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Phase Shifting Transformers: Principles and

Applications
Jody Verboomen, Member IEEE, Dirk Van Hertem, Member IEEE, Pieter H. Schavemaker,
Wil L. Kling, Member IEEE, Ronnie Belmans, Fellow IEEE

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to give a short overview old, the PST proves to be a valuable means of control. In
of existing technologies regarding phase shifting transformers the following paragraphs, the principles of this device are
(PSTs). A classification is made based on the symmetrical or explained.
asymmetrical and on the direct or indirect character of the
PST. As a case-study, the PSTs in Meeden, The Netherlands
are studied more profoundly. Furthermore, a model is developed II. P RINCIPLES OF OPERATION
on a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) in order to demonstrate
the capabilities of the PST. 1 P,Q (pu)
P
Index Terms Phase Shifting Transformer, Power Flow Con-
trol, Real Time Digital Simulator 0,5

0
I. I NTRODUCTION 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
(rad)

-0,5
In the recent past, the operation of a transmission grid was
relatively straightforward. The grid was designed to supply
Q
-1
electricity to the country in which it was built and to support
neighbouring countries in times of need. There was no need
-1,5
for large capacities at the border, because most of the energy
was supplied by powerplants within the country itself.
-2
The deregulation of the electricity market, however, has led
to major changes. The transmission grid is used as a transport Fig. 1. Active and reactive power over a transmission line as a function of
medium between producer A and consumer B, not necessarily
located in the same country. A and B have concealed a contract
in which is stated that A produces a certain amount of energy The active and reactive power transported over a transmis-
and that B buys this energy. Hence, the contractual path of the sion line is given by the following equations:
electricity is straight from A to B. The physical path, however,
is a group of parallel paths, some of which lead through |Us ||Ur |
P = sin (1)
countries that are not involved in the contract. In this manner, XL
uncontrolled power flows can occur in the transmission system  
|Us ||Ur | |Ur |
of a country and overload its lines. Q= cos (2)
Another problem that can occur is the uneven loading of XL |Us |
parallel transmission lines. The distribution of the power flow These equations are plotted as a function of in Fig. 1,
between two parallel lines is dictated by their impedances [1]. with the voltages and the line reactance equal to 1 pu.
The line with the smallest reactance carries the largest part The active power is proportional to the voltages on the
of the load. In most situations, one of the two lines will be sending and the receiving side and to the sine of the electrical
operating well below its nominal rating because otherwise the angle between both sides; it is also inversely proportional to
parallel line would be overloaded. the line reactance. Altering the active power can be done
In the two problems stated above, active power flow needs to by altering the voltages, but this has a bigger influence on
be controlled. The phase shifting transformer (PST) does just the reactive power, so this method is not very effective.
that. Several countries have already installed or are planning to The total line reactance can be lowered by placing a series
install PSTs [2], [3], [4]. Although the technology is relatively capacitor in order to compensate for the inductance of the line.
Besides the increased power flow, an additional advantage of
J.Verboomen, P.H.Schavemaker and W.L.Kling are with the Electrical this method is that oscillations can be damped by switching
Power Systems Group of the Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg
4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands, Email: j.verboomen@ewi.tudelft.nl, the capacitor at appropriate times. Some Flexible Alternating
p.h.schavemaker@ewi.tudelft.nl, w.l.kling@ewi.tudelft.nl Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) can alter the total line
W.L.Kling is also with the Power Systems Laboratory of the Eindhoven impedance very dynamically [5], [6], [7].
University of Technology, The Netherlands and Tennet bv, The Netherlands
D.Van Hertem and R.Belmans are with the ELECTA research group of the The method discussed in this paper is the method of altering
K.U.Leuven,Belgium the electrical angle, as showed in Fig. 2.
Symmetrical PSTs create an output voltage with an
altered phase angle compared to the input voltage, but
with the same amplitude.
The combination of these characteristics results in 4 cat-
egories of PSTs. Each category will be discussed in the
following paragraphs.

Fig. 2. Model of a transmission line with and without a PST A. Direct, asymmetrical PSTs

The PST is modeled as a reactance in series with a phase


shift. The power flow through the line is increased by adding
an angle to the existing angle . The phase shift is control-
lable within certain limits. Equation 1 becomes:
|Us ||Ur |
P = sin( + ) (3)
XL + XP ST
The equation stated above can also be interpreted in another
way: the same amount of active power can be transported over
the transmission line with a smaller value of .
The graph of 3 is shifted by an amount in comparison with
1, as can be seen in Fig. 3. The maximum power decreases
XL
by a factor XL +X P ST
when using a PST.
Fig. 4. Direct, asymmetrical PST
1,2 P/Pm (pu)

1
P without PST

0,8
P with PST

0,6

0,4

0,2

0 (rad)
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Fig. 5. Phasor diagram of a direct, asymmetrical PST
Fig. 3. Active power as a function of with and without a PST
Fig. 4 shows the configuration of a direct and asymmetrical
The active power transported over the line is a non-linear PST. The input terminals are L1 to L3. The winding with
function of . This is an important aspect when designing con- variable tap [8] that is connected to the input terminal is
trollers for a PST, although in most cases they are controlled magnetically coupled with the winding between the other two
by human action. terminals. In this manner, a quadrature voltage that can be
regulated by means of the variable tap is added to the input
III. T YPES OF PST S voltage in order to obtain a phase shift . The direction of
PSTs come in many different forms. They can be classified the phase shift can be changed by using the switches. In
by these characteristics: this manner, the power flow in the line can be increased or
Direct PSTs are based on one 3-phase core. The phase decreased. The relation between the tap position and the angle
shift is obtained by connecting the windings in an appro- is non-linear and can be derived from the phasor diagram:
priate manner.
Indirect PSTs are based on a construction with 2 sep-
|U1 |
= arctan (4)
arate transformers; one variable tap exciter to regulate |UL1 |
the amplitude of the quadrature voltage and one series The relationship between the output voltage and the injected
transformer to inject the quadrature voltage in the right quadrature voltage is given by:
phase.
Asymmetrical PSTs create an output voltage with an |U1 |
|Us1 | = (5)
altered phase angle and amplitude compared to the input sin
voltage. Using 4, 5 becomes:
|U1 |
|Us1 | =   (6)
sin arctan |U 1|
|UL1 |

The output voltage |Us1 | is always larger than the input volt-
age |UL1 |. The fact that voltage levels are changed, influences
the transmitted power over the line:
|Us1 ||Ur |
P = sin( + ) (7)
XL + XP ST
Using 4 and 6, 7 can be rewritten as follows:
 
|Ur | |U1 | |U1 |
P =   sin + arctan
XL + XP ST sin arctan |U1 | |UL1 |
|UL1 |
(8)
This can be rewritten as: Fig. 7. Direct, symmetrical PST

|Ur |
P = (|UL1 | sin + U1 cos ) (9)
XL + XP ST
The effects of an increasing angle and an increasing sec-
ondary voltage combine in such a way that the result is a linear
behavior of the active power with respect to the quadrature
voltage. In theory, there is no maximum for P.
Equations 4 and 9 are plotted in Fig. 6 for = 6 , with |UL1 |
|Ur |
and XL +X P ST
equal to 1 pu. The curve of is relatively linear
up to a value of about 0, 6 rad or 34 .

2,5 1,2
P (pu) (rad)
Fig. 8. Phasor diagram of a direct, symmetrical PST
1
2

P
0,8 Using 10, the transferred active power becomes:
1,5

0,6
 
1 |UL1 ||Ur | |U1 |
0,4
P = sin + 2 arcsin (11)
XL + XP ST |2UL1 |
0,5
0,2 Equations 10 and 11 are plotted in Fig. 9 with UL1 and
|Ur |
XL +XP ST equal to 1 pu. The quasi-linear range of the -curve
0 0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
has doubled in comparison with Fig. 6.
| U1| (pu) An alternative implementation of a direct and symmetrical
PST is depicted in Fig. 10. The resulting phasor diagram
Fig. 6. Relation between P, and the quadrature voltage for a direct (Fig. 11) has a hexagonal shape. An important advantage of
asymmetrical PST with = 6
this implementation is that only one tap variable transformer
is needed per phase. A disadvantage is the need for additional
impedances to protect the tap changers when the phase shift is
B. Direct, symmetrical PSTs set to zero, because in that case, short circuit currents occur.
With some modifications, the direct, asymmetrical PST can
be made symmetrical. An additional tap changer is needed,
which raises the total cost of the device. The advantages are C. Indirect, asymmetrical PSTs
that the voltage amplitudes remain unchanged and that the
The indirect, asymmetrical PST consists of an exciter and
maximum attainable angles are much larger.
a series transformer. Depending on the rating of the system,
The relation between the quadrature voltage and the angle
these two transformers are housed in separate tanks or in a
is still non-linear and can be derived from the phasor diagram
single tank. The two-tank system has the advantage of easier
(Fig. 8):
transport.
|U1 | Fig. 12 shows the configuration of the system. The phasor
= 2 arcsin (10)
2|UL1 | diagram is exactly the same as the one depicted in Fig. 5.
P (pu) (rad)
1,2 3,5

3
1 P

2,5
0,8

2
0,6
1,5

0,4
1

0,2
0,5

Fig. 11. Phasor diagram of a direct, symmetrical PST with hexagonal winding
0 0
connection
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
| U1| (pu)

Fig. 9. Relation between P, and the quadrature voltage for a direct


symmetrical PST with = 6

Fig. 10. Direct, symmetrical PST with hexagonal winding connection

Fig. 12. Indirect, asymmetrical PST


D. Indirect, symmetrical PSTs
The indirect, asymmetrical PST can be made symmetrical the northern part of the country, distributing the loading of
by splitting the series winding in two halves and tapping the the interconnectors more equally. In reality, two PSTs are
voltage for the exciter from the middle. Fig. 13 shows this required because the interconnector consists of two circuits.
configuration. The phasor diagram is the same as the one in In the year 2000, TenneT ordered the PSTs with Smit
Fig. 8. Transformers. The most important design parameters are given
in Table I.
IV. C ASE - STUDY: THE PST S OF M EEDEN The chosen type of PST is a symmetrical, indirect config-
The Netherlands has five interconnectors with its neighbor- uration (Fig. 13). The series transformer and the exciter can
ing countries Belgium and Germany (Fig. 14). The southern be constructed as two separate 3-phase transformers. This is
region is much denser populated compared to the northern the two-tank design. The problem with this design is the fact
part. As a consequence, import of power causes a heavy that the connections between the two tanks are at the highest
loading of the southern interconnectors, especially on the line voltage level.
Maasbracht-Rommerskirchen/Siersdorf, compared to a low It is also possible to group the series transformer and
loading of the most northern interconnector Meeden-Diele. In exciter per phase, resulting in a three-tank design. More
order to maintain n-1 security, the import capacity had to be interconnections are needed, but they are on a lower voltage
limited. The Dutch Transmission System Operator (TSO) Ten-
neT, studied various solutions to solve this problem. Additional TABLE I
transmission lines didnt offer instant relief, as such projects M AIN DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE M EEDEN PST S
would take much too long because of negotiations with other
TSOs and procedures to obtain all necessary permits. A better 3 phase through rating 1000 MVA
Applicable standards IEC
solution was to install a phase-shifter in an appropriate location Type of cooling ONAN
in the transmission grid [9], [10]. The device shouldnt be Type of regulation Symmetrical
placed in the Maasbracht interconnector with Germany, as Number of steps +/- 16 steps
No-load phase angle 37.2 degrees
this would only shift the import to the Belgian border, not Load phase angle at 1000 MVA 30 degrees
affecting the Meeden interconnector. Locating the PST in Short circuit impedance <12% at 1000 MVA
Meeden would offer the possibility to increase the import in Nominal voltage 380 kV
Fig. 13. Indirect, symmetrical PST

Fig. 15. A one-phase unit of a Meeden PST

V. S IMULATION ON A R EAL -T IME D IGITAL S IMULATOR

Fig. 16. The configuration used for the RTDS simulation

A Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) is used to demon-


strate the use of a symmetrical, indirect PST. The configuration
is shown in Fig. 16. Two transmission lines connect an ideal
generator with a load. The lines are identical, except for the
Fig. 14. Interconnectors of The Netherlands
length. The shortest transmission line (line A) is loaded more
heavily than the longer one. A PST can distribute the load
more equally. Fig. 17 shows the results of the simulation.
The active power flow is shifted from line A to line B as
level. This configuration has been adopted for the Meeden
the magnitude of the phase shift angle increases. It is even
PSTs.
possible to load line B more heavily than line A if is
Each one-phase unit consists of:
increased beyond 17 degrees.
A single-phase series transformer, rated at 213 MVA
A single-phase exciter with two tap-changers, rated at 202 VI. C ONCLUSIONS
MVA Phase shifting transformers exist in different forms. The
Two current control transformers to distribute the current asymmetrical version is relatively simple compared to the
equally between the two tap-changers. symmetrical PST but changes the voltage amplitude. The
The scheme of a unit is drawn in Fig. 15. The series indirect configuration offers an easier modular design, but the
transformer consists of two smaller transformers of 133 kV overall cost is higher than the direct version. A PST is a
primary and 70 kV secondary each. The exciter is constructed useful means of control of active power flow, as is proved
out of two parallel transformers with variable tap. The primary by hands-on experience obtained from the Meeden PSTs in
winding is rated at 208 kV and the secondary winding at 38.5 The Netherlands. A simulation in a real-time digital simulator
kV. The secondary windings are connected in series, resulting (RTDS) illustrates the ability to regulate the active power
in a rated regulating voltage of 77 kV. transmitted over a line.
P (MW) 600 B IOGRAPHIES
PA (MW) Jody Verboomen obtained his M.Eng. in Electron-
500 ical Engineering from Group T Technical School in
Leuven, Belgium in 2001. He obtained his M.Sc.
400
in Electrical Engineering from the Catholic Uni-
versity of Leuven (KUL), Belgium in 2004. He is
PB (MW)
currently working towards a Ph.D. on the application
300 of FACTS in transmission systems in the Electrical
Power System (EPS) laboratory of the Delft Univer-
equilibrium at -17 sity of Technology, The Netherlands.
200

100 Dirk Van Hertem graduated as a M.Eng. in 2001


from the KHK, Geel/Belgium and as a M.Sc.
0 in Electrical Engineering from the K.U.L./Leuven
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 Belgium in 2003. From 2003 he has been work-
(deg) ing towards a Ph.D. in the ELECTA research
group, department of Electrical Engineering of the
K.U.Leuven, Belgium. From October 2004, he is a
Fig. 17. The results of the RTDS simulation research assistant for the F.W.O.-Vl. In 2001, his
masters thesis received the V.I.K. award and in
2004, he received the K.B.V.E. R&D award for his
ACKNOWLEDGMENT second masters thesis. His special fields of interest
are power system control and optimization.
This research at the TU Delft has been performed within the
framework of the research program intelligent power systems
Pieter H. Schavemaker obtained his M.Sc. in
that is supported financially by SenterNovem. SenterNovem Electrical Engineering from the Delft University of
is an agency of the Dutch ministry of Economic Affairs. Technology in 1994 and he obtained his Ph.D. in
Electrical Engineering from the Delft University of
Technology in 2002. Since 1996 he has been with
The research performed at the KU Leuven is financially the Power Systems Laboratory where he is currently
supported by the Belgian Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Assistant Professor. His main research interests in-
Onderzoek (F.W.O.)-Vlaanderen. Dirk Van Hertem is clude power system transients and power system
calculations.
a doctoral research assistant of the F.W.O.-Vlaanderen.

Wil L. Kling received his M.S-degree in electrical


engineering from the Technical University of Eind-
hoven in 1978. Since 1993 he has been a (part-
time) professor with the Department of Electrical
Engineering at Delft University of Technology, in
R EFERENCES the field of Power Systems Engineering. In addition,
[1] IEEE Power Engineering Society, C57.135 : IEEE Guide for the he is with the Operations department of TenneT (the
Application, Specification, and Testing of Phase-Shifting Transformers, Dutch Transmission System Operator). Since 1999,
May 2002. he has also been a part-time professor at the TU
[2] P. Bresesti et al., Application of Phase Shifting Transformers for a Eindhoven. His area of interest is related to planning
secure and efficient operation of the interconnection corridors, in IEEE and operations of power systems. He is the project
Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2004, pp. 11921197. leader of the research programme Intelligent Power Systems, sponsored by
[3] R. M. G. Castro, F. M. R. Batista, and J. M. M. Medeiros Pinto, Appli- Senter, an agency of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs. Prof. Kling
cation of FACTS in the Portuguese Transmission System : Investigation is involved in scientific organizations such as CIGRE and the IEEE. As
on the Use of Phase-Shift Transformers, in IEEE Porto PowerTech2001, Netherlands representative, he is a member of its Administrative Council.
Porto, 2001. Furthermore, he is involved in several international working groups in the
[4] J. Bladow and A. Montoya, Experiences with Parallel EHV Shifting field of network planning and system studies, within UCTE, Eurelectric and
Transformers, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. other bodies.
10961100, July 1991.
[5] P. Moore and P. Ashmole, Flexible AC transmission systems part 4 :
Advanced FACTS controllers, Power Engineering Journal, pp. 95100, Ronnie Belmans received the M.S. degree in elec-
April 1998. trical engineering in 1979, the Ph.D. in 1984, and
[6] R. Grunbaum, M. Noroozian, and B. Thorvaldsson, FACTS - powerful the Special Doctorate in 1989 from the K.U.Leuven,
systems for flexible power transmission, ABB Review, vol. 5, pp. 417, Belgium and the Habilitierung from the RWTH,
1999. Aachen, Germany, in 1993. Currently, he is full
[7] R. Grunbaum, R. Sharma, and J. P. Charpentier, Improving the effi- professor with K.U.Leuven, teaching electrical ma-
ciency and quality of AC transmission systems, ABB Power Systems chines and variable speed drives. He is appointed
- Joint World Bank, Tech. Rep., March 2000. visiting professor at Imperial College in London.
[8] A. Kramer and J. Ruff, Transformers for Phase Angle Regulation Con- He is also President of UIE. He was with the
sidering the Selection of On-Load Tap-Changers, IEEE Transactions Laboratory for Electrical Machines of the RWTH,
on Power Delivery, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 518525, April 1998. Aachen, Germany (Von Humboldt Fellow, Oct.88-
[9] W. L. Kling et al., Phase shifting transformers installed in the Nether- Sept.89). Oct.89-Sept.90, he was visiting associate professor at Mc Master
lands in order to increase available international transmission capacity, University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada. During the academic year 1995-1996 he
in CIGRE Session 2004 - C2-207, 2004. occupied the Chair at the London University, offered by the Anglo-Belgian
[10] C. J. G. Spoorenberg, B. F. van Hulst, and H. F. Reijnders, Specific Society. Dr. Belmans is a fellow of both the IEEE and the IEE (United
aspects of design and testing of a phase shifting transformer, in XIIIth Kingdom). He is the chairman of the board of Elia, the Belgian transmission
International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, 2003. grid operator.

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