MATH 104 (UBC) Study Sheet

Logarithm Laws & Exponent Rules Special Angles AREA OF CONE:

A = r 2 + rs
log a xy = log a x + log a y sin 0 = 0 sin 6 =
1
2 sin4 =

2
2
sin
3 = 2
3
VOLUME OF CONE:
x cos 0 = 1 cos6 = 3
cos4 = 2
cos 3 =
1 V = 13 r 2 h
log a = log a x log a y 2 2 2
VOLUME OF PRISM:
y tan0 = 0 tan 6 = 1
tan 4 = 1 tan 3 = 3
3
V = Ah
log a x n = n log a x VOLUME OF PYRAMID:
Analytic Geometry V = 13 Ah
1
log a = log a x
x If P1 ( x1 , y1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y2 ) are two points, then
Absolute Value
log a 1 = 0 Distance between P1 and P2 is
x, if x 0,
log a a = 1 d = ( x 2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2 . x =
Midpoint of line segment P1P2 is x, if x < 0.
log a a x = x
x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 .
, Limit Laws
a m a n = a m+n 2 2
am Slope of line segment P1 P2 is lim( f ( x) g ( x)) = lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
= a mn xa xa xa

a n y y 2 y1 . lim cf ( x) = c lim f ( x)
m= = xa xa
x x 2 x1
(a m ) n = a mn lim( f ( x) g ( x)) = lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
POINT-SLOPE EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE : xa xa x a

n 1 y y 0 = m( x x 0 ) . f ( x) lim f ( x) if
lim g ( x ) 0 .
a = n lim
xa g ( x )
= xa
lim g ( x)
xa

a SLOPE-INTERCEPT EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE:

( )
xa
y = mx + b .
lim( f ( x) ) = lim f ( x)
n n
a =1
0
Two lines are parallel if m1 = m2 . x a xa

a1 = a Two lines are perpendicular if 1 . lim x = a

m1 = xa

a log a x
=x m2
lim c = c
x a
EQUATION OF CIRCLE :
Trigonometric Identities ( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2 .
Squeeze Theorem
Centre = ( h, k ) ; radius = r.
sin 2 u + cos 2 u = 1 1 + tan 2 u = sec 2 u 1 + cot 2 u = csc 2 u If f ( x) g ( x) h( x) for all x in some interval
1 1 1 Geometric Formulas
sec u = csc u = cot u = containing a, and if lim f ( x) = L and
cos u sin u tan u xa

sin u cos u AREA OF TRIANGLE: lim h( x) = L , then lim g ( x) = L , also.

tan u = cot u = x a x a
cos u sin u A = 12 bh
sin(2 u) = cosu cos(2 u) = sin u tan(2 u) = cotu AREA OF TRAPEZOID: Continuity

More free study sheet and practice tests at:

csc( 2 u ) = sec u sec(2 u) = csc u cot(2 u) = tanu A = 12 (a + b)h
sin( u ) = sin u cos( u ) = cos u x=a
tan( u ) = tan u
AREA OF CIRCLE: f (x) is continuous at if
csc(u ) = csc u sec(u ) = sec u cot( u ) = cot u
A =r 2 lim f ( x) = f (a ) .
sin(u v) = sin u cos v cos u sin v xa
CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLE:
cos(u v) = cos u cos v m sin u sin v C = 2 r Derivatives
tan u tan v AREA OF SPHERE:
tan(u v) =
1 m tan u tan v A = 4 r 2 If y = f (x) , then
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u dy f ( x + h) f ( x )
VOLUME OF SPHERE: = f ( x) = lim
cos 2 u = cos 2 u sin 2 u = 2 cos 2 u 1 = 1 2 sin 2 u
V = r 4 3 dx h 0 h
2 tan u 3
or f ( x) f (a) .
tan 2u = AREA OF CYLINDER: f (a) = lim
1 tan 2 u x a xa
sin 2 u =
1 cos 2u
cos2 u =
1 + cos2u
tan2 u =
1 cos2u A = 2 rh + 2 r 2 The derivative f (x) is a function that
2 2 1 + cos2u VOLUME OF CYLINDER: represents either
V = r 2h (i) the slope of the tangent line; or
(ii) the rate of change of y with respect to x.

More free Study Sheets and Practice Tests at: www.prep101.com

 More free study sheets and practice tests at www.prep101.com

Derivative Formulas Revenue and Cost (ii) f ( x) < 0 when x < c and f ( x) > 0
d R = pq p = price of one item when x > c , then c is a local minimum.
(c ) = 0 2ND DERIVATIVE TEST
dx q = number of items sold.
d n P = R C C = cost of producing q items. If c is a critical point of f ( f ( x) = 0 ) and
( x ) = nx n1
dx (i) f (c) > 0 , then c is a local maximum;
d Marginal Revenue (ii) f (c ) < 0 , then c is a local minimum;
(cf ( x )) = cf ( x)
dx MARGINAL REVENUE = dR = (iii) f (c ) = 0 , then the test fails.
MR =
= R ' (q)
d
( f ( x) + g ( x)) = f ( x) + g ( x)
dq (ii) f (c) < 0 , then c is a local minimum.
dx additional revenue due to producing one more
d item. Asymptotes
( f ( x) g ( x)) = f ( x) g ( x) MARGINAL COST = MC = dC = C ' (q ) =
dx HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES:
dq y = b is a horizontal asymptote of y = f (x) if
d
( f ( x ) g ( x )) = f ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x ) additional cost due to producing one more item.
lim f ( x) = b
dx MARGINAL PROFIT = dP dR dC = x .
MP = =
d f ( x) f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x) dq dq dq VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES
=
dx g ( x) [g ( x ) ] 2 additional profit due to producing one more item. x = a is a vertical asymptote of y = f (x)
d if lim f ( x) = .
( f ( g ( x))) = f ( g ( x)) g ( x) Elasticity of Demand x a
dx NEWTONS METHOD
d p dq
(sin x) = cos x E ( p) = x n +1 = x n
f ( xn )
dx q dp f ( x n )
d E ( p) represents the percentage decrease in demand
(cos x ) = sin x EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY
dx due to a 1% increase in price.
dy
d (% decrease in demand) E ( p) (% increase in price) = ky y = Ce kt
(tan x) = sec 2 x dt
dx If E ( p) = 1 , R( p ) = pq is maximized. Demand has
d unit elasticity. Taylor Series
(cot x) = csc 2 x If E ( p) > 1 , R( p )
is a decreasing function of price f ( n ) ( a)
dx
d p. Demand is elastic.
f (x) =
n=0
n!
( x a )n
(sec x) = sec x tan x If E ( p) < 1 , R ( p ) is an increasing function of price
dx f ( a) f ( a)
p. Demand is inelastic. = f ( a) + f ( a)( x a) + ( x a)2 + ( x a )3 + L
d 2! 3!
(csc x) = csc x cot x
dx Maclaurin Series
Linear Approximation
d 1 f ( n ) (0) n
dx
(ln x) =
x f ( x ) f ( a ) + f ( a) (x a ) f (x) =
n =0
n!
x
d 1 THE ERROR
(log a x ) = E = f (x) [ f (a ) + f ( a ) (x a )] in this f (0) 2 f (0) 3
dx x ln a = f (0) + f (0)x + x + x +L
2! 3!
d x
(e ) = e x
approximation is less than M (x a ) 2 where M is
1
2
dx the maximum value of | f ( x) | between x and a. Special Maclaurin Series
d x
(a ) = a x ln a
xn x2 x3
dx
d 1
Graphing ex = n! = 1 + x + 2! + 3! + L
dx
(sin 1 x) =
1 x2 More free study sheet and practice tests at:
f ( x) > 0
1ST DERIVATIVE
If , then the graph of f is increasing.
n =0
for all x .

d 1 ( 1) n
dx
(cos 1 x) =
1 x2
If f ( x) < 0 , then the graph of f is decreasing. sin x = (2n + 1)! x 2 n+1

If f ( x) = 0 , then x is critical point of f , (a n= 0

d 1 x 3
x 5 x7
(tan 1 x) = possible extremum of f ). =x + +L
dx 1+ x2 2 ND
DERIVATIVE 3! 5! 7!
Compound Interest If f ( x) > 0 , then the graph of f is concave up. for all x .
COMPOUNDING ONCE A YEAR: f ( x ) < 0 , then the graph of

(1) n 2 n x2 x4 x6
If f is concave down. cos x = x = 1 + +L
A = P(1 + r ) t t = number of years
If f ( x ) = 0 , then x is a possible inflection point of f. n =0 ( 2 n )! 2! 4! 6!
COMPOUNDING N TIMES A YEAR:
1ST DERIVATIVE TEST for all x .
A = P(1 + nr ) nt r = interest rate (expressed as a f ( x) = 0 ) and 1
= xn = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + L
If c is a critical point of f (
decimal) (i) f ( x) > 0 when x < c and f ( x) < 0 1 x n =0
COMPOUNDING CONTINUOUSLY:
A = Pe rt P = principal
when x > c , then c is a local maximum; for 1 < x < 1.

Helping students since 1999