudoka jqkd'
iS,hl msyshd' tajdf.au Ndjkd lsu;a w;S;fha;a ;snqKd' kuq;a
miaikd Ndjkdj lsh,d tlla kf.k ;snqfka kE' kuq;a iu:h"
m%dKhdu Ndjkdj yehg wdkdmdk Ndjkdj jeks fkdfhl=;a
wdldrfha Ndjkd l%u tod ffck wd.f;a" fo wd.f;a" Ysj
95
wd.f;a ;snqKd' tajdf.au " iud wx. wgl=;a kdl jYfhka to;a
;snqKd' f lsisu fohla nqyduqrefjda w;skau fydh,d kf.k
foaYKd l< foaj,a fkdf' f lshk fndfyda foa mskal .Khg
.efkk foaj,a' kuq;a nqyduqrefjda nqoaO;ajhg m;ajkakg fmr
f,dalhd iska fkdweiQrE Ouhla tod w;skau foaYKd l<d' tal
;uhs f l=i,iai Wmimod" tfyu ke;sk flf,ia uq,a Wrd
.,jd bj;a lsug Wmldr jk ix myod bj;a lsu" Wmixmc
yr;s lshk ;;ajhg m;au' ta ksid flf<ia flf<ia yehg
f;are .ekSfuka isf;a Wmk flf<ia uq,a f;are .ekSu;a" wl=i,h
wl=i,h yehg f;are .ekSu;a" l=i,h l=i,h yehg f;are
.ekSu;a nqyduqrejkaf.a Oufha uQ,slu yrhhs'
l=i,x mcdkd;s - l=i, uQ,x mcdkd;s
wl=i,x mcdkd;s - wl=i, uQ,x mcdkd;s
f y;r ;ud nqyduqrefjda ksjka ug Wmldrjk
wdldrhg foaYkd lf<a' yenehs fufyu foaYkd lrmq nqyduqrefjda
mskal lsu imQKfhka neyer lf<a kE' bj;a lf<a;a kE' mskal
lrkak tmd lSfj;a kE' yenehs nqyduqrefjda meye,sju msisju
foaYkd l<d" msfkka muKlau ksjka olskakg ne nj' f mskaj;=ka"
ukila ;sfhk wh yehg fndfyda mskal lrkjd' tod
nqyduqrefjda nqoaO;ajhg m;ajkakg" fmr;a ksiaiq mskal lf,a
;ukagu h wdldrhl m%;s,dNhla wdmiq ,nd .ekSughs'
nqyduqrefjda n%yaucd, lshk iQ;%fha meye,sju foaYkd l<d"
n%yau;ajhg m;ajkakg" foaj;ajhg m;ajkakg" rciem isgq iem
,nkakg ksiaiq to;a mskal l< nj" ta yeu ;eklu mskal lf<a
;ukagu G Ou fokSh jYfhka f j;ajk wd;auNdjfha fyda
bka miafia Wmk ;ekl fyda h wdldrhlg iem im;a iqj
myiql ,nd .ekSf f;kdfjka iy n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka' tal
ishu foaj wd.j, taldhk mrud:h jqKd' ta wd.j, ksp jQ
n%yau;ajhla" tfyu ke;ak foaj;ajhla" tfyu ke;sk iaj.hla
96
Yajdi lrkjd' kuq;a nq yduqrefjda foaYkd lrmq wdldrhg ksp jQ msysgqj," ta wh l< Woj fjkqjg" ta whg;a Wojla lr,
iaj.hla foaj;ajhla fyda ksp jQ n%yau;ajhla fyda kE' Wmldrhla lr, f Kfhka fokak k" ksoyia fjkak k lsh,d
nqyduqqrefjda mskal lrkak lSf mqoa.,hdf.a isf;a Wmk ys;df.khs' ta ksid ksfila jqK yeu flfklau l,amkd lrkak k
flf,ia .;s m%ydrKh lr,d wia lr, bj;a lr, ys; msis lr mskalula lr," tal w:j;a hg l=i,hla njg m;alr .kak' fl
.kakg Wmldrjk ud.hla udOHhla yehghs' mskalula lr.kafka yeu fofklau fndfydu wjOdkfhka wy, kf.k f;are .; hq;=
ke;sj ;a; m%idohg m;afjkak nE' m%idohla" m%fudaohla" wfudlaL fohla' ka wms fyd|gu okakj f Ou_ foaYkdjla lrk g;a"
lshk ;;ajhg m;afjkak nE' nqyduqrefjda yeu wjia:djlu odkhla fok g;a ;j;a fkdfhla wdldrfha mskal lrk g;a mska
mskal lsu wkqk jod<d' yenehs Bg tyd .sh ;j;a ksfoaYhla .kakg;a n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk w;s Yd, wukqiai msila fu;kg
ksfoaY l<d' tal ;ud mskalula lrk yeu wjia:djlu tal l=i,hla meK isk nj'
njg mj:kh lr .kakg wjYH udf.damfoaYhl=;a lshd kakd'
nqyduqrefjda nqoaO;ajhg m;ajqk ld,hg;a jvd wo mj;sk" woyk
fl;a .%y lr.; hq;= fohla' ldgo mska .kak mqjka@
wfma fndfyda wd.j, uydhdk nqoaOd.f;a" fy<f woyk
ldgo mska .kak ne@ mska .kak tkafka ljqo@ mska .kak fkdtkafka
f:rjd lshd .kakd nqoaOd.f;a fndfyda wh mskalr,d fo ksia
ljqo@' w;S;fha ;ukaf.au wu," ;d;a;, jqK" ifydaor ifydaohka
iem m;kakg" u;= nq jk ffu;%S nqka l ksjka olskakg YdLd"
jqK" .=rejre {d;Ska" iSh,d" wd," iajd mqreIhka" Ndhdjka"
kkaod" u,a,sld" iqukd" iqkkaod fuka rEm im;a" Ok im;a" fnda.
orejka uqkqnqrka " wi,ajdiSska f wd fldg we;a;d jQ ;ukaf.a
im;a ,nkakg" m;kakg m%d:kd lrkakg" hkakg" hd{d
ixidfr {d;s mrmqf fndfyda fofkla h mrf,dj .syska ;sfhkjd'
lrkakg Wmldr jk wdldrhghs mskal lrkafka' tal ka
wms ta wh .ek;a l,amkd lr, yeu flfkl=gu Wo lrkak" Wmldr
im%odhla njg m;a fj,d' ta ksid f mskaj;=kaf.a f.orl mskalula
lrkak kE' wu,d" ;d;a;,d" .=rejre" jeysfhda" iajdmqreIhka"
lf<d;a yduqrefjda nefj,dj;a tfyu msx jdlHhla lsh, fo
Ndhdjka f yeu fofklau ljody h hkjd' w;S;fh;a h .shd'
ksia iem ,nkak f msk fya;= jdikd fjd lsh,d mska kafka
ta ksid wms bmek yeu wjia:djlu ksfila fj,d bmkd k wud
ke;sk wfmdhs f mskalfuka jevla kE lsh,d ys;kjd' ta ;;ajhg
flfkla" ;d;a;d flfkla wjYHhs' tajdf.au ifydaor ifydaofhda"
wfmau wh wo m;afj,d' kuq;a mskaj;=ks" wms mskalula l< hq;af;a f
iajd mqreIfhda NdHdfjda ta ish fokdu;a h mrf,dj .shdg
lrk mskalfuka wfma ;=ka ys; myod f.k ;a; m%idohg m;alrf.k
miafia ksjka wjfndaO lr .;af;a ke;sk .;s 31lg wod,j ;, 31la
mskalfuka Wmhd imhd .;a mqKH Yla;sh u.ska mska wkqfudaoka
;=< fldfya fyda Wm;la ,nkjd' f ;, 31 .ek okafka ukqIH
lrkakg" mska m;=rjkakg " mska msysgqjkakg Wmldr jk wdldrhghs'
f,dalfha ksi;a nj ,enQ wh muKhs' ;ukagu mskalula lr .kak
ta ksid iEu flfklau l,amkd l< hq;=hs wms f mskalu lrkafka
mQqjka" mskalulska mqKH Yla;shla u;=lr f.k mska fokakg" mska
ixidrfha ljod fld;kl ldg fyda Khla jqkd k Kh
mjrkakg" mska wkqfudaoka lrkakg" mska m;=rjkakg" mska m;=rjd mska
.Kqfokqjlg neKd k" inkaOhla we;s jqKd k wmg hfula
msysgqjkakg mqjka fjkafk ksiqkagu muKhs' wks;a whg f jf.a
Wojla Wmldrhla l<d k msysg jqKd k ms<sirK jqKd k" ta
mskalula lr, mska fokakg" mska m;=rejkakg" mska wkqfudaoka
yeu flfkl=gu f mska ,d " mska mjr," mska wkqfudaoka lr," mska
lrkakg mqjkalula ,efnkafka kE' tuksid wo f ukqIH;aj

97 98
m,dNhla ,nd j;a jk yeu flfklau foi ;ukaf.a h mrf,dj
.sh {d;Ska n,d bkakjd' tfyu h mrf,dj .sh wh h,s ukqIHhska
fj,d Wmkak;a mqjka" ke;ak ;j;a h h ;, j,g hkak;a
mqjka' i;r wmdfha hkak;a mqjka' ml l< {d;Ska ;sika fj,d
N+;" fm%a; fj,d" ksrhg .sys,a,d ks i;a;= fj,d ksrh" wmdh" ;sika
wmdh" i;r wmdh wdfhys bmfokak;a mqjka' ta jdf.au fo
foaj;djqka fj,d jH f,dal 6 ;=, Wm; ,nkak;a mqjka' jDlaI
foaj;dfjd fj,d" N+udgq foaj;djqka fj,d y wr lsj jH f,dal
yfha fyda fldfya y Wmkak mqjka' ta jdf.au n%yau f,dal
lsysmhl;a Wmkak mqjka' f n%yau f,dalj, bmek whf.ka
fldgilg ;rhs mska .kak mqjka' Y=oaOdjdi 4 iy wrEmS n%yau;,
y;r ;=, Wmka whg;a mska .kak neye' ta Y=oaOdjdi 4 Wmkafka
wkd.d lshk wkd.d ;;ajhg m;a jQ mqoa.,fhda' n%yau;ajhg m;a
jqkdg ta wh wkd.d' ta ksid ta whg mska wjYH jkafka kE' ta wh
mska.kak tkafk;a kE' mska wjYH;a kE' tajdf.au wdNiair n%yau ;,h
Bg jvd fjkia ;;ajhla' t;k bmefok wh kej; f,dal kdYfha
;uhs wd miaig tkafka' ta ksid t;k whg;a f mska ,nd .kak
wudrehs'
kuqq;a wms mskalula l<yu f fok mska ,nd .kak mqjka
wukqiai fldgia fndfyda bkakjd' ta hg i;r wmdhg .sh
whf.ka N+;hkag" fmf;hkag mska ,nd .kak mqjka' ta jdf.au
jH f,dal 06g .sh fo foaj;djqkag iy iuyr rEmS n%yau;,j,
bkak rEmS n%yauhkag;a mska ,nd .kak mqjka' wfkl=;a whg wms
,ndfok mska ,nd.kak l%uhla kE' t;fldg f ukqIH f,dafl b|,d
ksfyla yehg j;afj,d h mrf,dj .sh flfkla wmdhl
bmfkd;a" ukqIH f,dafl bmfkd;a" ks if;la fj,d ksrfh
bmfkd;a wr wrEmS n%yau;, 4 iy wkd.d ;,fha fyda wdNiair
n%yau ;,fha fyda bmfkd;a ta whg wm fok mska ,nd .kak nE'
yenehs wms mskalula lrk fldg tfyu mska .kak ne whhs" mska
99
.kak mqjka whhs lsh,d fldgia 2lg fjka lrkafk kE' tfyu fjka
lrk tl iqiq kE' f yeu flfklau f ;, 31;=, fld;kl fyda
bmk;a mska msysgqjd mska m;=rejkak k' mska fokak k' mska
wkqfudaoka lrkak k' fl ;uhs f;are .; hq;af;a' wms f ixidr
.ufk hk wh yehg ljod fld;ekl fyda Wo l<" Wmldr l<
fndfyda whg wms Khhs' ta Kh fjp whg Kh f.jd wjika jk;=re
;ukag ksjka wjfndaO lr .kakg" Kfhka ksoyia fjkakg neye'
ta ksid mskalula lsf m<uqjku mrud:h h hq;af;a" mskalula
lr, ;a; m%idohla we;s lrf.k ;=ka is; myojdf.k" wmg f
ixidr .ufka Wo l<" Wmldr l<" u fmkajQ" msysg jQ" inkaO jQ
ishu whg fjkila ke;sj" fYaIhla ke;sj" wvqmdvqjla ke;sj"
mska fokakg" mska mjrkakg" mska wkqfudaoka lrkakg iqiqjk
wdldrhg l%shd lsuhs' ta ksid mska .kak mqjka jqk;a ne jqk;a mska
.;a;;a ke;;a wmg Wo l< Wmldr l< iEu flfkl=gu iufia
fmdf ;=ka is; myodf.k mska fokakg mska mjrkakg mska
wkqfudaoka lrkakg wjYHhs' t;fldg wms mskalula lrkafka h h
whg mska, ta w;S;fha fj,d ;sfhk Kh f.j, Kfhka ksoyia
f m<uqjk f;kdj yd mrud:h we;sjhs' ka ;uka mskalula
lrk fldg ta nj mska wjYH whg kq kak;a ke;;a ta wh ta
i|yd^mska .kakg& wem lem fj,d n,d bkakjd' nqyduqrefjda
;sfrdl=v iQ;%fha meye,sj lSj mska .kakg iqiq mska .kak mqjka
N+;" fmf;" fo" foaj;d wd fldGdYhka ms<sn|j' f mro;a:Qm
ka riaidjla lrkakE" Whkaj;= fl;a j;= jjkafka kE" yrla
n,kafka kE lsh, ta iQ;%fha ia;r lr,d ;sfhkjd' wo ksfila
yehg Wm;la ,n, ;sfhk" ;ukaf.a {d;S inkaOhla ;sfhk h
flfkla h wjia:djl mskalula lrkjd k ta mskal lrk yeu
wjia:djlu ta {d;shd miqmi we,a, mska .kakg fmafj,d n,df.k
bkakjd' fYaIfhkau N+;" fma; fldgia fol f.dgq w,a,f.k bkak
yskafkda jf.a mska .kak n,df.k bkakjd' fo foaj;djkq;a fndfyda
wh mska.kakg n,df.k bkakjd' ta ksid wms tal fyd|g f;are f.k
100
mskalula lrk wjia:dfoS ;=ka ys; myodf.k msis f;kdjla
we;sj mska fokakg" mska mjrkakg" mska wkqfudaoka lrkakg k'
ldgo@ ta mska .kak n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ ishu fokdgu'
if mdkd" if N+;d
if foajd" if i;a;d
Njka;= iQs ;;a:d
lsh,d fjkila ke;sj mska fokakg ke'
mD:.ack mqoa.,hska yehg Tn yeug f mska .kakg wdmq
wh ldjj;au fmakafka kE' n,kak nE' olskak nE' yenehs mskalula
lrk wjia:djl ta wh ish oyia .Kkska fkdfjhs" oi oyia .Kkska
/ia lld bkakjd mska .kak' yenehs wms mskalula lr, f whg ;=ka
ys; myodf.k mska kafka ke;sk" mska mejref ke;sk" ta mska
fok l%uh y ke;sk" mska meju jer k" mska .kak mqjka
wdldrhg mska m;=rejd mska msysgqjd Tjqkag mska wkqfudaoka lf<a
ke;sk ta whg mska .kak nE' ta ksid fyd|g f;are .kak k" wms
f mskalula lr," mska wkqfudaoka lrk wjia:df mska .kakg
n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka fndfyda wh tkak mqjka fkdfhl=;a wdldrhg'
ta ksid meKs fkdmeKs ishu fokdg wms mska fokakg mska
mjrkakg k' iu fu; m;=rd iu f,i mska fokak k' tfyu iufia
mska kafka ke;sk ta wh fldgilg mska ,efnkafka kE' ta ksid
mskalula lrk g tal yhgu k f.k lf<d;a tal l=i,hla njg
m;afjkjd' fkdk lf<d;a talu wl=i,hla njg;a m;a fjkjd'
wl=i,hla ;rla fkdfjhs" tal lrorhla njg;a m;afjkjd'
f.j,aj, mskal lrkak tmd' lshk fldgila wo f ,xldf ;ju;a
bkakjd' f.j,aj, mskal lrkak tmd" N+;hskag"fm%a;hskag f.j,a
j, mska fokak tmd" mska mjrkak tmd" taf.d,af,da f.j,aj,g wrla
.kakjd lsh,d lshkjd' T tfyu fjkjd" tal fj,d ;sfhkjd' ta
101
fudlo jer wdldrhg jer l%uhlg wo iu; wd.f" nqoaOd.f
mska fokakg mgka wrf.k ;sfhk ksid' ta ksid fyd|gu l,amkd
lrkak k mskalula lrk g" y l%uhlg mska .kak
n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk whf.a is; i;=gqjk wdldrhg" is; ms b;s hk
wdldrhg ;Dma;su;a jk wdldrhg" ta wh ksoyia jk wdldrhg
mska fokak' f l%uh ;sfrdal=v iQ;%fha yhgu meye,sj lsh,d ,d
;sfhkjd' yeu flfklau l,amkd l, hq;= fYaI fohla ;sfhkjd'
wms yduqrejkag odk ,d ^idx>sl odkhla fyda NslaLq odkhla fyda
,d& yeufjf,au n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka wr ojia 7lg" udi 3lg"
wjqreoaolg l,ska h.sh ;ukaf.a {d;shdg muKlau mska fokak"
mska mjrkak" ku lsh,d mska wkqfudaoka lrkak muKla k tal
jerhs' mskalula lr,d mska fok wjia:df ;=ka is; myojdf.k
msis f;kdjla we;sj f mska .kakg wdj ishu fokdg mska
fokak" mska mjrkak" mska wkqfudaoka lrkak wjYHhs' ldgj;a
fYaIhla ke;sju iufia mskah hq;=hs'
t;k ;=kays; myod .kakjd lshkafka wms ta mska fok
fudfydf;a wvqu jYfhka kd 5la ;rj;a ld,hla mska wkqfudaoka
lrk wjia:df ;=ka is; myod .; hq;=hs' wfma isf;a rd.h" oafYh"
fudayh ;snqfKd;a t;k ;=ka is; wmsishs" ls<shs' ta ksid mska fokak"
mska mjrkak" mska wkqfudaoka lrkak;a nE' taksid mska fok wjia:df
rd.fhka f;dr jQ " oafYfhka f;drjQ " fudayfhka f;drjQ msis
is;la iq fudfyd;lg fyda mj;ajdf.k " tk ;=ka is; myojd f.k
msis f;kdjla we;sj mska fokakg" mska mjrkakg" mska wkqfudaoka
lrkakg" mska msysgqjkakg yeu flfklau wIaGdkhla lr .kak k'
tfyu ;=ka ys; myod f.k mska kafkd;a ta mska .kakg meKs whg
ys; msfrkakg ;Dma;su;ajk wdldrhg mska meK h yelshs' ta whj
uqojd ksoyia lrjk wdldrhg" ;ukq;a ta whf.ka oS ksoyia
jkakg;a mqjka jk wdldrhg mska fokak" mska mjrkak mqjka' ta
ksid mskaj;=ks" wms l,amkd l, hq;=hs" f mska fokjd lshk tl mska
mjrkjd lshk tl yhg f;are wrf.k lf<d;a ila taflka
102
ksh; m%;sM,hla ,efnkafka ke;snj' l=i,hla fjkafk;a ke;snj'
taflka ;ukag;a wkqkag;a m%;sM,h hym;a jk wdldrhg ta mqKH
l%shdj isoaO fkdjk nj'
wo iu; nqoaO wd.f lrk jer lsysmhlau fu;ku
fmkajd fokakg ;sfhkjd' f jer we;a; jYfhkau ldf.a;a hym;
i|yd u;=lr fmkajkak;aa k' fl fmkakqf ke;sk ;j ;j;a
N+;fhda fmf;fhda fkdfhl=;a wukqiaifhda we,a, f.j,aj,g
wrlaf.k ksiqkag fkdfhl=;a lror lrkjd' ta ksid f iu; wh
lrk m<uqjk jereoao ;ud odkuh mskalula lr, mska fok fldg ta
mskalu lrmq whgu wdmiq m%;s,dNhla yehg mska fok" mska mjrk
jer iu; im%odhdkql+, mska jdlHhla lshk tl' wfka f
mskaj;=ka fndfydu fyd| mskalula isoaO lr .;a;' fndfydu hym;a
f;kdfjka mskalula lr .;a;' f mskalug iyNd.S jQ ishu
mskaj;=kag kkaod" idld" u,a,sld" iqkkaod" iqukd fuka rEm im;a
fnda. im;a " Ok im;a ,en fo" ksia iem fl<jr ffu;%S nqka
l ksjka olskakg f msk f mskaj;=kag fya;= jdikd fjd lsh,d
mska fok l%uhla" is;la wo yeu mskal m,lu ;shkjd' fl
jerhs' meye,sj" msisj f jro fmkak, fokak k' fudlo
fya;=j mskalula lf<a mska .kakg tk" mska .kak n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka
bkak ;ukaf.a {d;s ;%dkag mskalka Wmhd.;a mska mjr,d ix.%y
lrkak' mska , mska mjrkak' kuq;a lf,a fudloao" ;sfrdal=v
iQ;%fha;a fl meye,sj lsh,d ;sfhkjd" ri lEul bf wdrdOkd
lrmq whg ix.%y lrkak" kuq;a f bj lEu l ;ukau fnodf.k"
nodf.k lEj jf.a jevla' ta ksid mskalula lrk g ta mskalf
m%;s,dN ;ukagu wdmiq mjrd .kakg" ;ukagu wdmiq ,nd .kakg"
;ukagu" wkqfudaoka lr .kakg m%d:kd lsu iqiq kE' fl ffck
wd.f uydhdk wd.f l%uhla' ffck wd.f" uydhdk wd.f
l%uhg wkqj ksjka olskak nE' ta wd.j, lshk wdldrhg
n%yau;ajhg m;ajkakg fyda fndai;a fjkakghs kE' taksid fndai;a
103
;;ajhg m;a fjkak k ;j ;j;a mskal lr lr mdr;d mqr mqr
fo ksia iem ,n, wjidkfha ;ud nqoaO;ajhg m;ajkafka' tal uq,a
nq oyf fmkajd ka fohla fkdfjhs' tal Th uydhdk nqoaOd.f
n,mEula' fndfydu ;kau uydhdk n,f. f fy<ug;a wo
we;a ;sfhkjd' tal nqreuh" ;dhs,ka;h yryd;a bkahdj yd"
wfkl=;a rgj,a yryd;a wdjd' ta wkqj ;uhs Th mska jdlHhla
lshkafka' foksia iem n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka' ffu;%S nqka l"
w,flaYajr w;dNh jf.a fndai;=ka l u;= nqjk nq flfklaf.a
Ydikhl ksjka olskakg m%d:kd lrkafka' tal nqoaO foaYKdjg
imQKfhkau reoaOhs' ta ksid wm l,amkd lr.kak k mska
fokafk" mska mjrkafka wms f ixidr Kh .kqfokqfjka wo wou
ksoyia jkakghs' ta wm ,nd ka mska wrf.k wfma {d;Ska h
wdldrhlu iEySulg m;afj,d w;rux jQ ;eka j,ska Tjqka uqojd
ksoyia lr.kakg;a Wmldr jk wdldrhg ta whg mska fokak" mska
mjrkak k' ta ila wmsg f mskalu lr,d mska w,a,.kak"
Wmdodkh lr .kak" whs;s lr.kak wmgu h,s h,s;a iem im;a
,nkakg muKla fkdfjhs'
m%d:kdjla ke;;a wms mskalula lr, wjYH whg mska fok
g tafl m%;s,dNh wmg fkd,e hkafka kE' ne fj,dj;a wmg ksjka
olskakg fkdyels jqfkd;a ta msk wmg fkd,e hkafk kE' fudlo"
t;k wms m%d:kd lf<d;a ksh; jYfhkau tal mqKHdNsixldrhla
fj,d ixidrh lafjkjd' l=i,hla jqfkd;a wfma ysf;a ;sfhk
flf<ia whskafj,d ksjkg Wmldrjk mskalula njg m;ajk nj yeu
flfklau f;are .; hq;=hs' ta ksid mskalula lrk g fyd|gu
f;are .; hq;=hs" ;uka ;=ka is; myodf.k ta mskalu lr, ta
mskalfuka mska.kakg n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk ;ukaf. {d;s ;%dka
isysm;a lr, ish fokdg iufia" fmdf fjkila" wvqjla mdvqjla"
fYaIhla ke;sj mska fokakg" msx mjrkakg" msx wkqfudaoka lrkakg'
104
 fojk ldrKh fYaIfhkau mskalula lrk g wo ksiqka
l%shd lrkafka m%isoahghs" m%pdrhghs" ;rhghs' fndfyda .=jka ,s
kd,sldj," rEmjdyskS kd,sldj, jdf.au f.j,aj,;a mskalula
lrkg ;sfhkafk ;rhla" ;rhg mskal lsu kqiqiqhs' ta
mskalu lrkg ;rhla jf.u ;ukaf.a h mrf,dj .sh
tlaflfkl=g" fokafkl=g muKla ku lsh,d mska fokjd' tal;a
jerhs' fl;a wo m%dfhda.slj lrk jrola' ka fl meye,sj
f;are .; hq;=hs' wms ys;uq udi 3lg fmr h mrf,dj .sh wud h
wdldrhlg mska .kak mqjka ;ekl ta lshkafka N+;fhla"
fmf;fhla" fo foaj;dfjla fj,d bmkd nefj,dj;a wuf.
ku lsh, thdg ;rla iSud lr," fYaIfhka wks;a wh w;yer,
wu;l lr, mska kaku isoaO fjk jro ;uhs" mska .kakg wdmq
;ukaf.au miq .sh wd;af wud" ;d;a;d" iajd mqreIhd" Ndhdj"
ore uqkqnqfrda" iSh,d" wd,d fndfyda fofkla fu;k mska .kak n,ka
ysh;a" wuf.a ku lsh,d ;rla mska kak ksid wks;a whg ta mska
fkd,ehdu' wehs@ ta whj isysm;a lf<a keyefk' ta ksid m<uqfjka
tla flfkl=f.a ku lsh,d thdg ;rla fYaIfhka mska fok l%uh
jerhs' yenehs f mskaj;=ka ;du mD:.ack wh ksid fndfyda mskal
j, ys;kak bv ;sfhkjd uf.a f wd;afu wug ;rhs mska k
lsh,d' talg;a m%;sluhla ;sfhkjd' wms m<uqfldgu wfma kka h
mrf,dj .sh wkka; wm%udK wd;au Nj j, Wo Wmldr l<
inkaO jQ msysg jQ u foujqmshka " iajd mqreIhka Ndhdjka" ore
uqkqnqrka" iSh,d" wd,d" ifydaor" ifydaohka" fiajl" iajdka wd
fldg we;a;d jQ yeu fokdju isysm;a lr, ta yeu flfkl=gu m<uq
fldgu wiS; f,i msis f;kdjla we;sj mska , mska mjrkakg
k' tfyu mska mjr," fojkqj wmg ;jrg;a wjYH k wr
mskaj;=kaf.a ysf;a i;=gla we;slr .kak ;ukaf.a f wd;af wu;a
isysm;a lr, fYaIfhka mska wkqfudaoka lsf;a jrola kE' yenehs
uq,skau thdg ;rla mska, fojkqj ishu fokdg mska fok tfla
jrola ;shkj' wvqjla ;sfhkjd' fya;=j ka mska .kak we;a
105
;sfhkafka fndfydau ishq rEm ldhlska hq;a N+;" fmf;" foa"
foaj;djka jf.a whhs' ta wh tl laIKhlska fu;kg we,a,d mska
.kak fudfyd; fjklka bjiqula ke;sj fmafj,d n,d bkak wh' tla
wfhl=f.a ku lsh,d thdg ;rlau mska kaku ta wh ;SrKh lrkjd
ug mska kafka kE" fokafka;a kE lsh,d' ta wh lla WrK fj,d whska
fjkjd' t;fldg ta whg mska ,efnkafka kE' ta whg oafYh we;s
fjkjd' ta ksid fl fyd|g f;are .kak k' mska fok g m<uq
fldgu
if mdkd if foajd
if N+;d if i;a:d
Njka;= iq ;;a:d lsh,d ishu whg iufia
fmdf mska ," mska mjr," mska wkqfudaoka lrkak k' tfyu ke;s
jqfkd;a fldgilg mska fkd,efnkak mqjka' mska fkd,enqKq wh -
fYaIfhka N+;" fmf; fldgia ;uka flfrys ffjrhla" oafYhla
we;s lrf.k ;ukag lror lrkak mqjka' tal fyd|g f;are .kak
k'
;=kajk ldrKh ;ud fu;k wms mska fok g yeu flfklau
l,amkd l< hq;=hs ;ukaf.a {d;ska ;%dkag muKla fkdfjhs"
fu;kg meKs wkqkaf.a;a ishu {d;s ;%dkag;a mska fokak k
nj' talhs lSf" box f {d;s - kx fyda;= lsh,d uq,ska lsh,d' box
fjda {d;S kx fyda;= lsh,d wjidk jYfhka lshkak lsh,d'box f
{d;S kx lSf ug {d;s inkaOl we;s wh" box fjda {d;S kx
lsh, lSf fjk;a whg {d;s inkaOl we;s whhs' ;ukag
{d;sl we;s ke;s ishu {d;Skag ishu whg mska fokak k'
t;fldg ldjj;a w;yeh fjkafka kE' fl;a wo f;areula we;sj
lshkjd fkdf' box f {d;s kx lsh,d ;=ka jrla lshkjd' kuq;a
box fjda {d;s kx lsh,d tl ierhla y meye,sj msisj
lshkak k' t;fldg ldgj;a wvqjla mdvqjla ke;sj mska ,efnkjd'
mska .kak mqjka fjkjd'
106
 ;j;a wvqmdvqjla ;sfhkjd' fl lla nrm;,hs' iu;fha
fndfyda ;ekaj, jer fia lrk fohla' mska wkqfudaoka lrk g j;=r
fcda.=jhs" fldamamhhs wrf.k ,u {d;Ska j;=r fcda.=fjka fldamamh
msfrkak meka j;a lrkjd' odkuh mskalulg iyNd.S jQ iajdka
jykafia,d
Wkak f Wolx jggx - h:d kskkx mj;;;s
tjx fuj bf;d kkx - fm;dkx Wmlmam;s
h:d jd jyd mqrd - mmqfrk;s id.rx
tj fuj bf;d kkx - fm;dkx Wmlmam;s
fufyu .d:dfjka lshkjd' f .d:dj, w:h" Ouh
f;are wrf.k kf.k lshkjd fkdfjhs' lrkakka jdf,a lrk
fohla' ksiaiq ukila ;sfhk wh' mska fokfldg ;=ka ys; myod .;
hq;=hs' kuq;a ka fufyu j;=r fcda.=fjka fldamamhg j;=r j;a lrk
g .d:djka lshk iajdka jykafia,d;a j;=r j;a lrk {d;Skq;a ta
yd n,d f.k bkak wfkl=;a {d;Skq;a ishu fokdf. wjOdkh
uki fhduqfj,d ;sfhkafka j;=r j;alrk tl iy fldamamh msfrk
tl .ekhs' ka wr msx fokakg wjYH msis is; tk ;=ka is; myod
.ekSula isoaO fjkafka kE' wksl tfyu ;=kais; myod .kafka ke;sj
j;=r fldamamhg fhduq l< is;lska mska fokak;a nE'
Wkak f Wolx jggx - h:d kskkx mj;;;S
tjx fuj bf;d kkx - fm;dkx Wmlmam;S
lsh, lSfj by, isg my<g j;=r j;a lrkjd jf. wms ;=ka
is; msis lrf.k wr f.dgq w,a,f.k bkak mska n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk
N+;" fmf;" fo foaj;djkag f.dgq msfrkak mska fokak k" mska
mjrkak k" mska wkqfudaoka lrkak k lshk tlhs' ta i|yd wmf.a
;=kais; myodf.k iq lsrK m;=rj,d mska fokak k' kuq;a ka
Wmudj ;sfhkjd' mrud: jeys,d hgm;a fj,d' ta ksid fl fyd|g
f;are .kak k' wr Wmudj l<dg jrola kE' kuq;a yeu ;siafiau
107
j;=r fldamamhg ys; hjkafka ke;sj yduqrefjda lshk .d:dj,
w:hla" Ouhla yhg f;are wrf.k wfma ;=ka ys; myod f.k
mska .kakg n,dfmdfrd;a;=j isk ishu {d;S ;%dkag ys; msfrk
hg mska fokak" mska mjrkak" mska wkqfudaoka lrkak k' mskalula
lrk g im%odfhka wms mskal l<dg ta wdldrfha fndfyda mskal
j,ska mska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk whg mska ,efnkafka kE' talg Tkak Th
lshk idudkH im%odfha" wd.f lrk jer foaj,a lsysmhlau
n,mdkjd' ta ksid yeu flfklau;a" fYaIfhkau mska wkqfudaoka
lrk iajdka jykafia,d;a fl wjOdkhg fhduq lf<d;a fyd|hs"
wms mskalula lrkafka" wfma ixidr Kh .kqfokq j,ska ksoyia u
i|yd nj Kh f.j, Kfhka ksoyia u m<uqjk mrud:hhs' ta
fok mska wrf.k wfma {d;s ;%dkag" wmg inkaOhla ;sfhk"
Wo l<" Wmldr l<" msysg jQ whg h hym;la" iykhla h hq;=hs'
tfyu ke;sj wmsgu f mska wdmiq tl;= lrf.k w,a, f.k whs;s
lrf.k fo ksia iem ,nkak fkdf' fndai;a ;;ajhg m;afjkak
fkdf' ffu;%S nqka l ksjka olskak fkdf' ta ksid yeu flfklau
l=i,iai Wmimod lshk tl;a" in mdmiai wlrKx lshk tl;a
f;are .;af;d;a fyd|hs' taksid " wms l,amkd lr .kak k" fujka
mskalula lrk yeu wjia:djlu mrud:_ Ou_h f;are f.k mskal
lr, ta mqKH Yla;sh we;sj mska mjr,d mska msysgqj,d ta mqKH
Yla;sfhka wmg ksjkg Wmldr jk wdldrhg ysf;a ;sfhk flf<ia
iyuq,skau whska lr,d f mqkH Yla;sfhka pdf.da mksii.f.d
uq;;s wkd,fhd lshk ;;ajhg ;ukq;a m;afjkak' ta lr.;a mska
lfukao wms fkdwe,S ksoyia fjkak k' mqKH mdm mySkii l<
hq;=hs' ta ksid wo fndfyda mskal lrk wfma fy<f" ,xldf
fn!oaOfhda yehg bkak Wmdil uy;au uy;aka mskal lrkafka"
fnda mQcd mj;ajkafka odk udk fokafka fjk fudlgj;a fkdf'
;ukagu fo ksia iem ,nkakg hd{d lrkakghs' tfyu ke;sk
wmdfhka ffrkakghs' fo ksia iem m;k rc isgq iem m;k yeu
fj,djlu ;uka l,amkd lrkak k" la iys; jQ ixidf la
108
lr.kak lrk jer fohla fkao f lrkafka lsh,d' ta ksid th nqoaO
foaYkdjg reoaOhs' nqyduqrefjda lSf' wmmudfok imdfo
;nnd" tk m%udohla fkd f fudfydf;au wfma isf;a Wmk ix
myod bj;a lrkak kE lsh,d' ix lshkafka rd.h" oafYh"
fudayh' ysf;a Wmk rd.h" oafYh" fudayh tfyu ke;sk ixidr
inkaO;d ish,af,kau ksoyia ug f mqKH Yla;sh" f
mskalka Wmojd myod.;a mska wms mjrkak k' fokak k'
wkqfudaoka lrkak k' ta ksid f yeu flfklau l,amkd lrkak k"
wdmiq ;ukagu m%;s,dNhla" m%pdrhla" m%isoahla" m%Kduhla"
m%fndaOhla ,efnk hg mskal lr,d yhkafka ke;s nj'
wfma rg jQ f ,xldf ;r oka fok mskal lrk
Nla;sjka; fn!oaOfhda f,dafla fjk fldfyaj;au kE' fn!oaO hehs lshd
.kakd rEmjdyskS kd,sld foi nej;a fldhs;r fudav Nla;su;a
fn!oaOfhda f rf bkakjdo lsh,d fmakjd' fudlo fndfyda wh fo
ksia iem m;kjd' kuq;a mskalula lrk g wms ;=ka is; myod .kak
k' WodyrKhla .;af;d;a hlsis flfkla biams;d,hlg
jdgqjla yo,d fokjd' ke;sk biaflda,hlg f.dvke.s,a,la yo,d
fokjd' ke;sk mkai,lg fudkjd y lrkjd' fjd ljqre lsjqj;a
ke;;a ;ukaf.a uqo,a ho lr,d lrmq ksid mskalula' ta msk
;ukagu Wreu fjkjd' lsisu m%Yakhla kE' yenehs f mskalu ksid
;uka wdmiq ;ukagu m%d:kd lf<d;a b,afjd;a hula" tal;a
,efnkjd' foaYmd,lfhda Pkaoh b,a,kak mskal lrkjd' tal;a
yenehs mskalula' tal m%d:kdjla ;rhs' tal ksjk jefyk" ksjk
m%udo jk mskalula' ta jdf.u flfkla mskal lr,d flfkl=g
Wojla Wmldrhla lr,d ;ukaf.a ku hkak" mrmrdf ku
mj;skak lsh,d m%d:kdjla" wIaGdkhla we;sj ta mskalu lf<d;a
t;k mskla isoaO jqk;a ;ukaf. udkh ksid l=i,hla isoaO fjkafka
kE' tksid tal;a l=i,hla ke;s mskalula' tuksid ldu f,dalj, iq.;s
f,dalj, w;rux fjk nj f;are .kak k' ;j fndfyda wh mskal
lrkafka foaYmd,khg Pkaoh b,a,kak fkdfjhs' mrmrdf ku
109
mj;skak fkfuhs' ta mskaj;=ka mskal lrkafka mska fmd;l ta mskalu
,sh,d ;ukagu f mskalf m%;s,dN u;= Wmk Wmk wjia:dj,
fo ksia iem" rc iem" isgq iem" fNda. im;a" Ok im;a ,ef
taldhk mrud:fhka' kuq;a tal;a jerhs' t;k;a ;a; m%idohla jQ
ksid tjka m%d:kd l<yu ,efnkak mqjka' fjd ,efnk yeu
wjia:djlu ksjk m%udojk" iirg nef|k ixidrh lafjk
mskalula njg;a m;afjkjd' ta ksid t;k l=i,la isoaO fjkafka kE'
l=i,iai Wmimodjla kE'
ixidrh lafjk ksid tal wl=i,hla' tal;a fyd|gu f;are
.kak kE' ta jdf.au hlsis mskajf;la mskalula lr,d ksiairK
wdOHdifhka wkqkag Wojqjla Wmldrhla lrk woyiska ;ukaf.a
isf;a pdf.da mksiai.af.da uq;;s wkd,fhda lshk f woyi
imQK jk wdldrhg msis f;kdjla we;sj ;=ka is; myojd
f.k mskalfuka Wmhd imhd .;a;d jQ mqKH Yla;sh ;ukag Wojq l<
Wmldr l< whg mska mjr,d mska wkqfudaoka lr,d mska msysgqj,d mska
m;=rjkakg mskalula lf,d;a tal l=i,hla njg m;afjkjd' tal
ksjkg fya;=fjkjd' Wmldr fjkjd' f foaj,a iEu flfkl=u
l,amkd l< hq;=hs' mskalula lrk g m%isoahlg" m%pdrhlg "
m%;s,dNhlg" ;rhlg" ,dis;djlg mskal lrkjdk tl
jerhs' wo fndfyda wh lk mskal lrkafka ;rhg" tajd jerhs'
tajd ml' ta ksid wl=i,a isjkjd ;rla fkdf ml njg;a
m;a fjkjd' tajd rd.fhka" oafYfhka" fudayfhka" lrk foaj,a' ta
ksid yhgu wms mskalula lrkak k ;=ka ys; myod .kak k'
i;Hl%shd n,hla m;=rkak k' iu fu; m;=rjd ;ukaf.a whg"
;ukaf.a fkdjk whg" yeu flfkl=gu mska ,d mska mjrkakg" mska
fokakg" mska wkqfudaoka lrkakg wjYHhs' ta ksid mskalula
fkdlru;a i,a,s ho fkdlru;a wmg mqjkalula ;sfhkjd"
ffu;%S is;la we;s lrf.k rd.fhka" oafYfhka" fudayfhka f;drj
mska fokak' tal l=i,hla njg m;alr .kak' ysf;a ;sfhk flf,ia
uq,a Wrd .,jd oud in mdmiai wlrKx - l=i,iai Wmimod
110
lshk ;;ajhg m;afjkak' ta ksid yeu mskajf;lau l,amkd l, hq;=hs'
wms wo mskalula lrk g iu;fhka" im%odfhka fndfyda jer
foaj,a lrkafka ffck wd.f;a uydhdk nqoaOd.f;a n,mE wfma
rgg" f:rjd nq oyug jeoao.;a ksid nj' ta ksid tajd mskal
;rhs' tajdfha l=i,a isoaO fjkafka kE' tajd ksjka olskakg Wmldr
jk foaj,a fkdf' tal fyd|gu f;are .;af;d;a kEu flfkl=g"
kEu mskalula lr,d ksjkg Wmldr jk wdldrhg ;ukaf.a ysf;a
Wmk flf<ia uq,a Wrd .,jd wialrkakg f mqKH Yla;sh" f
;a; Yla;sh Wmldr lr .kak mqjka' ta ksid iEu flfklau ka
u;=jg;a mskal lrkak' yenehs l=i,iai Wmimod lrk ;;ajfhka
tfyu ke;sk l=i,h mQK lr .kak mqjka jk wdldrfhka' ta nj
k f.k lf<d;a mskalu l=i,hla jkjd' fkdk lf<d;a tal iir
lajk wl=i,hla njg m;ajk nj yeu flfklau f;are .; hq;=hs'
;sfrdl=vv iQ;%h foaYkdj
nqka jykafia ;sfrdl=vv iQ;%h foaYkd l< jodf<a wmg
;=kais; myojdf.k" tk rd.fhka" oafYfhka" fudayfhka fjka"
msis f;kdjlska msxlula l< hq;= wdldrh yd tu msxlu ksid
;ukag;a" thg iyNd.s jk ish fokdg;a" ;ukaf.ka msx
n,dfmdfrd;a;=j isk h.sh {d;s ;%dkag;a isjk hym; yd
m%;s,dNh ms<sn|j h:djfndaOhla ,ndughs ' tk"
1' msxu {d;s Ouh hq;=lu bgq lsuls' fuh ldg;a
ksoYkhls" wdoYhls'
2' w;S; ixidrfha ;u {d;ska jQ fma;" N+; wd wukqIH fldgia
.;sfhka uqojd iq.;shg m;a lrkakg Wmldr lsuls'
3' odkuh msxlula lsf isjq mifhka hefmk ksjka u
fidhk is,aj;a NslaIqka jykafia,dg wdhq" iem" n," jK"
m%{d hk n, Yla;Ska myla ,ndfok mskla w;alr .ekSuls'
111
4' Tno ixidr Kh .Kqfokqfjka ksoyia jkakd jQ .;sfhka
.e, iq.;shg hkakg Wmldr jkakdjQ ;=kais; mykakd jQ
l=i,hla is lr .ekSuls'
msxj;aks" wo f msxj;=ka odkuh msxlula iQodk lrf.k
ie meye ieliS iskafka fYaI wdldrhl Ou odkuh msxlul=;a
imQKlr .ekSughs' tjka jQ Ou foaYkdjlg ijka ughs'
;%smsglfha tk iQ;%hla jk ;sfrdl=vv iQ;% foaYkdj ms<sn|j
.%yhlg ijka " msx n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk" msx wjYH lrk" foaj"
fma;" N+; wd jq wukqIH fldGdY j,g yd tajdf.au ixidr .ufka
;u ;ukaf.a {d;ska f,i w;S;fha inkaO jQ fndfyda whf.a is;a
i;=gq lrjkakg" is;a mskjkakg" is;a ms hk wdldrfhka msx
wkqfudaoka lrkakg" msx mjrkakg" msx m;=rjd msysgqjd {d;Skag mska
fokakghs'
tod ;sfrdl=vv iQ;%h nqka jykafia foaYkd lr, ;sfhkafka
idr rcqrejkag' nqka jykafia tod rc.y kqjr jev bkak
uq,au iufha idr rcqrefjda nqka jykafia we;= uyd ix>
r;akhg idr rc ud<s.fha odkhla mskeuqjd' kuq;a ta odkfhka
miafia rc ud<s.h ;< = fmr fkdjq rE wdldrfha wuq;= m%Yak we;sjkak
mgka .;a;d' fkdfhl=;a fma; hska N+;hska yd O wdldrfha wukqIH
fldGdY fkdfhla wdldrfhka ud<s.h ;=, fyd,auka lrkak mgka
.;a;d' Yo lrkak mgka .;a;d' ta w;r idr rcqg;a fkdfhla
wdldr jQ ySk fmfkkak mgka .;a;d' ta ksid idr rcqrefjda
odkuh msxlu lrK ,o khg miq khl nqka jykafia fj; f.dia
f nj kakqjd' tg nqka jykafia rc;=udg fmkajd kafka ta odkh
fuka h wvqjla is jQ njhs' f wd;aufha {d;Skaj isg h
mrf,dj .sh fndfyda fofkl=g msx u iy kg j;aj isk whg
wdYsjdo l s ula muKla isoaO l, njhs ' kuq;a ka f rc ud<s.dj
;=< f wd;aufha whg jvd ka fmr wd;auj, ;ukaf.au u
foujq mshka jQ jeyshka jQ w;S; {d;s inkaOl ;fs hk fndfyda
112
wh msx .kakg" msx wkqfudaoka lr.kakg ne b;du;a wi;=fgka
flka iy oafYfhka hq;=j n,d f.k ud,s.h ;=,u / isk njhs'
ta wh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jq kd ;ukag;a lrk ,o msxlfuka is; msfrkakg
iqiq m rc;=ud msx foh"s msx wkqfudaoka lrhs lshd' kuq;a h m%udo
fodaIhla ksid ta n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ m ishu {d;s ;%dkag tfia
isjQfha kE' ta ksid ;ukag msx ,enqfka ke;s nj kq ula jYfhka
tfia wukqIHhska lror l, nj nqyduqrefjda fmkajd jod,d' ta
tfia lror l, ishu wh ;u ;ukaf.au w;S; {d;s ;%dka nj;a
fmkajd kk a d'
ta wkqj nqmshdKka jykafia Wmfoia kakd kej;;a ta
wdldrfhkau odkuh msxlula islr" ta ishu w;S; {d;s
fma;hskag" N+;hskag" ys; msfrk wdldrhg kej; msx wkqfudaoka
lrkakg" msx .kak mqjka wdldrhgu' ta msxlu u.ska Wmhd imhd
.;a mqkH Yla;sh Tjqkag wkqfudaoka lrkakg lshd'
tod ys yduqrefjda rc.y kqjr isg ,xldmqrhg jeh
wjia:dfj;a wkqrdOmqrfha rcl< isxy, rcjrekag f wdldrfhkau
f {d;s fma;dkag msxfok wdldrh isysm;a lrkakg udk jia;="
fma; jia;= iQ;%hka yd ;sfrdal=v iq;%h foaYKd l,d' ta jdf.au f
is;" ;sfrdl=vv iq;%fha foaYkd l< wdldrfha msx wkqfudaoka lsula
im%odhla jYfhka wfma fy,f fn!oaO ksfjia j,;a wog;a
mj;ajkjd'
ta ksid wo k f Ou foaYkdfjka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkafka
fujka odkuh msxlula flfia is l< hq;=o" msxlula lsfuka ta whg
mQK jYfhka msx wkqfudaoka l< yelafla flfiao hkak .ek lreKq
ldrKd .%y lr ughs' wo k f msxlug iyNd.Sjk iEu
msxjf;l=gu fuu wjia:dj wdoYhg .; yelshs' ta jdf.au msxlula
lrk g ta msxlf Wmu m%;s,dNh ;ukag;a" msx n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk
whg;a ,nd.kakd ye ta;a;= .; hq;=hs'
113
wms odkuh msx lula fyda fjk;a l=uk fyda msxlula fyda
lrka ;a; m%idohla" is; mskdhdula we;s lr.;a g th msx
wkqfudaoka lrkakg msx fokakg" msx mjrkakg iqiq mirhla isf;a
yg.kakd jQ whqka h ;=ka is; myod .ekSula fjkjd'
wo fndfyda fn!oaOhska msxl lrkafka lrkakka jdf,a
;rhlg il bka ,efnk m%;s,dNh .ek wjOdkhla fyda
wjfndaOhla fyda we;sj fkdfjhs' iuyre msxl lrkafka ;rhlg"
m%isoahlg" ixoYkhlg" iuyr g flfkla uereK g odkhla
fokafka mrmrdfju wks;a wh lrk ksid fyda th f,dalhdg m%ldY
lsula yehg i msis wjfndaOhlska fyda f;kdjlska fkdfjhs'
iuyr u< f.j,a j," odk f.j,a j, isjkafka msxlug mefKk
iuyr fokd;a iyNd.s lrf.k u;ameka mdkh lrka isysuq,d jQ
iemhla" i;=gla" iekiSula ta odk f.or;a Wodlr .ekSughs'
fujeks nd, udkisl;ajhla ;=,ska mqKH Yla;shla f.dvk.d .;
yelafla flfiao@ hkq m%Yakhls' tfukau fuhska isjk n,j;a ydksh
jkafka fujeks l%shd wkqu; fkdlrk nyq;rhla Bg iyNd.S jk
neka Tjqka ygo isf;a tl;djhla f.dvkd .; fkdyels uhs' ta
ish,a,u jerhs' tfia wmsis f;kdjla iys; jQ is;lska msx ula "
msx mejula isl< fkdyelshs' ta ksid l=uk msxlula fyda ksjer
wdldrhgu msis f;kdjla we;sju isl< hq;=hs' th ;ukaf.ka
bgqh hq;= hq;=lula bgqlsula njo is;g .; hq;=hs' tk msx
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk iEu fokdf.au is;g mQK i;=gla ,nd ta wh
N+;" fma; wd;au j,ska ksoyia hkakg yels wdldrhgu msx
wkqfudaoka lsuhs" msx ,nd uhs" msx mejuhs" msx msysgquhs bgq l,
hq;af;a'
1' ;sfrdl=fvviq ;sgG k;s iJis~>dgfliq p
ojdrndydiq ;sgG k;S wd.kFj dk ilx >rx
114
2 myqf; w;;mdkuys nccfNdfcc Wmgf;"
k f;ix fld ir;s i;;dlx luu mpphd
3 tjx ook;s [d;S kx fh fydk;s wkqlum ld
iqx mKs;x ldf,k lmmh s x mdkfNd ckx
box fjd [d;kS x fyd;= iq;d fydk;= [d;fhd
4' f; p ;F: iud.kFjd {d;sfm;d iud.;d
myqf; wkkmdkuys illjpx wkqfudofr
5' rx jk;= fkd [ d;s fhix fy;= ,dNufi
wuyd l[d p l;d mQcd odhld j w;smM,d"
6' kyS ;F: liS wF liS wF f.drflLFM k cc;s
jKscc d ;diS kF ysrf[[k lhdllhx
bf;d fk;k hdfmk;s fm;d ld,l;d ;ysx
7' Wkkfu Wolx jgGx h:d kskkx mj;;;s"
tjfuj b f;d kk x fm;dkx Wmlmm;s
8' h:d jdjyd mQrd mmQfrk;s id.rx"
tajfuj bf;d kk x fm;dkx Wmlmm;s
9' wodis fu wldis fu [d;s;;d iLd p fu"
fm;dkx oCKx occ d mqfnn l;ukq iirx
10' k ys reKK x p fidfld jd hd p[a[ mfojkd
k ;x fm;dkuF:dh tjx ;sgGk;s [ d;fhd
115
11' wh[p fLd oCKd kkd i~>uys iqmm ;sg ;d"
>r;;x ys;dhii Gdkfid Wmlmm;'s
12' fid [d;sOfuud p whx ksoiis f;d"
fm;dk mQcdp l;d W<drd"
n,[p NslLq kukQmmk;x"
;=fuyys mq[[x miq;x wkmml k;s
fuu ;sfrdl=vv iq;%h by; i|yka .d:d 12lska iuka;hs'
uq,au .d:dfjka lshkafka ;ukaf. kka h mrf,dj .sh fndfyda wh"
j;aj isk ld,h ;=, kej; iq.;shl Wmkakg fyda ksia nj fyda
fo nj fyda ksjk fyda wjfndaO lr.kakg fyda uM, ,nkakg
fyda m%udKj;a jQ msxl fkdl< ksid fndfyda fofkla N+;" fma ;
jYfhka bmfokjd' ta fma;" N+; wh msx n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka ;u
;ukaf.a {d;Skaf.a ksfjiaj," Wjyq Wv" ;a;s Wv fyda f.org
yefrk ykaj, wd ;ekaj, fkdfhla wdldr fma; " N+; fYfhka
wmg fkdfmfkk wdldrfhka / bkakjd' iuyr g iuyr whf.a
we we;=,g;a h n,mE lrkakg mqjka Yla;s ;sfhk N+;" fma;
lshk fldgia folu bkakjd' fma; lshkafka fm; a fj,d bkak
;;a;ajh ta lshkafka hula b,a,ka isk ka fldgila h lsis
fohla ys lrkakg n,hla Yla;shla we;s fldgila ;uhs f
wukqiaihska lshkafka'
ta ksid ;uqka ksiqka yehg j;a fj,d bkak ldf," f LK
im;a;sh ,nd .; yels wjia:df ;ukaf.a;a f wvqj mj;skjdo
keoao lshd is;dne,sh hq;=hs' f ksi;a nj ,nd bkak ld,h ;=<
ksjka fkdlal;a wvqu jYfhka h,s;a ksia wd;auhla ,nkakg fyda
iq.;shl Wmkakgj;a m%udKj;a msxl l< hq;=hs' ksjka wjfndaOh
i|yd k l=i,iai Wmimod lsu wjYH ksid ndysr ldf.kaj;a
mskla n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdh hq;=hs' ta jdf.au iq.;shl bmug
msxl lrkjd k t;ek wmg ldf.kaj;a iq.;shla b,a,kakgo
116
wjYH fkdf' ta jdf.au ksfil= f,iska j;aj isk wjia:df h
h Yap;l" my;a jev" mdm jev" wl=i,a jev lrhs k tjka
whf.a mdm lu .rel lu yehg n,j;a fjkjd k tjeks whg
;uka l, msx u iq.;shl bmug fyda ud.M, ,nd ksjka wjfndaO
lr.kakg" tjeks wh i;r wmd.; u ldgj;a je,elah
fkdyelsh' tjka i;r wmdhg mefKk fldgia y;frka fldgia
folls fma; yd N+;' wfkla fldgia fol ;sika wmdh yd ksrhhs'
;sika wmdfha yd ksrfha bkak wh N+; fma; ;;a;ajhkag jvd fjkia
jkafka N+;" fma; fofldgi fuka msx b,a,kafka fyda msx b,a,ka
{d;Ska miqmi fkdtk ksihs'
ta ksid wm j;aj bkakd ; ld,fha m%udKj;a l=i,a fyda
msxl fkdlr wl=i,a yd mdm lu l<d k f wdldrfhka fma; fyda
N+; yehg u;= bm wkqkaf.ka msx b,a,Sug isjk nj fydka u
f;are .; hq;=hs' f wh wkqkaf.ka hefmkakgu n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk
fldgia folls' hdfmka;s hk mofha f;areu wkqkaf.ka hefmkakd
hkakhs'
j;aj bkakd wh fkdfhla wdldrfha ri fndcqka wkqNj
lrkjd' u=,a f.j,a" fNdack ix.%y mj;ajkjd" okafokjd' kuq;a
wr n,d bkak N+;hskag fma;hskag fjd ri kakg lu Yla;shla
keye' tys Tjqkag lu wdjrKhla fj,d ;sfhkjd' ta ksid ta whg
lmam;s lsh,d lem lr,d wdydr kafka ke;ak" lem lr,d msx
mejref ke;sk ta whg tajd ,nd.; fkdyels fjkjd' ta ksid tjka
wjia:dj, wfka uf.a mq;d fkao@ j fkao@ uf.a whfkao@ f lkafka
fndkafka lshd f wukqIH fldgia b;d flka n,d bkakd nj f iQ;%
foaYkdf meyeos,sju .%y lr,d ;shkjd'
ta ksid ksiqka yehg k .kak kE f jf.a msxl lrK ldgj;a wvq mdvqjla fkdl< hq;= njhs'
wjia:dj, ;ukaf.ka msx n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk fldgila bkak nj
ffokslj ta whg msx fokak kE' ta wh ksoyia lrkak kE' t;fldg
ta ixidr .kqfokq m%Yafka i|kakg mqjka" m%Yafka if|kjd'
117
B<g lshkjd msxlula isl< yeu fudfyd;lu f ixidf
wkka; wm%udK jQ wd;au j, ;ukag Wo l< Wmldr l< ish
fokdju isysm;a lr lsisu fjkila fkdlr iufia msx wkqfudaoka lr"
msx " msx mjrd msx msysgqh hq;=hs' fYaIfhka k.; hq;= lreKla
;uhs h.sh tl ;eke;af;l=g muKla fYaIfhka msx wkqfudoka
lsfuka h h m%Yak .eg we;s jk nj' thg fya;=j f fma;" N+;
fldgia w;S; l,am 91 la ;=, ukqIHhkaj Wm; ,nd isg tod h
{d;sfhl= iu we;s jQ .Kqfokqjla" Wo Wmldrhla" inkaOhla
ksid tu {d;shd msgqmi msx n,dfmdfrd;a;=j .uka lrkjd' tu
{d;shd msxlula lr ;a; m%idohla we;sj mqKH Yla;shla Wmojd msx
fok msx muqKqjk wjia:dj, w;S; {d;Ska jqj;aa ka wukqiai k"
ta wh yhg f.dgq w,a,ka isk ysskakka fma,shla jdf.a ta ;ekaj,
msx .kakg n,d bkakjd' fufia fndfyda h.sh {d;Ska iuQy jYfhka
msx .kakg msx muqKqjk ;eka j,g /iajk nj fuu iQ;%fha i|yka
fjkjd'
ta ksid flfkla h.sh g tu {d;shd kka muKla msxu
jerhs' wm l< hq;= jkafka m<uqj ;u ;uka kka w;S; ixidrfha
h mrf,dj .sh ishu {d;Ska ;%hska isysm;a lr msx fojkqj ta
h.sh {d;shd yg;a msx uhs' WodyrKhla f,i ys;kak" wud
h.shd' kuq;a ka wud bkafka msx .kak ne ;ekl ke;ak msx
wjYH ke;s ;efkl' kuq;a msx ,nd.; yels ;ukaf.au Bg;a fmr
w;S;fha wud" ;d;a;d" j" mq;d fyda hlsis .Kqfokqjla ;sp
flfkla msx .kakg n,d bkakjd' kuq;a thdg msx kafka ke;sj fjk
flfkl=g lmam;s lsh,d lem lr,d msx fokjd' fl fndfydu f,dl=
wvqmdvqjla' ;sfrdl=vv iQ;%fha meye,sju i|yka lr we;af;a iEu
flfkl=gu lem lr,d msx mjr, msx wkqfudaoka l< hq;= njhs' tk
fuu iQ;% foaYkdf i|yka jk ;j;a lreKla ;uhs" iuyr
g ;ukaf.a {d;Ska fkdjk" ljod fld;ekl fyda jpkhlskaj;a
118
hlsis msysgla Wmldrhla l< yd fkdl< ish who N+; fyda fma;
is k ta who fujeks wjia:dj, ksiqka msgqmi msx ,nd .ekSug
mefKk nj k" msx wkqfudaoka l, hq;=hs' tu ksid ta fma; " N+;dka
iska ;ukag fyda ;u {d;Skag Wo Wmldr is we;ak ta nj
isyshg kxjd ta whgo hym; fyda m;d msx h hq;=h'
f N+;" fma; fldGdY folu ksoyia lsf l%u folla
;shkjd' tlla ;uhs msxlula lr,d ta whg msx ," msx mjr,d ta N+;"
fma; ;;a;ajfhka Tjqkaj ksoyia lr msxlula lr.; yels iq.;shlg
Tjqkaj ksoyia lsu' fojeks l%uh ;uhs" ;ukaf.a Kh .Kqfokqj
f.j,d ta whf. inkaOh wjika lr, ta Kh.kqfokqfjka ;uka
ksoyia u'
f msxj;=ka l,d we;s odkuh msxl j, meka jvk
wdldrh' f lghq;a; ta ojia j, islf,a Ouh f;are .ekSug
wmyiq whghs' f msx fok whqre myiqfjka f;are .ekSughs' Wka
jefgk j;=r ixfla;j;a lf,a msis is;ska " msis f;kdjla we;sj
msxlula lsuhs' tfia u jefgk c,fhka Ndckh ms b;s hkakdfia"
.xd W;=rd id.rhg .,d hkakd fia wms fok msx ta msx
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ishu N+;" fma;" fo foaj;djka wd ish
fokdgu fkdwvqj msysgqughs' f ksid ta whf.a ;a; ix;dkh
msfkka ms,d ta whg ta wd;aufhka ksoyia fj,d hym;a wd;auhlg
hkak;a mqjka fjkjd' tfia ke;sk ta wh i;=ka t;ekska ksla,d
hkjd' N+;" fma;" lshk fldgia folu f wdldrhg ys; i;=gq lr,d
msx ,d ksoyia lr,d uqojd yeh yelshs'
B<g f iq;%fha fndfydu fyd| fohla i|yka fj,d
;sfhkjd' fuh ;ud f iQ;%fha ug fmfkk jeo.;au fldgi" fldhs
ljqre;a f;are .; hq;= jeo.;au Ou;djh' wms msxlula lr,d h
lsis flfkl=g msxfok g ta msx fok ;ek ye" je,mS" fYdal
mfoaj ls lr" is; oafYhg m;alr f.k is; l,n, lr fkd.;
hq;=hs' ysf;a we;s tl;djh ke;sk msis nj fkdkeiS mj;ajd .;
119
hq;=hs' remsh,a ,CIhla ho lr iajdka jykafia,d ish kulg
odkhla mskeuqj;a is; wmsis k tys M,hla ke;s njhs" fuys
f;areu" f ksid ;=ka ys; myojd f.ku msx u l< hq;=uhs'
h.sh mqoa.,hd .ek is;ka Tyq fyda weh j;aj ishd k
fldhs;r Wmldr lrhso" ug fld;r mdvqjlao wd jYfhka is;d
udkhla" rd.hla" neula we;slr fkd.; hq;=h' modyh lshkafka
f jf.a yeSsula' isf;a msis nj ke;sj k msx fokak;a nE' msx
.kak;a nE' msx mjrkak" msx wkqfudaoka lrkak;a ne nj fyd|skau
f;are .; hq;=hs'
wm ksiqka jYfhka lDIs ludka;fhka" fNda. j.d lsfuka
yd fkdfhl=;a wdldrfhka wdydr imhd .kakjd' kuq;a N+; " fma;
whg lsisu yjqyrKla kE' ;ukaf.a {d;skaf.ka fyda wka whf.ka fyda
fufia Tjqka lrk msxlj,ska msx b,a,d .;af;a ke;sk lsisu lEula"
ula" mskla" hym;la ,efnkafka kE' ta wh wka; wirKhs' ta ksid ta
wirK {d;Ska fjkqfjka lem lsula islr odkuh msxl lsfuka
fyda fjk;a wdldrhl msxl lsfuka Tjqkag msx ,nd fokak;a"
Tjqkaf.a nv.sks ksjd oukak;a mqjka' ta ksid wm ksiqka jYfhka
idOdrKj Ok OdkH Wmoj,d msxl lr,d msis f;kdfjka u f
whg ks;ru msx h hq;=hs' fujka msxl j,ska ta wh nv.skafkka
ksoyia u yd ta N=+;" fma; wd;au j,ska ksoyia u" .;sfhka uqojd
.ekSu hk ishu foa isfjkjd' lska uqojd .ekSu isfjkjd' ta
whf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j bIaG lsula f wkqj isoaO fjkjd'
tfiau uyd ix>r;akh Ifhys ;=kais; myod f.k odkhla
ms kefuka wdhq" n," iem" jK" m%{d hk n, Yla;Ska myla
,efnkjd' fuu NslaIqka jykafia,d kshu is,aj;a wh k fuu msxlu
jvd n,j;a msxlula njg m;a fjkjd' thg fya;=j ta iajdka
jykafia,d odkh j<okafka lEorlulska" Wmdodkh lr .ekSf
tl;= lr .ekSf n,dfmdfrd;a;=jlska fkdjk ksihs' msis
f;kdjlska u ksihs'
120
 wjika jYfhka i|yka fjkjd fufia msxlula islr f.k {d;Skx fyda;= hkqfjka tl mdrl=;a lsj hq;=hs' boxf lshkafka
msis f;kdjlska msx wkqfudaoka l< flfkl=g u;= lsis kl N+;" ug inkaOhla ;sfhk" ug Kh ;sfhk" uf.ka msx .kakg
fma;" jf.a wkqkaf.ka msx b,a, b,a,d n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkakg" n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk {d;Ska fldgihs' boxfjda {d;Skx lshkafka
wkqkaf.ka hefmkakg is fkdu;a" tfukau i;r wmdhlg m;afkd tfyu inkaOhla ke;sjqj;a hlsis fjk;a flfkl=f.a {d;sfhl=
ksoyia fjkakg f is;u fya;=jk nj;a" ;ukaf.a f mqKH Yla;sh msx .kakg n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkjd k ta ndysr mqoa.,hka ta fldgig
f ixidr .ufkka ksoyia jkakg l=i,iai Wmimod lr .kakg whs;s fjkjd'
Wmldr jk nj;a meye,sju f ;sfrdl=vv iq;%fha nqka jykafia
taksid f;are .; hq;=hs" f iir .ufka h .Kqfokqjla
foaYkd lr, ;sfhkjd'
ksid inkaOhla we;s jQ kEhka fkdkEhka hk ishu msig je
wms nqoaO mQcdjla meje;afuka fyda hlsis odkuh msxlula houla ke;sj fyda uqo,la jeh fkdlru fyda msis f;kdjlska
islr fyda msxfok msx wkqfudaoka lrK g .d:djla lshkjd' muKla msx u islr ta whj ksoyia l, yels nj' ;ukq;a f Kh
t;a;dj;dp wfyayS hk .d:dfjys if foajd m<uqjo if .Kqfokqfjka ksoyia h hq;= nj'
N+;d fojkqjo if i;a;d f;jkqjo ;=ka mdrlg u .d:d ;=kla
f;kdj msis jQ ;rughs u;= jQ mqKH Yla;sh" ,ndfok msx
yehg lsh hq;=hs' tlu .d:djg f ;=ku wE|d fkdlsj hq;=hs' f
n,h je fjkafka" mqKH Yla;sh msysgkafka' ;ukag yels ;rula
wkqms<sfj<g lshkakg fya;=jo k .; hq;=hs' m<uqfjks wjia:df
{d;ska" ys;j;=ka inkaO lrf.k msxlula islr msis ;a;
foaj lshk fldgig ;rhs msx .kak mqjka' fojk wjia:df N+;
lsrK Yla;sh m;=rejd msx fuka ta taldnoaO ;a; lsrK j, mqKH
lshk fldgig msx .kak mqjka' kuq;a tys foaj lshk fldgig msx
Yla;sh n,j;a lr f.j;a lr .; yels fjkjd' ta jdf.au msxlug
.ekSug fkdyels jQjd k f fojeks wjia:df fohkago msx
iyNd.S jQ msfia m%udKh fkdj" fuys jeo.;a jkafka" ta whf.a
.ekSug yelshs' Bg;a jvd jeo.;a ;=kafjks jrg if i;a;d
msis f;kdjhs' f;kdyx NslaLf lux jod hkafkys
wkqfudaoka;= hk ;=kajeks wjia:dj fuys N+;" fma;" fo foaj;d"
f;areu thhs'
;sika "ksia ishu fldgia ^wry;=ka jykafia yer& i;aj fldgig
wh;a fjkjd' tk uq,a wjia:d fofla msx .kak nejQjd k" weiqfka ish i;a;ajfhda ksjkska ks iekfi;ajd
ke;ak" f;are .;af;a ke;ak ta ;=kajk jdrfha fyda ishu
fokdg msx .ekSug yels fjkjd' tfiau iN;x mqKH imox
hkqfjka ksjerjo tys f;areu kf.k lsj hq;=hs' ka Tng
jegfykjd we;s f wdldrhg ksjerj;a is; msisj;a msx
fkdkafkd;a msx n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk iuyr fldgia j,g f wjia:dj
u ye hk nj'

ta wdldrfhkau h .sh {d;Skag msx f ta .d:djo f;jrla

lsj hq;=hs' boxf {d;Skx fyda;= hk .d:dj fojrlao" boxfjda

121 122
 ioy is;=,s
0 ;ukaf.a fukau ish i;a;ajhskaf.a o" jkd j;af whs;sh iqrlskak'
0 m%shfoa .ek wdYdjka wvqjk ;rug l wvqjk nj is;g .kak
0 wkqka .ek fifuka je<ls ;uka .eku fidhd ksjer jkak
0 wkjYH lghq;= nyq, lr fkdf.k ir, hlg yqrejkak
0 ryfia jer l<o" je/oao iq jqjo" M, mdl Wreujk nj is;kak
0 wkqkaf.a hqKqjg" iemhg BIHd fkdlrkak
0 foam," ;k;=re uqo,a wdh ,o muKska Woaoduhg m;a fkdjkak
0 hym;a is;=,s" hym;a jpk" hym;a l%shd i;=g" hqKqj f.k fok nj is;kak
0 mjqf,a iu.sh hqKqf" i;=f moku nj is;kak
0 wkqkaf.ka isjk jer isf;ys ;nd fkd.kak' jrog iudj fokak'
0 lrk foa lshk " lshk foa lrk wjxl i;Hjd wfhl= jkak'
0 mdm ;% weiqr Tnf.a msySug uq, nj is;kak
0 wjxl is;ska lrk foh bgqjk nj is;kak
0 id:l" ksfrda.S hlg mdkaoka wjj jev wrUkak
0 iqrdj" iQj ffjYHd weiqr" Ok kdYhg uq, nj is;kak
0 foudmshkaf.ka" jeyshkaf.ka" ,efnk hym;a wjjdo ms<smkak'
0 frda.Skag" wirKjQjkag yels muKska msysg jkak' fuu fmd; lshjk Tng
0 l;d lrk jpkfha M, mdl is;d l;d lrkak'
0 Tng my< jk is;=,s ms<sn|j fidhd n,kak mru i;Hh wjfndaO lr.ekSug
0
0
ljr fya;=jl jqjo lsisjl=f.a is; fkdoaokak
,ecd- nh" f,dal md,k Ou;d nj is;kak
u keK my, fjd
0 is;" lh " jpkh ;ukaf.a;a wkqkaf.a;a hym; msKsi fhdokak
0 w,i fkd W;aidyfhka iqnjdj Odlj ;u hqKqj i,id .kak'
0 uqo,g" n,hg" lsisu jia;=jlg wl fia wdYdu l wiykh f.k tk nj is;g .kak'
0 l< w;S; jer .ek miq;e,s fkd wkd.;h .ek fkd;e ,o fohska iEySug m;aj
Odlj" isyskqjKska j;udkh ;=< j;a jkak'
0 f,daNh" oafYh" fudayh je jQ ;rug Tn ojd,k njo th wvq jq ;rug Tn ksjd,k njo
is;g .kak'
0 i;H jQ Ouh mjik .sys me W;=uka wo wou weiqre lrkak'
0 ioaOuh ksr;=rej Y%jKh lrkak
0 wik Ouh kqjKska uid wkq.ukh lrkak
0 bmu" f,vu" jhig hdu" urKh" m%shhkaf.ka fjkau" wm%sh wh yuqu" n,dfmdfrd;a;=
bgq fkdu" hk la ish,a, ieug fmd Ou;d nj is;g .kak'
0 nqoaO" Ou" ix>" r;akhka flfrys jkaokdjkag iSud fkd mrud: Ou;djhka l wp,
Y%oaOdj we;s lr .kak
0 ksjk mru iemh nj ksr;=rej is;g .kak
0 mru iemhg tlu u wdh wIaGdx.sl u nj is;g .kak
0 l" lg fya;=j" l ke;s lsu" l ke;s lrk u nqoaO oYkh ;=<ska wo wou l .kak
0 Ouh myqrla fldg iir ihqfrka tf;r jkak'
0 cd;s wd." l=," mCI fNao fkdi,ld ish ksiqka iudk fldg i,lkak
0 Ouh .=re fldg f.k id:l hla .; lrkak
;udg ;udu mykla jkak

123