2014 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Energy & Communication 340

Optimal Location and Sizing of DG to Minimize Loss

of Distribution System Using SIMBO-Q Method
Sharmistha Sharma, Subhadeep Bhattacharjee, Aniruddha Bhattacharya
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Agartala
Agartala, India
sharmistha.sharma34@yahoo.com, subhadeep_bhattacharjee@yahoo.co.in, bhatta.aniruddha@gmail.com

Abstract Determination of optimal location and size of
Distributed Generation units is one of the major problems of
distribution network. Optimum locations and sizes of DG sources
have profoundly impacted on the system losses of a distribution
network. This paper presents a new optimization technique
known as Swine Influenza Model Based Optimization with
Quarantine (SIMBO-Q) to determine optimal allocation and
sizing of distributed generation units in distribution network to
minimize active power loss. SIMBO-Q performs the optimization
through quarantine and treatment based on probability. SIMBO
variants can be used to solve DG siting and sizing problem with
improved convergence and accuracy. The proposed algorithm is
applied to a 33-bus distribution system. The results obtained with
the proposed method are compared with the results of PSO and
numerical studies represent the effectiveness and out-
performance of the proposed method.
Keywords distributed generation; optimization; power losses;
swine influenza model based optimization with quarantine
(SIMBO-Q); voltage profile
I. INTRODUCTION
With increasing demand, the utility has to generate more
electricity and feels the urge to build new facilities. An
alternative way to satisfy the increasing demand is to use
Distributed Generation (DG) system. Distributed Generation
(DG) is defined as small scale generation that can be
interconnected at different load levels (i.e. at substation,
distribution feeder, or customer load bus). Some advantages of
DG are grid reinforcement, power loss reduction, increasing
efficiency, eliminating the upgrades of power system,
improving reliability, voltage profile and power quality,
reducing transmission and distribution cost, saving the fossil
fuel, decreasing in electricity price, reduction in emissions of
green-house gases etc. Different DG technologies available can
be categorized as reciprocating engines, combustion gas
turbines, micro turbines, fuel cells, photovoltaic system, wind
turbines, small hydro- electric plant etc.
One of the important aspects of DG research study is
related to its proper allocation at strategic points of power
systems. Selection of the best places for installation of DG
units & their preferable sizes are possible by using an
appropriate optimization method which can provide the best
solution for a given distribution network [1].
Many researches proposed different methods such as
analytical methods as well as deterministic and heuristic
methods to solve optimal DG siting and sizing problem.
Sudipta Ghosh et al.[2] suggested a simple conventional
iterative search technique along with Newton-Raphson method
of Load flow study for sizing and siting of DG in a network
system to minimize cost and loss simultaneously. R.K. Singh
and S.K. Goswami [3] presented a nodal pricing based
methodology for optimally allocating DG for profit
maximization, loss reduction and voltage improvement
including voltage rise phenomenon. Tuba Gozel and M.H.
Hocaoglu [4] proposed an analytical method based on Loss
sensitivity factor for optimal size and location of DG in radial
systems to minimize the power losses. Naresh Acharya et al.[5]
presented an analytical approach which is based on the exact
loss formula to calculate the optimal size and location for DG
placement for minimizing total power losses in primary
distribution systems. A. Kazemi & M. Sadeghi [6] presented a
Load Flow based algorithm for proper allocation of DG unit in
radial systems to improve the voltage profile and to minimize
the power losses. H.L.Willis [7] described analytical methods
and rules of thumb for proper placement of DG on a radial
feeder with uniformly distributed load for minimizing the
losses and voltage impacts. M.H. Moradi et al. [8] presented a
GA based evolutionary technique for optimum siting & sizing
of four different types of DG and the objective was to
minimize real power loss. M.H. Aliabadi et al. [9] proposed a
combination of GA & OPF technique for optimum siting and
sizing of DG units in a given distribution system to minimize
the cost of active & reactive power generation. M.Gomez-
Gonzalez et al. [10] applied a new discrete PSO and OPF
technique to achieve optimal location and size of DG. M.H.
Moradi and M. Abedini [11] proposed a combined GA/PSO
technique to determine optimal location and size of DG for loss
minimization, increasing the voltage stability and improving
the voltage regulation index. Falaghi and Haghifam [12]
proposed the ant colony optimization technique for solving DG
sizing and location problems to minimize the global network
cost. Khalesi et al. [13] considered a dynamic programming
approach to determine DG placement to minimize power loss
and enhance reliability improvement and voltage profile.
Recently a new optimization technique named as Swine
Influenza Model based Optimization (SIMBO) has been
developed by S.S. Pattnaik et al.[14]. The developments of
SIMBO follow through treatment (SIMBO-T), vaccination

978-1-4799-2044-0/14/$31.002014IEEE
 2014 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Energy & Communication 341

(SIMBO-V) and quarantine (SIMBO-Q) based on probability. B. Constraints

The SIMBO variants are used to solve different optimization The constraints used for solving optimum placement and
problems with fast convergence and also delivering good sizing problem of DG in radial distribution system, are:
quality of optima. The algorithm converges rapidly due to the
presence of vaccination/quarantine and treatment loops. The 1) Load balance constraint : For each bus, the following
major advantages of SIMBO variants are of easy equations should be satisfied:
implementation and better accuracy to reach global optima. N
Therefore, in this paper SIMBO-Q method has been applied to Pgni Pdni Vni VnjYnj cos( ni nj nj ) = 0
evaluate the optimum DG location and size in distribution j =1
(4)
network to minimize active power loss. N

Section II of the paper provides a brief description and Qgni Qdni Vni VnjYnj sin( ni nj nj ) = 0
j =1
mathematical formulation of power loss minimization for (5)
optimal placement and sizing of DG. Section III describes the where ni = 1, 2,.........., nn ; Pgni is active power output of
proposed SIMBO-Q algorithm for optimum location and sizing
of DG to minimize distribution system loss. Simulation results the generator at bus ni ; Qgni is reactive power output of the
and numerical examples are presented in Section IV. Section V generator at bus n i ; Pdni is active power demand at bus n i ;
represents the conclusion of the proposed method.
Qdni is reactive power demand at bus n i ; V n i is voltage of
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION bus n i ; ni is phase angle of voltage at bus n i ; N = ( n n 1) is
Proposed methodology presented in this paper aims to find total number of branches in the given RDS; nn is total number
optimum placement and optimum size of DGs in a given radial
of buses in the given RDS.
distribution system by minimizing real power loss. The
objective function is formulated as: 2) Voltage limits : The voltage at each bus must be kept
within its maximum and minimum standard values i.e.
f = Min( f1 ) (1) Vnimin Vni Vnimax (6)
subjected to: C DG and nDG min
where Vni is the voltage of bus ni ; Vni is the minimum
where f1 is the objective function for network real power voltage at bus ni ; Vnimax is the maximum voltage at bus ni ;
loss (pu); CDG is the capacity of DG; nDG is the bus number of 3) DG technical constraints: As DG capacity is inherently
DG installation. limited by the energy resources at any given location, it is
A. Power Losses necessary to maintain capacity between the maximum and the
minimum levels.
The real power loss in the system is represented by: min max
Pgni Pgni Pgni
f1 = PRPL (7)
(2) where Pgni is active power output of the generator at bus
where PRPL is the real power loss of nn -bus distribution min max
system and is expressed as: ni ; Pgni is minimum active power of DG at bus ni ; Pgni is
nn maximum active power of DG at bus ni ;
PRPL = ( Pgni Pdni VmiVniYni cos( mi ni + ni )) 4) Thermal limit : Final thermal limit of distribution lines
i =2 (3) for the network must not be exceeded:
where nn is total number of buses in the given RDS; ni is Sni Snimax , i = 1,........, N
(8)
receiving bus number ; mi is the bus number that sending max
where S ni is the apparent power at bus ni ; S is
power to the bus ni ; i is the branch number that fed bus ni ; ni

Pgni is the active power output of the generator at bus n i ;

maximum apparent power at bus ni ; N is the total number of
branches in the given RDS;
Pdni is the active power demand at bus n i ; V mi is the voltage
of bus mi ; Vni is the voltage of bus n i ; Yni is the admittance III. OPTIMUM LOCATION AND SIZE OF DG TO MINIMIZE
between bus n i and bus m i ; mi is the phase angle of voltage LOSS USING SIMBO-Q METHOD
This paper uses a new optimization technique known as
at bus m i (V m i = V m i m i ) ; ni is the phase angle of Swine Influenza Model Based Optimization with Quarantine
voltage at bus ni (Vni = Vni ni ) ; ni is the phase angle of (SIMBO-Q) for solving the problems of optimal siting and
sizing DG.
Yni = Yni ni ;
 2014 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Energy & Communication
A. Swine Influenza Model Based Optimization with
Quarantine (SIMBO-Q)
SIMBO is an evolutionary optimization technique inspired
from Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) models of Swine
flu [14]. In this paper SIMBO-Q has been used for optimal
siting and sizing of DG in radial distribution system. SIMBO-Q
performs the optimization through quarantine and treatment
based on probability. Basic steps of SIMBO-Q are:
1) Evaluate health : The health of individual depends on
the value of fitness function. At first the health of all
individuals is evaluated and then the patients suspected of
swine flu are sampled for confirmation of the diagnosis.
2) Swine flu test : This test is done to confirm the
suspected patients with swine flu virus. If current health of
individual is greater than dynamic threshold (D_Threshold)
then it is suspected, otherwise it is recovered case. The value
of dynamic threshold depends on health of best 50%
population (Sr), , rand and primary symptoms as presented in
(9).
D _ Threshold = [ Sum (Current _ health (1 : S r )) / S r )
* * rand * Pr imary ( Day )]
where is the Probability of Vaccination; Pr imary( Day) is
the Primary Symptoms of swine flu and it is expressed as:
TD (10)
Pr imary ( Day ) = ( Fe * Co * fathead * NV * Dai)*exp
Day
where Fe ,fever; Co ,cough; fathead fatigue and headache;
,
NV ,nausea and vomiting; Dai ,diarrhea; T D , total number
of days or generations; D a y , current generation or iteration.
3) Quarantine : Quarantine is enforced isolation or
restriction of free movement imposed to prevent the spread of
contagious disease. The probability of quarantine () is kept
high so that less number of individual are isolated from the
population. The steps for performing Quarantine are:
for k= 1:TI
if rand >
if current_health(k) >D_Threshold
S(k) = PS * rand
end
end
end
where T I is total number of individuals in population;
PS is pandemic (global) best state amongst all individuals.
4) Treatment : Treatment of any disease is often a trial and
error process. In SIMBO-Q algorithm the percentage of
antiviral drugs depends on primary and secondary symptom as
well as current health and pandemic health. The dose given to
the individual is represented by (11). Due to dose the change
in the individual state is given by (12).
Dose ( m + 1) = Dose ( m ) * Md + Pr imary ( Day ) * rand *
(1 Current _ health ( m ) / rand * PH )
+ R 0( Day ) * rand * ( Current _ health ( m ) PH )
S ( m + 1) = S ( m ) * Ms + Dose ( m + 1)
342
where Dose is the antiviral drugs given to swine flu patient
as a curative strategy; Pr imary ( Day ) is the Primary Symptom
of Swine flu per Day which is calculated by using (10);
R 0( Day ) is the secondary symptom caused per day and is
given by: R 0( Day ) = 1 exp( Pr imary ( Day )) (13)
where S is the State or position of individual; PH is the
fitness value corresponding to pandemic (global) best state
amongst all individuals; Md is Momentum factor of Dose and
is used to restrict the dose of individual; Ms is the Momentum
factor of state and is used to restrict the state of individual;
The momentum factor can restrict the individual dose and
state of individual inside the defined search space without
checking the health on every day. The treatment given to
individuals in the population depends upon the probability of
recovery (). The value is kept too small to recover most of
the individuals.
B. SIMBO-Q Method for Optimum Siting and Sizing of DG
In this paper SIMBO-Q method has been applied to
(9) determine optimum location and size of DG in distribution
network. Different steps for applying this algorithm for
optimum DG siting and sizing are given below:
Step 1) Initialize the SIMBO-Q parameters.
Step 2) Generate an initial population matrix of n individual
populations with random location and size of DG.
Step 3) Run the load flow and check the constraints limits
used in the problem.
Step 4) If constraints limits are satisfied, then go to the next
step, otherwise again generate the initial population matrix and
repeat the Step 3.
Step 5) Initialize the dose given to individual.
Step 6) Evaluate the fitness function of each individual.
Step 7) Calculate the initial value of pandemic_state (PS)
and pandemic_health (PH) from the set of fitness values.
Step 8) Evaluate the current health of individual and update
PS and PH from the set of fitness values.
Step 9) Sort individual in order of ascending health and
determine Primary symptom, Secondary symptom and
Dynamic threshold value of Swine flu using (10), (13) and (9).
Step 10) Update the dose given to individual and state of
individual using (11) and (12), depending on the values of
Probability of Recovery, and Probability of Quarantined, .
Step 11) Run the load flow and check the constraints limits.
Step 12) If constraints limits are satisfied, then go to the
next step, otherwise go to step 10 again.
Step 13) Evaluate the fitness function of each individual
using (2) and update the values of PS and PH and also calculate
the best solution corresponding to the minimum fitness
(11) function value.
(12)
 2014 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Energy & Communication 343

Step 14) If the maximum no. of iterations is reached, TABLE I. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE 33-BUS SYSTEM PRE AND
POST INSTALLATION OF DG
terminate the iterative process, else go to Step 8.
Objective
Bus No. DG Size
Method function value
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND NUMERICAL EXAMPLES (f )
(DG location) (MW)
The proposed SIMBO-Q method for optimum siting and Without DG 0.2060 -------- --------
sizing of DG has been implemented using MATLAB software 14 0.7948
and tested for a 33 bus radial distribution system [15]. Test PSO 0.0710 24 1.00
results of the 33 bus radial distribution system are presented 30 1.00
and discussed in this section. The rating of maximum active 14 0.7593
power generation of distributed generation sources and the SIMBO-Q 0.0706 30 1.1014
power factor are taken as 2 MW and unity respectively. 24 1.0709

During simulation, the values of parameters used in

SIMBO-Q are Fe =0.4, Co =0.4, fathead =0.2, NV =0.2,
Dai =0.2, =0.2, =0.5, =0.8, Md =rand and Ms =rand. The
values of different parameters and probability factors (, , )
used in SIMBO-Q method are found by parameter tuning. PSO
parameters used in this paper for comparison are: Population
size = 40, c1 = 2, c2 = 2, r1 = 1 and r2 = 1.

A. Voltage and Loss Profile of 33 Bus Radial Distribution

System
In this paper a radial distribution system with the total load
of 3.72 MW, 2.3 MVar, 33 bus and 32 branches is used as
shown in Fig. 1. The real power losses in the system is 206
KW and the reactive power losses is 137 KVar when calculated
using the Backward-Forward Sweep method of Load flow [16].
In this paper SIMBO-Q method has been applied to find
optimum location and size of DG in 33 bus radial distribution
system. The objective is to minimize the power loss of the
system. The results obtained using SIMBO-Q method has been
compared with the results of PSO method. The results for
optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation units in
33 bus distribution system are described in Table I. It is
observed from the results that the objective function value
before DG installation is 0.206 and after applying SIMBO-Q
method for DG siting and sizing the minimum value of
objective function becomes 0.0706 whereas with PSO it is
0.071. The results prove the effectiveness of SIMBO-Q method
for optimal placement and sizing of DG.
Fig. 2 shows the voltage profile of each bus in the 33 bus
radial distribution system during pre and post installation of
DG. Before DG installation, voltage level of bus 18 was low
(0.9117 p.u.). After DG installation using SIMBO-Q method
the voltage of the bus 18 has been improved to 0.9754 p.u.
Fig. 2. Voltage profile of 33 bus radial distribution system pre and post
installation of DG.
while voltage improved to 0.9712 p.u. with PSO. Similarly,
voltage levels at all buses of the system have improved. From
the voltage profile graph it is seen that SIMBO-Q gives much
better voltage profile than PSO.
Fig. 3 shows the active power loss of the 33 bus system pre
and post installation of DG. It is observed that real power loss
of the system before installation of DG is 206 KW, whereas
after installation of DG using SIMBO-Q method loss reduces
to 70.6 KW i.e. loss reduction is 65.73% and with PSO method
loss reduces to 71 KW i.e. loss reduction is 65.53%.
B. Effect of Population Size on SIMBO-Q Algorithm
The Table II shows the performance of SIMBO-Q
algorithm for different population sizes. From the results it is
clear that change in population size affects the performance of
the SIMBO-Q algorithm. Tests were carried out 50 times for
each case. It is observed from the table that for population size
20, 40 and 150, numbers of hits to optimum solution is zero
whereas for population size 100, numbers of hits to optimum
solution is 50 i.e. 100 %. The simulation time required for

Fig. 1. Single line diagram of a 33-bus system. Fig. 3. Active power loss of 33 bus radial distribution system pre and post
installation of DG.
 2014 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Energy & Communication 344

TABLE II. EFFECT OF POPULATION SIZE ON MINIMUM OBJECTIVE
FUNCTION VALUE FOR OPTIMUM SITING AND SIZING OF DG USING
SIMBO-Q METHOD
No. of Objective function (f)
Population hits to Simulation
size optimum time (sec.) Minimum Maximum Average
solution
20 0 9.10 0.0773 0.0773 0.0773
40 0 23.50
100 50 38.23
150 0 82.08
applying SIMBO-Q method with 100 population size is 38.23
sec. As a result a population size of 100 is considered as the
best population size in achieving global optimum solution with
less computational time for the test system.
C. Convergence Characteristics
The convergence characteristic of the 33-bus system to
determine optimum location and size of DG using proposed
SIMBO-Q method is illustrated in the Fig. 4. The convergence
curve is obtained for 200 iterations for the proposed method
and is compared with the curve obtained for PSO method. As
observed from the convergence curve that the SIMBO-Q
method converges to the optimum value in a less number of
iterations compared to PSO. Also much less simulation time is
required for SIMBO-Q method to reach to the optimum
objective function value as given in Table II. Hence it may be
concluded that SIMBO-Q method is computationally efficient
in terms of speed and quality of solution.
V.
In this paper SIMBO-Q method has been proposed to
determine optimum location and size of DG in a radial
distribution network. The proposed soft computing technique
has been applied to a 33 bus distribution system to minimize
the active power loss. Results obtained by using the proposed
algorithm are compared with the results of PSO. Results
showed that SIMBO-Q method is able to find the best
optimized solution for the system with good computational
efficiency in terms of speed and quality of solution.
Considering the performance of SIMBO-Q to minimize active
0.075
Value of Objective Function
power loss, it can be concluded that the proposed SIMBO-Q
algorithm exhibits a higher capability in finding optimum size
and location of DG.
REFERENCES
[1] B. Singh, K.S.Verma, D. Singh and S.N. Singh, A novel approach for
optimal placement of distributed generation and FACTS controllers in
power system: An overview and key issues, International Journal of
0.0713 0.0713 0.0713 reviews in computing, vol. 7, pp. 29-54, September 2011.
0.0706 0.0706 0.0706 [2] S. Ghosh, S.P. Ghosal and S. Ghosh, Optimum sizing and placement of
distributed generation in a network system, Electrical Power and
0.0712 0.0712 0.0712 Energy systems, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 849-856, October 2010.
[3] R.K. Singh and S.K. Goswami, Optimum allocation of distributed
generations based on nodal pricing for profit, loss reduction and voltage
improvement including voltage rise issue, Electric Power and Energy
systems, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 637-644, July 2010.
[4] T. Gozel, M.H. Hocaoglu, An analytical method for the sizing and
siting of distributed generators in radial systems, Electric Power
systems Research, vol. 79, no. 6, pp. 912-918, June 2009.
[5] N. Acharya, P. Mahat, N. Mithulananthan, An analytical approach for
DG allocation in primary distribution network, Electrical Power and
energy Systems, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 669-678, December 2006.
[6] A. Kazemi and M. Sadeghi, Distributed generation allocation for loss
reduction and voltage improvement, IEEE Power and Energy
Engineering Conference, 2009. APPEEC 2009.Asia-Pacific, pp. 1-6, 28
31 March 2009, Wuhan, China.
[7] H. L. Willis, Analytical methods and rules of thumb for modeling DG-
distribution interaction, Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,
IEEE, vol. 3, pp. 1643-1644, Seattle, Washington, USA, 16-20 July
2000.
[8] M.H., Moradi, M. Abedinie and H.B. Tolabi , Optimal multi-distributed
generation location and capacity by Genetic algorithm,4th International
Power Engineering and Optimization Conf. (PEOCO 2010), IEEE, pp.
440-444, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, 23-24 June 2010.
[9] M.H. Aliabadi, B. Behbahani, A. Jalilvand, Combination of GA and
CONCLUSION OPF for allocation and active and reactive power optimization in
distributed generation units, 2nd IEEE International Conference on
Power and Energy (PECon 08), pp. 1541-1544, Johor Bahru, Malaysia,
1-3 December 2008.
[10] M. Gomez - Gonzalez, A. Lopez and F. Jurado, Optimization of
Distributed generation systems using a new discrete PSO and OPF,
Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 174-180, March
2012.
[11] M.H. Moradi and M. Abedini, A combination of genetic algorithm and
particle swarm optimization for optimal DG location and sizing in
distribution systems, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 34, no.
1, pp. 66-74, January 2012.
[12] H. Falaghi, M.R. Haghifam, ACO based algorithm for distributed
generation sources allocation and sizing in distribution networks, IEEE
Lausanne Power Tech 2007, pp. 555-60, 1 - 5 July 2007, Lausanne,
Switzerland.

With SIMBO-Q
With PSO [13] N. Khalesi, N. Rezaei, M.R. Haghifam, DG allocation with application
0.074 of dynamic programming for loss reduction and reliability
improvement, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 33, no. 2, pp.
0.073 288-295, February 2011.
0.072 [14] S.S. Pattnaik, K.M. Bakwad , B.S. Sohi, R.K. Ratho, S. Devi, Swine
Influenza Models Based Optimization (SIMBO), Applied Soft
0.071 Computing, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 628-653, January 2013.
[15] M.A. Kashem, V. Ganapathy, G.B. Jasmon, M.I. Buhari, A novel
0.07
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 method for loss minimization in distribution networks, In: proceedings
Iteration No. of International conference on electric utility deregulation and
restructuring and power technology, pp. 251-256, London, April 2000.
Fig. 4. Convergence characteristics of Objective function for loss
minimization using PSO and proposed SIMBO-Q method for optimum siting [16] K.K. Murthy, S.V.J.R. Kumar, Three-phase unbalanced radial
and sizing of DG. distribution load flow method, International Referred Journal of
Engineering and Science, vol.1, no. 1, pp. 039-042, September 2012.