ACTIVITY NO.

TITLE: Avionics System and I-Panel Design

OBJECTIVES:

To determine and arrange the appropriate instruments and equipment for the designed aircraft.
To provide a layout of the pitot-static system of the designed aircraft.

PROCEDURE:

7.1) Determine the Flight Instruments Used and Their Functions

A. Airspeed Indicator
The airspeed indicator or airspeed gauge is an instrument used in an aircraft to
display the craft's airspeed, typically in knots, to the pilot.

B. Altimeter
It measures the atmospheric pressure from a static port outside the aircraft. Air
pressure decreases with an increase of altitude.

C. Vertical Speed Indicator

A Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI), also known as a Rate of Climb and Descent Indicator (RCDI)
is an instrument which indicates the rate of climb or descent of an aircraft.

D. Attitude Indicator
It is an instrument used in an aircraft to inform the pilot of the orientation of the
aircraft relative to Earth's horizon. It indicates pitch (fore and aft tilt) and bank (side to
side tilt) and is a primary instrument for flight in instrument meteorological conditions.

E. Heading Indicator
The heading indicator (also called an HI) is a flight instrument used in an aircraft to
inform the pilot of the aircraft's heading. A mechanical instrument designed to facilitate
the use of the magnetic compass. Errors in the magnetic compass are numerous, making
straight flight and precision turns to headings difficult to accomplish, particularly in
turbulent air.

F. Turn Indicator
There are two types of turn indicators available for aircraft. These are: the Turn
and Bank Indicator (T/B) and the Turn Coordinator (T/C). Both are driven by a
gyro and indicate the rate of turn but the turn coordinator can also indicate rate of
roll. The difference between these are where the T/B has a needle indicator and
the T/C has an aircraft picture on the face of the instrument.

7.2) Determine Navigation and Communication Equipment and Their Functions

A. Magnetic Compass
The compass shows the aircraft's heading relative to magnetic north. Errors include
Variation, or the difference between magnetic and true direction, and Deviation, caused
by the electrical wiring in the aircraft, which requires a Compass Correction Card.

B. Very-High Frequency Omnidirectional Range

 A type of short-range radio navigation system for aircraft, enabling aircraft with a
receiving unit to determine their position and stay on course by receiving radio
signals transmitted by a network of fixed ground radio beacons.

C. Nondirectional Radio Beacon

The Automatic direction finder (ADF) indicator instrument can be a fixed-card,
movable card, or a Radio magnetic indicator (RMI). An RMI is remotely coupled to a
gyrocompass so that it automatically rotates the azimuth card to represent aircraft
heading.

D. VHF aircraft communication transceivers

A transceiver is a communication radio that transmits and receives. The
same frequency is used for both. When transmitting, the receiver does not
function. The push to talk (PTT) switch blocks the receiving circuitry and
allows the transmitter circuitry to be active.

E. Emergency Location Transmitter

ELT is a device which sends a message in case of aircraft crash. That message contains
information about aircraft model, owner and approximate coordinates of the crashed plane

7.3) Determine Engine Parameters Used and Their Functions

A. Fuel quantity indicator

It indicates the fuel quantity of the aircraft. The use of these direct reading
indicators is possible only on light aircraft in which the fuel tanks are in close
proximity to the cockpit.
B. Oil pressure indicator
It indicates the supply pressure of the engine lubricant. It acts as an indicator of the
engine's overall well-being and as an early-warning system, gives advance notice of any
problems.
C. Oil temperature indicator
It indicates the engine oil temperature. The working temperature of an engine is normally
kept to an optimum level by a cooling system.
D. Oil quantity measuring device
It indicates the remaining amount of oil in the oil tank.
E. Fire warning
Indicates if fire has started in the system.
F. Induction system air temperature indicator
Indicates the temperature caused by the induction system.
G. Tachometer indicator
The tachometer, or tach, is an instrument that indicates the speed of the crankshaft of a
reciprocating engine. It can be a direct- or remote-indicating instrument, the dial of which is
calibrated to indicate revolutions per minutes (rpm).
H. cylinder head temperature indicator
The Cylinder Head Temperature Gauge indicates the temperature of at least one of the
cylinders of the engine. This is also used to set the fuel and air mixture.
I. Manifold pressure indicator
The manifold pressure gauge is an engine instrument typically used in piston aircraft
engines to measure the suction pressure inside the induction system of an engine.
J. Coolant temperature Indicator
It indicates the temperature of the fuel coolant.
7.4) Define the Auxiliary Instruments and Equipment Present in Your Design

A. Voltmeter
A voltmeter measures the amount of voltage left in the electrical system to provide for
communication equipment, navigation, and lights.
B. Throttle
The throttle or better known as the thrust lever sets the desired power level of the aircraft. It
controls the flow of the fuel and air mixture delivered to the cylinders.
C. Ignition Switch
The ignition switch applies power to the starter motor during engine start. It activates the
magnetos by opening the circuit. When the crankshaft turns, it turns the magnetos which
mechanically generate voltage for spark.
D. Elevator Trim Indicator
This equipment shows the amount of deflection of the elevator trim tab so that the pilot may
adjust it accordingly.
E. Pitot Heater Switch
The pitot heat makes sure the pitot system remains free of ice. Failed airspeed reading and
other instruments connected to the system can be serious.
F. Anti-Collision
Aircraft equipped with an anti-collision light system are required to operate that light system
during all types of operations.
G. Accelerometer
An accelerometer is an instrument that measures acceleration. It is used to monitor the
forces acting upon an airframe.
H. Stall Warning Indicator
This instrument monitors the AOA and allows the pilot to avoid a stall condition. The simplest
form of AOA indicator is a stall warning device that does not have a gauge located in the
cockpit. It uses an aural tone to warn of an impending stall due to an increase in AOA.

7.5) Pitot-Static System Block Diagram