Maharashtra HSC Physics Paper 1

Written as per the revised syllabus prescribed
by the Maharashtra State Board

of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.
Perfect
Physics I
STD. XII Sci.

Salient Features
Exhaustive coverage of syllabus in Question Answer Format.
Covers answers to all Textual Questions and Numericals.
Covers answers to all Board Questions till date.

Includes marking scheme for Board Questions from 2013 to 2016.

Covers relevant NCERT Questions.
Simple and Lucid language.
Neat, Labelled and authentic diagrams.

Solved & Practice numericals.
Printed at: Dainik Saamana, Navi Mumbai
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
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P.O.No.39707
10105_11131_JUP
Preface
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get
through to you.
Std. XII Sci. : PERFECT PHYSICS - I is a complete and thorough guide critically analysed and
extensively drafted to boost the students confidence. The book has been prepared as per the Maharashtra State
board syllabus.
While preparing the book, our main aim was to make a students journey of learning and understanding the
various concepts, an effortless and pleasant process.
Our Sub-topic wise classified Question and Answer format of the book will help the student to
understand each and every concept thoroughly. Neatly labelled diagrams have been added wherever required.
Answers to all textual and intext questions have been provided.
We have included National Council Of Educational Research And Training (NCERT) questions and
problems based on Maharashtra State board syllabus along with their solutions which will help the students to
have a better grasp of the concept and prepare him/her on a competitive level.
For the students to have a crystal clear idea about the board paper pattern and the range of questions asked,
we have included Solved Board Questions and Numericals upto the latest year. Board Questions from old
syllabus which fall under the revised syllabus are also added. Solved Board Questions from 2013 to 2016 have
been included along with its marking scheme which is indicative and is subject to change as per Maharashtra
State Boards discretion.
To develop better understanding of concepts; we have discussed relevant points and questions in the form
of Additional Information. Any additional information about a concept is provided in the form of Note. We had
developed the concept of Brain Teasers, which are theory questions and numericals build within the frame work
of State Board syllabus to develop higher order thinking among students. Concept Builders are designed to
enable the students guage their grasp of a given concept and strengthen it further. A quick review of each chapter
is provided in the form of Summary. Definitions, statements and laws are specified with italic representation.
Formulae are provided in every chapter which are the main tools to tackle numericals. Ample amount of solved
problems are provided to understand the application of different concepts and formulae.
Practice Problems and Multiple Choice Questions will help the students to test their range of preparation
and the amount of knowledge of each topic. Selected multiple choice questions have been provided with hints to
help the students overcome conceptual or mathematical hinderances.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think weve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, wed love to hear from you.
Please write to us at : mail@targetpublications.org
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
Best of luck to all the aspirants!
Yours faithfully,
Publisher
PAPER PATTERN
There will be one single paper of 70 Marks in Physics.

Duration of the paper will be 3 hours.
Physics paper will consist of two parts viz: Part-I and Part-II.
Each part will be of 35 Marks.
Same Answer Sheet will be used for both the parts.
Each Part will consist of 4 Questions.
The sequence of the 4 Questions in each part may or may not remain same.
The paper pattern for PartI and PartII will be as follows:
Question 1: (7 Marks)
This Question will be based on Multiple Choice Questions.
There will be 7 MCQs, each carrying one mark.
One Question will be based on calculations.
Students will have to attempt all these questions.

This Question will contain 8 Questions, each carrying 2 marks.
Students will have to answer any 6 out of the given 8 Questions.
4 questions will be theory-based and 4 will be numericals.
2 questions will be theory-based and 2 will be numericals.
4/5 marks are allocated for theory-based question and 3/2 marks for numerical.
Distribution of Marks According to Type of Questions
Type of Questions Marks Marks with option Percentage (%)

Objectives 14 14 20
Short Answers 42 56 60
Brief Answers 14 28 20
Total 70 98 100
Topicwise Weightage
Marks Without Marks With
No. Topic Name
Option Option
1 Circular Motion 04 05
2 Gravitation 03 05
3 Rotational Motion 04 06
4 Oscillations 05 07
5 Elasticity 03 04
6 Surface Tension 04 05
7 Wave Motion 03 04
8 Stationary Waves 05 07
9 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 04 06
Contents
Sr. No. Unit Page No.
1 Circular Motion 1
2 Gravitation 47
3 Rotational Motion 81
4 Oscillations 121
5 Elasticity 160
6 Surface Tension 192
7 Wave Motion 221
8 Stationary Waves 254
9 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 292
Board Question Paper March 2015 345
Board Question Paper October 2015 347
Board Question Paper March 2016 349
Board Question Paper July 2016 351
Note: 1. * mark represents all Textual questions.

2. # mark represents all Intext questions.
3. **mark represents marks allotted for Explanation at the end of specific board
answers are for the detailed description of the whole answer.
Chapter01:CircularMotion
01 CircularMotion
Subtopics
1.0 Introduction 1.6 Centripetal and centrifugal
forces
1.1 Angular displacement
1.7 Banking of roads
1.2 Angular velocity and angular
acceleration 1.8 Vertical circular motion due to
earths gravitation
1.3 Relation between linear
velocity and angular velocity 1.9 Equation for velocity and
energy at different positions in
1.4 Uniform Circular Motion
vertical circular motion
1.5 Acceleration in U.C.M (Radial 1.10 Kinematical equation for
acceleration) circular motion in analogy with
linear motion
1.0 Introduction where, s = small linear distance
Q.1. Define circular motion. Give its examples. = small angular displacement
Ans: Definition: iii. It is directed radially outwards.
Motion of a particle along the circumference
of a circle is called circular motion. iv. Unit: metre (m) in SI system and
Examples: centimetre (cm) in CGS system.
i. The motion of a cyclist along a circular path. v. Dimensions: [M0L1T0]
ii. Motion of the moon around the earth.
Q.3. *Define angular displacement. OR
iii. Motion of the earth around the sun.
iv. Motion of the tip of hands of a clock. What is angular displacement?
v. Motion of electrons around the nucleus Ans: i. Angle traced by a radius vector in a
in an atom. given time, at the centre of the circular
1.1 Angular displacement path is called as angular displacement.
Q.2. What is radius vector? ii. Consider a particle Y
Ans: i. A vector drawn from the centre of a performing B
circle to position of a particle on s
circular motion in
circumference of circle is called as anticlockwise
O r A
radius vector. sense as shown in
ii. It is given by, B
the figure.
s
s O A Let, A = initial
|r|= r Y
position of particle
at t = 0
1
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
B = final position of particle after time t

= angular displacement in time t d
r = radius of the circle B
s = length of arc AB
A
iii. Angular displacement is given by,
Length of arc Direction of angular displacement
=
radius of circle
*Q.5. Explain right handed screw rule to find the
s
= direction of angular displacement.
r
Ans: i. Imagine the right handed screw to be
iv. Unit: radian held in the place in which particle is
v. Direction of angular displacement is performing circular motion. If the right
given by right hand thumb rule or right handed screw is rotated in the direction
handed screw rule. of particle performing circular motion
Note: then the direction in which screw tip
advances, gives the direction of angular
1. If a particle performing circular motion
displacement.
describes an arc of length s, in short time
ii. The tip of the screw advances in
interval t then angular displacement is given downward direction, if sense of rotation
s of the object is clockwise whereas the
by = .
r tip of the screw advances in upward
direction, if sense of rotation of the
s = r
object is anticlockwise as shown in the
figure.
In vector form, s = r
Y
2. If a particle performing circular motion
completes one revolution then angular d
displacement is given by = 360 = 2c Tip of screw
O advancing
where, c represents angular displacement in B
in upward
radians. A direction
3. One radian is the angle subtended at the centre
Y
of a circle by an arc of length equal to radius Right handed screw rule
of the circle.
Additional Information
*Q.4. State right hand thumb rule to find the
direction of angular displacement. Characteristics of angular displacement:
i. Instantaneous angular displacement is a vector
Ans: Right hand thumb rule:
quantity (true vector), so it obeys commutative
Imagine the axis of rotation to be held in and associative laws of vector addition.
right hand with the fingers curled around it ii. Finite angular displacement is a pseudo
and thumb out-stretched. If the curled vector.
fingers give the direction of motion of a iii. Direction of infinitesimal angular
displacement is given by right hand thumb
particle performing circular motion then
rule or right handed screw rule.
the direction of out-stretched thumb gives iv. For anticlockwise sense, angular displacement
the direction of angular displacement is taken as positive while in clockwise sense,
vector. angular displacement is taken negative.
2
#Q.6. Are the following motions same or different?
ii. If 0 and are the angular velocities
i. Motion of tip of second hand of a clock.
of a particle performing circular motion
ii. Motion of entire second hand of a clock. at instant t0 and t, then angular
Ans: Both the motions are different. acceleration is given by,
The tip of the second hand of a clock performs

0
uniform circular motion while the entire hand = =
t t0 t
performs rotational motion with the second

hand as a rigid body. iii. Direction: The direction of is given
by right hand thumb rule or right handed
1.2 Angular velocity and angular acceleration
screw rule.
Q.7. *Define angular velocity. iv. Unit: rad /s2 in SI system.
OR
v. Dimensions: [M0L0T2].
What is angular velocity? State its unit and
dimension. Q.9. Define the following terms.
Ans: i. Angular velocity of a particle i. Average angular acceleration
performing circular motion is defined as ii. Instantaneous angular acceleration
the time rate of change of limiting
Ans: i. Average angular acceleration:
angular displacement.
Average angular acceleration is defined
OR
as the time rate of change of angular
The ratio of angular displacement to
velocity.
time is called angular velocity.

ii. Instantaneous angular velocity is given 1
It is given by avg = 2 =
by, t 2 t1 t

d ii. Instantaneous angular acceleration:
= lim =
t 0 t dt Instantaneous angular acceleration is
Finite angular velocity is given by, defined as the limiting rate of change of
angular velocity.
=
t d
iii. It is a vector quantity. It is given by = lim =
t 0 t dt
iv. Direction: The direction of angular
velocity is given by right hand rule and
is in the direction of angular Concept Builder
displacement.
Positive angular acceleration:
v. Unit: rad s1 When an angular acceleration will have the same
vi. Dimensions: [M0L0T1] direction as angular velocity, it is termed as positive
Note:Magnitude of angular velocity is called angular angular acceleration.
speed. eg: When an electric fan is switched on, the angular
Q.8. *Define angular acceleration. velocity of the blades of the fan increases with time.
OR Negative angular acceleration:
What is angular acceleration? State its unit When an angular acceleration will have a direction
and dimension. opposite to that of angular velocity. It is termed as
Ans: i. The rate of change of angular velocity
negative angular acceleration.
with respect to time is called angular
acceleration. eg: When an electric fan is switched off, the angular
velocity of the blades of fan decreases with time.
It is denoted by .
3
Note:
Additional Information 1. When a body rotates with constant angular
Q.10. What happens to the direction of angular velocity its instantaneous angular velocity is
acceleration equal to its average angular velocity, whatever
i. if a particle is speeding up? may be the duration of the time interval. If the
ii. if a particle is slowing down? angular velocity is constant, we write

d
Ans: i. Direction of when the particle is = || =
dt
speeding up: 2. If a body completes one revolution in time
Consider a particle 2
moving along a interval T, then angular speed, = = 2n,
circular path in

T
where n = frequency of revolution.
anticlockwise direction d

and is speeding up. 3. d , and are called axial vectors, as they

Magnitude of keeps O are always taken to be along axis of rotation.

on increasing which 4. The direction of d and is always given by
increases
results in d to be right handed thumb rule.
Figure (a)
directed up the plane. 1.3 Relation between linear velocity and

Hence, direction of is upward. As angular velocity

and are ar to the plane, they are Q.12. *Show that linear speed of a particle
parallel to each other. [See figure (a)]. performing circular motion is the product
of radius of circle and angular speed of
ii. Direction of when the particle is particle.
slowing down: OR
Consider a particle is Define linear velocity. Derive the relation
moving along a between linear velocity and angular
circular path in velocity. [Mar 02, Mar 96, 08, 12, Oct 09]
anticlockwise direction Ans: Linear velocity:
and is slowing down. Distance travelled by a body per unit time in a

Magnitude of keeps given direction is called linear velocity.
on decreasing which d It is a vector quantity and is given by,

ds
results in d to be v =
decreases
directed down the dt
plane. Figure (b) Relation between linear velocity and
angular velocity:
Hence, direction of is downward. [See
i. Consider a particle moving with uniform
figure (b)].
circular motion along the circumference
Q.11. Write down the main characteristics of of a circle in anticlockwise direction
angular acceleration. with centre O and radius r as shown in
Ans: Characteristics of angular acceleration: the figure.

i. Angular acceleration is positive if
v
angular velocity increases with time. B
ii. Angular acceleration is negative if
s

angular velocity decreases with time. r v
iii. Angular acceleration is an axial vector.
O A
iv. In uniform circular motion, angular r
velocity is constant, so angular
acceleration is zero.

4
ii. Let the particle cover small distance s iv. Taking limiting value in equation (1)
from A to B in small interval t.
s
In such case, small angular displacement lim = lim r
t 0 t t 0 t
is AOB = .
iii. Magnitude of instantaneous linear ds d
= r [ Mark]
velocity of particle is given by, dt dt
s
ds
v = lim But, = v = linear velocity,
t 0 t
dt
But s = r

d
= = angular velocity
v = r lim [ r = constant] dt
t 0 t
v = r
Also lim = [**Explanation Mark]
t 0 t
v = r Calculus method:
i. A particle is moving in XY plane with
In vector form, v = r position vector,

r = r i cos t + r jsin t
.(1)
Q.13. *Prove the relation v = r , where
symbols have their usual meaning. ii. Angular velocity is directed
perpendicular to plane, i.e., along
OR
In U.C.M. (Uniform Circular Motion), Z-axis. It is given by = k ,

prove the relation v r , where symbols where, k = unit vector along Z-axis.

have their usual meanings. [Mar 16] iii. r = k (r i cos t + r j sin t)
Ans: Analytical method:
[From equation (1)]
i. Consider a particle performing circular
motion in anticlockwise sense with centre = r cos t ( k i ) + r sin t ( k j)
O and radius r as shown in the figure. = r j cos t + r ( i ) sin t

ii. Let, = angular velocity of the particle

k i j and k j i
v = linear velocity of the particle
r = r i sin t + r j cos t
r = radius vector of the particle
r = r ( i sin t + j cos t) .(2)

Also v =
dr
dt

= r i sin t jcos t

O v v = r i sin t jcos t .(3)
r
From equation (2) and (3),
[Diagram - Mark]
v = r
iii. Linear displacement in vector form is
given by, 1.4 Uniform Circular Motion

s = r [ Mark] Q.14. *Define uniform circular motion. OR
Dividing both side by t, What is uniform circular motion?
Ans: i. The motion of a body along the
s circumference of a circle with constant
= r .(1)
t t speed is called uniform circular motion.
5
ii. In U.C.M, direction of velocity is along Time period = Distance covered in one revolution
the tangent drawn to the position of Linear velocity
particle on circumference of the circle. 2r
iii. Hence, direction of velocity goes on T=
v
changing continuously, however the
But v = r
magnitude of velocity is constant.
2r
Therefore, magnitude of angular T=
velocity is constant. r
iv. Examples of U.C.M: 2
T=
a. Motion of the earth around the sun.
b. Motion of the moon around the earth. Q.18. What is frequency of revolution? Express
c. Revolution of electron around the angular velocity in terms of frequency of
nucleus of atom. revolution.
Q.15. State the characteristics of uniform circular Ans: i. The number of revolutions performed by
motion. a particle performing uniform circular
motion in unit time is called as
Ans: Characteristics of U.C.M:
frequency of revolution.
i. It is a periodic motion with definite
ii. Frequency of revolution (n) is the
period and frequency.
reciprocal of period of revolution.
ii. Speed of particle remains constant but
1 1 v
velocity changes continuously. n= = = =
iii. It is an accelerated motion. T 2 2 2r

iv. Work done in one period of U.C.M is
zero. iii. Unit: hertz (Hz), c.p.s, r.p.s etc.
iv. Dimensions: [M0L0T1]
Q.16. Define periodic motion. Why U.C.M is Angular velocity in terms of frequency of
called periodic motion? revolution:
Ans: i. Definition: 2 1
A type of motion which is repeated after = = 2
T T
equal interval of time is called periodic
1
motion. But =n
ii. The particle performing U.C.M repeats T
its motion after equal intervals of time = 2n
on the same path. Hence, U.C.M is *Q.19.Define period and frequency of a particle
called periodic motion. performing uniform circular motion. State
Q.17. Define period of revolution of U.C.M. State their SI units.
its unit and dimension. Derive an expression Ans: Refer Q.17 and Q.18
for the period of revolution of a particle 1.5 Acceleration in U.C.M (Radial acceleration)
performing uniform circular motion.
Ans: Definition: Q.20. Define linear acceleration. Write down its
unit and dimensions.
The time taken by a particle performing
Ans: i. Definition:
uniform circular motion to complete one
The rate of change of linear velocity
revolution is called as period of revolution.
with respect to time is called linear
2 acceleration.
It is denoted by T and is given by, T = .

Unit: second in SI system. It is denoted by a and is given by

Dimensions: [M0L0T1] dv
a =
Expression for time period: dt
During period T, particle covers a distance ii. Unit: m/s2 in SI system and cm/s2 in
equal to circumference 2r of circle with CGS system.
linear velocity v. iii. Dimensions: [M0L1T2]
6
Q.21. U.C.M is an accelerated motion. Justify this vi. Angle between BC and BD is equal to
statement.
as they are perpendicular to OB and
Ans: i. In U.C.M, the magnitude of linear
velocity (speed) remains constant but OA respectively.
the direction of linear velocity goes on vii. Since BDC OAB
changing i.e., linear velocity changes. DC AB v AB
ii. The change in linear velocity is possible = =
BD AO v r
only if the motion is accelerated. Hence, viii. For very small t, arc length s of
U.C.M is an accelerated motion. circular path between A and B can be
Q.22. *Obtain an expression for acceleration of taken as AB
a particle performing uniform circular v s v
motion. = or v = s
v r r
OR where, v = change in velocity
Define centripetal acceleration. Obtain an
v v s
expression for acceleration of a particle Now, a = lim = lim
t 0 t t 0 r t
performing U.C.M by analytical method.
Ans: Definition: v s v v2
a= lim = v=
The acceleration of a particle performing r t 0 t r r
U.C.M which is directed towards the centre As t 0, B approaches A and v
and along the radius of circular path is called becomes perpendicular to the tangent
as centripetal acceleration. i.e., along the radius towards the centre.
The centripetal acceleration is directed along
ix. Also v = r
the radius and is also called radial
acceleration. r 2 2
a= = 2r
Expression for acceleration in U.C.M by r
analytical method (Geometrical method):
i. Consider a particle performing uniform x. In vector form, a = 2 r

circular motion in a circle of centre O Negative sign shows that direction of a
and radius r with a uniform linear
velocity of magnitude v. is opposite to the direction of r .
ii. Let a particle travel a very short distance v2
Also a = r0 , where r0 is the unit
s from A to B in a very short time r
interval t. vector along the radius vector.
iii. Let be the angle described by the
Q.23. Derive an expression for linear acceleration of
radius vector OA in the time interval t
a particle performing U.C.M. [Mar 98, 08]
as shown in the figure.
Ans: Refer Q.22
C D
Q.24. Derive an expression for centripetal
v acceleration of a particle performing uniform
M
B circular motion by using calculus method.
v Ans: Expression for centripetal acceleration by
calculus method:
O A
r i. Suppose a particle is performing U.C.M
in anticlockwise direction.
The co-ordinate axes are chosen as
shown in the figure.
iv. The velocities at A and B are directed Let,
along the tangent. A = initial position of the particle
v. Velocity at B is represented by BC which lies on positive X-axis
while the velocity at A is represented by P = instantaneous position after time t
AM . [Assuming AM = BD] = corresponding angular displacement
7
= constant angular velocity vi. From equation (1) and (3),

r = instantaneous position vector at time t a = 2 r
ii. From the figure, Negative sign shows that direction of
acceleration is opposite to the direction
r = i x + jy of position vector.
where, i and j are unit vectors along vii. Magnitude of centripetal acceleration is
X-axis and Y-axis respectively. given by,
a = 2r
Y v v2
As = a=
v r r
P(x, y) Note:

N y r To show a = v ,
r

X v = k ( r i sin t + r j cos t)
O x A
= r2 sin t ( k i ) + r2 cos t ( k j)
= r2 sin t j + r2 cos t ( i )

k i j and k j i
iii. Also, x = r cos and y = r sin
= r2 i cos t r2 j sin t

r = [r i cos + r j sin ]
= a [From equation (3)]
But = t
Q.25. Derive an expression for centripetal
r = [r i cos t + r j sin t] ....(1) acceleration of a particle performing
iv. Velocity of the particle is given as rate uniform circular motion. [Mar 02, Mar 06]
of change of position vector. Ans: Refer Q. 24

dr d *Q.26.Derive the relation between linear
v = = [r i cos t + r j sin t] acceleration and angular acceleration if a
dt dt
particle performs U.C.M.
d d Ans: Relation between linear acceleration and
= r cos t i + r sin t j
dt dt angular acceleration in U.C.M:

i. Consider a particle performing U.C.M.
v = r i sin t + r j cos t

with constant angular velocity with
v = r ( i sin t + j cos t) ....(2) path radius r.
v. Further, instantaneous linear ii. Magnitude of linear acceleration is
acceleration of the particle at instant t is given by,
given by, v
a = lim
t 0 t
dv d
a = = [r ( i sin t + jcos t)] dv
dt dt a=
dt
d
= r ( i sin t jcos t ) iii. But, v = r
dt d d dr
d d a= (r) = r +
= r ( sin t )i (cos t )j dt dt dt
dt dt iv. Since, r = constant
= r ( i cos t j sin t) dr
=0
= r2 ( i cos t + j sin t) dt
d

2
a = r
a = (r i cos t + r jsin t) ....(3) dt
8
d From figure,
But, = Magnitude of resultant linear
dt

a = r acceleration is given by | a | = a 2R a T2
In vector form,
Q.28. For a particle performing uniform circular
a = r
This is required relation. motion v = r . Obtain an expression for

linear acceleration of the particle performing
Q.27. Define non-uniform circular motion. Derive
non-uniform circular motion. [Mar 14]
an expression for resultant acceleration in
OR
non-uniform circular motion.
Ans: Non-uniform circular motion: In circular motion, assuming v r ,
Circular motion with variable angular speed obtain an expression for the resultant
is called as non-uniform circular motion. acceleration of a particle in terms of
Example: Motion of a body on vertical circle. tangential and radial component. [Mar 15]
Expression for resultant acceleration in Ans: Refer Q.27
non-U.C.M:
[Expression for relation between v and
i. Since, v = r ....(1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect Mark, Derivative of the relation between v and

dv d Mark, Expression for relation between
to t, we get = ( r )
dt dt a and Mark, Final expression for linear

dv
dr d acceleration Mark]
= + r ....(2) Note:
dt dt dt

1. Resultant linear acceleration in different
dv dr d
cases
ii. But = a, = v and =
dt dt dt
Equation (2) becomes, Resultant Resultant linear
Situation

motion acceleration
a = v + r ....(3) aR = 0, aT = 0 Uniform linear a =0

motion
iii. v is along the radius of the circle,
aR = 0, aT 0 Accelerated a = aT
pointing towards the centre, hence it is
linear motion
called radial acceleration a R . aR 0, aT = 0 Uniform a = aR
circular motion
aR = v .(4)
aR 0, aT 0 Non-uniform a = a 2R a T2

iv. r is along the tangent of the circular motion
circumference of the circular path, hence 2. In non-uniform circular motion, aR is due to

it is called tangential acceleration a T . change in direction of linear velocity, whereas

aT is due to change in magnitude of linear
aT = r .(5) velocity.
v. From equation (3), (4) and (5), 3. In uniform circular motion, particle has only
radial component aR due to change in the
a = aR + aT direction of linear velocity. It is so because
= constant

d
a = = 0 so, aT = r = 0
dt

aT 4. Since the magnitude of tangential velocity
does not change, there is no component of
O P acceleration along the tangent. This means the
aR
acceleration must be perpendicular to the
tangent, i.e., along the radius of the circle.
9
ii. Example: Electron revolves around the
Brain Teaser nucleus of an atom. The necessary
Q.29. Read each statement below carefully and centripetal force is provided by
state, with reasons, if it is true of false: electrostatic force of attraction between
i. The net acceleration of a particle in positively charged nucleus and
circular motion is always along the negatively charged electron.
radius of the circle towards the centre.
iii. Unit: N in SI system and dyne in CGS
ii. The acceleration vector of a particle in
uniform circular motion averaged over system.
one cycle is a null vector. iv. Dimensions: [M1L1T2]
(NCERT)
Q.32. Derive the formula for centripetal force
Ans: i. The statement is false. The acceleration
of the particle performing circular experienced by a body in case of uniform
motion is along the radius only when circular motion. Express the formula in
particle is moving with uniform speed. vector form.
ii. The statement is true. When we consider Ans: Expression for centripetal force:
a complete cycle, for an acceleration at i. Suppose a particle performs uniform
any point of circular path, there is an circular motion. It has an acceleration of
equal and opposite acceleration vector at
magnitude v2/r or 2r directed towards
a point diameterically opposite to the
first point, resulting in a null net the centre of the circle.
acceleration vector.

*Q.30.What is the difference between uniform
r v
circular motion and non uniform circular
motion? Give examples. O P
Ans: FCP
Sr.
U.C.M Non-U.C.M
No ii. According to Newtons second law of
i. Circular motion with Circular motion with motion, acceleration must be produced
constant angular speed variable angular speed by a force acting in the same direction.
is known as uniform is called as non-uniform
iii. If m is the mass of particle performing
circular motion. circular motion.
ii. For U.C.M, = 0 U.C.M then the magnitude of centripetal
For non-U.C.M, 0
iii. In U.C.M, work done In non-U.C.M, work force is given by,
by tangential force is done by tangential FCP = Mass of particle
zero. force is not zero. centripetal acceleration
FCP = maCP
iv. Example: Motion of the Example: Motion of a
v2
earth around the sun. body on vertical circle. iv. But, aCP = = v = r2
r
1.6 Centripetal and centrifugal forces mv 2

FCP = = mv = mr2
r
Q.31.What is centripetal force? Write down its
unit and dimensions. v. Also = 2n
Ans: i. Force acting on a particle performing FCP = mr(2n)2 = 42n2mr
circular motion along the radius of Centripetal force in vector form:
circle and directed towards the centre of mv 2
the circle is called centripetal force. FCP = r0 = mr2. r0
r
mv 2
It is given by FCP = where r0 is unit vector in the direction
r
where, r = radius of circular path. of radius vector r .
10
Q.33. State four examples where centripetal force mv 2
is experienced by the body. FCF =
r
Ans: i. A stone tied at the end of a string is But v = r
revolved in a horizontal circle, the r v
FCF = mr2
tension in the string provides the v. In vector form, FCF
necessary centripetal force. It is given FCP P
by equation T = mr2. FCF = m2 r
ii. The planets move around the sun in mv 2
elliptical orbits. The necessary centripetal FCF = r0
r
force is provided to the planet by the
gravitational force of attraction exerted where r0 = unit vector in the direction of r .
by the sun on the planet.
iii. A vehicle is moving along a horizontal Q.36. Explain applications of centrifugal force in
circular road with uniform speed. The our daily life.
necessary centripetal force is provided Ans: Applications:
by frictional force between the ground i. When a car in motion takes a sudden
and the tyres of wheel. turn towards left, passengers in car
iv. Satellite revolves round the earth in experience an outward push to the right.
circular orbit, necessary centripetal force This is due to centrifugal force acting on
is provided by gravitational force of the passengers.
attraction between the satellite and the ii. A bucket full of water is rotated in a
earth. vertical circle at a particular speed, so
that water does not fall. This is because,
Q.34. *Define centripetal force. Give its any four
weight of water is balanced by
examples. OR
centrifugal force acting on it.
Define centripetal force and give its any two
iii. The children sitting in merry-go-round
examples. [Mar 11]
experience an outward pull as merry-go-
Ans: Refer Q.31 and Q.33
round rotates about vertical axis. This is
Q.35. Define and explain centrifugal force. due to centrifugal force acting on the
Ans: Definition: children.
The force acting on a particle performing iv. A coin kept slightly away from the axis
U.C.M which is along the radius and directed of rotation of turn table moves away
away from centre of circle is called from axis of rotation as the speed of
centrifugal force. rotation of turn table increases. This is
Magnitude of centrifugal force is same as that of due to centrifugal force acting on coin.
centripetal force but acts in opposite direction. v. The bulging of earth at equator and
Explanation: flattening at the poles is due to
i. U.C.M is an accelerated motion. Thus, centrifugal force acting on it.
a particle performing U.C.M is in an vi. Drier in washing machine consists of a
accelerated (non-inertial) frame of cylindrical vessel with perforated walls.
reference. As the cylindrical vessel is rotated fast,
ii. In non-inertial frame of reference, an centrifugal force acts on wet clothes.
imaginary force or a fictitious or a This centrifugal force, forces out water
pseudo force is to be considered in order through perforations thereby drying wet
to apply Newtons laws of motion. cloths quickly.
iii. The magnitude of this pseudo force is vii. A centrifuge works on principle of
same as that of centripetal force but its centrifugal force. In centrifuge, a test
direction is opposite to that of tube containing liquid along with
centripetal force. Therefore, this pseudo suspended particles is whirled in a
force is called centrifugal force. horizontal circle. Denser particles are
iv. If m is the mass of a particle performing acted upon by centrifugal force, hence
U.C.M then centrifugal force they get accumulated at bottom which is
experienced by the body is given by, on outside while rotating.
11
*Q.37. Define centrifugal force. Give its any four iii. It is considered in It is considered in
examples. inertial frame of non-inertial frame of
Ans: Refer Q.35 and Q.36 reference. reference.
Q.38. What is pseudo force? Why centrifugal iv. In vector form, it is In vector form, it is
force is called pseudo force? [Oct 99] given by given by
mv 2 mv 2
Ans: i. The force whose origin is not defined F = r0 F =+ r0
due to the known natural interactions is r r
called pseudo force. with usual notations. with usual notations.
ii. The known interactions are gravitational
force, electromagnetic force, nuclear [Any two points 1 Mark each]
force, frictional force, etc. Note:
iii. It is directed opposite to the direction of 1. If centripetal force, somehow vanishes at any
accelerated frame of reference. point on its path, the body will fly off tangentially
iv. The centrifugal force is a fictitious force to its path at that point, due to inertia.
which arises due to the acceleration of 2. The work done on the revolving particle by a
the frame of reference. Therefore it is centripetal force is always zero, because the
called a pseudo force. directions of the displacement and force are
perpendicular to each other.
Q.39. Define:
i. Inertial frame of reference Thus, W = F. s = Fs cos

ii. Non-inertial frame of reference But = 90
Ans: i. Inertial frame of reference: W = Fs cos 90 = 0
A frame of reference which is fixed or 3. Any one of the real forces or their resultant
moving with uniform velocity relative to provide centripetal force.
a fixed frame, is called as inertial frame 4. Accelerated frame is used to attach the frame
of reference. of reference to the particle performing U.C.M.
Newtons laws of motion can be directly
#Q.41.Do centripetal and centrifugal force
applied when an inertial frame of
constitute action reaction pair? Explain.
reference is used, without inclusion of
Ans: i. Centripetal and centrifugal force do not
pseudo force.
form action reaction pair.
ii. Non-inertial frame of reference:
ii. The centripetal force is necessary for the
A frame of reference which is moving
body to perform uniform circular
with an acceleration relative to a fixed
motion. It is real force in inertial frame
frame of reference is called non-inertial
of reference. The centrifugal force is not
frame of reference.
a real force. It is the force acting on the
In non-inertial frame of reference, same body in non-inertial frame of
Newtons laws of motion can be applied reference to make Newton's laws of
only by inclusion of some fictitious force motion true. As both centripetal and
(pseudo force) acting on the bodies. centrifugal forces are acting on the same
*Q.40.Distinguish between centripetal force and body in different frame of reference,
centrifugal force. action reaction pair is not possible.
[Mar 05, 09, 10, Feb 13 old course]
1.7 Banking of roads
Ans: Difference between centripetal force and
centrifugal force: *Q.42. Derive the expression for maximum safety
Sr. speed with which vehicle should move along
Centripetal force Centrifugal force a curve horizontal road. State the
No.
i. Centripetal force is Centrifugal force is significance of it.
directed along the directed along the Ans: Expression for maximum safety speed on
radius towards the radius away from horizontal curve road:
centre of a circle. the centre of a circle. i. Consider a vehicle of mass m moving
with speed v along a horizontal curve of
ii. It is a real force. It is a pseudo force. radius r.
12
ii. While taking a turn, vehicle performs ii. In the figure, centripetal force acting on
circular motion. Centripetal force is the vehicle is given by,
provided by the frictional force between mv 2
tyres and road. mg N =
R
iii. Centripetal force is given by,
mv 2
mv 2 N = mg
FCP = R
r
where, N = normal reaction
iv. Frictional force between road and tyres
iii. Normal reaction is balanced by the net
of wheel is given by, Fs = N
force exerted on the vehicle.
where, = coefficient of friction
It is given by, N = F
between tyres of wheels and road.
N = normal reaction acting on vehicle in mv 2
F = N = mg
upward direction. R
But, N = mg This is the required force on the vehicle.
Fs = mg Note: If bridge is concave then,
v. For safe turning of vehicle, mv 2
FCP = Fs F = mg +
R
mv 2
= mg *Q.44.What is banking of road?
r
[Mar 99, 12; Oct 01, 06]
v2 = rg v = rg
Explain the necessity of banking of the
vi. Maximum safe speed of the vehicle road. [Mar 99, Oct 01, Oct 06]
without skiding is provided by Ans: Banking of road:
maximum centripetal force.
The process of raising outer edge of a road
vmax = rg over its inner edge through certain angle is
This is maximum speed of vehicle. known as banking of road.
Significance: The angle made by the surface of road with
i. The maximum safe speed of a vehicle horizontal surface of road is called angle of
on a curve road depends upon friction banking.
between tyres and road.
ii. Friction depends on the nature of the
surface and presence of oil or water on Angle of banking
the road.
iii. If friction is not sufficient to provide h
centripetal force, the vehicle is likely to
skid off the road.
Q.43. What force is exerted by a vehicle on the
Necessity of banking of the road:
road, when it is at the top of a convex
bridge of radius R? i. When a vehicle moves along horizontal
Ans: Force exerted by the vehicle on the convex curved road, necessary centripetal force
bridge: is supplied by the force of friction
i. Let, between the wheels of vehicle and
m = mass of vehicle surface of road.
R = radius of convex bridge ii. Frictional force is not enough and
g = acceleration due to gravity unreliable every time as it changes when
road becomes oily or wet in rainy season.
N iii. To increase the centripetal force the road
should be made rough. But it will cause
wear and tear of the tyres of the wheel.
A
mg iv. Thus, due to lack of centripetal force
vehicle tends to skid.
13
v. When the road is banked, the horizontal Fcos - along horizontal direction
component of the normal reaction Fsin - along vertically downward
provides the necessary centripetal force direction.
required for circular motion of vehicle. iv. The normal reaction N can be resolved
vi. Thus, to provide the necessary into two components:
centripetal force at the curved road,
a. Ncos along vertical direction
banking of road is necessary.
b. Nsin along horizontal direction.
Q.45. *Show that the angle of banking is v. The component Ncos balances the
independent of mass of vehicle. weight mg of vehicle and component
[Mar 10, Oct 10] Fsin of frictional force.
OR
Obtain an expression for maximum safety Ncos = mg + Fsin
speed with which a vehicle can be safely Ncos Fsin = mg .(1)
driven along curved banked road. vi. The horizontal component Nsin along
[Mar 10, 12; Oct 10] with the component Fcos of frictional
Ans: Expression for angle of banking: force provides necessary centripetal
i. The angle made by the surface of road mv 2
with horizontal surface of road is called force .
r
angle of banking. It is given by angle . mv 2
Nsin + Fcos = .(2)
r
N N cos
vii. Dividing equation (2) by (1),
N sin Fcos v2
N sin = .(3)
C N cos Fsin rg
F cos
G
The magnitude of frictional force
F h depends on speed of vehicle for given
F sin road surface and tyres of vehicle.
A
B viii. Let vmax be the maximum speed of
vehicle, the frictional force produced at
W = mg this speed is given by,
AC : inclined road surface Fmax = sN .(4)
AB : horizontal surface
v 2max N sin Fmax cos
BC : height of road surface = .(5)
G : centre of gravity of vehicle rg N cos Fmax sin
W : (mg) weight of vehicle Dividing the numerator and denominator
N : normal reaction exerted on of equation (5) by Ncos , we have,
vehicle N sin Fmax cos

: angle of banking
v max = rg N cos N cos
2
N cos F sin
max
ii. Consider a vehicle of mass m moving N cos N cos
with speed v on a banked road banked at F
an angle as shown in the figure. tan max
v2max = rg N
iii. Let F be the frictional force between Fmax tan
tyres of the vehicle and road surface. 1
The forces acting on the vehicle are N
a. Weight mg acting vertically tan
v2max = rg s
downward. 1 s tan
b. Normal reaction N in upward
direction through C.G. Fmax s N
The frictional force between tyres of
tan
vehicle and road surface can be resolved vmax = rg s .(6)
into, 1 s tan
14
ix. For a curved horizontal road, = 0, W : (mg) weight of vehicle
hence equation (6) becomes, N : normal reaction exerted on
vmax = s rg .(7) vehicle
: angle of banking
x. Comparing equation (6) and (7) it is
concluded that maximum safe speed of
[1 Mark]
vehicle on a banked road is greater than
i. Equation for maximum safety speed for
that of curved horizontal road/level road.
the vehicle moving on the curved
xi. If s = 0, then equation (7) becomes, banked road is,
0 tan
vmax = vo = rg tan
1 0 tan vmax = rg s [1 Mark]
1 s tan
vo = rg tan .(8)
where, r is radius of curved road.
At this speed, the frictional force is not
needed to provide necessary centripetal s is coefficient of friction
force. There will be a little wear and tear between road and tyres,
of tyres, if vehicle is driven at this speed is angle of banking.
on banked road. vo is called as optimum ii. Significance of the terms involved:
speed. a. The maximum safety speed of a vehicle
xii. From equation (8) we can write, on a curved road depends upon friction
v2 between tyres and roads.
tan = o
rg b. It also depends on the angle through
vo2 which road is banked. Also absence of
1 term m indicates, it is independent of
= tan ....(9)
rg mass of the vehicle. [1 Mark]
xiii. Equation (9) represents angle of banking
Q.47. Draw a neat labelled diagram showing the
of a banked road. Formula for angle of
various forces and their components acting
banking does not involve mass of
on a vehicle moving along curved banked
vehicle m. Thus angle of banking is
road. [July 16]
independent of mass of the vehicle.
Ans: Refer Q.45 (only diagram)
Q.46. Draw a diagram showing all components of [Diagram 1 Mark, Labelling 1 Mark]
forces acting on a vehicle moving on a
curved banked road. Write the necessary Q.48. State the factors which affect the angle of
equation for maximum safety, speed and banking.
state the significance of each term involved Ans: Factors affecting angle of banking:
in it. [Oct 14]
i. Speed of vehicle: Angle of banking ()
Ans:
increases with maximum speed of
N N cos vehicle.
ii. Radius of path: Angle of banking ()

N sin decreases with increase in radius of the
G C
F cos path.
iii. Acceleration due to gravity: Angle of
F h banking () decreases with increase in
A F sin the value of g.
B
Q.49. Define angle of banking. Obtain an
W = mg expression for angle of banking of a curved
AC : inclined road surface road and show that angle of banking is
AB : horizontal surface independent of the mass of the vehicle.
BC : height of road surface [Mar 97, Mar 03, Oct 03]
G : centre of gravity of vehicle
Ans: Refer Q.45
15
#Q.50. The curved horizontal road is banked at h : height of support from bob
angle . What will happen for vehicle v : velocity of bob
moving along this road if, r : radius of horizontal circle
i. < ii. > ? : semi vertical angle
where is angle of banking for given road. mg : weight of bob
Ans: i. If < , the necessary centripetal force
will not be provided and the vehicle will iv. In the displaced position P, there are two
tend to skid outward, up the inclined forces acting on the bob.
road surface. a. The weight mg acting vertically
ii. If > , the centripetal force provided downwards.
will be more than needed and the b. The tension T acting upward
vehicle will tend to skid down the along the string.
banked road. v. The tension (T) acting in the string can
be resolved into two components:
*Q.51.Define conical pendulum. Obtain an
a. T cos acting vertically upwards.
expression for the angle made by the string
of conical pendulum with vertical. Hence b. T sin acting horizontally towards
deduce the expression for linear speed of centre of the circle.
bob of the conical pendulum. vi. Vertical component T cos balances the
Ans: Definition: weight and horizontal component T sin
A simple pendulum, which is given such a provides the necessary centripetal force.
motion that bob describes a horizontal circle T cos = mg .(1)
and the string describes a cone is called a 2
T sin = mv = mr2 .(2)
conical pendulum. r
Expression for angle made by string with vii. Dividing equation (2) by (1),
vertical: v2
i. Consider a bob of mass m tied to one tan = .(3)
rg
end of a string of length l and other
end is fixed to rigid support. Therefore, the angle made by the string
ii. Let the bob be displaced from its mean v2
with the vertical is = tan1
position and whirled around a rg
horizontal circle of radius r with Also, from equation (3),
constant angular velocity , then the v2 = rg tan
bob performs U.C.M.
v = rg tan
iii. During the motion, string is inclined to
the vertical at an angle as shown in This is the expression for the linear speed of
the figure. the bob of a conical pendulum.
S Q.52.*Define period of conical pendulum and
obtain an expression for its time period.
[Oct 08, 09]
l
OR
Derive an expression for period of a conical
pendulum. [Mar 08]
h T
T cos Ans: Definition:
Time taken by the bob of a conical pendulum
r to complete one horizontal circle is called
O T sin P
time period of conical pendulum.
mg Expression for time period of conical
S : rigid support
pendulum:
T : tension in the string
l : length of string (Refer Q. 51 with diagram)
16
v= rg tan From equation (1), it is observed that period of

conical pendulum depends on following
g tan factors.
= [ v = r] .(1)
r i. Length of pendulum (l): Time period of
r conical pendulum increases with increase
i. In SOP, tan =
h in length of pendulum. i.e., T l
From equation (i), ii. Acceleration due to gravity (g): Time
gr period of conical pendulum decreases
=
rh 1
with increase in g. i.e., T
g g
=
h iii. Angle of inclination (): As increases,
ii. If the period of conical pendulum is T cos decreases, hence, time period of
then, conical pendulum decreases with increase
2 in . (For 0 < < ) i.e., T cos
=
T
2 g Q.55. Find an expression for tension in the string
= of a conical pendulum.
T h
Ans: Expression for tension in the string of a
h
T = 2 .(2) conical pendulum:
g
i. Consider a bob of mass m tied to one
iii. Also, In SOP, end of a string of length l and other
h end fixed to rigid support (S).
cos =
l ii. Let the bob be displaced from its mean
h = l cos position and whirled around a
where, l = length of the string horizontal circle of radius r with
= angle of inclination constant angular velocity .
Substituting h in equation (2), iii. During the motion, string is inclined to
l cos the vertical at an angle as shown in
T = 2 the figure.
g
This is required expression for time S
period of conical pendulum. S : rigid support
T : tension in the
Q.53. Draw a neat labelled diagram of conical l
string
pendulum. State the expression for its
l : length of string
periodic time in terms of length. [Oct 15]
h : height of support
Ans: Refer Q.51(diagram only.)
h T
from bob
Refer Q.52(Expression for time period of
conical pendulum) T cos v : velocity of bob
r : radius of
[Diagram with labelling 1 Mark, Formula r horizontal circle
for time period in terms of length 1 Mark] O T sin P
: semi vertical angle
mg
Q.54. Discuss the factors on which time period of mg : weight of bob
conical pendulum depends.
Ans: Time period of conical pendulum is given by, iv. In the displaced position P, there are two
l cos forces acting on the bob:
T = 2 .(1)
g a. The weight mg acting vertically
where, l = length of the string downwards and
g = acceleration due to gravity b. The tension T acting upwards
= angle of inclination along the string.
17
v. The tension (T) acting in the string can With increase in angle , cos
be resolved into two components: decreases and tan increases. For
a. T cos acting vertically upwards = 90, T = 0, F = and v = which
b. T sin acting horizontally towards cannot be possible.
centre of the circle ii. Also, depends upon breaking tension
vi. Vertical component T cos balances the of string, and a body tied to a string
weight of the bob and horizontal cannot be resolved in a horizontal circle
component Tsin provides the such that the string is horizontal. Hence,
necessary centripetal force. there is limitation of semivertical angle
T cos = mg .(1) in conical pendulum.
2
T sin = mv .(2) 1.8 Vertical circular motion due to earths
r gravitation
vii. Squaring and adding equations (1) and
*Q.57.What is vertical circular motion? Show that
(2),
2 motion of an object revolving in vertical circle
2 2 2 mv 2
2 2 is non uniform circular motion.
T cos + T sin = (mg) +
r Ans: i. A body revolves in a vertical circle such
2 that its motion at different points is
2 2 2 mv 2 2 different then the motion of the body is
T (cos + sin ) = (mg) +
r said to be vertical circular motion.
mv 2
2 ii. Consider an object of mass m tied at one
T2 = (mg)2 + .(3) end of an inextensible string and whirled
r in a vertical circle of radius r.
[ sin2 + cos2 = 1] iii. Due to influence of earths gravitational
field, velocity and tension of the body
viii. Dividing equation (2) by (1),
vary in magnitude from maximum at
v2 bottom (lowest) point to minimum at the
tan = .(4)
rg top (highest) point.
r iv. Hence motion of body in vertical circle
From figure, tan = is non uniform circular motion.
h

r v r 2g 1.9 Equation for velocity and energy at different
= v2 =
h rg h positions in vertical circular motion
ix. From equation (3) and (4), *Q.58.Obtain expressions for tension at highest
2
2 2 m r 2g position, midway position and bottom
T = (mg) +
r h position for an object revolving in a vertical
r 2
circle.
2 2 1 Ans: Expression for tension in V.C motion:
T = (mg) h
i. Let a body of mass m be tied at the end
2 of a massless inextensible string and
r whirled in a vertical circle of radius r in
T = mg 1
h anticlockwise direction.
This is required expression for tension in the ii. At any point P the forces acting on it are:
string. a. Tension T along PO
b. Weight mg along vertically
#Q.56. Is there any limitation on semivertical
downward direction.
angle in conical pendulum?
iii. The weight mg can be resolved into two
Ans: i. For a conical pendulum,
rectangular components:
Period T cos a. mg cos acting along OP.
1 b. mg sin acting tangentially in a
Tension F
cos direction opposite to velocity at
Speed v tan that point.
18
H mv 2M
TM mg cos 90 = [From (1)]
vH r
TH
T vM mv 2M
H
TM 0 =
TTM r
O M
N M mv 2M
vP TM = .(4)
r
T
TTLL P From equation (2), (3) and (4) it is observed
mg cos that tension is maximum at lowest position
L vL mg and minimum at highest position.
mg sin
Q.59. *Derive expressions for linear velocity at
iv. To complete vertical circular path, the lowest point, midway and top position for a
necessary centripetal force is provided particle revolving in a vertical circle if it
by the difference in the tension T and has to just complete circular motion
mg cos . without string slackening at top.
mv 2p OR
T mg cos = .(1) Obtain an expression for minimum velocity
r of a body at different positions, so that it
where, vp = velocity at point P. just performs vertical circular motion.
v. When body is at highest position, Ans: Expression for velocity in vertical circular
tension in the string = TH and = . motion:
Using equation (1), i. Consider a body of mass m which is tied to
mv 2H one end of a string and moves in a vertical
TH mg cos =
r circle of radius r as shown in the figure.
where vH = velocity at highest point
vM
mv 2H vH H
TH mg (1) = [ cos = 1]
r mg
mv 2H 2r TH
TH + mg = N M
r O r
mv 2H TL
TH = mg .(2) vL
r vN L
vi. When the body is at bottom position:
ii. Let,
= 0
vH = velocity at highest position
cos = 1
From equation (1), vL = velocity at lowest position
mv 2L vM = velocity at midway position
TL mg cos 0 = The velocity at any point on the circle is
r
where TL = tension at lowest point tangential to the circular path.
vL = velocity at lowest point iii. Velocity at highest position:
mv 2L Tension in the string at highest position
TL mg =
r mv 2H
TH = mg .(1)
mv L 2 r
TL = + mg .(3)
r In order to continue the circular motion,
vii. When the body is at midway position, TH 0
(M or N) TH = 0
= 90
Equation (i) becomes
cos 90 = 0
If tension at horizontal position is TM mv 2H mv 2H
mg = 0 = mg
then r r
19
v 2H = rg 5 1
mgr mgr = mv 2M
vH = rg .(2) 2 2
3 1
Equation (2) represents minimum mgr = mv 2M
velocity at highest point so that string is 2 2
not slackened. 2
v M = 3rg
To continue vertical circular motion, vM = 3rg .(6)
vH rg (at top position). Equation (6) represents minimum
iv. Velocity at lowest position: velocity of a body at midway position, so
According to law of conservation of that it can safely travel along vertical
energy, circle. To continue vertical circular
Total energy at L = Total energy at H motion, vM = 3rg .
(K.E)L + (P.E)L = (K.E)H + (P.E)H
.(3) Q.60. Derive an expression for the minimum
At lowest point, P.E = 0 velocity of a body at any point in vertical
1 circle so that it can perform vertical
K.E = mv 2L circular motion.
2 Ans: Expression for minimum velocity at any
At highest point, point in V.C. motion:
1 i. Consider a body of mass m,
P.E = mg (2r) and K.E = mv 2H
2 performing vertical circular motion of
From equation (3) path radius r. P is any point on the circle
1 1 as shown in the figure. We have to find
mv 2L 0 mv 2H mg(2r) velocity at P.
2 2
1 1 1 ii. Let vP = velocity at P
mv 2L mv 2H (4 mgr)
2 2 2 H
1 1
mv 2L m v 2H 4gr
2 2
v L v H 4gr
2 2
.(4) O
N M
rh r
To complete vertical circular motion, K P
vH = rg h
rg L
2
v 2L 4rg = rg + 4 rg
v 2L = 5 rg vP
vL = 5rg (5) In OKP,
Equation (5) represents minimum OK = r cos
velocity at the lowest point, so that body h = r OK
can safely travel along vertical circle.
= r r cos
v. Velocity at midway position:
1
h = r (1 cos )
At midway position, K.E = mv 2M and iii. From principle of conservation of
2
P.E = mgr energy,
Total energy at L = Total energy at M Total energy at L = Total energy at P
(P.E)L + (K.E)L = (P.E)M + (K.E)M (P.E)L + (K.E)L = (P.E)P + (K.E)P
1 1 1 1
0+ m 5rg = mgr + mv 2M
2 2 0 + mv 2L = mgh + mv 2P
2 2
5mgr 1
= mgr + mv 2M But min. vL = 5rg
2 2
20
1 1 1 1 5
5mgr = mgr (1 cos ) + mv 2P K.E = mv 2L = m 5rg = mgr
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 Total energy at lowest point = K.E + P.E
mv 2P 5 mrg mrg (1 cos ) 5 5
2 2 = mgr + 0 = mgr
2 2
5
= mrg 1 cos 5
2 (T.E)L = mgr ....(2)
2
1 2 rg(5 2 2cos ) Equation (2) represents energy of
vP =
2 2 particle at lowest point in V.C.M
v 2P = (3 + 2 cos ) rg iv. When the particle is at midway point
in V.C.M:
vP = (3 2cos )rg
P.E = mgh = mgr [ h = r]
Q.61. *Obtain expression for energy at different 1 1 3
positions in the vertical circular motion. K.E = m v 2M = m 3rg = mgr
2 2 2
Hence show that total energy in vertical Total energy at M = K.E + P.E
circular motion is constant. 3
OR = mgr + mgr
Show that total energy of a body 2
performing vertical circular motion is 5
(T.E)M = mgr ....(3)
conserved. [Mar 11] 2
Ans: Expression for energy at different points in Equation (3) represents total energy of
V.C.M: particle at midway position in V.C.M
i. Consider a particle of mass m revolving v. From equation (i), (ii) and (iii),
in a vertical circle of radius r in it is observed that total energy at any
anticlockwise direction. 5
point in V.C.M is mgr, i.e., constant.
ii. When the particle is at highest point H: 2
1 1 Hence, total energy of a particle
K.E = mvH2 = m rg [ vH = rg ] performing vertical circular motion
2 2
P.E = mg(2r) = 2mgr remains constant.
Total energy at highest point Q.62. *A particle of mass m, just completes the
T.E = K.E + P.E vertical circular motion. Derive the
1 5 expression for the difference in tensions at
T.E = mgr + 2mgr = mgr the highest and the lowest points. [Mar 13]
2 2
5 OR
(T.E)H = mgr ....(1) Show that for a body performing V.C.M.,
2 difference in tension at the lowest and
Equation (1) represents energy of highest point on vertical circle is 6mg.
particle at the highest point in V.C.M. Ans:
vH H
vH H
vM
TH
TH
O O
2r M r
r
TL
TL
vL L vL
L [ Mark]
i. Suppose a body of mass m performs
iii. When particle is at lowest point L:
V.C.M on a circle of radius r as shown
P.E = 0 [ At lowest point, h = 0] in the figure.
21
ii. Let, a = constant acceleration of particle
TL = tension at the lowest point ii. The angular displacement of a particle
TH = tension at the highest point in rotational motion after time t is given
vL = velocity at the lowest point by = 0 t + 1 t2
vH = velocity at the highest point 2
[ Mark] It is analogous to the kinematic equation
iii. At lowest point L, of linear motion,
mv 2L s = u t + 1 at2
TL = + mg [ Mark] 2
r
At highest point H, where,
mv 2H s = linear displacement
TH = mg [ Mark] u = initial velocity
r a = constant acceleration
mv 2L mv 2H t = time interval.
TL TH = + mg mg
r r iii. The angular velocity of rotating particle
m 2 after certain angular displacement is
=
r
vL v2H + 2mg given by,
2 = 02 + 2
m 2
TL TH =
r
v L v 2H + 2mg ....(1) It is analogous to the kinematic equation
of linear motion
iv. By law of conservation of energy,
(P.E + K.E) at L = (P.E + K.E) at H v2 = u2 + 2as,
where,
1 1
0 + mv 2L = mg.2r + mv 2H u = initial velocity
2 2 v = final velocity
1
m v 2L v 2H = mg.2r a = constant acceleration
2 s = linear displacement
v 2L v 2H = 4gr ....(2)
From equation (1) and (2), Summary
m 1. Motion of a particle along a circumference of
TL TH = (4gr) + 2mg [ Mark]
r a circle is called circular motion.
= 4mg + 2mg
2. Angle described by a radius vector in a given
TL TH = 6mg [ Mark] time at the centre of circle to other position is
called as angular displacement.
1.10 Kinematical equation for circular motion in
analogy with linear motion 3. Infinitesimal small angular displacement is a
vector quantity. Finite angular displacement is
*Q.63.State the kinematical equations for circular a pseudo vector (scalar), as for large values of
motion in analogy with linear motion. , the commutative law of vector addition is
Ans: The kinematical equations of circular motion not valid.
are analogue to the equations of linear motion
which is given below: 4. The rate of change of angular displacement
i. Angular velocity of a particle at any w.r.t time is called angular velocity.

time t is given by, d
= 0 + t, It is given by = .
where, dt
0 = initial angular velocity of the particle Angular velocity relates with linear velocity

= angular acceleration of the particle by the relation, v = r or v = r.
It is analogue to the kinematical
equation of linear motion, 5. The rate of change of angular velocity w.r.t
v = u + at time is called as angular acceleration.
where, u = initial velocity of particle d 0
It is given by relation, = .
v = final velocity of particle dt t
22
6. There are two types of acceleration aR (radial) Case 1: At highest point, = 180
and aT (tangential) in non U.C.M. vH = rg
dv
Formula for aR = 2r and aT = = r, Case 2: At lowest point, = 0
dt
resultant acceleration of a particle in vL = 5rg
non-U.C.M is given by, a = a 2R a T2 . Case 3: At horizontal point, = 90
vM = 3rg
7. Centripetal force is directed towards the centre
along the radius and makes the particle to 16. Energy of a particle at any point in vertical
move along the circle. 5
circular motion is given by T.E = mgr
8. Centrifugal force is directed away from the 2
centre along the radius and has the same
Formulae
magnitude as that of centripetal force.
9. The process in which the outer edge of the 1. In U.C.M angular velocity:
road is made slightly higher than the inner v
edge is called as banking of roads. i. = ii. =
r t
rg 2
10. The formula for vmax = rg and vmin = . iii. = 2n iv. =
T
On frictional surface, a body performing
circular motion, the centripetal force is 2. Angular displacement:
provided by the force of friction given by, 2t
i. = t ii. =
Fs = mg. T
11. The angle of banking () is given by, 3. Angular acceleration:
v2 1 2
tan = . i. = 2 ii. = (n2 n1)
rg t t
12. The period of revolution of the conical 4. Linear velocity:
pendulum is given by, i. v = r ii. v = 2nr
r l cos
T = 2 = 2 5. Centripetal acceleration or radial
g tan g
v2
acceleration: a = = 2r
13. The linear speed of the bob of conical r
pendulum v = rg tan
6. Tangential acceleration: a T = r
14. Tension at any point P in vertical circular
7. Centripetal force:
motion is given by,
mv 2P mv 2
T= + mg cos i. FCF = ii. FCP = mr2
r r
Where, vP = velocity at any point in V.C.M 42 mr
Case 1: At highest point, = 180 iii. FCP = 42 mrn2 iv. FCP =
T2
mv 2H v. FCP = mg = m r 2
so, TH = mg
r
Case 2: At lowest point, = 0 v2
8. Inclination of banked road: = tan1
mv 2L rg
so, TL = + mg
r
9. Maximum velocity of vehicle to avoid
15. Velocity at any arbitrary point is given by, skidding on a curve unbanked road:
v= rg 3 2cos vmax = rg
23
10. Maximum safe velocity on banked road: 20. Kinematic equations of linear motion:
1 2
tan i. v = u + at ii. s = ut + at
i. vmax = rg s 2
1 s tan iii. v2 = u2 + 2as
(in presence of friction) 21. Kinematic equations of rotational motion:
1
ii. vmax = rg tan (in absence of friction) i. = 0 + t ii. = 0t + t2
2
2
11. Height of inclined road: h = l sin iii. = 0 + 2
2
12. Conical Pendulum: Solved Examples

i. Angular velocity of the bob of conical
pendulum, Example 1
g g tan g What is the angular displacement of second hand
= = = r in 5 seconds?
l cos r h
Solution:
ii. Linear velocity of the bob of conical
Given: T = 60 s, t = 5 s
pendulum v = rg tan
To find: Angular displacement ()
iii. Period of conical pendulum 2t
l cos Formula: =
a. T = 2 T
g Calculation: From formula,
l 2 3.142 5
b. T = 2 ( is small) =
g 60
= 0.5237 rad
r
c. T = 2 Ans: The angular displacement of second hand in
g tan 5 seconds is 0.5237 rad.
13. Minimum velocity at lowest point to
complete V.C.M: vL = 5rg Example 2
Calculate the angular velocity of earth due to its
14. Minimum velocity at highest point to spin motion.
complete V.C.M: vH = rg Solution:
Given: T = 24 hour = 24 3600 s
15. Minimum velocity at midway point to To find: Angular velocity ()
complete in V.C.M: vM = 3rg 2
Formula: =
T
16. Tension at highest point in V.C.M:
Calculation: From formula,
mv 2H
TH = mg 2
r =
24 3600
17. Tension at midway point in V.C.M: 2 3.142
mv 2m =
TM = 24 3600
r = 7.27 105 rad/s
18. Tension at lowest point in V.C.M: Ans: The angular velocity of earth due to its spin
mv 2L motion is 7.27 105 rad/s.
TL = + mg
r
Example 3
19. Total energy at any point in V.C.M: What is the angular speed of the minute hand of
5 a clock? If the minute hand is 5 cm long. What is
T.E = mgr
2 the linear speed of its tip ? [Oct 04]
24
Solution: th
ii. Time taken for of circular
1
Given: Length of minute hand, r = 5 cm, 5
T = 60 min = 60 60 = 3600 s path (t)
To find: i. Angular speed ()
ii. Linear speed (v) Formulae: i. v = r ii. =
t
2 Calculation: From formula (i),
Formulae: i. = ii. v = r
T v 300
= =
Calculation: From formula (i), r 1500
2 3.142 300 1
= = = = 0.2 rad/s
3600 1500 5
= 1.74 103 rad/s The angular displacement () of the
From formula (ii), th
aircraft to complete
1
v = r = 5 102 1.74 103 of the
5
v = 8.7 105 m/s 2
Ans: The minute hand of the clock has angular circular path is = rad
5
speed 1.74 103 rad/s and linear speed
From formula (ii),
8.7 105 m/s.
2 / 5
t = =
0.2
*Example 4
2 3.142
Calculate the angular velocity and linear velocity t= = 6.284 s
of a tip of minute hand of length 10 cm. 5 0.2
Solution: Ans: The angular speed of the aircraft is 0.2 rad/s
th
Given: T = 60 min. = 60 60 s = 3600 s, 1
and time taken by it to complete of
l = 10 cm = 0.1 m 5
To find: i. Angular velocity () circular path is 6.284 s.
ii. Linear velocity (v)
*Example 6
2 Propeller blades in aeroplane are 2 m long
Formulae: i. = ii. v = r
T i. When propeller is rotating at 1800 rev/min,
Calculation: From formula (i), compute the tangential velocity of tip of the
2 2 3.142 blade.
= = ii. What is the tangential velocity at a point on
T 3600
blade midway between tip and axis?
= 1.744 103 rad/s
Solution:
From formula (ii),
1800
v = r = 0.1 1.745 103 Given: l = 2 m, n = 1800 r.p.m =
60
v = 1.745 104 m/s
= 30 r.p.s.
Ans: The tip of the minute hand has angular
r1 = l = 2m, r2 = l/2 = 1m
velocity 1.744 103 rad/s and linear velocity To find: i. Tangential velocity of tip of the
1.745 104 m/s. blade ( vT1 )
ii. Tangential velocity at a point on
Example 5
blade midway between tip and
An aircraft takes a turn along a circular path of
axis ( v T2 )
radius 1500 m. If the linear speed of the aircraft
is 300 m/s, find its angular speed and time taken Formula: v = 2nr
1
th Calculation: i. From formula,
by it to complete of circular path. Tangential velocity of the tip of
5 blade,
Solution: vT1 = 2nr1 = 2 3.14 30 2
Given: r = 1500 m, v = 300 m/s
vT1 = 376.8 m/s
25
ii. Tangential velocity at a point Example 9
midway between tip and axis, The spin dryer of a washing machine rotating at
v T2 = 2nr2= 2 3.14 30 1 15 r.p.s. slows down to 5 r.p.s. after making
50 revolutions. Find its angular acceleration.
v T2 = 188.4 m/s
[Mar 15]
Ans: i. The tangential velocity of tip of the Solution:
blade is 376.8 m/s. Given: n0 = 15 r.p.s., n = 5 r.p.s.,
ii. The tangential velocity at a point on blade No. of revolutions = 50
midway between tip and axis is 188.4 m/s. To find: Angular acceleration ()
Formulae: i. = 2n
Example 7 ii. 2 = 02 2 [ Mark]
A particle, initially at rest, performs circular
Calculation: Using formula (i),
motion with uniform angular acceleration
0.2 rad/s2. What speed will it attain in = 2 5 = 10
10 seconds? 0 = 2 5 = 30
Solution: In 1 revolution, angular displacement
Given: 1 = 0, = 0.2 rad/s2, t = 10 s = 2
To find: Speed (2) in 50 revolutions, angular
Formula: 2 = 1 + t displacement = = 100
Calculation: From formula, Using formula (ii),
2 = 0 + (0.2) 10 (10)2 = (30 )2 + 2(100 )
2 = 2 rad/s [ Mark]
Ans: Speed attained by the particle in 10 seconds is 900 2 100 2
=
2 rad/s. 200
= 4 rad/s2 = 12.56 rad/s2
Example 8 Ans: Angular acceleration of spin dryer is
The frequency of a particle performing circular 12.56 rad/s2. [1 Mark]
motion changes from 60 r.p.m to 180 r.p.m in
20 second. Calculate the angular acceleration. *Example 10
[Oct 98] The length of hour hand of a wrist watch is
Solution: 1.5 cm. Find magnitude of
60 i. angular velocity
Given: n1 = 60 r.p.m = = 1 rev/s,
60 ii. linear velocity
180 iii. angular acceleration
n2 = 180 r.p.m = = 3 rev/s, iv. radial acceleration
60
t = 20 s v. tangential acceleration
To find: Angular acceleration () vi. linear acceleration of a particle on tip of
hour hand.
1
Formula: = 2 Solution:
t Given: T = 12 60 60 = 43200 s,
r = 1.5 cm = 1.5 102 m
2n 2 2n1 2 (3 1)
= = To find: i. Angular velocity ()
t 20 ii. Linear velocity (v)
2 3.142 2 iii. Angular acceleration ()
=
20 iv. Radial acceleration (aR)
3.142 v. Tangential acceleration (aT)
=
5 vi. Linear acceleration (a)
= 0.6284 rad/s2 Formulae:
Ans: Angular acceleration of the particle is 2
i. = ii. v = r
0.6284 rad/s2. T
26
d Solution:
iii. = iv. aR = v
dt Given: H = 6 m, r = 2 m,
v. aT = r vi. a = aR + aT u = 0 (body starts from rest)
Calculation:
To find: i. Radial acceleration (aR)
i. From formula (i),
2 3.142 ii. Total Acceleration (aTotal)
= v2
43200 Formulae: i. aR =
= 1.454 104 rad/s r
ii. From formula (ii), ii. aTotal = a 2R a T2
v = 1.5 102 1.46 104
v = 2.19 106 m/s Calculation: Height lost by the body = 6 2 = 4 m
iii Since angular velocity of hour hand is From equation of motion,
constant. v2 = u2 + 2gh
=0 v2 = 0 + 2 9.8 4 = 78.4
iv. From formula (iv), From formula (i),
aR = 2.182 106 1.454 104
78.4
aR = 3.175 1010 m/s2 aR =
2
v. From formula (v),
aT = 0 1.5 102 aR = 39.2 m/s2
aT = 0 aT = g = 9.8 m/s2
vi. From formula (vi), From formula (ii),
a = 3.175 1010 + 0
a = 3.175 1010 m/s2
aTotal = 39.2 2 9.82
Ans: i. The hour hand of the wrist watch has = 1536.64 96.04 = 1632.68
angular velocity 1.454 104 rad/s. aTotal = 40.4 m/s2
ii. The hour hand of the wrist watch has
Ans: i. The magnitude of radial acceleration of
linear velocity 2.19 106 m/s.
iii. The hour hand of the wrist watch has the block is 39.2 m/s2.
angular acceleration 0. ii. The total acceleration of the block
iv. The hour hand of the wrist watch has is 40.4 m/s2.
radial acceleration 3.175 1010 m/s2.
v. The hour hand of the wrist watch has Example 12
tangential acceleration 0. A car of mass 1500 kg rounds a curve of radius
vi. Linear acceleration of the particle on tip 250m at 90 km/hour. Calculate the centripetal
of hour hand is 3.175 1010 m/s2.
force acting on it. [Mar 13]
*Example 11 Solution:
A block of mass 1 kg is released from P on a Given: m = 1500 kg, r = 250 m,
frictionless track which ends in quarter circular 5
v = 90 km/h = 90 = 25 m/s
track of radius 2 m at the bottom as shown in the 18
figure. What is the magnitude of radial To find: Centripetal force (FCP)
acceleration and total acceleration of the block
when it arrives at Q? mv2
Formula: FCP = [ Mark]
P
r
1500 25
2
FCP = [ Mark]
H=6m 250
Q
FCP = 3750 N
r=2m Ans: The centripetal force acting on the car is
3750 N. [1 Mark]
27
Example 13 ii. From formula (ii),
A racing car completes 5 rounds of a circular aCP = (0.1)2 250
track in 2 minutes. Find the radius of the track if aCP = 2.5 m/s2
the car has uniform centripetal acceleration of iii. From formula (iii),
2 m/s2. [Oct 13]
2000 25
2
Solution: FCP =
250
Given: 5 rounds = 2r(5), t = 2 minutes = 120 s FCP = 5000 N
To find: Radius (r) Ans: The car has,
Formula: acp = 2r [ Mark] i. angular speed 0.1 rad/s.
Calculation: From formula, ii. centripetal acceleration 2.5 m/s2.
acp = 2r iii. centripetal force 5000 N.
v2
2 =
r Example 15
2r (5) 10r A one kg mass tied at the end of the string 0.5 m
But v = =
t t long is whirled in a horizontal circle, the other
1002 r 2 end of the string being fixed. The breaking
2 = tension in the string is 50 N. Find the greatest
rt 2
speed that can be given to the mass.
120 120
r= [ Mark] Solution:
100
Given: Breaking tension, F = 50 N,
= 144 m
m = 1 kg, r = 0.5 m
Ans: The radius of the track is 144 m. [1 Mark]
To find: Maximum speed (vmax)
*Example 14 mv 2max
Formula: B.T = max.C.F =
r
A car of mass 2000 kg moves round a curve of
radius 250 m at 90 km/hr. Compute its Calculation: From formula,
i. angular speed F r
v2max =
m
ii. centripetal acceleration
50 0.5
iii. centripetal force. v 2max =
1
Solution:
Given: m = 2000 kg, r = 250 m, vmax = 50 0.5
5 vmax = 5 m/s
v = 90 km/h = 90 = 25 m/s Ans: The greatest speed that can be given to the
18
mass is 5 m/s.
ii. Centripetal acceleration (aCP)
Example 16
iii. Centripetal force (FCP)
A mass of 5 kg is tied at the end of a string
v
Formulae: i. = ii. aCP = 2r 1.2 m long revolving in a horizontal circle. If the
r
breaking tension in the string is 300 N, find the
mv 2 maximum number of revolutions per minute the
iii. FCP =
r mass can make.
Calculation: i. From formula (i), Solution:
25 Given: Length of the string, r = 1.2 m,
=
250 Mass attached, m = 5 kg,
= 0.1 rad/s Breaking tension, T = 300 N
28
To find: Maximum number of revolutions per Example 18
minute (nmax) A stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to the end of a string
Formula: Tmax = mr2max is whirled in a circle of radius 1.5 m with a speed
Calculation: From formula, of 40 revolutions/min in a horizontal plane. What
5 1.2 (2n)2 = 300 is the tension in the string? What is the maximum
speed with which the stone can be whirled
5 1.2 42n2 = 300
around if the string can withstand a maximum
300
n2max = = 1.26618 tension of 200 N? (NCERT)
4 3.142 6.0
2
Solution:
nmax = 1.26618 = 1.125 rev/s Given: m = 0.25 kg, r = 1.5 m, Tmax = 200 N,
nmax = 1.125 60 n = 40 rev. min1 =
40
rev s1
nmax = 67.5 rev/min 60
Ans: The maximum number of revolutions per To find: i. Tension (T)
minute made by the mass is 67.5 rev/min. ii. Maximum speed (vmax)
mv 2max
Formulae: i. T = mr2 ii. Tmax =
Example 17 r
A coin placed on a revolving disc, with its centre 2
Calculation: Since, = 2n =
at a distance of 6 cm from the axis of rotation just 60
slips off when the speed of the revolving disc = 1.33 rad s1
exceeds 45 r.p.m. What should be the maximum From formula (i),
angular speed of the disc, so that when the coin is T = 0.25 1.5 (1.33)2
at a distance of 12 cm from the axis of rotation, it
T = 6.55 N
does not slip?
From formula (ii),
Solution:
T r
Given: r1 = 6 cm, r2 = 12 cm, n1 = 45 r.p.m v2max = max
m
To Find: Maximum angular speed (n2)
200 1.5
Formula: Max.C.F = mr2 v2max =
0.25
Calculation: Since, mr1mr222
vmax = 1200
[As mass is constant]
2 2 vmax = 34.64 m s1
r11 = r22
Ans: i. The tension in the string is 6.55 N.
2 r1 ii. The maximum speed with which the stone
=
1 r2 can be whirled around is 34.64 m s1.
2n 2 r1
= Example 19
2n1 r2
A coin kept on a horizontal rotating disc has its
n2 r1 centre at a distance of 0.1 m from the axis of the
=
n1 r2 rotating disc. If the coefficient of friction between
the coin and the disc is 0.25; find the angular
r1 6
n2 = n1 = 45 r.p.m speed of disc at which the coin would be about to
r2 12 slip off. (Given g = 9.8 m/s2) [Oct 11]
45 Solution:
r.p.m = 31.8 r.p.m
2 Given: r = 0.1 m, = 0.25
Ans: The maximum angular speed of the disc To find: Angular speed ()
should be 31.8 r.p.m. Formula: v = r
29
Calculation: Using formula, 1 100 100 5
n = 33 rev/min = rev/min = r.p.s = r.p.s
v rg g 0.25 9.8
1/ 2 2 3 180 9
= = = =
r r r 0.1 10
= 2n =
= 4.949 rad/s 9
Ans: The angular speed of the disc at which the g = 0.15 9.8 = 1.47 m/s2
2
coin would be about to slip off is 4.949 rad/s. 2 10 2
and r1 = 0.04 0.488 m/s
g
Example 20 As g > r12, the coin will revolve with the record.
A coin kept at a distance of 5 cm from the centre For the second coin,
of a turntable of radius 1.5 m just begins to slip 2
10
when the turnable rotates at a speed of 90 r.p.m. r22 = 0.14 = 1.706 m/s
2
9
Calculate the coefficient of static friction between
the coin and the turntable. [g = 9.8 m/s2]. [Mar 16] As r22 > g, the coin will not revolve with the record.
Solution:
Given: r = 5 cm = 0.05 m Brain Teaser
90 Example 22
n = 90 r.p.m. = r.p.s.,
60 A 70 kg man stands in contact against the inner
g = 9.8 m/s2 wall of a hollow cylindrical drum of radius 3 m
To find: Coefficient of static friction (s) rotating about its vertical axis with 200 rev/min.
The coefficient of friction between the wall and
r2 his clothing is 0.15. What is the minimum
Formula: s = [ Mark]
g rotational speed of the cylinder to enable the man
2 90 to remain stuck to the wall (without falling) when
Calculation: Since, = 2n = the floor is suddenly removed? (NCERT)
60
Solution:
= 3 rad/s The horizontal force N of the wall on the man
0.05 (3) 2 provides the necessary centripetal force.
s = [ Mark]
9.8 mv 2
N = mr2
0.45 (3.14) 2 r
= = 0.4527
9.8 The frictional force acting upwards balances the
Ans: The coefficient of static friction between the weight mg of the man.
coin and the turntable is 0.4527. [1 Mark] i.e., N or mg mr2
g g
2 or 2
Example 21 r r
1 So, the minimum angular velocity of rotation of the
A disc revolves with a speed of 33 rev/min. and
3 drum is given by,
has a radius of 15 cm. Two coins are placed at g 9.8
4 cm and 14 cm away from the centre of record. min = =
r 0.15 3
If the co-efficient of friction between the coins
and the record is 0.15, which of the coins will min = 4.667 rad s1
revolve with the record? (NCERT) Ans: The minimum rotational speed of the cylinder
Solution: is 4.667 rad s1.
The coin will revolve with record if the force of friction
is enough to provide centripetal force. If this force is not
Example 23
enough, then the coin will slip off the record.
To prevent slipping, the condition is Calculate the maximum speed with which a car
mg mr2 can be safely driven along a curved road of
g r2 radius 30 m and banked at 30 with the
For the first coin, r = 4 cm = 0.04 m, horizontal [g = 9.8 m/s2]. [Mar 96]
30
Solution: (15) 2
Given: r = 30 m, = 30, g = 9.8 m/s 2 tan
30 9.8
To find: Maximum speed (vmax) = tan1(0.7653 )
Formula: vmax = rg tan = 37 25
Calculation: From formula, Ans: i. The centripetal force required is provided
by the lateral force action due to rails.
vmax = 30 9.8 tan 30
ii. The angle of banking required is 37 25.
1 30 9.8
= 30 9.8 = *Example 26
3 1.732
A motor cyclist at a speed of 5 m/s is describing a
vmax = 13.028 m/s circle of radius 25 m. Find his inclination with
Ans: The maximum speed with which the car can vertical. What is the value of coefficient of
drive safely is 13.028 m/s. friction between tyre and ground?
Solution:
Example 24 Given: v = 5 m/s, r = 25 m, g = 9.8 m/s2
An aircraft executes a horizontal loop at a speed To find: i. Inclination with vertical ()
of 720 km h-1 with its wings banked at 15. What ii. Coefficient of friction ()
is the radius of the loop? (NCERT) v2 v2
Solution: Formulae: i. tan = ii. = g
rg r
5
Given: v = 720 km h1 = 720 = 200 m/s, Calculation: From formula (i),
18
5
2
= 15 1
tan = = = 0.1021
To find: Radius (r) 25 9.8 9.8
v2 = tan1 (0.1021) = 550
Formula: tan = From formula (ii),
rg
52
Calculation: From formula, = = 0.1021
25 9.8
v2 Ans: i. The inclination of the motor cyclist with
r
g tan vertical is 550.
200 ii. The value of coefficient of friction
2
r= = 15232 m between tyre and ground is 0.1021.

9.8 tan 15o
r = 15.23 km *Example 27
Ans: The radius of the loop is 15.23 km. A motor van weighing 4400 kg rounds a level
curve of radius 200 m on an unbanked road at
Example 25 60 km/hr. What should be minimum value of
coefficient of friction to prevent skidding? At what
A train runs along an unbanked circular track of
angle the road should be banked for this velocity?
radius 30 m at a speed of 54 km h1. The mass of
Solution:
the train is 106 kg.
Given: m = 4400 kg, r = 200 m,
i. What provides the centripetal force required
5 50
for this purpose? The engine or the rails? v = 60 km/hr = 60 = m/s,
ii. What is the angle of banking required to 18 3
prevent wearing out of the rail? (NCERT) g = 9.8 m/s2
Solution: To find: i. Coefficient of friction ()
i. The centripetal force is provided by the lateral ii. Angle of banking ()
force action due to rails on the wheels of the v2
train. Formulae: i. v = rg ii. tan =
rg
5
ii. v = 54 km h1 = 54 = 15 m/s, r = 30 m Calculation: From formula (i),
18 (50 / 3) 2 25
v2 = =
tan = 200 9.8 18 9.8
rg = 0.1417
31
From formula (ii), Example 30
tan = 0.1417 A motorcyclist rounds a curve of radius 25 m at the
= tan1 (0.1417) = 8 4 speed of 36 km/hr. The combined mass of motorcycle
Ans: i. The minimum value of coefficient of and motorcyclist is 150 kg. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
friction to prevent skidding 0.1417. i. What is centripetal force exerted on the
ii. The angle at which the road should be motorcyclist?
banked is 8 4. ii. What is upward force exerted on the
motorcyclist?
Example 28 iii. What angle the motorcycle makes with
A stone of mass 1 kg is whirled in horizontal vertical? [Feb 13 old course]
circle attached at the end of a 1 m long string. If Solution:
the string makes an angle of 30 with vertical, 5
Given: r = 25 m, v = 36 = 10 m/s,
calculate the centripetal force acting on the stone. 18
(g = 9.8 m/s2). [Mar 14] m = 150 kg
Solution: To find: i. Centripetal force (F)
Given: m = 1 kg, l = 1 m, = 30, ii. Upward force (N cos )
g = 9.8 m/s2 ii. Angle motorcycle makes with
To find: Centripetal force (FCP) vertical ()
mv 2 mv 2
Formulae: i. FCP = ii. v = rg tan Formulae: i. F= [ Mark]
r r
[ Mark] ii. N cos = mg [ Mark]
Calculation: Substituting formula (ii) in (i), v2
iii. tan =

2
m rg tan rg
FCP = = mg tan Calculation: From formula (i),
r
[ Mark] 150 (10) 2
F= [ Mark]
= 1 9.8 tan 30 25
1 9.8
F = 600 N
= 9.8 = = 5.658 N From formula (ii),
3 1.732
N cos = 9.8 150 = 1470 N
Ans: The centripetal force acting on the stone is 5.658 N. From formula (iii),
[1 Mark] v2
= tan1 [ Mark]
Example 29 rg
A stone of mass 2 kg is whirled in a horizontal 102
circle attached at the end of 1.5 m long string. If = tan1 [ Mark]
the string makes an angle of 30 with vertical, 25 9.8
compute its period. (g = 9.8 m/s2) [July 16] = 2212
Solution: Ans: i. Centripetal force exerted on the
Given: m = 2 kg, l = 1.5 m, = 30, motorcyclist is 600 N. [ Mark]
g = 9.8 m/s2 ii. Upward force exerted on the
To find: Period (T) motorcyclist is 1470 N. [ Mark]
iii. Angle the motorcycle makes with
l cos
Formula: T = 2 [ Mark] vertical is 2212. [ Mark]
g
Calculation: From formula, *Example 31
1.5 cos 30 A circular race course track has a radius of
T = 2 3.14 [ Mark] 500 m and is banked to 10. If the coefficient of
9.8
friction between tyres of vehicle and the road
1.5 0.8660 surface is 0.25. Compute.
= 6.28
9.8 i. the maximum speed to avoid slipping.
T = 2.29 s ii. the optimum speed to avoid wear and tear
Ans: Period of revolution is 2.29 s. [1 Mark] of tyres. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
32
Solution: h = 1 sin (1132)
Given: r = 500 m, = 10, = 0.25 = 1 (0.2000) = 0.2 m
To Find: i. Maximum speed to avoid h = 20 cm
slipping (vmax) Ans: The elevation of the outer rail above the inner
ii. Optimum speed to avoid wear rail is 20 cm.
and tear of tyres (vo)
tan Example 33
Formulae: i. vmax = rg s
1 s tan A string of length 0.5 m carries a bob of mass
0.1 kg at its end. It is used as a conical pendulum
ii. vo = rg tan with a period 1.41 s. Calculate angle of
Calculation: i. From formula (i), inclination of string with vertical and tension in
0.25 tan10 the string.
vmax = 500 9.8 Solution:
1 0.25 tan10
Given: l = 0.5 m, m = 0.1 kg, T = 1.41 s
vmax = 46.72 m/s To find: i. Angle of inclination ()
ii. From formula (ii), ii. Tension in the string (T)
vo = 500 9.8 tan10 l cos
Formulae: i. T = 2
g
= 500 9.8 0.176
vo = 29.37 m/s mg
ii. Tension, T =
Ans: i. The maximum speed to avoid slipping is cos
46.72 m/s. Calculation: From formula (i),
ii. The optimum speed to avoid wear and 0.5 cos
tear of tyres is 29.37 m/s. 1.41 = 2 3.142
9.8
Example 32 1.41 cos
=
The radius of curvature of meter gauge railway 2 3.142 19.6
line at a place where the train is moving with a 2
speed of 10 m/s is 50 m. If there is no side thrust 1.41 cos
= 19.6
on the rails, find the elevation of the outer rail 2 3.142
above the inner rail. 1.41
2
Solution: cos = 19.6

Given: Radius of curve, r = 50 m, 2 3.142
Speed of train, v = 10 m/s cos = 0.9868
To find: Elevation of rails (h) = cos1 (0.9868)
v2 = 919
Formulae: i. tan = ii. h = lsin From formula (ii),
rg
Calculation: 0.1 9.8 0.98
T = =
cos 919 0.9868
l=1m
h T = 0.993 N
Ans: i. The angle of inclination of string with

vertical is 919.
From formula (i), ii. The tension in the string is 0.993 N.
v2
= tan1 Example 34
rg In a conical pendulum, a string of length 120 cm
100 is fixed at rigid support and carries a mass of
= tan1 1
= tan (0.2041)
50 9.8 150 g at its free end. If the mass is revolved in a
= 1132 horizontal circle of radius 0.2 m around a vertical
From formula (ii), axis, calculate tension in the string. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
h = l sin [Oct 13]
33
Solution: Solution:
Given: l = 120 cm = 1.2 m, r = 0.2 m,
m = 150 g = 0.15 kg
To find: Tension in the string (T) l
h T cos
mg
Formula: Tension, T =
cos r
Calculation:
T mg
h l
T cos Given: l = 50 cm = 0.5 m,
O r r = 30 cm = 0.3 m,
mg m = 100 g = 100 103 kg = 0.1 kg
To find: i. Angle made by the string with
By Pythagoras theorem, vertical ()
l2 = r2 + h2 ii. Tension in the supporting thread
h2 = (1.2)2 (0.2)2 (T)
= 1.4 iii. Speed of bob (v)
h = 1.183 m [1 Mark] r
The weight of bob is balanced by Formulae: i. tan =
h
vertical component of tension T. v2
Tcos = mg .(i) ii. tan =
rg
From figure,
h Calculation: By Pythagoras theorem,
cos = l2 = r2 + h2
l
h2 = l2 r2
h2 h2
cos2 = 2 2 h2 = 0.25 0.09 = 0.16
l r h2
h = 0.4 m
h
cos = i. From formula (i),
r h2
2
0.3
tan = = 0.75
Substituting in formula, 0.4
mg r 2 h 2 = tan1 (0.75)
T=
h = 3652
2 ii. The weight of bob is balanced by
r vertical component of tension T
= mg 1 [ Mark]
h T cos = mg
0.04 h 0.4
= 0.15 9.8 1 cos = = = 0.8
1.4 l 0.5
[ Mark] mg 0.1 9.8
T= =
= 1.491 N cos 0.8
Ans: Tension in the string is 1.491 N. [1 Mark] T = 1.225 N
Example 35 iii. From formula (ii),
A conical pendulum has length 50 cm. Its bob of mass v2 = rg tan
100 g performs uniform circular motion in v2 = 0.3 9.8 0.75 = 2.205
horizontal plane, so as to have radius of path 30 cm. v = 1.485 m/s
Find Ans: i. Angle made by the string with vertical is
i. the angle made by the string with vertical 3652.
ii. the tension in the supporting thread and ii. Tension in the supporting thread is 1.225 N.
iii. the speed of bob. iii. Speed of the bob is 1.485 m/s.
34
*Example 36 Example 38
A bucket containing water is whirled in a vertical A stone of mass 5 kg, tied to one end of a rope of
circle at arms length. Find the minimum speed at length 0.8 m, is whirled in a vertical circle. Find
top to ensure that no water spills out. Also find the minimum velocity at the highest point and at
corresponding angular speed. [Assume r = 0.75 m] the midway point. [g = 98 m/s2] [Oct 14]
Solution: Solution:
Given: r = 0.75 m, g = 9.8 m/s2 Given: m = 5 kg, r = 0.8 m, g = 9.8 m/s2
To find: i. Minimum speed (vH) To find: i. Minimum velocity at the highest
ii. Angular speed (H) point (vH)
ii. Minimum velocity at midway
v
Formulae: i. vH = rg ii. H = H point (vM)
r
Formulae: i. vH = rg [ Mark]
Calculation: From formula (i),
vH = 0.75 9.8 ii. vM = 3rg [ Mark]
vH = 2.711 m/s Calculation: From formula (i),
From formula (ii), vH = 0.8 9.8 = 7.84 = 2.8 m/s
2.711 [ Mark]
H = From formula (ii),
0.75
H = 3.615 rad/s vM = 3 0.8 9.8
Ans: i. For no water to spill out, the minimum = 3 2.8
speed at top should be 2.711 m/s. = 4.85 m/s [ Mark]
ii. The angular speed of the bucket is Ans: The minimum velocity at the highest point and
3.615 rad/s. midway point is 2.8 m/s and 4.85 m/s
respectively.
Example 37
A stone of mass 100 g attached to a string of
*Example 39
length 50 cm is whirled in a vertical circle by
A stone weighing 1 kg is whirled in a vertical
giving velocity at lowest point as 7 m/s. Find the
circle at the end of a rope of length 0.5 m.
velocity at the highest point.
Find the tension at
[Acceleration due to gravity = 98 m/s2] [Oct 15] i. lowest position ii. mid position
Solution: iii. highest position
Given: m = 100 g= 0.1 kg, r = 50 cm = 0.5m, Solution:
g = 9.8 m/s2, vL = 7 m/s Given: m = 1 kg, r = l = 0.5 m, g = 9.8 m/s2
To find: Velocity at the highest point (vH) To find: i. Tension at lowest position (TL)
2 T.E.(H) ii. Tension at mid position (TM)
Formula: vH = 4gr [ Mark] iii. Tension at highest position (TH)
m
mv 2L
Calculation: Total energy at highest point, Formulae: i. TL = + mg
r
1
T.E.(H)= K.E. at lowest point = mv 2L mv 2M
2 ii. TM =
[ Mark] r
1 mv 2H
T.E.(H) = 0.1 7 2 [ Mark] iii. TH = mg
2 r
= 2.45 J [ Mark] Calculation: Since, v 2L = 5rg
From formula, From formula (i),
2 2.45 5rg
vH = 4 9.8 0.5 = 29.4 TL = m g = 6mg
0.1 r
vH = 5.422 m/s = 6 1 9.8 = 58.8 N
Ans: The velocity at the highest point is 5.422 m/s. TL = 58.8 N
[1 Mark] Since, v2M = 3rg
35
From formula (ii), ii. From formula (ii),
TM = m
3rg 50 (250) 2
= 3 mg Fbottom = + 50 9.8
r 5 103
= 3 1 9.8 = 29.4 N = 625 + 490
TM = 29.4 N Fbottom = 1115 N
Since, v 2H = rg Ans: i. The force exerted by seat on the pilot at
From formula (iii), the top of loop is 135 N.
ii. The force exerted by seat on the pilot at
rg
TH = m g = 0 the bottom of loop is 1115 N.
r
TH = 0 *Example 41
Ans: i. The tension at lowest position in the An object (stone) of mass 0.5 kg attached to a rod
vertical circle is 58.8 N. of length 0.5 m is whirled in a vertical circle at
ii. The tension at mid position in the constant angular speed. If the maximum tension
vertical circle is 29.4 N. in the string is 5 kg wt. Calculate
iii. The tension at highest position in the i. speed of the stone
vertical circle is 0. ii. maximum number of revolutions it can
*Example 40 complete in a minute.
A pilot of mass 50 kg in a jet aircraft is executing Solution:
a loop-the-loop with constant speed of 250 m/s. If Given: m = 0.5 kg, r = l = 0.5 m,
the radius of circle is 5 km, compute the force Tmax = 5 kg wt. = 5 9.8 N
exerted by seat on the pilot To find: i. Speed (v)
i. at the top of loop. ii. Maximum number of
ii. at the bottom of loop. revolutions (nmax)
mv 2
Pilot A Formulae: i. Tmax = + mg
r
v
N1 ii. n=
mg 2r
Calculation: i. From formula (i),
r
N2 v2 = (T mg)
Pilot m
T
v2 = r g
B m
mg
5 9.8
Solution: = 0.5 9.8
0.5
Given: m = 50 kg, v = 250 m/s,
= 49 4.9 = 44.1
r = 5 km = 5 103 m
To find: i. Force at the top of loop (Ftop) v = 44.1 = 6.64 m/s
ii. Force at the bottom of loop ii. From formula (ii),
(Fbottom) v
nmax = [ v = r]
mv 2 2r
Formulae: i. Ftop = mg
r 6.64
=
mv 2 2 3.14 0.5
ii. Fbottom = + mg
r = 2.115 r.p.s
Calculation: i. From formula (i), nmax = 2.115 60
50 (250) 2 = 126.9 r.p.m
Ftop = 50 9.8 Ans: i. The speed of the stone is 6.64 m/s.
5 103
ii. The maximum number of revolutions
= 625 490
the stone can complete in a minute is
Ftop = 135 N
126.9 r.p.m.
36
*Example 42 acting on it, if its angular speed of rotation is
A ball is released from height h along the slope 0.6 rad/s.
and moves along a circular track of radius R
6. A body of mass 1 kg is tied to a string and
without falling vertically downwards as shown in
revolved in a horizontal circle of radius 1 m.
5
the figure. Show that h = R. Calculate the maximum number of revolutions
2 per minute, so that the string does not break.
Breaking tension of the string is 9.86 N.
A
7. A coin just remains on a disc rotating at
120 r.p.m when kept at a distance of 1.5 cm
h R from the axis of rotation. Find the coefficient
of friction between the coin and the disc.
8. A coin kept on a horizontal rotating disc has
B its centre at a distance of 0.25 m from the axis
Solution: of rotation of the disc. If = 0.2, find the
The total energy of any body revolving in a vertical angular velocity of the disc at which the coin
5 is about to slip off. [g = 9.8 m/s2]
circle = mgR.
2 9. With what maximum speed a car be safely
When a ball is released from a height h along the driven along a curve of radius 40 m on a
slope and moves along a circular track of radius R horizontal road, if the coefficient of friction
without falling vertically downwards, its potential between the car tyres and road surface is 0.3?
energy (mgh) gets converted into kinetic energy. [g = 9.8 m/s2]
1 2 5
mv = mgR 10. A vehicle is moving along a circular road
2 2 which is inclined to the horizontal at 10.
Hence according to law of conservation of energy, The maximum velocity with which it can
5 move safely is 36 km/hr. Calculate the radius
mgh = mgR
2 of the circular road.
5 11. Calculate angle of banking for circular track
gh = gR
2 of radius 50 m as to be suitable for driving a
5 car with maximum speed of 72 km/hr.
h= R
2 12. At what angular speed should the earth rotate
about its axis so that apparent weight of a
EXERCISE body on the equator will be zero? What would
be the length of the day at that periodic time?
Section A: Practice Problems [Radius of earth = 6400 km, g = 9.8 m/s2]
1. Calculate the angular speed of minute hand of 13. A body of mass 200 gram performs circular
a clock of length 2 cm. motion of radius 50 cm at a constant speed of
240 r.p.m. Find its linear speed.
2. Determine the angular acceleration of a
rotating body which slows down from 14. A body of mass 2 kg is tied to a string 1.5 m
500 r.p.m to rest in 10 seconds. long and revolved in a horizontal circle about
the other end. If it performs 300 r.p.m,
3. The minute hand of a clock is 5 cm long. calculate its linear velocity, centripetal
Calculate the linear speed of an ant sitting at acceleration and force acting on it.
the tip.
15. A string breaks under a tension of 10 kg-wt. If
4. Calculate the angular speed and linear speed the string is used to revolve a body of mass
of tip of a second hand of clock if second hand 12 g in a horizontal circle of radius 50 cm,
is 5 cm long. what is the frequency of revolution and linear
5. A 0.5 kg mass is rotated in a horizontal circle speed with which the body can be revolved?
of radius 20 cm. Calculate the centripetal force [g = 9.8 m/s2]
37
16. The breaking tension of a string is 80 kg-wt. A 2. Obtain an expression for optimum speed of a
mass of 1 kg is attached to the string and car on a banked road. [Oct 99]
rotated in a horizontal circle on a horizontal
3. Explain
surface of radius 2 m. Find the maximum
i. Centripetal force
number of revolutions made without breaking.
ii. Centrifugal force. [Mar 00]
[g = 9.8 m/s2]
4. What is banking of road? Obtain an
17. Find the angle of banking of a railway track of
expression for angle of banking. On what
radius of curvature 250 m, if the optimum
factors does it depend?
velocity of the train is 90 km/hr. Also find the
[Oct 00, 02, 04, Mar 06]
elevation of the outer track over the inner
track if the two tracks are 1.6 m apart. 5. Derive the expression for the maximum speed
of a vehicle on the banked road. State the
18. The distance between two rails of rail track is factors on which the optimum speed depends.
1.6 m along a curve of radius 800 m. The
[Mar 01]
outer rail is raised about the inner rail by
10 cm. With what maximum speed can a train 6. Derive an expression for radial acceleration of
be safely driven along the curve? a particle performing uniform circular motion.
Why is it so called? [Mar 04, Oct 05]
19. A particle, initially at rest, performs circular
motion with uniform angular acceleration 7. What is centripetal and centrifugal force?
0.18 rad/s2. What speed, in r.p.m will it attain [Mar 04]
in a time of 10 seconds? What is angular
displacement in this time? 8. A certain body remains stationary on the
vertical inner wall of a cylindrical drum of
20. Determine the force that presses the pilot
against his seat at the upper and lower points radius r, rotating at a constant speed. Show
of a loop, if the weight of the pilot is 75 kgf., that the minimum angular speed of the drum is
the radius of the loop is 200 m and the g
velocity of the plane looping the loop is , where is coefficient of friction
r
constant and equal to 360 km h1.[g = 10 m/s2]
between the body and surface of the wall.
21. A 50 g mass is attached to a string and rotated [Oct 06]
in a vertical circle of radius 1.8 m. What is the
minimum speed the mass must have at the top v2
of the circle in order that the string may not 9. For a conical pendulum prove that tan =
rg
slacken? What will be the velocity of mass
and the tension in the bottom of the circle [Oct 09]
under the above conditions? [g = 9.8 m/s2]
10. Obtain an expression for maximum speed with
22. A body of mass 1 kg tied to string is whirled which a vehicle can be driven safely on a
in a vertical circle of radius 1 m. Find velocity banked road. Show that the safety speed limit
and tension in the string is independent of the mass of the vehicle.
i. at the top of the circle [Mar 10, Oct 10]
ii. at the bottom of the circle and
11. Derive an expression for linear velocity at
iii. at a point level with the centre.
lowest point and at highest point for a particle
Assume that the mass just goes around the
revolving in vertical circular motion. [Oct 11]
circle at the top with minimum speed without
the string slackening.
Section C: Numerical Board Problems
Section B: Theoretical Board Questions 1. A train rounds a curve of radius 150 m at a
1. Define angle of banking. Draw a neat labelled speed of 20 m/s. Calculate the angle of
diagram showing different forces and their banking so that there is no side thrust on the
rails. Also find the elevation of the outer rail
components acting on a vehicle moving on a
over the inner rail, if the distance between the
banked road. [Oct 97] rails is 1 m. [Oct 96]
38
2. An object of mass 400 g is whirled in a iii. centripetal acceleration
horizontal circle of radius 2 m. If it performs iv. centripetal force [Mar 09]
60 r.p.m, calculate the centripetal force acting
13. A stone of mass one kilogram is tied to the end
on it. [Oct 96, Mar 01]
of a string of length 5 m and whirled in a verticle
3. Find the angle which the bicycle and its rider circle. What will be the minimum speed required
will make with the vertical when going round at the lowest position to complete the circle?
a curve at 27 km/hr on a horizontal curved [Given: g = 9.8 m/s2] [Oct 10]
road of radius 10 m. [g = 9.8 m/s2] [Mar 98]
4. Find the angle of banking of curved railway Section D: Multiple Choice Questions
track of radius 600 m, if the maximum safety
1. When a particle moves in a circle with a
speed limit is 54 km/hr. If the distance
uniform speed
between the rails is 1.6 m. find the elevation
(A) its velocity and acceleration both are
of the outer track above the inner track.
constant.
[g = 9.8 m/s2] [Oct 98]
(B) its velocity is constant but the
5. The vertical section of a road over a bridge in acceleration changes.
the direction of its length is in the form of an (C) its acceleration is constant but the
arc of a circle of radius 4.4 m. Find the velocity changes.
greatest velocity at which a vehicle can cross (D) its velocity and acceleration both change.
the bridge without losing contact with the road
2. A particle is performing a U.C.M along a
at the highest point, if the center of the vehicle
circle of radius R in half the period of
is 0.5 m from the ground.
revolution, its displacement and distance
[Given: g = 9.8 m/s2] [Oct 01]
covered are
6. If the frequency of revolution of an object (A) R, R (B) 2R, 2R
changes from 2 Hz to 4 Hz in 2 second, (C) 2R, R (D) 2 R , 2R
calculate its angular acceleration. [Oct 03]
3. A particle rotates in U.C.M. with tangential
7. The minute hand of a clock is 8 cm long. velocity v along a horizontal circle of
Calculate the linear speed of an ant sitting at diameter D. Total angular displacement of
its tip. [Mar 05] the particle in time t is _______ [Mar 16]
8. The frequency of a spinning top is 10 Hz. If it is v
(A) vt (B) t
brought to rest in 6.28 sec, find the angular D
acceleration of a particle on its surface. [Oct 05]
vt 2vt
(C) (D)
9. Calculate the angle of banking for a circular 2D D
track of radius 600 m as to be suitable for
driving a car with maximum speed of 4. When a body performs a U.C.M it has
180 km/hr. [g = 9.8 m/s2] [Mar 06] (A) a constant velocity.
(B) a constant acceleration.
10. A vehicle is moving along a curve of radius (C) an acceleration of constant magnitude
200 m. What should be the maximum speed but variable direction.
with which it can be safely driven if the angle (D) an acceleration, which changes with time.
of banking is 17? (Neglect friction)
[g = 9.8 m/s2] [Mar 07] 5. When a body performs a U.C.M
(A) its velocity remains constant.
11. An object of mass 1 kg is tied to one end of a (B) work done on it is zero.
string of length 9 m and whirled in a verticle (C) work done on it is negative.
circle. What is the minimum speed required at the (D) no force acts on it.
lowest position to complete a circle? [Oct 08]
6. Angular speed of the second hand of a watch is
12. An object of mass 2 kg attached to wire of (A) /60 rad/s
length 5 m is revolved in a horizontal circle. If (B) /30 rad/ s
it makes 60 r.p.m. Find its (C) rad/s
i. angular speed ii. linear speed (D) 2/3 rad/s
39
7. When a particle moves in a uniform circular 15. A flywheel rotates at a constant speed of
motion. It has 2400 r.p.m The angle in radian described by
(A) radial velocity and radial acceleration. the shaft in one second is
(B) tangential velocity and radial (A) 2400 (B) 80
acceleration. (C) 20 (D) 4800
(C) tangential velocity and tangential
acceleration. 16. A body is revolving with a uniform speed v in a
(D) radial velocity and tangential acceleration. circle of radius r. The tangential acceleration is
(A) v/r (B) Zero
8. For a particle moving along a circular path, (C) v /r2
(D) v/r2
the angular velocity vector () is directed
(A) along the radius towards the centre. 17. For keeping a body in uniform circular
(B) along the radius but away from the centre. motion, the force required is
(C) along the tangent to the circular path. (A) centrifugal (B) radial
(D) along the axis of rotation. (C) tangential (D) centripetal
9. The ratio of the angular speeds of the hour 18. The magnitude of centripetal force cannot be
hand and the minute hand of a clock is expressed as
(A) 1 : 12 (B) 1 : 6 42 mr
(A) mr2 (B)
(C) 1 : 8 (D) 12 : 1 T2
(C) mv (D) mv/
10. A wheel having radius one metre makes 30
revolutions per minute. The linear speed of a 19. Particle A of mass M is revolving along a
particle on the circumference will be circle of radius R. Particle B of mass m is
(A) /2 m/s (B) m/s revolving in another circle of radius r. If they
(C) 30 m/s (D) 62 m/s take the same time to complete one revolution,
then the ratio of their angular velocities is
11. A particle starts from rest and moves with an (A) R/r (B) r/R
angular acceleration of 3 rad/s2 in a circle of 2
R
radius 3 m. Its linear speed after 5 seconds (C) 1 (D)
will be r
(A) 15 m/s (B) 30 m/s 20. If a cycle wheel of radius 0.4 m completes one
(C) 45 m/s (D) 7.5 m/s revolution in 2 seconds, then acceleration of
the cycle is _______. [Mar 11]
12. Angular speed of a minute hand of a wrist 2
watch in rad/s is [Oct 10] (A) 0.4 m/s (B) 0.4 m/s2
2
2 0.4
(A) (B) (C) m/s2 (D) m/s2
60 900 0.4 2
21. A particle is performing circular motion. Its
(C) (D)
1800 3600 frequency of revolution changes from 120 rpm
to 180 rpm in 10 s. The angular acceleration of
13. To enable a particle to describe a circular path, the particle is
what should be the angle between its velocity (A) 1 rad/s2 (B) 0.628 rad/s2
and acceleration? 2
(C) 0.421 rad/s (D) 0.129 rad/s2
(A) 0 (B) 45
(C) 90 (D) 180 22. Which of the following force is a pseudo
force?
14. The bulging of earth at the equator and (A) Force acting on a falling body.
flattening at the poles is due to _______. (B) Force acting on a charged particle
[Mar 14] placed in an electric field.
(A) centripetal force (C) Force experienced by a person standing
(B) centrifugal force on a merry-go- round.
(C) gravitational force (D) Force which keeps the electrons moving
(D) electrostatic force in circular orbits.
40
23. In uniform circular motion, the angle between 30. A stone is tied to a string and rotated in a
the radius vector and centripetal acceleration is horizontal circle with constant angular velocity.
(A) 0 (B) 90 If the string is released, the stone flies _____
(C) 180 (D) 45 [Oct 09, Mar 10]
24. The centripetal force acting on a mass m (A) radially inward
moving with a uniform velocity v on a circular (B) radially outward
orbit of radius r will be (C) tangentially forward
mv 2 1
(A) (B) mv2 (D) tangentially backward
2r 2
1 mv 2 31. A particle performs a uniform circular motion
(C) mrv2 (D)
2 r in a circle of radius 10 cm. What is its
centripetal acceleration if it takes 10 seconds
25. A body performing uniform circular motion
has _______. [Oct 08] to complete 5 revolutions?
(A) constant velocity (A) 2.5 2 cm/s2 (B) 52 cm/s2
(B) constant acceleration (C) 102 cm/s2 (D) 202 cm/s2
(C) constant kinetic energy
(D) constant displacement 32. When a car takes a turn on a horizontal road,
the centripetal force is provided by the
26. Which of the following statements about the
(A) weight of the car.
centripetal and centrifugal forces is correct?
(A) Centripetal force balances centrifugal force. (B) normal reaction of the road.
(B) Both centripetal force and centrifugal (C) frictional force between the surface of
force act in the same frame of reference. the road and the tyres of the car.
(C) Centripetal force is directed opposite to (D) centrifugal force.
centrifugal force.
(D) Centripetal force is experienced by the 33. On being churned the butter separates out of
observer at the centre of the circular milk due to _______.
path described by the body. (A) centrifugal force (B) adhesive force
27. The linear acceleration of the particle of mass (C) cohesive force (D) frictional force
m describing a horizontal circle of radius r,
with angular speed is 34. When a particle moves on a circular path then
(A) /r (B) r the force that keeps it moving with uniform
(C) r 2
(D) r2 velocity is
(A) centripetal force.
28. An unbanked curve has a radius of 60 m. The
(B) atomic force.
maximum speed at which a car can make a turn,
if the coefficient of static friction is 0.75, is (C) internal force.
(A) 2.1 m/s (B) 14 m/s (D) gravitational force.
(C) 21 m/s (D) 7 m/s
35. A car is moving along a horizontal curve of
29. Centrifugal force is radius 20 m and coefficient of friction
(A) a real force acting along the radius. between the road and wheels of the car is 0.25.
(B) a force whose magnitude is less than If the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2,
that of the centripetal force. then its maximum speed is _______ .
(C) a pseudo force acting along the radius
[Mar 08]
and away from the centre.
(D) a force which keeps the body moving (A) 3 m/s (B) 5 m/s
along a circular path with uniform speed. (C) 7 m/s (D) 9 m/s
41
36. A particle of mass m is observed from an 43. A cyclist has to bend inward while taking a
inertial frame of reference and is found to turn but a passenger sitting inside a car and
move in a circle of radius r with a uniform taking the same turn is pushed outwards. This
speed v. The centrifugal force on it is is because
mv 2 (A) the car is heavier than cycle.
(A) towards the centre.
r (B) centrifugal force acting on both the
mv 2 cyclist and passenger is zero.
(B) away from the centre. (C) the cyclist has to balance the centrifugal
r
force but the passenger cannot balance
mv 2
(C) along the tangent through the particle. the centrifugal force hence he is pushed
r outward.
(D) zero. (D) the speed of the car is more than the
37. If a cyclist goes round a circular path of speed of the cycle.
circumference 34.3 m in 22 s, then the angle
44. The minimum velocity (in m s1) with which a
made by him with the vertical will be
car driver must traverse a flat curve of radius
(A) 42 (B) 43 150 m and coefficient of friction 0.6 to avoid
(C) 49 (D) 45 skidding is (g = 10 m/s2)
38. A motor cycle is travelling on a curved track (A) 60 (B) 30
of radius 500 m. If the coefficient of friction (C) 15 (D) 25
between the tyres and road is 0.5, then the
maximum speed to avoid skidding will be 45. Maximum safe speed does not depend on
[g = 10 m/s2] (A) mass of the vehicle.
(A) 500 m/s (B) 250 m/s (B) radius of curvature.
(C) 50 m/s (D) 10 m/s (C) angle of inclination (banking).
39. A coin placed on a rotating turntable just slips (D) acceleration due to gravity.
if it is placed at a distance of 4 cm from the
centre. If the angular velocity of the turntable 46. A motor cyclist moving with a velocity of
is doubled, it will just slip at a distance of 72 km per hour on a flat road takes a turn on
(A) 1 cm (B) 2 cm the road at a point where the radius of
curvature of the road is 20 metres. The
(C) 4 cm (D) 8 cm
acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2. In order
40. Two bodies of mass 10 kg and 5 kg are to avoid skidding, he must not bend with
moving in concentric orbits of radius R and r. respect to the vertical plane by an angle
If their time periods are same, then the ratio of greater than
their centripetal acceleration is (A) = tan1(6)
(A) R/r (B) r/R (B) = tan1(2)
(C) R2/r2 (D) r2/R2
(C) = tan1(25.92)
41. A body is moving in a horizontal circle with (D) = tan1 (4)
constant speed. Which one of the following
statements is correct? 47. A car of mass 1500 kg is moving with a speed
(A) Its P.E is constant. of 12.5 m/s on a circular path of radius 20 m
(B) Its K.E is constant. on a level road. What should be the coefficient
(C) Either P.E or K.E of the body is constant. of friction between the car and the road, so
(D) Both P.E and K.E of the body are that the car does not slip?
constant. (A) 0.2 (B) 0.4
(C) 0.6 (D) 0.8
42. A cyclist bends while taking a turn to
(A) reduce friction. 48. A particle is moving in a circle of radius r with
(B) generate required centripetal force. constant speed v. Its angular acceleration will be
(C) reduce apparent weight. (A) vr (B) v/r
(D) reduce speed. (C) zero (D) vr2
42
49. A hollow sphere has radius 6.4 m. Minimum 56. The period of a conical pendulum is
velocity required by a motor cyclist at bottom (A) equal to that of a simple pendulum of
to complete the circle will be same length l.
(A) 17.7 m/s (B) 12.4 m/s (B) more than that of a simple pendulum of
(C) 10.2 m/s (D) 16.0 m/s same length l.
(C) less than that of a simple pendulum of
50. A curved road having a radius of curvature of same length l.
30 m is banked at the correct angle. If the (D) independent of length of pendulum.
speed of the car is to be doubled, then the
radius of curvature of the road should be 57. When a car crosses a convex bridge, the
(A) 62 m (B) 120 m bridge exerts a force on it. It is given by
(C) 90 m (D) 15 m mv 2 mv 2
(A) F = mg + (B) F =
r r
51. The time period of conical pendulum is 2
mv 2 2
_______. [Oct 11] (C) F = mg (D) F = mg + mv
l cos l sin r r
(A) (B) 2
g g 58. Out of the following equations which is
l cos l sin WRONG? [Mar 12]
(C) 2 (D)
g g (A) r F (B) ar v

52. The period of a conical pendulum in terms of (C) at r (D) v r
its length (l), semivertical angle () and
acceleration due to gravity (g) is: [Mar 15] 59. A car is moving with a speed of 30 m/s on a
1 l cos 1 l sin circular path of radius 500 m. Its speed is
(A) (B) increasing at the rate of 2 m/s2. The
2 g 2 g acceleration of the car is
l cos l tan (A) 2 m/s2 (B) 9.8 m/s2
(C) 4 (D) 4 (C) 2.7 m/s 2
(D) 1.8 m/s2
4g g
60. A ball of mass 250 gram attached to the end of a
53. A stone of mass m is tied to a string and is string of length 1.96 m is moving in a horizontal
moved in a vertical circle of radius r making circle. The string will break if the tension is
n revolutions per minute. The total tension in more than 25 N. What is the maximum speed
the string when the stone is at its lowest point with which the ball can be moved?
is (A) 5 m/s (B) 7 m/s
(A) m(g + nr2) (C) 11 m/s (D) 14 m/s
(B) m (g + nr)
(C) m (g + n2 r2) 61. A 500 kg car takes a round turn of radius 50 m
(D) m [g + (2 n2 r)/900] with a speed of 36 km/hr. The centripetal
force acting on the car will be
54. A car is moving on a curved path at a speed of (A) 1200 N (B) 1000 N
20 km/ hour. If it tries to move on the same (C) 750 N (D) 250 N
path at a speed of 40 km/hr then the chance of 62. Angle of banking does not depend upon
toppling will be (A) Gravitational acceleration
(A) half (B) twice (B) Mass of the moving vehicle
(C) thrice (D) four times (C) Radius of curvature of the circular path
55. Consider a simple pendulum of length 1 m. Its (D) Velocity of the vehicle
bob performs a circular motion in horizontal 63. What would be the maximum speed of a car
plane with its string making an angle 60 with on a road turn of radius 30 m, if the coefficient
the vertical. The period of rotation of the bob of friction between the tyres and the road is
is (Take g = 10 m/s2) 0.4?
(A) 2 s (B) 1.4 s (A) 6.84 m/s (B) 8.84 m/s
(C) 1.98 s (D) none of these (C) 10.84 m/s (D) 4.84 m/s
43
64. In a conical pendulum, when the bob moves in 70. Water in a bucket is whirled in a vertical circle
a horizontal circle of radius r, with uniform with a string attached to it. The water does not
speed v, the string of length L describes a cone fall down even when the bucket is inverted at the
of semivertical angle . The tension in the top of its path. We conclude that in this position.
string is given by (A) mg = mv2/r
mgL (L2 r 2 )1/ 2 (B) mg is greater than mv2/r
(A) T = 2 2 (B) (C) mg is not greater than mv2/r
(L r ) mgL
(D) mg is not less than mv2/r
(C) T = mgL (D) T = mgL 2
71. Let denote the angular displacement of a
L2 r 2 L2 r 2 simple pendulum oscillating in a vertical
65. In a conical pendulum, the centripetal force plane. If the mass of the bob is m, the tension
mv 2 in the string at extreme position is
acting on the bob is given by (A) mg sin
r (B) mg cos
mgr mgr (C) mg tan
(A) (B)
L r
2 2 L2 r 2 (D) mg
(C)
L2 r 2 (D)
mgL 72. Kinetic energy of a body moving in vertical
circle is
mgL L r
2 2 1/ 2
(A) constant at all points on a circle.
66. A metal ball tied to a string is rotated in a (B) different at different points on a circle.
vertical circle of radius d. For the thread to (C) zero at all the point on a circle.
remain just tightened the minimum velocity at (D) negative at all the points.
highest point will be 73. The difference in tensions in the string at
(A) 5gd (B) gd lowest and highest points in the path of the
particle of mass m performing vertical
(C) 3gd (D) gd
circular motion is [July 16]
67. Which quantity is fixed of an object which (A) 2 mg (B) 4 mg
moves in a horizontal circle at constant speed? (C) 6 mg (D) 8 mg
(A) Velocity 74. A body of mass 1 kg is moving in a vertical
(B) Acceleration circular path of radius 1 m. The difference
(C) Kinetic energy between the kinetic energies at its highest and
(D) Force lowest position is
68. A particle of mass 0.1 kg is rotated at the end (A) 20 J
of a string in a vertical circle of radius 1.0 m at (B) 10 J
a constant speed of 5 m s1. The tension in the (C) 4 5 J
string at the highest point of its path is (D) 10 ( 5 1) J
(A) 0.5 N (B) 1.0 N
(C) 1.5 N (D) 15 N 75. A circular road of radius 1000 m has banking
angle 45. The maximum safe speed of a car
69. A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light having mass 2000 kg will be, (coefficient of
inextensible string of length L = (10/3) metre friction between tyre and road is 0.5)
in whirling in a circular path of radius L in a (A) 172 m/s (B) 124 m/s
vertical plane. If the ratio of the maximum (C) 99 m/s (D) 86 m/s
tension in the string to the minimum tension is
4 and if g is taken to be 10 m/s2. The speed of 76. For a particle in circular motion the centripetal
the stone at the highest point of the circle is acceleration is
(A) 20 m/s (A) less than its tangential acceleration.
(B) 10 / 3 m/s (B) equal to its tangential acceleration.
(C) more than its tangential acceleration.
(C) 5 2 m/s (D) may be more or less than its tangential
(D) 10 m/s acceleration.
44
77. One end of a string of length l is connected to 9. 232
a particle of mass m and the other to a small 10. 24.48 m/s
peg on a smooth horizontal table. If the
11. 21 m/s
particle moves in a circle with speed v the net
force on the particle (directed towards the 12. i. 6.28 rad/s ii. 31.4 m/s
centre) is (NCERT) iii. 197.192 m/s2 iv. 394.384 N
mv 2 13. 15.65 m/s
(A) T (B) T
l 14. 1.47 N
mv 2 Section D
(C) T + (D) 0
l
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (C)
5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (B) 8. (D)
ANSWERS 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (C)
Section A 13. (C) 14. (B) 15. (B) 16. (B)
1. 1.74 103 rad/s 17. (D) 18. (D) 19. (C) 20. (B)
2. 5.237 rad/s2 21. (B) 22. (C) 23. (C) 24. (D)
3. 8.72 105 m/s 25. (C) 26. (C) 27. (C) 28. (C)
4. 1.07 101 rad/s, 5.235 103 m/s 29. (C) 30. (C) 31. (C) 32. (C)
5. 0.036 N 33. (A) 34. (A) 35. (C) 36. (D)
6. 30 37. (D) 38. (C) 39. (A) 40. (A)
7. 0.2418 41. (D) 42. (B) 43. (C) 44. (B)
8. 2.8 rad/s
45. (A) 46. (B) 47. (D) 48. (C)
9. 10.84 m/s
10. 57.87 m 49. (A) 50. (B) 51. (C) 52. (C)
11. 39 12 53. (D) 54. (D) 55. (B) 56. (C)
12. 1.237 103 rad/s, 5080 s 57. (C) 58. (D) 59. (C) 60. (D)
13. 12.57 m/s 61. (B) 62. (B) 63. (C) 64. (C)
14. 47.13 m/s, 1480 m/s2, 2.960 103 N 65. (A) 66. (D) 67. (C) 68. (C)
15. 20.34 rev/s, 63.95 m/s 69. (B) 70. (C) 71. (C) 72. (B)
16. 3.150 rev/s
73. (C) 74. (A) 75. (A) 76. (D)
17. 1419, 0.3955 m
77. (A)
18. 22.16 m/s
19. 17.18 r.p.m, 1.43 rad Hints to Multiple Choice Questions
20. 300 kgf, 450 kgf
21. 42 m/s, 9.39 m/s, 2.94 N 2. In half the period, particle is diametrically
22. i. 3.13 m/s, zero opposite to its initial position. Hence, its
ii. 7 m/s, 58.8 N displacement is 2R. It has covered a semicircle,
hence distance covered by particle is R.
iii. 5.42 m/s, 29.4 N
S
Section C 3. =
r
1. 1513, 0.2625 m D
2. 31.59 N S = vt and r =
2
3. 2952 2vt
=
4. 212, 0.061 m D
5. 6.429 m/s
11. v = r = r (t) = 3 3 5 = 45 m/s
6. 6.28 rad/s2
7. 1.396 102 cm/s 2400
15. d = dt = 2n dt = 2 1 = 80
8. 10 rad/s2 60
45
v2 69. Tmax Tmin = 6 mg

37. = tan1 T
rg Also, max = 4 .(Given)
Tmin
Circumference, 2r = 34.3 m
Tmax = 4 Tmin
34.3
r= m Tmin = 2 mg
2
mv 2
2r 34.3 but Tmin = mg
and v = m/s r
t 22 mv 2
= mg
= tan1

34.3 / 22 2 2
r
v = rg
34.3 9.8

10 10
1
= tan [0.9997] = 10 .(here r = L = m)
3 3
= 44.99 10
45 = m/s
3
59. Tangential acceleration aT = 2 m/s2 77. The particle is performing circular motion and
v2 (30) 2 is constantly accelerated. Hence, it is under
Radial acceleration = ar = =
r 500 the action of external force. As the motion
here is confined to horizontal plane, net force
Acceleration a = a T2 a 2r on the particle is T.
2
900
= 4
500
= 2.69 m/s2 2.7 m/s2
64. Tension in the string,

1/ 2
T = T 2 cos 2 T 2 sin 2
1/ 2
mv 2 2
= (mg)
2
r
r
but v = rg tan and tan =
h
v= r2 g / h
1/ 2
r 2 2
T = mg 1
rh
2 2 2
but h = (L r )
1/ 2
r
2

T = mg 1
L2 r 2
mgL
=
L2 r 2
65. Centripetal force,
mv 2 mgL r mgr
= T sin = =
r L r
2 2 L L2 r 2
46

Maharashtra HSC Physics Paper 1

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Maharashtra HSC Physics Paper 1

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Formats disponibles

Written as per the revised syllabus prescribed

by the Maharashtra State Board

Printed at: Dainik Saamana, Navi Mumbai

Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

There will be one single paper of 70 Marks in Physics.

Question 2: (12 Marks)

Distribution of Marks According to Type of Questions

Type of Questions Marks Marks with option Percentage (%)

Note: 1. * mark represents all Textual questions.

Unit: second in SI system. It is denoted by a and is given by

This is required relation. motion v = r . Obtain an expression for

1.6 Centripetal and centrifugal forces mv 2

i. Inertial frame of reference Thus, W = F. s = Fs cos

v= rg tan From equation (1), it is observed that period of

12. Conical Pendulum: Solved Examples

r= = 15232 m between tyre and ground is 0.1021.

Solution: cos = 19.6

v2 69. Tmax Tmin = 6 mg

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