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CONTENTS
Sl.No. Description Page No.
1 Syllabus 1
2 Mark Distribution in Previous GATE Paper 1
3 Heat transfer 2
4 Conduction 3
5 Fins 16
6 Transient heat transfer 21
7 Convection 25
8 Heat exchanger 30
9 Radiation 37
10 Problematic Questions - Class Work 44
11 Previous GATE Questions - Class Work 51
12 Problematic Questions - Home Work 68
13 Previous GATE Questions - Home Work 68
14 Answer Keys 74
Syllabus
Modes of heat transfer; one dimensional heat conduction, resistance concept,
electrical analogy, unsteady heat conduction, Heisler`s chart, fins; dimensionless
parameters in free and forced convective heat transfer, various correlations for heat
transfer in flow over flat plates and through pipes; thermal boundary layer; effect of
turbulence; radiative heat transfer, black and grey surfaces, shape factors, network
analysis; heat exchanger performance, LMTD and NTU methods.
HEAT TRANSFER
o Heat is a form of energy in transit; heat is transferred due to the temperature difference.
o For a given material higher the temperature, the greater its thermal energy.
o In SI units the rate of heat transfer is measured in watts (W) or joules per second (J/s)
o Heat transfer is a study of the exchange of thermal energy (heat) through a body or
o The knowledge of rate of heat transfer is necessary for a design engineer to design all
types of heat transfer equipments like boilers, condensers, furnaces, cooling towers,
contact.
Convection: Transfer of heat energy in fluids (gases and liquids) through the bulk
CONDUCTION
o In conduction, heat transfer that takes place at molecular levels. i.e., microscopic forms
of heat transfer with-out bulk motion of matter.
o Heat transfer by conduction can take place through solids or stationery fluids. But, it
occurs primarily in solids because the particles are tightly packed together.
o Conduction heat transfer take place between two bodies or two parts of the same body.
o Two mechanisms involved in the heat transfer by conduction:
Lattice vibration
Molecular collision
o Conduction through solids occurs by a combination of these two mechanisms; heat is
conducted through stationery fluids primarily by molecular collisions.
Conduction by lattice vibration
o The electrons in the hot side of the solid move faster than those on the cold side, the
faster electrons (hot) give off some of their energy to the slower electrons (cold).
o Equilibrium is reached, where all the atoms are vibrating with the same energy.
Conduction by molecular collision
o Solids, especially metals, have free electrons, moves freely in the solid.
o The electrons in the hot side of the solid move faster than those on the cooler side.
o As the electrons undergo a series of collisions, the faster electrons give off some of their
energy to the slower electrons.
o Finally, through a series of random collisions, equilibrium is reached, where the electrons
are moving at the same average velocity.
o In solids, conduction through electron collision is more effective than through lattice
vibration; this is why metals generally are better heat conductors.
Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction
o The law states that the rate of heat transfer is directly proportional to the area
perpendicular to heat flow and the temperature gradient in that direction.
o Assumptions:
1-D heat transfer
Steady state hat transfer
Constant value of thermal conductivity
Uniform temperature at the walls
dT
Q A
dx
dT T -T
Q = -k A = k A i o
dx L
Q
q=
A
o It is define as the amount of heat conducted through a body of unit area and unit
Q dx
i.e., k = - .
A dT
o Factors affecting thermal conductivities are temperature, material structure, density etc.
o Metals have more free electrons, therefore high value of thermal conductivity.
1 1
kmetal , kliquid & k gas ( T )
T T
Thermal Resistance
Differance in Voltage dV
Current flow = I=
Electrical Resisrance Re
Differance in Temperature dT
Heat flow = Q=
Thermal Resisrance Rth
I Q
Re Rth
dV dT
dx L
Rth = =
kA kA
I = Current flow
Re = Electrical resistance
dV = Difference in voltage
Q = Heat flow
dT =Temperature in temperature
Thermal diffusivity ( )
o Thermal diffusivity indicates how fast heat transfer takes place
o Ratio of thermal conductivity and thermal capacity
o Larger the value of thermal diffusivity, faster will be the heat diffuse through the
material.
o Thermal diffusivity is an important characteristic quantity for unsteady heat transfer
analysis.
k
= Unit is m2/sec
C
p
2T 2T 2T qg 1 T qg 1 T
2 + 2 + 2 + = Or T + k =
2
x y z k
dT dT dT
, & = Temperature gradient in the x, y & z direction.
dx dy dz
q g = Heat generated per unit volume per unit time
dT
= Temperature change with respect to time
d
o simplified forms of general heat conduction equations in Cartesian coordinates are given
below:
Case 1: Heat transfer with no heat generation
qg
qg =0 =0
k
1 T
2T = .. Fourier`s equation
2T =0 ..Laplace equation
2T qg
2 + =
0
x k
Case 5: Unsteady state, one dimensional heat transfer with no heat generation
2T 1 T
2 =
x
Case 6: Steady state, one dimensional heat transfer with no heat generation
2T
2 =0
x
Cylindrical coordinates (z, r, , )
2T 1 T 1 2T 2T qg 1 T
2+ + 2 2 + 2 + =
r r r r z k
Spherical (Polar) coordinates (r, , , )
1 2 T 1 2T 1 T qg 1 T
r +
2 2 2
+ 2 sin + =
r r r r sin r sin
2
k
Q=
( Ti To )
Rth
L
Rth =
kA
o Variable thermal conductivity
L
Rth = k=
m ko . (T )
km A
Q=
( Ti To )
Rth
o Series connection
L
Rth1 = 1
k1 A
L
Rth 2 = 2
k2 A
L
Rth 3 = 3
k3 A
o Parallel connection
1 1 1 1
= = +
Rth Req Rth1 Rth 2
L
Rth1 = 1
k1 A1
L
Rth 2 = 2
k2 A2
L
Rth1 = 1
k1 A1
L
Rth 2 = 2
k2 A2
L
Rth 3 = 3
k3 A3
L
Rth 4 = 4
k4 A4
1 1 1
= +
Req Rth 2 Rth 3
L
Conductive resistance Rcond =
kA
1
Convective resistance Rconv =
h A
Q=
( Ti To )
Rth
Rth = Rcv1 + Rth1 + Rth 2 + Rth 3 + Rcv 2
1
Rcv1 =
hi A
L
Rth1 = 1
k1 A
L
Rth 2 = 2
k2 A
L
Rth 3 = 3
k3 A
1
Rcv 2 =
ho A
=Q UA(Ti To )
( Ti To ) ln ( r2 r1 )
Q= Rth =
Rth 2 k L
Q=
( Ti To ) Rth = Rth1 + Rth 2
Rth
ln ( r2 r1 ) ln ( r3 r 2 )
=Rth1 = Rth 2
2 k1 L 2 k2 L
Q=
( Ti To )
Rth
1 1
=
Rcv1 =
h i A1 h i ( 2 r1 L )
ln ( r2 r1 )
Rth1 =
2 k1 L
ln ( r3 r 2 )
Rth 2 =
2 k2 L
1 1
=
Rcv 2 =
h o A3 h 0 ( 2 r3 L )
Q=
( Ti To )
Rth
Rth =
( r2 r1 )
4 k r1 r2
Q=
( Ti To )
Rth
Rth1 =
( r2 r1 ) Rth 2 =
( r3 r2 )
4 k r1 r2 4 k r2 r3
Q=
( Ti To )
Rth
1
Rcv1 =
h i A1
Rth1 =
( r2 r1 )
4 k r1 r2
Rth 2 =
( r3 r2 )
4 k r2 r3
1
Rcv 2 =
h o A3
Am =
( A 2 - A1 ) A1 = ( 2 r1 L ) & A 2 = ( 2 r2 L )
A
In 2
A1
dT
Q = -k Am
r2 r1
Sphere
A m = A1 A 2 A1 = 4 r12 & A 2 =4 r2 2
dT
Q = -k Am
r2 r1
o In cases of cylinders and spheres it is called critical radius, i.e. critical thickness = radius
maintained constant.
o The pipe is now insulated with a material whose thermal conductivity is k and outer
radius is r2.
o Heat is lost from the pipe to the surrounding medium at temperature To, with a
convection heat transfer coefficient h.
o The rate of heat transfer from the insulated pipe to the surrounding air can be expressed
as:
o Performing the differentiation and solving for r2 yields the critical radius of insulation for
a cylindrical body to be
k
rc = for cylinder
h
o Note that the critical radius of insulation depends on the thermal conductivity of the
o The rate of heat transfer from the cylinder increases with the addition of insulation for
r2 < rcr, reaches a maximum when r2 = rcr, and starts to decrease for r2 > rcr.
o Thus, insulating the pipe may actually increase the rate of heat transfer from the pipe
o The expression for critical radius of insulation for sphere is given as:
2k
rc = for sphere
h
Qcond =
Qg Qcond =
qg V
dT
k A = qg V
dr
dT 4 3
Qconv = Q g k ( 4 r 2 ) = qg r
dr 3
Qconv= qg V
qg
h AS .(Ts T ) =
qg V dT = ( dr )
3k
4
h ( 4 r 2 ) (Ts T ) =qg r 3 Ts
qg r
3 Tc dT =
3 k
dr
o
qg r
Ts = T + q r2
3h (Ts Tc ) = g
3 k 2
q r2
Tc =Ts + g
6 k
FINS
o Fins are extended surfaces, used for raising the heat transfer rate by increasing surface
area between solid body & fluid medium.
o The rate of heat transfer from a surface at a temperature Ts to the surrounding medium
at Ta is given by Newtons law of cooling as:
Q conv = h As ( Ts Ta )
= ( a ) = C1 e mx + C2 e mx
hP
m=
k Ac
P = Perimeter (m)
k = thermal conductivity , h = heat transfer coefficient
To = Temperature at the base , Ta = Ambient temperature
T = Temperature at any location of fins
Ac = cross sectional area
o To evaluate the two constants C1 and C2 we need to specify two boundary conditions:
Fin Types
o Three common type of fins considered here are:
Long Fin
Short Fin with insulated tip
Short Fin without insulated tip
Long fin ( L )
o For a sufficiently long fin of uniform cross section (Ac = constant), the temperature of the
fin at the fin tip will approach the environment temperature Ta and thus will approach
zero.
Boundary Conditions
@ x=0 ( T - Ta ) = ( T0 - Ta )
@ x= = ( T= - Ta ) ( T= a - Ta ) 0
T Ta mx
=e
T
o aT
Q fin= p h k Ac (To Ta )
Boundary Conditions
@x=0 (T - Ta ) =
( T0 - Ta )
dT
@ x=L =0
dx
T Ta cosh {m ( L x )}
=
To Ta cosh ( mL )
Boundary Conditions
@ x=0 ( T - Ta ) =
( T0 - Ta )
dT
@ x = L -k A = h A ( Tx - Ta )
dx
T Ta cosh {m ( Lc x )}
=
To Ta cosh ( mLc )
t
Lc= L + ..
2
d
Lc= L + .
2
Efficiency of Fins
actual H.T from fin Qactual
fin =
max. H.T from fin, if entire fin area at base temp. Q max.
Qactual p h k Ac (To Ta )
= =
h ( p L )(To Ta )
fin
Q max.
k Ac 1 1
= =
h p L m L
1
fin = . for long fins
mL
tanh(m L)
fin = ..for short fins with insulated tips
mL
tanh(m Lc )
fin = ..for short fins without insulated tips
m Lc
Effectiveness of Fins
heat loss with fin Q fin
= fin =
heat loss without fin Qwithoutfin
Q fin p h k Ac (To Ta ) pk
= fin = =
Qwithout fin h Ac (To Ta ) h Ac
Pk
fin = . for long fins
h Ac
Pk
= fin tanh ( m L ) ..for short fins with insulated tips
h Ac
Pk
= fin tanh ( m Lc ) ..for short fins without insulated tips
h Ac
Ac
p , ( k ) , ( h )
L
o Rcond =
kA
External or surface resistance Convective resistance
1
o Rconv =
h A
o For the sake of discussion, we will assume that T > Ti, but the analysis is equally valid for
the opposite case.
o We assume lumped system analysis to be applicable, so that the temperature remains
uniform within the body at all times and changes with time only, T = T ().
o During a differential time interval d, the temperature of the body rises by a differential
amount dT.
o An energy balance of the solid for the time interval d can be expressed as:
Heat transfer into the body during d = The increase in the energy of the body during d
. V Cp
h As ( T - T ) = m C p dT = dT
d
dT h As ( T - T )
Rate of temperture change = =
d V Cp
T T h A s h
=e =e
Ti T V C p C p Lc
= e
=e [ Bi Fo ]
T = Amb: temperature(o C)
= Time(sec)
= Thermal diffusivity = k C
p
QConv: of fluid h Lc
=Bi =
QCond: of solid k
Fo =
Lc 2
= Thermal diffusivity
Lc = Characteristic Length
= Time
Characteristic length (Lc)
C p Lc
= = sec
h Bi F
o In practical condition, = 4
Heisler Chart
o Heisler chart is used to solve transient heat conduction in solids with finite conduction
and convective resistance (0<Bi < 100).
CONVECTION
o Convection is the mechanism of heat transfer through a fluid (gases and liquids) in the
presence of bulk fluid motion.
o So convection is also known as macroscopic form of heat transfer.
o Convection needs fluid medium to transfer heat and the heat transfer rate depends
largely upon the mixing motion of the fluid.
Newtons law of cooling
o Convection heat transfer is expressed in terms of Newtons law of cooling as:
Qconv =
h AS .(Ts T )
2
h = Convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m C)
A = Heat transfer Surface area to (m2)
Ts = Average surface temperature (C or K)
Classification of convection
Based on geometry
External flow
Internal flow
o Convection is also classified as external and internal, depending on whether the fluid is
forced to flow over a surface or in a channel.
o Convection is classified as natural (or free) and forced convection, depending on how the
fluid motion is initiated.
o In forced convection, the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe by external
means such as a pump or a fan.
o In natural convection, any fluid motion is caused by natural means such as the buoyancy
effect, which manifests itself as the rise of warmer fluid and the fall of the cooler fluid.
Based on number of phases
Single phase
Multiple phases
Based on nature of flow
Laminar flow
In the laminar region local heat transfer coefficient is minimum when thickness
of boundary layer is maximum.
Turbulent flow
o Laminar Flow is characterized by
Smooth streamlines and
Highly ordered motion
o Turbulent flow is characterized by
Velocity fluctuations, and
Highly disordered motion
Turbulent boundary layer consists of 3 layers
laminar sub layer
buffer layer
turbulent layer
Non-dimensional numbers
o Non-dimensional numbers need to understand the physics behind different heat transfer
phenomena.
Reynolds number
o It is defined as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.
o It is used for determining whether a flow will be laminar or turbulent.
Prandtl number
o It is defined as the ratio of kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity.
kinematic viscosity .C p
=
Pr = =
thermal diffusivity k
= Dynamic fluid viscosity
= Kinematic fluid viscosity
= Thermal diffusivity of fluid
C p = Specific heat of fluid
k = Thermal conduictivity of fluid
o Prandtl is a connecting link between the velocity field and temperature field and its value
influences relative growth of velocity and thermal boundary layers..
o In fact, it can also be defined as the ratio of hydraulic boundary layer thickness and
thermal boundary layer thickness.
= h =
t .............Pr 1
h
= ( Pr ) h < t .............Pr < 1
1/ 3
t
h > t .............Pr > 1
Where
h = momentum boundary layer thickness
t = thermal boundary layer thickness.
Nusselt number
o Nusselt number is defined as the ratio of convective heat transfer of fluid and
conductive heat transfer of fluid.
Qconv h L C 4A
=N u = Lc = c
Qcond k p
[ g Lc 3 dT ]
Gr =
2
g = acceleration due to gravity
1
= volumetric thermal expansion coefficient of the fluid =
(Tavg + 273)
Tavg =
(Ts + Ta )
2
Ts = Surface temperature difference
Ta = Average temperature difference
dT = Temperature difference
Lc = Characteristic length
= Kinematic viscosity
Peclet number
o It is defined as the product of the Reynolds number and Prandtl number.
Pe = R e .Pr
Stanton number
Nu h
=St =
R e .Pr .V .C p
Rayleigh number
o It is defined as the product of the Grashoff number and Prandtl number.
R e = Gr .Pr
o Consider the flow of a fluid at a uniform temperature of T over an isothermal flat plate
at temperature Ts.
o The fluid particles in the layer adjacent to the surface will reach thermal equilibrium with
the plate and assume the surface temperature Ts. These fluid particles will then
exchange energy with the particles in the adjoining-fluid layer, and so on. As a result, a
temperature profile will develop in the flow field that ranges from Ts at the surface to T
sufficiently far from the surface.
o The flow region over the surface in which the temperature variation in the direction
normal to the surface is significant is the thermal boundary layer.
o The thickness of the thermal boundary layer t at any location along the surface is
defined as the distance from the surface at which the temperature difference,
(T -Ts) = 0.99(T -Ts).
o Note that for the special case of Ts = 0, we have T = 0.99 T at the outer edge of the
thermal boundary layer, which is analogous to u =0.99 U for the velocity boundary layer.
o The relative thickness of the velocity and the thermal boundary layers is best described
by the dimensionless parameter Prandtl number.
HEAT EXCHANGER
o Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that
are at different temperatures.
o Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves convection in each fluid and
conduction through the wall separating the two fluids.
o n the analysis of heat exchangers, it is convenient to work with an overall heat transfer
coefficient U that accounts for the contribution of all these effects on heat transfer.
o The rate of heat transfer between the two fluids at a location in a heat exchanger
depends on the magnitude of the temperature difference at that location, which varies
along the heat exchanger.
Classification of Heat Exchangers
Based on nature of heat exchanging process
o Recuperative heat exchanger (Surface heat exchanger)
It has separate flow paths for hot & cold fluid.
There is no mixing between hot & cold fluids
e.g., Automobile radiator
o Regenerative heat exchanger
It has a single flow path which the hot and cold fluids
Each fluid passes alternatively.
o Direct (Open) heat exchanger
There is physical mixing between hot & cold fluids.
Both fluids must be of same kind.
e.g., Cooling tower
Based on flow direction
o Parallel flow heat exchanger
In parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same
end and move in the same direction.
o Counter flow heat exchanger
In counter flow, on the other hand, the hot and cold fluids enter the heat
exchanger at opposite ends and flow in opposite directions
o Cross flow heat exchanger
Based on construction
o Concentric tube heat exchanger
o Shell and tube heat exchanger
Based on physical state of fluids
o Condenser
o Evaporator
Q = U . A.( LMTD )
(T1 T2 )
LMTD =
T
ln 1
T2
T=
1 (T
h ,in Tc ,in )
T=
2 (Th , out Tc ,out )
Q = U . A.( LMTD )
(T1 T2 )
LMTD =
T
ln 1
T2
T=
1 (T
h ,in Tc ,out )
T=
2 (T
h , out Tc ,in )
Note:
1. Mean temperature difference:
T + Th,out
Th = h,in
2
T + Tc,out
Tc = c,in
2
2. Heat capacity:
C = heat capacity = m c p
if, Ch = Cc m h c ph = m c c pc
T1 =T2 =T
Q = U . A.T
T + T2
AMTD = 1
2
4. If the temperature of one of the fluid remains same, LMTD remains same for both in
parallel & counter flow.
5. LMTD correction factor is used in cross flow heat exchanger.
(LMTD) cross flow = (correction factor) x (LMTD) counter flow
6. (LMTD) counter flow > (LMTD) cross flow > (LMTD) parallel flow
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)
Q = U . A.( LMTD )
= m c c pc (Tc,out - Tc,in )
= m h c ph (Th,in - Th,out )
.Thick wall
1 1 1
= + ..Thin wall
U hi h0
1 1 L 1
= + + Plane wall
U hi k h0
Fouling Factor
o The performance of heat exchangers declines with time as a result of accumulation of
deposits on heat transfer surfaces.
o The layer of deposits represents additional resistance to heat transfer and causes the
rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger to decreases, so efficiency decreases
o The net effect of these accumulations on heat transfer represented by fouling factor (Rf)
o The overall heat transfer coefficient needs to be modified to account for the effects of
fouling on both the inner and the outer surfaces of the tube.
o Fouling factor is obtained experimentally by determining the values of U for both clean
and dirty conditions in the heat exchanger. The fouling factor is thus defined as
be determined.
o If outlet temperatures are not known, then LMTD method is difficult to use. In that case,
C
R = Capacity Ratio = min
Cmax
C = heat capacity = m c p
C=
min minimum ( m h c ph & m c c pc )
C=
max maximum ( m h c ph & m c c pc )
U .A
NTU =
Cmin
A = .D.L. ( n )
n = number of tubes
Effectiveness ()
o Heat exchanger effectiveness is the ratio between actual heat transfer rate and
maximum possible heat transfer rate
o The actual heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger can be determined from an energy
balance on the hot or cold fluids and can be expressed as
Q=
m c c pc (Tc,out - Tc,in ) = m h c ph (Th,in - Th,out )
= Cc (Tc,out - Tc,in ) = Ch (Th,in - Th,out )
o To determine the maximum possible heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger, we first
recognize that the maximum temperature difference in a heat exchanger is the
difference between the inlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids.
o The heat transfer in a heat exchanger will reach its maximum value when
(1) The cold fluid is heated to the inlet temperature of the hot fluid or
(2) The hot fluid is cooled to the inlet temperature of the cold fluid.
o These two limiting conditions will not be reached simultaneously unless the heat
capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are identical (i.e., Cc = Ch).The expression for
effectiveness becomes
o The effectiveness can also be represents as a function of NTU and Capacity ratio (R).
o The expression of effectiveness for different configurations are given below:
1 e NTU (1+ R )
= parallel flow HE
(1 + R )
1 e NTU (1 R )
= ..Counter flow HE
1 R e NTU (1 R )
RADIATION
o Radiation differs from the other two heat transfer mechanisms in that it does not require
the presence of a material medium to take place, i.e. heat transfer can take place in
vacuum (e.g. radiation from the sun to the earth)
o The heat transfer by conduction or convection takes place in the direction of decreasing
temperature; that is, from a high-temperature medium to a lower-temperature one.
o It is interesting that radiation heat transfer can occur between two bodies separated by a
medium colder than both bodies.
o For example, solar radiation reaches the surface of the earth after passing through cold
air layers at high altitudes.
o Radiation is heat transfer by means of electromagnetic mechanism and Radiation of
energy in the form of Photns
o All bodies at T > 0K emit thermal radiation and it
depends on 4th power of temperature difference.
o The frequency is related to wavelength by the
following:
c= f
where,
c = speed of light.
= wave length
f = frequency
o Thermal radiation is defined as the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that extends
from about 0.1 to 100 m.
o Thermal radiation includes the entire visible and infrared (IR) radiation as well as a
portion of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Emissivity
o The emissivity of a surface is the ratio of the emissive power of the surface to the
emissive power of a black surface at the same temperature.
o It is denoted by the symbol .
Q = Qa + Qr + Qt
Qa Qr Qt
1= + +
Q Q Q
1 = + +
Laws of radiation
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
o The radiation energy per unit time from a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power
of the absolute temperature and can be expressed with Stefan-Boltzmann Law as
Q = b A T4
Q = b A T4
C
Eb = 1
(C2 / T)
[e
5
- 1]
C1 and C2 are constants whose values are found from experimental data;
C1 = 3.7415 x 10-16 Wm2
C2 = 1.4388 x 10-2 m-K.
is the wavelength and T is the absolute temperature in K.
Kirchoffs law:
o This law states that the emissivity of a surface is equal to its absorptivity when the
surface is in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings.
o The emissivity of the body, so that =
Qa E
==
=
Q Eb
Weins displacement law:
o Product of wave length of radiation and absolute temperature will be constant
T = 2898
..........( m)
T ..........( K )
Q1 2
F1 2 =
Q1
Q1 2= F1 2 A1 (T14 T2 4 )
Theorems
Summation theorem
F11 + F1 2 + F13 + ........... + F1 n =
1
Reciprocating theorem
A1 F1 2 =A2 F21
Properties
o It is purely depends upon geometry and
orientation of the body.
o F varies from 0 to 1
o For convex surface F11 = 0
o For concave surface F11 0
Interchange factor
o In black bodies = 1
o But in the case of real bodies 1 (it varies from 0 to 1)
o To solve problems of non-black bodies (real bodies) we have to consider the effect of the
emissivities of surfaces by including an Interchange factor (Equivalent emissivity) on
radiation equation.
o Considering the effect of interchange factor, heat transfer is given by:
Q= f1 2 A1 (T14 T2 4 )
Radiation shield
o Radiation shield is used to reduce overall heat transfer between two radiating surfaces,
by increasing surface radiation resistance.
o Used thin sheets of plastics coated with highly reflecting metallic film on both sides.
o Application: insulating cryogenic storage tank.
A (T14 T2 4 )
Qw.o.s =
1 1
+ 1
1 2
Hear transfer with shield
A (T14 T2 4 )
Qw.s =
1 1 1 1
+ 1 + + 1
1 3 3 2
% reduction in heat transfer by using radiation shields
Qw.o.s Qw.s
% reduction =
Qw.o.s
n = number of shields
22. For flow over a flat plate the hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness is 0.5 mm. The dynamic
viscosity is 25 x106 Pa s, specific heat is 2.0 kJ/(kg K) and thermal conductivity is 0.05 W/(m-
K). The thermal boundary layer thickness would be
A. 0.1 mm B. 0.5 mm C. 1 mm D. 2 mm
23. What is the heat loss by natural convention per meter length of a horizontal pipe of 150 mm
diameter, the surface of which at 277 oC. The room temperature is 17oC. For a horizontal
pipe,
Nu = 0.527 (Pr) 1/2 (Pr+0.952) -1/4 (Gr) 1/4
Take Pr = 0.68, Gr = 15.1 106, k = 4.357 10-5 kW/m2K
(A) 352 W (B) 562 W (C) 855 W (D) 680 W
Common Data Questions (Next two)
A cylindrical resister of 1.2 cm length and 0.3 cm diameter dissipates 0.15 W of power in an
environment at 40C.
24. If heat to be transferred uniformly from all surface, What will be the heat flux ( in W/m2) on
the surface of resister.
25. The surface temperature (inC) of the resister for a combine convection-radian heat transfer
coefficient of 9 W/m2C.
Common Data Questions (Next two)
Air heated by passing it through a 25 mm bore copper tube which is maintained at 280 C.
The air enters at 150 C and leaves at 270 C at a mean velocity of 30 m/s. The properties of
-5
air at bulk mean temperature are = 3.591 10 m2 /s, = 0.73kg/m3, Cp = 1.027 kJ/kgK,
k = 3.94 10-5 kW / m K. Given that Stanton number is 0.33.
26. Heat transfer coefficient of air in kW/m2K is
27. What is the length of tube in mm
Common Data Question (Next two)
A square isothermal chip is of width w = 5 mm on a side and is mounted in a board such that
its side and back surfaces are well insulated, while the front surface is exposed to the flow of
a coolant at T = 15 C. From reliability considerations, the chip temperature must not
exceed T = 85 C.
28. If the coolant is air and the corresponding convection coefficient is h = 200 W/m2 K. What is
the maximum allowable chip power in kW?
29. If the coolant is a dielectric liquid for which h = 3000 W/m2.K. What is the maximum
allowable power in kW?
30. Air enter a counter flow heat exchanger at 70 C and leaves at 40 C. Water enter at 30 C
and leaves at 50 C. The LMTD in degree C is
(A) 5.65 (B) 14.43 (C) 19.52 (D) 20.17
31. Exhaust gases flowing through a tubular heat exchanger at the rate of 0.3 kg /s are cooled
from 400 oC to 120 oC by water initially at 10 oC. The specific heat of exhaust gases and water
may be taken as 1.13 and 4.19 kJ/kg K respectively, and overall heat transfer coefficient from
gases to water is 140 W/m2 K. What is the surface area (in m2) required if the cooling water
flow is 0.4 kg / s. Working arrange is counter flow.
(A) 4.01 (B) 3.37 (C) 5.2 (D) 2.9
Common Data Questions (Next two)
A parallel flow heat exchanger has the hot fluid entering at 250 oC and leaving at 60 oC, while
the cold fluid enters at 30 oC and leaves at 50 oC.
32. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 21 W/m2K, what will be the rate of heat exchange in
kW / m2
(A) 1.43 (B) 1.88 (C) 1.58 (D) 2.32
33. If a counter flow heat exchanger worked with the same temperature difference and overall
coefficient as the fluid mentioned in the above question, what would be the LMTD and heat
transfer rate in this case?
(A) 67.9 o C and 1.88 kW / m2 (B) 89.6 o C and 1.88 kW / m2
(C) 67.9 o C and 1.43 kW / m2 (D) 58.7 o C and 2.32 kW / m2
34. A single pass shell and tube heat exchanger uses waste gas on the shell side to heat a liquid
in the tubes. The waste gas enters at a temperature of 400C at a mass flow rate of 40 kg/s.
The liquid enters at 100C at mass flow rate of 3 kg /s. The velocity of the liquid is 1 m/s.
Tube diameter is 10 mm, length of the tube is 1m and density of the liquid is 500 kg/m3. The
required number of tubes is?
Common Data Questions (next two)
A spherical ball 50 mm diameter and 300 K is placed inside a large spherical furnace at 600
K. Assume the surface is black.
35. What is the diameter of the spherical furnace such that 30 % of the energy emitted by the
furnace reached the spherical ball?
(A) 57.2 mm (B) 45.6 mm (C) 91.3 mm (D) 114.5 mm
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48
GATE 2018 MEi [ HEAT TRANSFER ]
36. What is the net heat exchange of energy between the two surfaces?
(A) 216 W (B) 54 W (C) 0.45 W (D) 0.95 W
37. Electricity is generated and transmitted in power lines at a frequency of 60 Hz. Speed of light
is 3x108 m/s. The wavelength of the electromagnetic waves is?
(A) 5x106 cm (B) 2x10-7 cm (C) 1.8x1010 cm (D) N A
38. Consider the rectangular surface shown in figure.
If view factors are F31 = 0.27 and F3(1+2) = 0.32.
43. What are the shape factors F12 and F21 for case I
(A) F12 =0.5 , F 21 =0.5
(B) F12 =0.5 , F 21 =0.5
(C) F12 =1 , F 21 = 0.64
(D) F12 =1 , F 21 = 0.36
44. What are the shape factors F12 and F21 for case II
(A) F12 =0.5 , F 21 =a/2b
(B) F12 =0.5 , F 21 =b/2a
(C) F12 =0.5 , F 21 = a/b
(D) F12 =1 , F 21 = a/2b
Assuming negligible contact resistance between the well surfaces, the interface
temperature, T (in C), of the two walls will be [GATE - 2009] (2)
(A) 0.50 (B) 2.75 (C) 3.75 (D) 4.50
Radiative heat transfer is intended between the inner surfaces of two very large isothermal
parallel metal plates. While the upper plate (designated as plate 1) is a black surface and is
the warmer one being maintained at 727C, the lower plate ( plate 2) is a diffuse and gray
surface with an emissivity of 0.7 and is kept at 227C . Assume that the surfaces are
sufficiently large to form a two-surface enclosure and steady state conditions to exist. Stefan
5. If plate 1 is also a diffuse and gray surface with an emissivity value of 0.8, the net radiation
heat exchange (in kW/) between plate 1 and plate 2 is
(A) 17.0 (B) 19.0 (C) 23.0 (D) 31.7
6. A fin has 5 mm diameter and 100 mm length. The thermal conductivity of fin material is 400
W/mK. One end of the fin is maintained at 130 and its remaining surface is exposed to
ambient air at 30. If the convective heat transfer coefficient is 40 W/mK, the heat loss (in
W) from the fin is [GATE - 2010] (2)
(A) 0.08 (B) 5.0 (C) 7.0 (D) 7.8
7. A pipe of 25mm outer diameter carries steam. The heat transfer coefficient between the
cylinder and surroundings is 5W/m2K. It is proposed to reduce the heat loss from the pipe by
adding insulation having a thermal conductivity of 0.05W/mK. Which one of the following
statements is TRUE? [GATE - 2011] (1)
(A) The outer radius of the pipe is equal to the critical radius
(B) The outer radius of the pipe is less than the critical radius
(C) Adding the insulation will reduce the heat loss
(D) Adding the insulation will increase the heat loss
8. In a condenser of a power plant, the steam condenses at a temperature of 60C .The cooling
water enters at 30C and leaves at 45 C . The logarithmic mean temperature difference
(LMTD) of the condenser is [GATE - 2011] (1)
(A) 16.2 C (B) 21.6 C (C) 30 C (D) 37.5 C
9. A spherical steel ball of 12mm diameter is initially at 1000K. It is slowly cooled in a
surrounding of 300K. The heat transfer coefficient between the steel ball and the
difference between the centre and the surface of the steel ball is [GATE - 2011] (2)
(A) Large because conduction resistance is far higher than the convective resistance
(B) Large because conduction resistance is far less than the convective resistance
(C) Small because conduction resistance is far higher than the convective resistance
(D) Small because conduction resistance is far less than the convective resistance
10. For an opaque surface, the absorptivity (), transmissivity () and reflectivity () are related
by the equation: [GATE - 2012] (1)
(A) + = (B) + + = 0 (C) + =1 (D) + = 0
11. Which one of the following configurations has the highest fin effectiveness?
[GATE - 2012] (1)
(A) Thin, closely spaced fins
(B) Thin, widely spaced fins
(C) Thick, widely spaced fins
(D) Thick, closely spaced fins
12. Consider two infinitely long thin concentric tubes of circular cross section as shown in the
figure. If D1 and D2 are the diameters of the inner and outer tubes respectively, then the
view factor F22 is given by [GATE - 2012] (2)
D
(A) 2 1 (B) 0
D1
D D
(C) 2 (D) 1 2
D1 D1
13. Water (Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg.K) at 80C enters a counter flow heat exchanger with a mass flow rate
of 0.5 kg/s. Air (Cp = 1 kJ/kg.K) enters at 30C with a mass flow rate of 2.09 kg/s. If the
effectiveness of the heat exchanger is 0.8, the LMTD (in C) is [GATE - 2012] (2)
figure below. The conductivity of the wall is given by k = k0 + bT ; where k0 and b are positive
constants, and T is temperature. [GATE - 2013] (1)
As x increases, the temperature gradient ( dT dx ) will
suddenly removed from the furnace and cooled in ambient air at 30C, with convective heat
7800 kg/m3, conductivity k = 40 W/mK and specific heat c = 600 J/kgK. The time required in
seconds to cool the steel ball in air from 1030C to 430C is [GATE - 2013] (2)
16. Two large diffuse gray parallel plates, separated by a small distance, have surface
temperatures of 400 K and 300 K. If the emissivities of the surfaces are 0.8 and the Stefan-
Boltzmann constant is 5.67 10-8W/m2K4, the net radiation heat exchange rate in kW/m2
of 20C. The pipe, of diameter 50 mm and length 3 m, is subjected to a wall heat flux qw'' in
17. If qw''= 2500 x, where x is in m and in the direction of flow (x = 0 at the inlet), the bulk mean
18. If qw''= 5000 and the convection heat transfer coefficient at the pipe outlet is 1000 W/m2K,
44. A plastic sleeve of outer radius r0 = 1 mm covers a wire (radius r = 0.5 mm) carrying electric
current. Thermal conductivity of the plastic is 0.15 W/m-K. The heat transfer coefficient on
the outer surface of the sleeve exposed to air is 25 W/m2-K. Due to the addition of the
plastic cover, the heat transfer from the wire to the ambient will [GATE 2016-1 (1)]
(A) Increase (B) remain the same (C) decrease (D) be zero
a water environment at 300 K. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 1000 W/m2-K.
Thermal conductivity of steel is 40 W/m-K. The time constant for the cooling process is 16
s. The time required (in s) to reach the final temperature is _____ [GATE 2016-1 (2)]
46. An infinitely long furnace of 0.5 m 0.4 m cross-section is shown in the figure below.
Consider all surfaces of the furnace to be black. The top and bottom walls are maintained at
temperature T1 = T3 = 927C while the side walls are at temperature T2 = T4 = 527 C. The
view factor, F1-2 is 0.26. The net radiation heat loss or gain on side 1 is W/m.
The thermal resistance of the cylinder for radial conduction is [GATE 2016-2 (1)]
ln ( r2 r1 ) ln ( r1 r 2 ) 2 k L 2 k L
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 k L 2 k L ln ( r2 r1 ) ln ( r1 r 2 )
48. Consider the radiation heat exchange inside an annulus between two very long concentric
cylinders. The radius of the outer cylinder is R0 and that of the inner cylinder is Ri. The
radiation view factor of the outer cylinder onto itself is [GATE 2016-2 (1)]
1/ 3
Ri R R Ri
(A) 1 (B) 1 i (C) 1 i (D) 1
Ro Ro Ro Ro
49. Consider a parallel-flow heat exchanger with area Ap and a counter-flow heat exchanger with
area Ac. In both the heat exchangers, the hot stream flowing at 1 kg/s cools from 80 to 50
. For the cold stream in both the heat exchangers, the flow rate and the inlet temperature
are 2 kg/s and 10 , respectively. The hot and cold streams in both the heat exchangers are
of the same fluid. Also, both the heat exchangers have the same overall heat transfer
coefficient. The ratio Ac/Ap is ________ [GATE 2016-2 (2)]
50. Two cylindrical shafts A and B at the same initial temperature are simultaneously placed in a
furnace. The surfaces of the shafts remain at the furnace gas temperature at all times after
they are introduced into the furnace. The temperature variation in the axial direction of the
shafts can be assumed to be negligible. The data related to shafts A and B is given in the
following Table. [GATE 2016-2 (2)]
The temperature at the centerline of the shaft A reaches 400 after two hours. The time
required (in hours) for the centerline of the shaft B to attain the temperature of 400 is
_____
51. Steady one-dimensional heat conduction takes place across the faces 1 and 3 of a composite
slab consisting of slabs A and B in perfect contact as shown in the figure, where kA , kB
denote the respective thermal conductivities. Using the data as given in the figure, the
interface temperature T2 (in C) is________ [GATE 2016-3 (1)]
7. A plane wall of thickness 0.1 m is maintained at inner and outer wall temperatures of 60C
and 30C respectively. What is the expression for steady state one dimensional temperature
variation? (Take x is the distance measured from inner to outer wall in m)
(A) T (x) = 300 x - 60 (B) T (x) = 60 x - 60
(C) T (x) = 300 - 60 x (D) T (x) = 60 300 x
8. The temperature distribution across a slab is given by the equation T = 3 x2+ 2x + 12. Where
x is in m and T is in K. What is the rate of change of temperature with time?
Take thermal diffusivity, = 0.0004 m2 / s.
(A) 0.24 K /s (B) 0.024 K/s (C) 0.0024 K/s (D) 0.00024 K/s
9. The inner and outer temperatures of a 40 mm thickness slab are 1000C and 40C. The
thermal conductivity of the slab material is given by:
k = 0.003 T 1 10- 8 T -2 2 10 - 9 T -3 (Take temperature, T in C)
What is the heat loss per unit area of the slab?
(A) 375 kW/m2 (B) 37.5 kW/m2 (C) 3.75 kW/m2 (D) 0.375 kW/m2
10. A furnace wall ( k = 2 W/mK) having thickness 0.6 m is insulated with an insulator ( k = 0.1 W
/ mK). The temperature difference between inner and outer surfaces of the furnace is
1500C. What is the thickness of the insulation if the loss of heat is limited to 1000 W /m2.
(A) 0.12 m (B) 0.15 m (C) 0.22 m (D) 0.25 m
11. A composite wall of a furnace has 2 layers of equal thickness having thermal conductivities in
the ratio of 3:2.What is the ratio of the temperature drop across the two layers?
A. 2 : 3 B. 3 : 2 C. 1 2 D. ln 2 : ln 3
12. The value of thermal conductivity of thermal insulation applied to a hollow spherical vessel
containing very hot material is 0.5 W /m K . The convective heat transfer coefficient at the
outer surface of insulation is 10 W/m2K. What is the critical radius of the sphere?
A. 0.1 m B. 0.2 m C. 1.0 m D. 2.0 m
13. A copper wire of radius 0.5 mm is insulated with a sheathing of thickness 1 mm having a
thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/m-K. The outside surface convective heat transfer coefficient
is 10 W/m2-K. If the thickness of insulation sheathing is raised by 10 mm, then the electrical
current-carrying capacity of the wire will
A. increase B. Decrease C. remain the same D. N.A
Common Data Questions (next two)
A furnace wall made up of two layers, the thickness of inner layer is 140 mm ( k = 2.1 W/m o
C) and that of outer layer is 200 mm ( k = 6 W/m o C). Inside and outside temperatures of
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63
GATE 2018 MEi [ HEAT TRANSFER ]
furnace wall are 800 o C and 100 o C respectively. The contact resistance between two layers
at the interference is 0.005 o C/W per unit area of the wall.
14. What is the rate of heat loss per unit area of the wall?
(A) 700 W (B) 70 W (C) 7 kW (D) 70 kW
o
15. What will be the temperature drop at the interference in C?
(A) 35 (B) 3.5 (C) 75 (D) 7.5
16. Liquid oxygen ( = 1150 kg / m3, Cp = 1.8 kJ/kg oC) is filled in a spherical tank ( d = 5 m) at -
185 oC. During the period of 150 hours the temperature increased to -184 o C. The average
heat transfer rate to the tank is?
(A) 250 W (B) 750 W (C) 1700 W (D) 650 W
17. A flat plate has thickness 5 cm, thermal conductivity 1 W/(mK) convective heat transfer
coefficients on its two flat faces of 10 W/(m2K) and 20 W/(m2K). The overall heat transfer
coefficient for such a flat plate in W/m2K is
A. 5 B. 6.33 C. 20 W D. 30
18. A 2 cm diameter copper rod (k = 401 W/m K, = 8933 kg /m3, Cp = 0.834 kJ/kg K) is initially at
a uniform temperature of 100C. It is now exposed to an air stream at 20C with a heat
transfer coefficient of 200 W/m2K. How long would it take for the copper rod to cool an
average temperature of 25C?
(A) 8.6 min (B) 5 min (C) 6 min (D) 3 min
19. The case of a power transistor, which is of length L = 10mm and diameter D = 12 mm, is
cooled by an air stream of temperature T = 25 C. Under conditions for which the air
maintains an average convection coefficient of h = 100 W/m2.K on the surface of the case,
what is the maximum allowable power dissipation in Watts if the surface temperature is not
to exceed 85 C?
20. What is the heat transfer coefficient for water flowing through a 25 mm diameter tube at
the rate of 1.5 kg / s, when the bulk mean temperature is 40 oC. For turbulent flow of liquid
take
Nu = 0.0243 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4
The properties of water at 40 oC are = 1000 kg / m3, Pr = 4.3, = 651 10 -6 Ns/m2, k = 632
10-6 W/mK.
(A) 12.5 W / m2 K (B) 12.5 kW / m2 K
(C) 125 W / m2 K (D) 125 kW / m2 K
21. The properties of mercury at 300 K are: density = 13529 kg/m3, specific heat at constant
pressure = 0.1393 kJ/kg-K, dynamic viscosity = 0.1523 x10-2 N.s/m2 and thermal conductivity
= 8.540 W/ m-K. The Prandtl number of the mercury at 300 K is
(A) 0.0248 (B) 2.48 (C) 24.8 (D) 2.21
22. In a counter flow concentric tube heat exchanger has LMTD of 56 C. During a text run, hot
fluid flowing at 0.1 kg/s and 110 C is cooled by cold fluid supplied at a temperature of 25
and flow rate of 0.2 kg/s. Cph = 4.2 kJ/kg K, Cpc = 2.1 kJ/kg K. What will be the exit
temperature of the cold fluid in C?
(A) 56 (B) 135 (C) 54 (D) 85
23. If the temperature of a solid state changes from 27C to 627C, then emissive power
changes which rate
A. 6 : 1 B. 9: 1 C. 27: 1 D. 81: 1
24. What is the equivalent emissivity for radiant heat exchange between a small body (emissivity
= 0.4) in a very large enclosure (emissivity = 0.5)?
A. 0.5 B. 0.4 C. 0.2 D. 0.1
25. A thin flat plate 2m x 2m is hanging freely in air. The temperature of the surroundings is
25C. Solar radiation is falling on one side of the plate at the rate of 500 W/m2. What should
be the convective heat transfer coefficient is W/m2 C, if the temperature of the plate is to
remain constant at 30C?
A.25 B.50 C.100 D.200
26. The filament of a 80 W light bulb may be considered as a black body radiating in to a black
enclosure at 80C. The filament diameter is 0.2 mm and length is 60 mm. Considering the
radiation, determine the filament temperature
(A) 2473C (B) 2200C (C) 2940C (D) 3200C
27. A double walled flask idealized to be equivalent to two infinite parallel plates. The
emissivities of wall are 0.3 and 0.7 respectively. The space between them is evacuated. A
shied of polished Aluminum of = 0.05 is inserted between them. Find the % reduction in
hest transfer rate due to insertion of radiation shield.
Common Data Questions (Next two)
Water flows at 50C inside a 2.5 cm inside-diameter tube such that hi =3500 W/m2 C. The
tube has a wall thickness of 0.8 mm with a thermal conductivity of 0.16 W/mC. The outside
of the tube loses heat by free convection with ho =7.6 W/m2 C.
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65
GATE 2018 MEi [ HEAT TRANSFER ]
28. What is the overall heat-transfer coefficient based on outside area per unit length in W/m2
C?
29. What is the heat loss in kW per unit length to surrounding air at 20C.?
30. A slab having thermal conductivity 0.8 W / m K. If heat transfer rate through this wall is 80 %
of the rate through another wall ( k = 0.3 W/m K and thickness 120 mm). Both walls are
subjected to same temperature difference and same area. What is the thickness of the first
wall?
(A) 400 mm (B) 40 mm (C) 200 mm (D) 20 mm
8. A 2 kW, 40 litre water heater is switched on for 20 minutes. The heat capacity Cp for water is
4.2 kJ/kg K. Assuming all the electrical energy has gone into heating the water, increase of
the water temperature in degree centrgrade is [GATE - 2003] (1)
(A) 2.7 (B) 4.0 (C) 14.3 (D) 25.25
9. A plate having 10 cm2 area each side is hanging in the middle of a room of 100 m2 total
surface area. The plate temperature and emissivity are respectively 800 K and 0.6. The
temperature and emissivity values for the surfaces of the room are 300 K and 0.3
2 4
respectively. Boltzmanns constant = 5.67 108 W/m K . The total heat loss from the
two surfaces of the plate is [GATE - 2003] (1)
Common Data Questions (Next two)
Heat is being transferred by convection from water at 48 C to a glass plate whose surface
that is exposed to the water is at 40 C. The thermal conductivity of water is 0.6 W/mK and
the thermal conductivity of glass is 1.2 W/mK . The spatial gradient of temperature in the
4
water at the water glass interface is dT/dy = 1 10 K/m [GATE 2003] (2)
10. The value of the temperature gradient in the glass at the water-glass interface in K/m is
(A) 2 104 (B) 0.0 (C) 0.5 104 (D) 2 104
2
11. The heat transfer coefficient h in W/m K is
(A) 0.0 (B) 4.8 (C) 6 (D) 750
12. In a counter flow heat exchanger, for the hot fluid the heat capacity = 2 kJ/kg K, mass flow
rate = 5 kg/s, inlet temperature = 150C, outlet temperature = 100C. For the cold fluid,
heat capacity = 4 kJ/kg K, mass flow rate = 10 kg/s, inlet temperature = 20C. Neglecting
heat transfer to the surroundings, the outlet temperature of the cold fluid in C is
[GATE - 2003] (2)
(A) 7.5 (B) 32.5 (C) 45.5 (D) 70.0
13. Consider a laminar boundary layer over a heated flat plate .The free stream velocity is U. At
some distance x from the leading edge the velocity boundary layer thickness is v and the
thermal boundary layer thickness is T. If the Prandtl number is greater than 1, then
[GATE - 2003] (2)
14. One dimensional unsteady state heat transfer equation for a sphere with heat generation at
the rate of q can be written as [GATE - 2004] (1)
15. In a condenser, water enters at 30C and flows at the rate 1500 kg/hr. The condensing steam
is at a temperature of 120C and cooling water leaves the condenser at 80C. Specific heat
of water is 4.187kJ/kg K. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2000 W/m2K, then heat
transfer area is [GATE-2004] (2)
(A) 0.707 m2 (B) 7.07 m2 (C) 70.7 m2 (D) 141.4 m2
16. A stainless steel tube (ks = 19 W/mK) of 2 cm ID and 5 cm OD is insulated with 3 cm thick
asbestos (ka = 0.2 W/mK). If the temperature difference between the innermost and
outermost surfaces is 600C, the heat transfer rate per unit length is [GATE - 2004] (2)
(A) 0.94 W/m (B) 9.44 W/m (C) 944.72 W/m (D) 9447.21 W/m
17. A spherical thermocouple junction of diameter 0.706 mm is to be used for the measurement
of temperature of a gas stream. The convective heat transfer co-efficient on the bead
surface is 400 W/m2K. Thermo physical properties of thermocouple material are k = 20
W/mK, C = 400 J/kg K and = 8500kg/m3. If the thermocouple initially at 30C is placed in a
hot stream of 300C, then time taken by the bead to reach 298C, is [GATE - 2004] (2)
(A) 2.35 s (B) 4.9 s (C) 14.7 s (D) 29.4 s
18. In a case of one dimensional heat conduction in a medium with constant properties, T is the
temperature at position x, at time t. Then T/ Is proportional to [GATE - 2005] (1)
20. A small copper ball of 5 mm diameter at 500 K is dropped into an oil bath whose
temperature is 300 K. The thermal conductivity of copper is 400 W/m.K ,its density 9000
kg/m3 and its specific heat 385 J/kg.K. If the heat transfer coefficient is 250 W/m2.K and
lumped analysis is assumed to be valid, the rate of fall of the temperature of the ball at the
beginning of cooling will be, in K/s, [GATE - 2005] (2)
(A) 8.7 (B) 13.9 (C) 17.3 (D) 27.7
21. A solid cylinder (surface 2) is located at the centre of a hollow sphere (surface 1).The
diameter of the sphere is 1 m, while the cylinder has a diameter and length of 0.5 m each.
The radiation configuration factor F11 is [GATE - 2005] (2)
(A) 0.375 (B) 0.625 (C) 0.75 (D) 1
22. Hot oil is cooled from 80 to 50C in an oil cooler which uses air as the coolant. The air
temperature rises from 30 to 40C. The designer uses a LMTD value of 26C The type of
heat exchanger is [GATE - 2005] (2)
(A) Parallel flow (B) Double pipe (C) Counter flow (D) Cross flow
Linked Answer Questions (next two)
An un-insulated air conditioning duct of rectangular cross section 1m 0.5 m, carrying air at
20C with a velocity of 10 m/s, is exposed to an ambient of 30C. Neglect the effect of duct
construction material. For air in the range of 20-30C, data are as follows: thermal
conductivity = 0.025 W/m.K: viscosity =18Pa.s; Prandtl number=0.73; density=1.2 kg/m3.
The laminar flow Nusselt number is 3.4 for constant wall temperature conditions and, for
turbulent flow, Nu =0.023 Re0.8Pr0.33 [GATE - 2005] (2+2)
23. The Reynolds number for the flow is
(A) 444 (B) 890 (C) 4.44 x105 (D) 5.33x105
24. The heat transfer per metre length of the duct , in watts, is
(A) 3.8 (B) 5.3 (C) 89 (D) 769
25. In a composite slab, the temperature at the
interface between two materials is equal to
the average of the temperature at the two ends.
Assuming steady one-dimensional heat
conduction, which of the following statement is
true about the respective thermal conductivities?
[GATE - 2006] (1)
27. In a counter flow heat exchanger, hot fluid enters at 60 and cold fluid leaves at 30. Mass
flow rate of the hot fluid is 1 kg/s and that of the cold fluid is 2 kg/s. Specific heat of the hot
fluid is 10kJ/kgK and that of the cold fluid is 5 kJ /kgK. The Log Mean Temperature
Difference (LMTD) for the heat exchanger in is [GATE - 2007] (2)
(A) 15 (B) 30 (C) 35 (D) 45
28. The average heat transfer co-efficient on a thin hot vertical plate suspended in still air can be
determined from observations of the change in plate temperature with time as it cools.
Assume the plate temperature to be uniform at any instant of time and radiation heat
exchange with the surroundings negligible. The ambient temperature is 25,c the plate has
a total surface area of 0.1 m2. and a mass of 4 kg. The specific heat of the plate material is
2.5 KJ/kgK. The convective heat transfer co-efficient in W/m2 K, at the instant when the
plate temperature is 225Cand the change in plate temperature with time
dT/dt = -0.02 K/s, is [GATE - 2007] (2)
(A) 200 (B) 20 (C) 15 (D) 10
heat generation of 80 MW/m3. The left and right faces are kept at constant temperatures of
160C and 120C respectively. The plate has a constant thermal conductivity of 200 W/mK.
29. The location of maximum temperature within the plate from its left face is
(A) 15 mm (B) 10mm (C) 5mm (D) 0mm
31. For flow of fluid over a heated plate, the following fluid properties are known
Viscosity = 0.001 Pa.s ;
The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at a specified location on the plate is 1 mm.
The thermal boundary layer thickness at the same location is [GATE - 2008] (1)
32. The logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) of a counterflow heat exchanger is
20C. The cold fluid enters at 20C and the hot fluid enters at 100C. Mass flow rate of the
cold fluid is twice that of the hot fluid. Specific heat at constant pressure of the hot fluid is
twice that of the cold fluid. The exit temperature of the cold fluid [GATE - 2008] (2)
(A) Is 40C (B) Is 60C (C) Is 80C (D) cannot be determined
33. For the three-dimensional object shown in the figure below, five faces are insulated. The
sixth face (PQRS), which is not insulated, interacts thermally with the ambient, with a
convective heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2.K. The ambient temperature is 30C. Heat is
uniformly generated inside the object at the rate of 100 W/m3. Assuming the face PQRS to
be at uniform temperature, its steady state temperature is [GATE - 2008] (2)
thermal radiation leaving the larger surface and striking itself is [GATE - 2008] (2)
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.75 (D) 1
35. Steady two- dimensional heat conduction takes place in the body shown in the figure below.
The normal temperature gradients over surfaces P and Q can be considered to be uniform.
The temperature gradient T/x at surface Q is
1 C 14 C 27 48.9 40 C
2 C 15 0.3 28 0.00035 41 4
3 1.07 16 25.13 29 0.00525 42 93.18
4 0.105 17 23.15 30 B 43 C
5 0.084 18 25.11 31 B 44 A
6 B 19 B 32 A
7 C 20 B 33 B
8 A 21 B 34 77
9 C 22 B 35 C
10 C 23 C 36 B
11 C 24 1181 37 D
12 D 25 171.2 38 0.05
13 5.84 26 7.37 39 C