Hlukhiv college

HLUKHIV Institute
The history of our college is closely connected with the history of
Hlukhiv. Our college was founded in 1899. It's the oldest educational establish-
ment of Ukraine and has its own history and traditions. In 1899 it was a vocational
school named af-
ter its founder M.
A. Tereshchenko.
It trained special-
ists who worked
with wood and
metal.
In 1929 it
was transformed
into an agricultur-
al technical
school. During the
fascists occupa-
tion the school
didn't work and
only in 1944 it
started working.
A new department of electrification of agriculture was opened in 1945. The school
didn't stop its development. In 1971 a new department was opened. It was a build-
ing department.
In November 1991 the technical school was renamed into Hlukhiv agricul-
tural school named after S. A. Kovpak. In 1995 it became an agrotechnical col-
lege. There are five departments at the college: accounting, mechanical, manageri-
al, building, electrification. It trains builders, mechanics, electricians, accountants,
managers, financiers in fulltime and extra-mural forms of education. More than
1000 students study here. About 100 teachers teach them. The students have com-
puter centers, laboratories, a large library, a reading room, a sports ground, two
gymnasiums, a canteen. The course of study lasts from 3 to 4 years. Each year of
study consists of two terms. At the end of each term the students take exams and
then they have vacations. Those who study well get a scholarship. On graduating
the students receive diplomas which give them the right to work in different
branches of agriculture and industry.
The college is housed in some buildings. There are three hostels, Kovpak
museum and a large Assembly Hall in the college.
Sport is very popular among the students of our college. Many of them are
winners of a lot of competitions. Those who are fond of art have a wide choice of
amateur art activities at the students' clubs and circles.
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 Hlukhiv college

The main purpose of our college is to give students contemporary

knowledge and to provide them with excellent professional skills.

VOCABULARY

to be connected '
to be founded
founder
development
accountant
accounting
to study ,
canteen
term
scholarship
to graduate from (. )
branch
hostel
assembly hall
art
amateur art activity
circle
purpose
contemporary
knowledge
to provide
excellent
skills
education

QUESTIONS

1. When was the college founded?

2. Whom was it named after? Why?
3. How many departments are there? What are they?
4. What specialists does it train?
5. What do the students have?

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 Hlukhiv college

6. Where is the college housed?

7. Is sport popular here?
8. How can the students develop?
9. Where can the graduates of our college work?
10.What is the main purpose of the college?

WHY WE LEARN ENGLISH

People began to speak many centuries ago, and since then they have
been speaking different languages. Every language reflects the soul, behaviour and
temperament of each nationality. Peoples createdtheir own alphabets and rules, but
they always wanted to communicate with each other, to understand and to know
more about each other. Languages help people to understand each other better,
they help them to solve different economic and political problems, which stands
before them, and so people learn foreign languages.
All languages are different. Some are very
hard, some are easier, some are similar, but there
are no identical languages in the whole world.
There are more than 2 700 languages in the
world. Many of them are "alive" because people
use them, but there are some "dead" languages,
for example Latin.
Two thousands years ago, Latin was the
world's most important international language.
Today this title belongs to English. It's a global
language of travel, business, pop culture, sport
and science.
Over one billion people speak English. That's almost one fifth of the world's
population. For over 400 million it's their first language. For the other 600 million
it's either a second language or a foreign language.
Today, in fact, over 250 million people are learning English. That's more
than the population of the USA.
The average person in Britain has a vocabulary of between 10 000 and 15
000 words. In his plays William Shakespeare used a vocabulary of about 30 000
words. Shakespeare was born over 400 years ago. At that time, only six or seven
million people spoke English.
Now English is spoken practically all over the world, it has become the
world's most important language in politics, science, trade and cultural relations. It
is spoken as a mother tongue in Great Britain, the United States of America, Cana-
da, Australia and New Zealand. Besides, a lot of people speak English in Japan,
India, China, Africa and many other countries. English is one of the official lan-
guages of the United Nation Organization. Half of the world's scientific literature
is in English. It is the language of computer technology.
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 Hlukhiv college

To my mind English is worth studying. There is a proverb: "A new language

is a new world". "Knowledge is a power", one great man said. Speaking a foreign
language one can not only read the papers, magazines and original books by out-
standing writers, but as well watch satellite programmes, travel easily to different
parts of the world. Besides, understanding and speaking a foreign language became
necessary while applying for a good and well-paid job.
Now I know that it is a must for XXI century professional no matter what
job to choose. The world is getting smaller and international connections tighter. A
lot of foreign delegations keep coming to our country, hundreds of joint ventures
have appeared in every city of our country recently. So without doubt you can't do
without learning this beautiful language.

VOCABULARY

to reflect [ri'flekt] ,
soul [sul]
behaviour [bi'hevj] , ,
to create [kr(:)'et]
similar ['smil] (to smth. ); ,
average ['v()rid3] , , ,
a mother tongue [t]
worth [w:] , ,
satellite ['stlat]
to apply ['pla] for ,
(. ) (),
well-paid job [wel ped dub]
joint venture ['vntf]
do without [wiut]

QUESTIONS

1. What was the world's most important international language two thousands
years ago?
2. How many people speak English as their first language, a second language or a
foreign language?
3. How many languages are there in the world?
4. How large is the vocabulary of the average British person?
5. Where is English spoken?
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 Hlukhiv college

6. Why do you learn English?

ENGLISH IS THE LANGUAGE OF COMMUNICATION

Do you speak English?-with this
phrase begins the conversation between two peo-
ple, that speak different languages and want to
find a common language.
Its very good when you hear: Yes, I do,
and start talking. People of different countries and
each nations have to get along well with the pro-
gress in world trade and technology as well as
with other.
So it is very useful to learn foreign lan-
guages. Knowledge of foreign languages helps us
to develop friendship and understanding among
people.
English is very popular now. Its the lan-
guage of computers, science, business, sport and
politics. Its spoken all over the world. It is the
official language of the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States of America,
Canada, Australia. There are more than 750 million speakers of English in the
world.
Speaking a foreign language you can read papers, magazines and original
books by great writers, watch satellite TV Programs. If you like travelling you can
go anywhere without being afraid that other people will not understand you. Eng-
lish is very important to find a good job.

VOCABULARY

Conversation
Common
World trade
To get along with ,
Foreign
To develop ()
Science
Satellite
To be afraid -

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 Hlukhiv college

QUESTIONS

1. Do you like to speak English?

2. How many years old did you study English?
3. Is it useful to learn foreign language?
4. Is English the official language in the USA?
5. Does English help you to make friends?

ABOUT MYSELF AND MY FAMILY

I am Max Kovaliov. I am seventeen years old. I want to tell you a few
words about my family. My family is large. I have got a mother, a father, a sister, a
brother, and a grandmother. There are
six of us in the family.
First of all, some words about
my parents. My mother is a teacher of
history. She works in a college. She
likes her profession. She is a good-
looking woman with brown hair. She
is forty-five but she looks much
younger. She is tall and slim. My fa-
ther is a computer programmer. He is
very experienced. He is a broad-
shouldered, tall man with fair hair
and grey eyes. He is forty-seven. My
father often sings and when we are at
home and have some free time, I play
the guitar and we sing together. My
father knows all about new TV sets and likes to repair old ones. He is also handy
with many things. When he was little, he liked to take everything to pieces. My
grandmother told me a story that once father tried to "repair" their kitchen clock.
He managed to put all the wheels and screws back again but the clock did not
work. They had to give it to a repairman. But that happened a long time ago. Now
he can fix almost everything: a vacuum cleaner, a washing machine, a fridge and
what not. He's got a few shelves where he keeps everything he needs. On his table
there is always a TV set in pieces.

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 Hlukhiv college

My parents have been married for

twenty-six years. They have much in
common, but they have different views on
music, books, films and sports. For exam-
ple, my father likes horror films and my
mother likes "soap operas". My father is
fond of tennis and my mother doesn't go in
for sports. But my parents have the same
opinion about my education and upbring-
ing.
My parents are hard working people.
My mother keeps the house and takes care
of all of us. She is very good at cooking
and she is clever with her hands. She is
very practical. My father and I try to help her with the housework. I wash the dish-
es, go shopping and tidy up our flat.
My grandmother is a pensioner. She lives with us and helps to run the house.
She is fond of knitting.
My sister Helen is twenty-four. She is married and has a family of her own. She
works as an accountant for a joint venture company. Her husband is a scientist.
They have got twins: a daughter and a son. They go to a nursery school.
My brother Sergey is eleven. He is a schoolboy. He wants to become a doc-
tor but he is not sure yet. Three months ago he dreamed of being a cosmonaut.
I want to enter the university. I'd like to learn foreign languages. I think I
take after my father. I'm tall, fair-haired and even-tempered. I always try to be in a
good mood.
We have got a lot of relatives. We are deeply attached to one another and we
get on very well.

VOCABULARY

slim
experienced [ks 'pirinst] ,
broad-shouldered [br:d 'uldd]
to be handy ['hnd] with smth.
to have much in common ['komn]
view [vju:] on smth.
to be fond of smb., smth. , ,
to go in for smth. -
upbringing ['p,brni]
she is good at cooking ['kuk]
she is clever ['klev] with her hands
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 Hlukhiv college

to run the house

joint venture [dnt'vent] company
to take after [tek 'aft] ,
fair-haired [f hd]
even-tempered ['i:v()n 'tempd]
to be in a good mood [mu:d]
to be deeply attached ['ttjt] to smb.
to get on well ,

QUESTIONS

1. What is your first name? What is your surname?

2. How old are you?
3. When is your birthday?
4. Is your family large? How many are you in the family?
5. Have you got any brothers or sisters?
6. What are your parents? Where do they work?
7. How long have your parents been married?
8. Do they have much in common?
9. Do you spend a lot of time with your family?
10. What sort of things do you do together?
11. Do you go out with your parents?
12. Who runs the house in your family?
13. What are your household duties?
14. What is your father's hobby?
15. Can you describe your mother?

A FAMILY
When two persons are married, the
man is called the husband; the woman becomes
his wife. When a child is born in the family, the
father and mother of the child are called parents.
A family generally consists of a father, a mother
and children sons or daughters or both. The
first born child is the eldest, the last born the
youngest. Two children that are born together
are called twins.
The father and mother of the wife (hus-
band) become the father-in-law (in law by
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 Hlukhiv college

marriage), and mother-in-law of the husband (wife). The husband is the son-in-
law; the wife the daughter-in-law; they have brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law.
The other members of the family are the relatives or relations: uncles, aunts,
cousins, etc.
The brothers and sisters of any of the parents become the uncles and aunts of
the children. The children of two married brothers or sisters are cousins to each
other.
In case of a second marriage, we speak of a stepfather or a stepmother, step-
son, stepdaughter, etc.
Using the following words and word-combinations tell the story of your
family.

VOCABULARY

members of the family '

parents ['pr()nts]
old folks [fuks] at home , (.)
father ['fa:], mother ['m] ,
son [sn], daughter ['d:t] ,
senior ['sinj] son
junior ['du:nj] son
eldest ['eldest] son (daughter) () ()
youngest ['jgest] son (daughter) () ()
elder ['eld] brother (sister) () ()
younger brother (sister) () ()
eldest brother (sister) () ()
youngest brother (sister) () ()
ancestors ['nsstz]
grandparents
grandfather (grandpapa, grandpa, grand-dad)
grandmother (grandmamma, grandma, granny, grannie)
great grandfather (-mother) ()
descendants [d'sendnt]
grandchild (grandchildren) Grandson ['grnsn] Grand-daughter ['grn,
d:t] , ; , () , ,
great grandchild Great grandson (grand-daughter) ;
()
relatives ['reltvz]
cousin ['kzn] () ()
second cousin () ()
father (mother)-in-law [l:] , (, )
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 Hlukhiv college

uncle ['kl] (aunt, auntie) [a:nt, a:nti] (, )

nephew [ nevju:] (niece) [ni:s] ()
son (daughter)-in-law [l:] , (,
)
husband ['lizbnd]
wife [waf]
brother-in-law ['brrinl:]Sister-in-law ( ,
);
step-father (-mother) ()
step-child (step-children)Step-son (-daughter) ,
(,) ()
step-brother (-sister) Half-brother (-sister) () ()
milk (foster ['fst]) brother (sister) () ()
foster-father (-mother) () (, )
Foster-child
godchild (godson (-daughter)) ,
godfather (-mother) ,
bachelor ['bt()l]
widow ['wdu]
widower ['wdu]
divorce [d'v:s], to divorce , ;

to adopt ['dpt] ;
orphan [':fn]
to descend [d'send]
age [d]
adult ['dltj, grown-up ['grunp] ; ( 14
); ( 12 )
teenager ['ti:n,ed] ; () ( 20 )
youngster ['jst]
baby fbeb]
toddler ['tdl] ,
aged ['ed()d], elderly ,
middle-aged
at the age of
to be over 30/40 30/40
to be in one's early/late teens [ti:nz]
to be in one's early (mid, late) 20s
(2526, )

THE FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

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The family is very important as a unit in our society. Nothing else but
family can be an emotional center of people's life, can be a transmitter of culture
and raising children. Every mother feels great affection for her children and tries to
bring them up in a proper way. Understanding between the members of the family
and consideration for others are very important in family relationship. Tenderness,
warm-heartedness and respect must always be present in the family to make it
friendly. A lot of activities help members of the family to be on friendly terms:
discussing all the family plans together, going on trips hikes together, visiting mu-
seums, theaters, exhibitions and exchanging opinions about them, sharing the same
joys and sorrows. If you think of the others in the family you show your love and
attention in everyday life, you can hurt them if you are selfish, not sincere and
rude. It is very important to visit relatives on holidays, on birthdays, on anniver-
saries and develop close relationship. We feel more affection for our relatives
when we are parted from them. The proverb says, " Absence makes the heart grow
fonder". When the family is friendly, everybody has the warmed feelings of return-
ing home where dear relatives are waiting for them. There are different opinions on
how children should be treated if they disobey their parents, break the rules, do
forbidden things, don't keep their words or promises. Some people think that par-
ents should be patient, kind and understanding. The rules and children's behaviors
are discussed in such families. But others believe that children ought always to
obey the parents and if they won't they should be punished. From my point of
view, such principles won't do a lot of good. Fear and punishment will lead to self-
ishness, cruelty and lies. But "love and kindness will save the world". We are the
family of two. I live with my mother.
We don't have such
problems as misunderstanding
between the members of the
family. I think that it is due to
the age of my parents and their
character. My mother is 40
years old, she is layer. She is a
kind, clever and responsible
woman. My mother always
ready to give me necessary in-
formation, moral support and a
good advice. It is common
knowledge that there is no place like a home. We are dedicated to our homes, we
give them much love, care and enthusiasm. A man's house is his castle. I like my
home and I want to tell you more about it. I live in Kuprijanov st. in center of our
city. We moved into this flat several years ago. Now it is a place where I feel it
ease and enjoy every minute of my stay there. We have a washing-machine, a vac-
uum cleaner, a refrigerator, a freezer, hand-mixer, computer and other things which
I consider to be quite necessary as they make our life easier and help to solve a lot
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 Hlukhiv college

of problems in the shortest possible time. We have 2 rooms, a kitchen and a bath-
room. When you drop into our flat you come into a lobby, where you can take off
your coat, shoes and hat. I'm very happy to have a room for myself, where I feel
quite and comfortable. It is a place where I can relax, read a book and listen to mu-
sic.
There are yellow blinds and a writing table, a sofa, a bookcase where my fa-
vorite books are situated. There are a lot of things in my room which can tell about
myself, about my friends and relatives. You can find frames with photos of my
parents and best friends on the walls, little pictures. They remind me happy mo-
ments of my life and that is why are very dear for me. You may be surprised, but
the most popular and favorite place with all of us is the kitchen. Every Sunday my
mother makes a cake and we gather together, discuss our problems and make plans
for the next week. Our kitchen isn't large and looks the usual modern kitchen you
can see in many other homes. I can tell a lot about my home, but to make a long
story short I can say, that speaking about my home, I don't mean a flat as it is, I
mean people, who are dear to me, who love me and are always waiting for me.
That is why, wherever I were I would always hurry home.

QUESTIONS

1. What is your age? (How old are you?)

2. Are your grandparents or great-grandparents still living?
3. Have you any brothers and sisters? Are they older or younger than you?
4. What is your surname?
5. Have you more than one Christian name?

APPEARANCE: BODY PARTS AND BODY SIZE

Mr and Mrs Smith were a very
average couple. His name was John. Her
name was Mary. They lived in an aver-
age-sized house arid had two average
children one boy and one girl.
Were they tall? Mr and Mrs Smith
were neither tall nor short. They were
both average height. He was average
height for a man and she was average
height for a woman.
Were they fat? Mr Smith was certainly not weak or skinny, but he was not
strong or well-built either. He was just medium built and his shoulders and chest
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 Hlukhiv college

were neither very broad nor very narrow. His wife, too, could never be described
as thin or slim, but then again, she was not overweight or fat either. Her waist was
neither too big nor too narrow. It was just... average size.
It was very easy for Mr and Mrs Smith to buy clothes because every part of their
bodies was average size too. Their feet were neither very big nor very small. Their
hips were not too wide. And their legs were neither too short nor too long.
Yes, the Smiths were a very average couple. Except for one thing. They
were the only couple in the country who was average in so many different ways at
the same time. The Smiths were in fact... unique.

VOCABULARY

average ['vrdj] , ,
tall [t:l]
neither... nor ['na... n:] ...
short [:t]
average height ['vrd 'hat]
fat [ft]
weak [wi:k]
skinny ['skn] ,
strong [str] , ,
well-built [' wel'blt] ,
shoulder ['uld]
chest [tjest]
broad [br:d]
narrow ['nru]
thin [n] ,
slim [slm]
overweight fuvwet]
waist [weist]
foot [fut] (. feet [fi:t])
hip [hp]

WHAT'S YOUR CHARACTER LIKE?

A. You want to escape from your present life to seek adventure in anoth-
er country. For you the sea is a symbol of freedom, but it also gives you a sense of
security a sense that there is something that never changes. You want to escape,
but you are dependent on other people; you need your friends. You are difficult to
live with, but at the same time you are tender. In love you have a lot to offer, but
also you demand too much from your partner.
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 Hlukhiv college

B. You are a serious person and like

to base your life on definite ideas and val-
ues. At the same time you are ambitious
and the mountains represent a challenge for
you; you have a strong desire to do well
and succeed. You like the outdoor life and
hate wasting time. In love you expect
something fantastic you are not satisfied
with something that is second best.
C. You are an imaginative and crea-
tive person. The hills stimulate your imagination and sometimes lead you to day-
dreaming instead of concentrating on the matter in hand. You are an affectionate
person and enjoy the company of a lot of people around you. In love you are sen-
timental and romantic, but you must be careful not to trust others too much or to
look for something which isn't there.
D. You do not like to be alone, but prefer the company of other people
especially those who are similar to yourself. You feel protected in small groups
and look for people who share the same ideas as you. Roofs represent somewhere
to hide away from the problems and difficulties of the world. You are a good and
faithful friend someone that people can trust.
E. You are a person who is always looking for action, you want things to
happen but sometimes you want an easy solution when there isn't one. You look
for order and logic in everything, even in love. You don't have much Imagination,
but you are very practical and have skills that other people envy. In love you are
suspicious of very strong emotions. You prefer something less exciting but more
stable.
F. You feel the need to achieve strong results and will spend any amount of
money to achieve your desired objectives. You are fascinated by destiny, but you
don't give in to it easily. You like to keep up-to-date and have an interest in fash-
ion. You are a leader you weren't born to follow the others like a sheep. Big cit-
ies represent for you places where you have the space to act. In love you look for
stability and an uncomplicated relationship. You don't trust sentimentality and you
don't allow yourself to be led by unrealisable dreams.

VOCABULARY

to escape [s'kep] ;
to seek [si:k] ;
a sense of security [srkjurt]
dependent [d'pendnt]
tender ['tend]
value ['vlju:]
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challenge ['tlnd]
to succeed [sk'si:d] ; ,
imaginative ['mdntv]
creative [kri: etv]
day-dream ['dedri:m] ; ;
affectionate ['feknt] , ,
to share [] (ope, ); ( )
faithful ['feful] , ; ;
to envy ['env]
suspicious [ss'ps] ,
to be fascinated ['fsnetd] ;
to give in ['gvn] , : ( - to)
up-to-date ['pt'det] , ;
;

QUESTIONS

1. What is the average height for men and women in your country ? Is it changing?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of being either very tall or very
short?
3. Can you think of some ways of taking care of your heart, lungs, skin, bones,
muscles?

MY FRIEND
My best friend's name is
Michael. We made friends a few
years ago. We are of the same age.
We live in the same block of flats, so
we see each other almost every day.
Michael is a tall slender boy.
He has got dark hair, large dark eyes,
a straight nose and thin lips. He
wears spectacles. He is a nice guy.
He is very honest and just, under-
standing and kind. I trust him a lot
and I'm sure that I can rely on him in
any situation. He never lets people
down. Michael is only 19 but he is

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 Hlukhiv college

very responsible he finishes whatever he starts. He's got only one shortcoming.
He is a bitstubborn; nevertheless he is pleasant to deal with.
Michael is an only child and his parents love him very much. His father is a
lawyer. He is the most brilliant man I've ever met. He knows everything there is to
know about the law. Michael's mother is a music teacher. No wonder Michael is so
talented. He's got a very good ear for music. He likes jazz and plays the piano very
well.
We spend a lot of time together. We often watch video or listen to music.
Sometimes we go to the theatre, or walk around the centre of the city, visiting
small cafes, museums, art galleries, and shops. We talk for hours about all sorts of
things (politics, love, teachers and girls). We discuss films, television programmes,
books.
I never quarrel with Michael. But if there is some misunderstanding between
us we try' to make peace as soon as possible. What I like best about him is that he
is always willing to help and share his knowledge, thoughts, and feelings. I respect
him for his fairness, strong will, intellect, and modesty.
I miss Michael when we don't see each other for a long time. Without him I
would feel lonely and uncomfortable. Our friendship helps me feel strong and sure
of myself.

VOCABULARY

of the same age [sem ed] block

of flats ()
slender ['slend]
honest ['nist]
just [dzst]
understanding [,nd'stndi]
to rely [ri'la] on smb. -,
to let smb. down
responsible [rs'pnsb()l]
shortcoming [:t'km] ,
stubborn ['stbn]
he is pleasant ['pleznt] to deal [di:l] with
a good ear ['] for music
to make peace [pi:s]
to respect [rs'pekt]
fairness ['fns] ,
modesty ['mdst] ,

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QUESTIONS

1. Have you got a lot of friends?

2. What is your best friend's name?
3. How long have you been friends?
4. Where does he (she) live?
5. Do you often see each other?
6. Where did you meet for the first time?
7. What do you do in your spare time ?
8. What do you usually talk about?
9. Do you ever quarrel?
10. What do you like best about your friend?
11. Has he got any shortcomings?
12. Do you think friendship depends on shared interests hobbies and leisure ac-
tivities?
13. Does it mean that if two people don't have common hobbies they can't be real
friends?
14. What features do you like (dislike) in people?

RELATIONSHIPS WITH FRIENDS AND YOUR FAMILY

You can have a healthy relationship with anyone in your life, including
your family, friends and partners. Relationships take time, energy, and care to
make them healthy. The relationships that you make in your teen years will be a
special part of your life and will teach you some of the most important lessons
about who you are.
What makes a
relationship healthy?
Communication:
The most important
part of any healthy re-
lationship between two
people is being able to
talk and listen to one
another. You and the
other person can figure
out what your common
interests are. You can
share your feelings
with the other person
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and trust that they will be there to listen and support you. You will not feel judged
for the personal information you share. In healthy relationships, people don't lie.
Communication is based on honesty and trust. By listening carefully and sharing
your thoughts and feelings with another person, you show them that they are an
important part of your life.
Respect and Trust: In healthy rela-
tionships, you learn to respect and trust im-
portant people in your life. Disagreements
may still happen, but you learn to stay calm
and talk about how you feel. Talking calmly
helps you to understand the real reason for
not getting along, and it's much easier to fig-
ure out how to fix it. In healthy relation-
ships, working through disagreements often
makes the relationship stronger. When disa-
greements occur, you do not fear for your
safety. In healthy relationships, people respect each other for who they are. This
includes respecting and listening to yourself and your feelings.
Remember the following words:
Healthy, relationship, care, to teach, communication, to share, feelings, to
trust, to support, to lie, honesty, thoughts, to respect, to happen, calm, to fix, to oc-
cur, disagreement.
Answer the following questions:
Whom can you have healthy relationships with?
What are relationships for you?
What makes relationships healthy?
What is the most important part of any healthy relationships?
What is communication based on?
Can disagreements happen in relationships? How can you avoid them?
Do you have real friends?
How do I know that I have a healthy relationship with someone?
You know that you are in a healthy relationship with someone because you
feel good about yourself when you are around that person. Unhealthy relationships
can make you feel sad, angry, scared, or worried.
Healthy relationships involve an equal amount of give and take in the rela-
tionship. In unhealthy relationships, there is an unfair balance. You may feel that
most of the time you are giving the other person more attention than they give to
you or you feel pressured to spend a certain amount of time with them.
You should feel safe around the other person and feel that you can trust
him/her with your secrets. In a healthy relationship, you like to spend time with the
other person, instead of feeling like you're pressured into spending time with them.
Unhealthy relationships do not include trust and respect, which are very important

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parts of a family relationship, good friendship. No one deserves to be in an un-

healthy relationship.

DAILY ROUTINES
During the week I usually wake up
at 6.30 a.m. I sometimes lie in bed for five
minutes but then I have to get up and get
dressed. Most evenings I go to bed / go to
sleep at about 11.30 p.m. I'm usually very
tired, so I go to fall asleep very quickly. Occa-
sionally though, I can't get to sleep. When that
happens, I sometimes manage to fall asleep
about 3 a.m., then I oversleep in the morning.
If I have a late night, I try to have a nap in the
afternoon. The weekends are different. On
Saturday and Sunday I have a lie-in.

FOOD
In the week I have breakfast at 7.30 a.m., lunch at 1.00 p.m., and dinner
around 7 p.m. I also have one or two snacks, e.g. cakes, biscuits or fruits, during
the day at work. As I live alone, I also have to make my own breakfast and dinner,
but during the week I don't bother to cook very much.
I also have to feed my two cats twice a day as well.

KEEPING CLEAN
In the summer I have a shower in the morning, but in the winter I often have
a bath instead. Sometimes I have a shave at the same time, or I shave when I have
a wash and clean/brush my teeth after breakfast. I wash my hair two or three times
a week.

WORK
In the morning I leave home about 8.15 a.m. and get to work by 9 a.m. I
have a lunch break from 1 till 2 p.m., and a couple of short breaks during the day. I
leave work around 5.30 p.m. and get home about 6.15 p.m.

EVENINGS
During the week I usually stay in and have a rest. But at the weekend I often
go out, but quite often I also have friends for dinner, or friends just come round for
a chat or we play cards, e.g. poker or bridge.

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HOUSEWORK
I do the shopping on Saturday. Fortunately I have a cleaner and she does
most of the housework: she does my washing, the washing-up and does most of the
ironing.

VOCABULARY

the daily routine [ru:'ti:n]

to wake up [wek p|
to get up ,
to go to bed/to sleep
to fall asleep [f:l 'sli:p]
to get to sleep
to oversleep [,uv'sli:p]
to have a late [leit] / early [':li] night [nat] /
to have a nap [np]
to have a lie-in ['laun]
a snack [snk]
to live alone/on my own/by myself
to bother ['b] (), () (about, with)
to feed [fi:d]
instead [in'sted] ,
to have a shave [eiv]
to have a wash ,
to clean/brush teeth
to get to work
a lunch break
to stay in ,
to go out ( , )
to have friends for dinner
to round
a chat ()
to do the shopping
a cleaner ['kli:nj
washing ['wj] ;
washing-up
ironing ['an]

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QUESTIONS

1. Did you go out last night?

2. I think I'm going to slay in this evening.
3. I overslept this morning.
4. I couldn't get to sleep last night.
5. Do you want to come round this evening?
6. I forgot to do the shopping.
7. What time did you get home ?
8. I nearly fell asleep at the lesson today.

MY WORKING DAY
On weekdays the alarm clock wakes me up at 6.30 and my working day
begins. I'm not an early riser that's why it's very difficult for me to get out of bed,
especially in winter. I switch on my tape-recorder and do my morning exercises.
Then I go to the bathroom, take a warm shower and clean my teeth. After that I re-
turn to my bedroom to get dressed.
Usually my mother makes breakfast for me.
But when she is away on business or just doesn't
have to get up early, I make breakfast myself.
While having breakfast, I listen to the latest news
on the radio.
I leave the house at 7.30 and go to the nearest
underground station. Last year I tried to enter the
University, but unfortunately 1 failed my entrance
examinations. So I thought I should work some-
where. It wasn't easy to find a job, but I managed to
get a position of a secretary in a small business
company. They agreed to take me because I had studied typewriting, computing
and business organization at school. And besides, I passed my English school-
leaving exam with an excellent mark.
It takes me an hour and a half to get to work. But I don't want to waste my
time on the train. I've got a small cassette player and I listen to different texts and
dialogues. Sometimes I read a book and retell it silently. If I come across an inter-
esting expression I try to memorize it. I also write some English words on flash-
cards and learn them.
I usually arrive at work at ten minutes to nine though my working day be-
gins at 9 sharp. There are always some fax messages to translate from English into

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Ukrainian. Sometimes my boss wants me to write a letter to our business partners

abroad. There are also a lot of phone calls, which I have to answer.
At 1 o'clock in the afternoon we have lunch. We usually have lunch in a
small cafe just round the corner. At 2 o'clock we come back to work. And we work
hard till 5 o'clock.
During the working day we also have sever-
al short coffee breaks. But sometimes we have no
time for that.
I come home at about 7 o'clock in the even-
ing. My parents are usually at home, waiting for
me. We have dinner together. Then we sit in the
living room, drink tea, watch TV or just talk.
Occasionally I have to stay at work till 6 or
even 7 o'clock in the evening. When we have a lot
of things to do we go to work on Saturdays. So by
the end of the week I get very tired. All I can do on
Sundays is to sleep till eleven o'clock, watch tele-
vision, listen to music and read something in Eng-
lish.
And still I always look forward to my next
working day because I like my job. I think I get a lot of useful experience.

VOCABULARY

to be an early [':li:] riser fraz]

unfortunately [n'f:tnitli] , ,
to fail [fel] ( )
entrance examinations ['entr()ns g,zm'ne()n]
position [,p'z()n] of a secretary
typewriting ['taip,rati]
business ['biznis] organization
to waste [west] time
to come across , ,
to memorize ['memraz] '
flashcard ['flka:d]
to answer a phone [fun] call occa-
sionally ['keinl] ,

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QUESTIONS

1. Do you get up early? Is it easy for you to get up early?

2. Do you wake up yourself or does an alarm clock wake you up?
3. Which do you prefer: a hot or a cold shower in the morning?
4. What do you usually have for breakfast?
5. Some people look through newspapers or listen to the latest news on the radio
while having breakfast. What about you?
6. When do you usually leave the house?
7. What do you usually do on your way to work (school, etc.)?
8. Where do you usually have lunch (dinner)?
9. What time do you come home?
10. How do you spend your evenings?
11. What time do you usually go to bed?

HOBBIES
Hobbies differ like tastes. If you have chosen a hobby according to your
character and taste you are lucky because your life becomes more interesting.
Hobbies are divided into four large
groups: doing things, making things, col-
lecting things, and learning things. The
most popular of all hobby groups is doing
things. It includes a wide variety of activ-
ities, from gardening to travelling and
from chess to volleyball.
Gardening is one of the oldest
man's hobbies. It is a well-known fact
that the English are very fond of garden-
ing and growing flowers, especially roses.
Doth grown-ups and children are
fond of playing different computer
games. This is a relatively new hobby but
it is becoming more and more popular.
Making things includes drawing,
painting, making sculpture, designing costumes, handicrafts. Two of the most fa-
mous hobby painters were President Eisenhower and Sir Winston Churchill. Some
hobbyists write music or play musical instruments. Bill Clinton, for example, plays
the saxophone.

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Almost everyone collects something at some period in his life: stamps,

coins, matchboxes, books, records, postcards, toys, watches. Some collections have
no real value. Others become so large and so valuable that they are housed in mu-
seums and galleries. Many world-famous collections started in a small way with
one or two items. People with a good deal of money often collect paintings, rare
books and other art objects. Such private collections are sometimes given to muse-
ums, libraries and picture galleries so that others might take pleasure in seeing
them.
No matter what kind of hobby a person has, he always has the opportunity of
learning much from it. By reading about the things he is interested in he is adding
to what he knows. Learning new things can be the most exciting aspect of a hobby.

VOCABULARY

to include [n'klu:d] ; ,
variety [v'rat] ; (of)
to design [d'zain] , ,
handicraft ['hndkra:ft] , ,
hobbyist ['hobst] ; ,
value ['vlju:]
item ['tm] ( )
rare [r]
private ['prvtj ,
to take pleasure in ['l]
n matter what kind of hobby a person has

QUESTIONS

1. Tastes differ. Can you say the same about hobbies?

2. Have you chosen a hobby according to your character and taste?
3. Which hobby groups do you know?
4. The most popular hobby group is doing things, isn't it? What kind of activities
does this group include?
5. What do you know about gardening?
6. Do you like computer games?
7. Are you fond of making things?
8. Do you know any hobbies of the famous people?
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9. Have you ever collected anything?

10. What can be collected?
11. Do you know of any private collections that were given to museums or art gal-
leries?
12. Do you agree that learning new things can be the most exciting aspect of a
hobby? Why?

BOOKS
It is interesting to read different kinds of books. "Except for a living man
there is nothing more wonderful than a book! They teach us and open their hearts
to us as brothers", wrote Charles Kingsley, an English writer of the 19th century.
Books teach us to live. We learn many things by reading books. There are
different kinds of books: novels, short stories, tales, fairytales, fables, poems,
plays, memoirs, atlases and text-books.
Books can be humorous, adven-
turous, detective, fantastic, historical, polit-
ical, scientific. They can be interesting,
thrilling, fascinating, exciting, powerful,
useful, unusual, original, amusing, moving,
true-to-life, well written, unoriginal.
Books are certainly one of the great-
est inventions of man.
O. Wilde wrote: "Books, I believe,
may be divided into three groups: books to
read; books to re-read; books not to read at
all."
The third class is the most important. To tell people what to read is, as a rule,
either useless or harmful. But to tell people what not to read is a very dilferent mat-
ter.
It is indeed necessary in this age of ours, an age that reads so much that it has no
time to admire, and that writes so much that it has no time to think. Whoever will
select "The Worst Hundred Books" and
publish a list of them will do the rising
generation a real service.
Some English author once wrote:
"Some books are to be tasted, others to be
swallowed and some few to be chewed and
digested".
This quotation tells us how to read
books of different kinds. Most travel books
are to be tasted; it's enough to dip into them and read bits here and there. If you are
fond of crime stories (Agatha Christie, Simenon and the rest of modem favourites),
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you will read them quickly, you'll swallow them. If a book is on an important sub-
ject, and the subject you are interested in, you'll want to chew and digest it. And
you'll want to weigh what the author says, and consider his ideas and arguments.

VOCABULARY

tale [tel] ,
fairy-tale ['fertel]
fable [febl]
adventurous [d'vent()rs]
thrilling ['rili] ,
fascinating ['fsnet] ;
amusing ['mju:z] ,
to taste [test] ;
to swallow ['swlu] ,
to chew [lu:]
to digest [d'dest] ,
to dip into ; ,

QUESTIONS

1. Do you agree that there are three groups of books: books you must read; books
you must re-read; books you must not read at all?
2. Which is the largest and the smallest group? Why?
3. How do you choose a book to read?
4. What books do you re-read?
5. How do you know what books not to read at all?
6. Do you agree that a list of the "Worst Hundred Books" may be useful?

BOOKS IN OUR LIFE

Nowadays it's almost impossible to imagine our life without books. Per-
haps, there are more books on our planet than men alive.
Long before the invention of printing people valued books as treasure troves
of the human knowledge and experience. Hand written manuscripts took
months of writing and were collected by and kept in monasteries with utmost care.
We can distinguish books between three classes of them.

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Firstly, books on different branches of

knowledge, works by brilliant minds of mankind. Sec-
ondly, textbooks, reference books and numerous dic-
tionaries. And at last, books of all kinds and genres to
read at leisure.
Classics should be taken a little at a time. One's
understanding of books by Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky,
Mopassan and Balzak depends on one's age and expe-
rience. Serious books are to be read conscientiously
and maybe more than once. To a thinking reader they
will provide new food for thought every time he re-
reads it. Many people indulge in reading science fic-
tion, fantasy or detective stories. Of course, there are
some advantages and disadvantages of this kind of literature, often reffered to as
easy reading.
As for me, good science fiction and fantasy develop imagination, logical
thinking, broader one's outlook.
The same could be said in favour of detective stories. They reveal such mi-
nute details of everyday life in this or that particular country that are of greatest in-
terest for a curious reader. The master-
pieces of this genre by Sir Arthur Conan
Doyle, Agatha Christie and others, show
the depths of psychological analysis, the
insight into the human nature.
As an old saying goes, man cannot
live on bread alone. Books are the source
of knowledge and the means of self
perfection. Sometimes it is difficult to
solve some problems in life. I think that
books can help us. Books must be our
friends during all our life.

VOCABULARY

treasure trove
monastery
conscientiously
to indulge in
science fiction
outlook

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 Hlukhiv college

QUESTIONS

1. What kind of books do you prefer to read?

2. Do you like to read English or Russian books?
3. Is it possible to live without books for you?
4. Books are our friends, aren't they?
5. How many classes of books do we distinguish?

MY FAVOURITE BOOK: GONE WITH THE WIND

I've recently read a
book, which has made a very
deep impression on me. It is
called Gone with the Wind.
The author of the book is
Margaret Mitchell. She was
born in Atlanta, Georgia, in a
family of the president of the
Atlanta Historical Society. All
the family was interested in
American history and she grew up in an atmosphere of stories about the Civil War.
After graduating from the college Margaret Mitchell worked for a time for
the Atlanta Journal. In 1925 she got married. In the following ten years she put on
paper all the stories she had heard about the Civil War. The result was Gone with
the Wind. It was first published in 1936 and became the talking point of all Ameri-
ca. In 1939 the book was made into a highly successful film. Vivien Leigh and
Clark Gable played the leading roles. Vivien Leigh won the Oscar. Everyone loved
her high-spirited and beautiful heroine, Scarlett O'Hara.
The story is set around the time of the American Civil War (1861 1865),
when the Southern states went to war with the North to defend their way of life. It
was a way of life in which rich gentry lived in large houses and owned huge areas
of land, cultivated by black slaves. Scarlett O'Hara was born in one of those rich
houses.
But Gone with the Wind is also about a love triangle. While Scarlett loves
the quiet, gentlemanly Ashley Wilkes, the wild anddecidedly ungentlemanly Rhett
Butler is in love with her.
In 1991, a publishing company asked Alexandra Ripley, a historical novelist,
to write the continuation of the story. Her novelScarlett was not in the same class
as the original. Critics have been writing very bad reviews of Scarlett, but the book
is popular with the public.
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VOCABULARY

impression [m'pre()n]
Civil ['sivl] War
high-spirited ['ha sprtd] ,
to defend [d'fend]
gentry ['dentr] ,
to own [un]
gentlemanly ['dentlmnl] , ;
wild [wald] ,
decidedly [d'saddl]
review [r'vju:] , ,

QUESTIONS

1. What do you think made Margaret Mitchell write a book about the Civil War?
2. Who starred in the film "Gone with the Wind"? Was the film successful?
3. Who are the main characters of the book "Gone with the Wind"?
4. What is the story set around?
5. What can you say about Scarlett O 'Hara ?
6. Is the book popular with the public?

MY LAST VISIT TO THE MUSEUM

As the old saying goes man
cannot live by bread alone. Any human
being needs nourishment for his soul as
wfell. One of the places where one can
get spiritual food is a museum. Museums
are an essential part of any culture and
society.
Last year I went to see a friend who lives
in Kyiv. I did an awful lot of sightseeing.
I enjoyed my stay there immensely. But
what I found absolutely unforgettable
was my visit to the Taras Shevchenko
Museum.

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During the conducted tour I learned much about the museum in general,
about the main stages of Ukrainian poet's life and in the history of our country. The
exposition of the museum includes more than 800 works of the great poet and
painter and his personal belongings. The most frequently visited are the halls re-
flecting Shevchenko's life and work. I marvelled at the finest Shevchenko's water-
colours and pencil drawings from the museum's collection. I found the rare publi-
cations of "Kobzar", Shevchenko's first book of poetry, and a separate edition of
his poem "Haidamaky" the most interesting.
Some of the galleries, which deal with section "Shevchenko and Our Time",
stand out in my memory very vividly: models of monuments to Shevchenko in
Ukraine and other countries, the collections of his works in the foreign languages,
the vast collection of folk songs, legends and proverbs about the poet, portraits of
Shevchenko.
But what is more important, I received an emotional experience. Needless to
say, that like any other museum, it should be taken a little at a time. The Taras
Shevchenko Museum enjoys a truly universal popularity. I wish I could visit it
over and over again.

VOCABULARY

nourishment ['nrment] ; ; ( )
essential ['sen()l] ,
to do an awful [':ful] lot of sightseeing ['sat,si:]
'
conducted tour ['kndktd tu]
exposition [,eksp'z()n] ,
to marvel ['ma:v()l]
water-colour [' wt'kl]
separate edition ['seprt 'd()n]
to deal [di:l] with , '
to enjoy popularity [,popju'lnt]

QUESTIONS

1. Do you like going to the museums ?

2. Do you often go to the museums?
3. What museums do you prefer to visit?
4. Do you generally go alone or on a conducted tour?
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5. What museums are there in you native city?

6. Where can you get spiritual food?
7. What does the Taras Shevchenko museum exhibit?

MY FAVOURITE FILM
To talk about "Titanic" is to talk about money. There was a time when
the public and the press talked about movies as entertainment, as political state-
ments, sometimes even as art. That was before
"Heaven's Gate", be-
fore "Water-world", before
the media became obsessed
with budgets. That was be-
fore the era of James Cam-
eron.
The economic trajec-
tory of director Cameron's
career is a fever chart of
Hollywood inflation. "Ter-
minator" was a low-budget
beauty costing $6,5 million.
Two years later his "Aliens"
came in at $18,5 million,
which looks cut-rate today.
The price tag on "TheAbyss" (1989) was $40 million. Then began the run that
made him the perennial King of the Most Expensive Movie Ever Made. "Termina-
tor 2" (1991; $93 million); "True Lies" (1994: $100 million). And now "Titanic",
at $200 million.
The man's clearly a genius at spending other people's money. And so far he's
been worth it: his films have made more than $1 billion.
As you know, the 3-hour- 14-minute "Titanic" is no mere disaster movie. It's
an epic love story about a 17-year-old American aristocrat (Kate Winslet) who is
betrothed to a rich and hateful suitor (Billy Zane) but falls in love with a free-
spirited artist (Leonardo DiCaprio), who won his third-class passage in a card
game. It's "Romeo and Juliet" on a sinking ship and has become an international
sensation.
"Titanic" is also a movie about money and its evils. With fine irony, Camer-
on has spent more dollars than any other filmmaker to make a film that denounces
the rich.
The $8,4 million costume budget alone would finance several independent
movies.
The special effects are in the service of the story. In the spectacular 80-
minute sinking of the ship, you don't wonder what's real and what's computer-
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generated. What you feel is the horror of the experience, the depths of the folly that
left this "unsinkable" ship sovulnerable to disaster. While the women and children
are loaded into lifeboats (there were only enough for half the 2 200 passengers),
the third-class passengers are locked belowdecks like.
But it is the love between the unhappy Rose and the sanguine, open-hearted
Jack that occupies stage centre. Is it the great love story Cameron so desperately
wanted to make? Not quite. Visually, his lovers are an odd match: next to DiCapri-
o's boyish beauty, Winslet looks womanly. And once the disaster strikes, their in-
dividual fates become overwhelmed by the communal horror. Our hearts, at least,
couldn't break once these lovestruck kids were surrounded by floating frozen
corpses.
Cameron says today that if he'd known what it would take to bring his vision
to the screen, he'd have stopped before he started. But "regret" is not in the guy's
vocabulary.

VOCABULARY

obsessed [b'sest]
chart [ta:t]
alien ['eljn]
cut-rate ['ktret]
tag [tg]
abyss ['bs] ,
perennial [p'renjl]
billion ['bljn]
betrothed [b'trud]
suitor ['sju:t] ,
passage ['psd] ( )
to sink [sk]
to denounce [d'nauns]
to generate ['denret] ,
folly ['fol] , ,
vulnerable ['vln()rbl]
sanguine ['sgwn]
corpse [k:ps]

QUESTIONS

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 Hlukhiv college

1. What is special about "Titanic "?

2. Who directed the film ? Wlwt do you know about him ?
3. Who are the main heroes of the film ? Characterize them.
4. Is "Titanic" a disaster movie? Why not?
5. What are all the topics of the film ?
6. Why do you like this film ?

MUSIC
Can you think of a day without
music? There is music everywhere: at home,
in a concert hall, in parks, at the seaside and
even in the forest. People cannot live without
music. They listen to music, they dance to
music, they learn to play musical instru-
ments. But what is music? Specialists explain
it very well. Music isn't combination of
pleasant sounds only. It is an art, which re-
flects life. Music reflects people's ideas and
emotions. Music is also a weapon. It fights for light against darkness, for freedom
against tyranny, for humanism against barbarity ("Seventh symphony" by Shosta-
kovich, "Sixth symphony" by Tchaikovsky and so on). When speaking of different
forms of music I'd like to mention first and foremost classical music. I prefer dif-
ferent musical genres: symphony, concerto, chamber music, vocal music, opera,
and ballet. Classical music gives me delight, pleasure, partly sensual, partly intel-
lectual. Classical music is always a complex of emotions, excitement and at the
same time, love for others and a desire to do something for them. When listening to
classical music I have to combine all my feelings into one and to give it name, it
will be happiness. Classical music contains the powerful appeal for listeners. It ad-
dresses both our senses and intellect. We are lucky to have such a famous orches-
tra, which executes music by Beethoven and Mozart, Britten and Gershvin. It is
famous all over the world of its original interpretations of classical music. As for
me I prefer such musical pieces which are based on the theme of struggle of good
against evil. Also I like quiet lyrical piano pieces by Chopin and Prokofiev which
are full of enchanting melodies.
Many young people today are gravitating towards new rhythms. This ex-
plains why new pop groups are proliferating. Pop has permeated all the mass me-
dia. Pop may be said to have emerged in the mid 1950's with the arrival of
rock'n'roll. About 99% of pop songs are about love. Nowadays many listeners are
rejecting second-rate products, which are nothing but a rehashing of the old num-
bers. This explains the success achieved by many groups and some other bands of
the new generation which are free of false sentiments. They are genuine. The voice
of the new groups is pure and clear and they sing about the things that are im-
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portant in life. A readiness to experiment, favour and

sincerity are their hallmark. A simple message con-
veyed with a good melody has, Ibelieve, been found
by the "Beatles". Some of their old songs still enjoy
popularity today .
Pop music has always been influenced by other
forms of music: by jazz, the blues, classical music
etc. Another important influence is folk music. Folk
songs are the songs composed and sung by country
people. They may be hundreds of years old. Nobody
knows who originally composed them. Folk music is often music for dancing. Rus-
sian and Ukrainian folk songs are very melodious. I like to listen to Russian and
Ukrainian folk songs sung by outstanding singers.

VOCABULARY

to reflect [r'flekt] ; ()
weapon ['wepn]
first and foremost ['f:mist] , ,
delight [d'lat] ,
to contain [kn'ten] () ;
hallmark ['h:l'ma:k] ,
to convey [kn've]

COMPUTERS IN MY LIFE
Computer studies is a subject in
many schools. Many young people have per-
sonal computers. Ninety-six per cent of them
are males of all ages. All of them spend an av-
erage of twenty hours per week on home com-
puters. The majority of the adults also use
computers at work. About one in three hundred
computer owners, so-called computer addicts,
spends almost all his time using computers. All
the computer addicts are very educated. They
have been interested in science and technology
from a very early age and they are usually very shy people who like being alone.
A survey in a school showed that fewer girls are interested in computers be-
cause girls are less likely to have a computer. Even if they have one, they use them
less frequently than boys. Possibly it is because we think of computers as some-

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thing to do with maths and science, which are traditionally "male" subjects. Possi-
bly it is because most of the computer teachers are men, who give the girls less at-
tention. Possibly parents think it is less important for girls to have computer skills.
Computer addicts love debugging, develop programs and love learning pro-
gramming languages. They learnt to communicate with other users through com-
puter networks and the people they met in school and work think of them as ex-
perts who could help and advise when they had problems with their machines. A
few spend their time "hacking" and one addict left a message on a computer of
Buckingham House. Very few computer addicts play computer games, but many
people use a computer exclusively for games.
Some parents worry about computer
games because they think their children won't be
able to communicate with real people in the real
world. But parents do not need to worry. Ac-
cording to research computer addicts usually do
well after they have left school. Parents also do
not need to worry that computer addiction will
make their children become unfriendly and una-
ble to communicate with people. It is not the
computer that makes them shy. In fact, what
they know about computers improves their so-
cial lives. They become experts and others come
to them for help and advice.
For most children computer games are a craze. Like any other craze, such as
skate-boarding, the craze is short-lived. It provides harmless fun and a chance to
escape. If we didn't have these computer addicts, we wouldn't have modern tech-
nology. They are the inventors of tomorrow.

VOCABULARY

male [mel] ;
average ['v()rd]
majority [m'drt]
owner ['un]
to addict ['dikt] ();
survey ['s:ve] , ,
debugging [di:'bg] finding and removing problems in computers and
computer programs
'
"hacking" ['hk] (gaining access to computers when it is not allowed)
( ')

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 Hlukhiv college

to do well ,

QUESTIONS

1. What are computer addicts like?

2. Have you ever used a computer? What do you use it for?
3. Why are computers used?
4. Why are more boys than girls interested in computers ? 3. Is computer addiction
harmful?

INTERNET AND MODERN LIFE

The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody knows that
the Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundred of millions of
users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other.
The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was a military
experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war, when everything
around might be polluted by radiation and it would be dangerous to get out for any
living being to get some information to anywhere. Information sent over the Inter-
net takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another. Be-
cause of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with each
other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology was called
packet switching.
Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer to send the in-
formation through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for millions
of people.
Most of the Internet host computers are in the
United States of America. It is clear that the accurate
number of users can be counted fairly approximately,
nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet
today, because there are hundred of millions of users and
their number is growing.
Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-
mail. Most of the people use the network only for send-
ing and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it either
they are at home or in the internet clubs or at work. Other popular services are
available on the Internet too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated news
servers, telnet, FTP servers, etc.
In many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable,
alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own
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 Hlukhiv college

system of communications. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the

Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only
have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for international
calls around the world, when you pay a good deal of money.
But saving money is only the first step
and not the last one. There is a commercial
use of this network and it is drastically in-
creasing. Now you can work through the in-
ternet, gambling and playing through the net.
However, there are some problems.
The most important problem is security.
When you send an e-mail, your message can
travel through many different networks and
computers. The data is constantly being di-
rected towards its destination by special com-
puters called routers. Because of this, it is
possible to get into any of the computers
along the route, intercept and even change the
data being sent over the Internet. But there are many encoding programs available.
Notwith-standing, these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked.
Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there is no effec-
tive control in the^Internet, because a huge amount of information circulating
through the net. It is like a tremendous library and market together. In the future,
the situation might change, but now we have what we have. It could be expressed
in two words an anarchist's dream.

VOCABULARY

network
to embrace - ,
user ,
to design , ,
to survive
nuclear war -
to pollute
dangerous
path ,
available , ,
the net ,
packet switching
invention
accurate
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 Hlukhiv college

to count
approximately
to receive
message
to provide , ,
reliable
alternative
provider ,
security
router
to intercept ( .. )
to encode ,
notwithstanding , , -
to crack
huge , ,
to circulate /
tremendous . ,

QUESTIONS

1. What is the Internet?

2. When and where did the history of Internet begin?
3. Why was the Internet designed?
4. What is modem?
5. Where are most of the Internet host computers?
6. What is the accurate number of internet users?
7. What is the most popular Internet service today?
8. What are other popular services available on the Internet?
9. What is the most important problem of the Internet?
10. Why is there no effective control in the Internet today?
11. Is there a commercial use of the network today?

E-MAIL OR SNAIL MAIL?

E-mail electronic mail is a way of sending messages and letters di-
rectly from your computer to another computer. Snail mail is how people (mainly
those with e-mail) refer to the traditional writing paper+envelope+stamp way of
sending a letter. How do they compare?

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E-MAIL The good things. It's so quick; you can

just tap out a letter on your computer and press
SEND. You can send the same letter to your hun-
dreds of friends all around the world in a few sec-
onds. You can spread the news or the latest gossip
really quickly. You can communicate with your
favourite film stars and pop stars.
The bad things
Most of your friends aren't on e-mail. And
those that are don't like getting exactly the same
letter as everybody else. You accidentally send a
bit of hot gossip to someone who really shouldn't see it. They never write back. Or
you just get loads of junk mail in return.

VOCABULARY

snail [snel] ; .
to tap out [tp]
to press [pres]
to spread [spred]
gossip ['gsp] ,
accidentally [,ks'dentl]
loads [ludz] (of) . ,
junk [dk] ()

QUESTIONS

1. What is e-mail?
2. When was it first sent?
3. What are the advantages of e-mail?
4. What are the disadvantages?
5. Compare e-mail and usual mail.
6. Can you send the e-mail? Describe the way of sending.

TELEVISION IS DOING IRREPARABLE HARM

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"Yes, but what did we use to do before

there was television?" How often we hear state-
ments like this! Television hasn't been with us all
that long, but we are already beginning to forget
what the world was like without it. Before we ad-
mitted the one-eyed monster into our homes, we
never found it difficult to occupy our spare time.
We used to enjoy civilised pleasures. For instance,
we used to have hobbies, we used to entertain our
friends and be entertained by them, we used to go
outside for our amusements to theatres, cinemas,
restaurants and sporting events. We even used to
read books and listen to music and broadcast talks occasionally. All that belongs to
the past. Now all our free time is regulated by the "goggle box". We rush home or
gulp down our meals to be in time for this or that programme. We have even given
up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening meal, exchanging the news of the
day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will do anything providing it doesn't inter-
fere with the programme. The monster demands and obtains absolute silence and
attention. If any member of the family dares to open his mouth during a pro-
gramme, he is quickly silenced.
Whole generations are growing up ad-
dicted to the telly. Food is left uneaten, home-
work undone and sleep is lost. The telly is a
universal pacifier. It is now standard practice
for mother to keep the children quiet by putting
them in the living-room and turning on the set.
It doesn't matter that the children will watch
rubbishy commercials or spectacles of sadism
and violence so long as they are quiet.
Television encourages passive enjoy-
ment. We become content with second-hand experiences. It is so easy to sit in our
armchairs watching others working. Little by little, television cuts us off from the
real world. We get so lazy, we choose to spend a fine day in semi-darkness, glued
to our sets, rather than go out into the world itself. Television may be a splendid
medium of communication, but it prevents us from communicating with each oth-
er. We only become aware how totally irrelevant television is to real living when
we spend a holiday by the sea or in the mountains, far away from civilisation in
quiet, natural surroundings. We quickly discover then how little we miss the hyp-
notic tyranny of King Telly.

VOCABULARY

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 Hlukhiv college

to admit [d'mt]
to occupy ['kjupa]
goggle [ ggl] box .
to gulp [glp] ; ()
to dare [d] ,
rubbishy ['rb] ; ; ,
to prevent from [pr'vent] ,

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
Nowadays our life is getting more
and more tense. People live under the
press of different problems, such as so-
cial, ecological, economic and others.
They constantly suffer from stress, noise
and dust in big cities, diseases and in-
stability. A person should be strong and
healthy in order to overcome all difficul-
ties. To achieve this aim people ought to
take care of their physical and mental
health. There are several ways to do it.
The state of your body depends on how
much time you spend doing sports. At
least everybody must do morning exer-
cises every day. The most healthy kinds
of sports are swimming, running and cycling. Healthy food is also a very important
factor. Overeating causes many dangerous diseases. The daily menu should include
meat, fruit and vegetables, milk product,
which are rich in vitamins, fat, proteins and
etc. On the other hand modern diets are very
popular especially among women. Diets may
be harmful, if they are used in the wrong
way. To be healthy, people should get rid of
their bad habits. It's necessary to stop smok-
ing and drinking much. Everyone should
remember that cigarettes, alcohol and drugs
destroy both body and brain. Besides accord-
ing to statistics most of crimes are commit-
ted by people under the influence of drugs
and alcohol. In addition it is recommended
to watch TV less, avoid anxiety and observe
daily routine. Certainly it's hard to follow all these recommendations, but every
person have to choose between healthy life style and numerous illnesses.
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Sport and healthy lifestyle

The fitness boom of the past decades led to a big rise in the numbers of people
participating in sports and activities. Those who pursue the latest fitness fashion
are convinced that staying in good physical form requires much more than regular
exercise and balanced meals. For anyone who really wants to be healthy, fitness
has become an integral part of their lives. A lot of health and fitness club, and pub-
lic leisure centers indicate the popularity of sports during the past thirty years.
There are many opportunities for keeping fit. First of all it's necessary to do exer-
cises. Running, jumping, swimming, bending and stretching are among the most
popular exercises. Many people prefer jogging, which is the cheapest and the most
accessible sport. Popular running competitions are now held everywhere. The big
city marathons have become sporting events. A healthy body becomes a fashion,
an ideal of the modern life. Many sports activities have become part of daily Rus-
sian life. Football has always been the most popular sport among boys. Playing
football is healthy, football also bring people close because in order to win people
have to work as a team. The best way to avoid depression caused by the city life is
doing exercises. Taking exercise is only one part of keeping fit. It's important to
get slim. Some people eat nothing but fruit for several days. But it won't be of any
use without proper exercises. Besides to avoid serious disease one should give up
smoking. Smoking should be banned in all public places.
As for me, I'm interested in different kinds of sport. At school we have physical
training lesson twice a week. I like to ski in winter. Sometimes the whole fami-
ly goes skiing at the weekend. In summer I like to swim. I also do some cy-
cling. I'm very fond of hockey. I try to watch every hockey match on TV.

HEALTHY FOOD
All food is made up of nutrients which our bodies use. There are differ-
ent kinds of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats vitamins and minerals. Differ-
ent foods contain different nutrients.
Before we cut down on fat, sugar and salt,
we have to know a bit more about the kind of
food these things might be in. The biggest prob-
lem comes when these things are hidden in oth-
er foods: biscuits, crisps, sausages, meat pies,
soft drinks and so on.
The best way is to get into the habit of
checking the ingredients and nutritional value
on the sides of packets although this isn't always
easy to do. Another thing to know is, for exam-
ple, that we do need fat to live, it's an essential
part of our diet and physically we couldn't exist
without it.
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But we all know that to eat much fat is bad for our health. The matter is that
there are different kinds of fat. There are fats that are good for us and fats that are
bad for us. Eating less of the bad ones and more of the good ones can actually help
us to live longer! Bad fats are the saturated fats, found in animal productions, like
red meat, butter and cheese.
Friendly fats are the unprocessed fats found naturally in foods like nuts and
seeds, olives, avocados and oily fish, including tuna.
One more thing to know is that when food is cooked, its structure changes. It
can change the vitamin and nutrient contents of food.
More and more people feel strongly about the way, their food is produced.
Nowadays so much of the basic food we eat meat, fish, fruit and vegetables
is grown using chemicals and additives.
Although fertilizers and pesticides have greatly increased the quantity of
food and helped to improve its appearance, there is a growing concern about the
effects of these chemicals in the food chain. This concern has led to a growth in the
demand for organically grown products.
Today there is another problem. It is modified food, which is cheaper that
ordinary one. There is a rumour that such food can cause cancer and other prob-
lems. Nobody knows, either it is just an imagined fear or a real problem. This
problem could be solved and examined, but it will take some time.
The food we eat, depends on lots of
things. Taste is a big factor. Culture, reli-
gion and health also play a part in what food
we eat. Advertising and social factors also
have a big influence.
Income is also an important factor.
That is why not surprisingly, money, rather
than a lack of knowledge about how to eat
well, is at the heart of the problem.
Finally, there are three main messages to follow for healthy eating:
First, we should eat less fat, particularly saturated fat.
Secondly, we are to cut down on sugar and salt.
Thirdly, we must eat more fresh fruit and vegetables.

VOCABULARY

nutrient -
carbohydrate d
protein ,
fat
to contain
to cut down on - .
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 Hlukhiv college

to hide (past hid, p.p. hidden) ,

crisp ,
to get into the habit of -
essential ,
saturated fat
butter -
unprocessed fat
seed ,
avocado ,
tuna
additive -
fertilizer
pesticide ,
to increase -
to improve
concern , , ,
food chain -
to lead (past led, p.p. led) - ,
demand -
modified food -
to cause ,
cancer ()
fear , ,
to solve -
to depend on
income ;
lack , ; -.

QUESTIONS

1. What nutrients do you know?

2. What are the main things to know about food we eat?
3. What fats are good?
4. What fats are dangerous for our health?
5. What are the main factors that determine the food we eat?
6. What are three main messages to follow for healthy eating?

MY ATTITUDE TO SPORTS
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 Hlukhiv college

Let me tell you about my own attitude to sports and sportsmen.

To begin with I must say that sport is one
of the things that always keep people fit. I think
that everyone must do all he can to be healthy.
Physically inactive people get older earlier than
those who have plenty of exercises. If you do
daily exercises regularly, you feel refreshed,
have a good posture and that makes you feel
well.
Wise people say that good health is a
great blessing. Everyone should do all possible to stay healthy. Being in good
health means having both body and mind in good working order free from diseases
and pain.
There is a truthful Latin proverb: "A sound mind is in a sound body". If you
want to keep yourself fit, you are to go in for sports.
Sport is very popular in our family. Together with my father we do our usual
morning exercises at home and twice a week we have our basketball training in the
sports club and in summer we like to swim
most of all, because swimming makes a
man healthy and strong.
I'm a hockey fan, too. I try to watch
every hockey match on TV. Moreover I
take part in different sports competitions
which our school organizes from time to
time. The most popular kinds of sport in
our school are football, basketball, gym-
nastics, and wrestling. Some boys are also
fond of boxing. Among girls callisthenics
is very popular. All these sports have their
strong supporters.
My favourite kind of sport is tennis.
I have been playing it since I was eleven
years old, and the more I play it, the more I
like it. There is a good tennis court not far
from my house and I often go there with
my friends.

VOCABULARY

to keep fit [k:p fit] , ,

to do daily exercises
to feel refreshed [r'fret] ,
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 Hlukhiv college

posture ['pst] ; ,
blessing ['blesi] ; ;
disease [d'zi:z]
truthful ['tru:ful] , ; ( )
competitions [,kmp't()n]
wrestling ['resli]
callisthenics [,klis'enks]

QUESTIONS

1. Why should people go in for sports?

2. Is it difficult to choose the kind of spoil you would like to go in for?
3. Why are the lessons of physical training at school so important?
4. What kind of sport are you fond of?
5. Why are you fond of this kind of sport?

THE HISTORY OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

Long ago ancient Greeks often waged wars. Small states suffered and
lost much even if they did not take any side and stayed out of wars. The ruler of
such a small state, Elis, wanted to live in
peace with all neighbours. He was a good
diplomat because his negotiations were suc-
cessful and Elis was recognized a neutral
state. To celebrate this achievement, he orga-
nized athletic games.
In the beginning this feast lasted one
day, but later a whole month was devoted to
it. All wars and feuds were stopped by special
heralds who rode in all directions of Greece.
The games were held every four years in Olympia on the territory of Elis.
The first games which later were called the Olympic Games were held about a
thousand years before our era.
Usually the Olympic Games began before the middle of the summer^ Best
athletes arrived from many Greek states to Olympia to compete in running, long
jumps, throwing of discus and javelin and wrestling. In the course of time fist
fighting (boxing) and chariot races were also included in the Games.
All athletes took an oath that they had been preparing well for the Games
and promised to compete honestly and keep the rules of the sacred Olympics. The
athletes took part in all kinds of competitions. Winners were called olympionics,
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 Hlukhiv college

they were awarded olive wreaths and cups of olive oil. This tradition has survived.
In our time sportsmen often get cups and
wreaths for winning the first place in sports
competitions.
The olympionics of ancient Greece
became very popular. Best craftsmen were
chosen to make honourary cups, many po-
ets wrote and recited in public poems about
the best athletes. Sculptors made their stat-
ues which were put up at the birthplace of
the winners.
The Olympic Games were accompanied by arts festivals. Poets recited their
poems, singers sang hymns dancers danced and orators pronounced speeches all
this in honour of the sacred Games.
Only men could take part in the Olympic Games. Women were not allowed
even to watch the competitions at the stadium under the fear of death penalty.
There was a single exception, when a woman coached her son and accompanied
him to the stadium in men's clothes. That brave woman was spared the penalty be-
cause her son excelled in many events.
Magnificent strong bodies inspired artists and sculptors. They painted wall
pictures and made statues of marble and bronze, so now we can admire the cor-
poral beauty of ancient and eternally young discus thrower, javelin bearer and oth-
ers.
The Olympic Games had been held for about eleven hundred years, until the
emperor Theodosius banned them for religious reasons in 394 A. D.
The revival of the Olympic Games began long time afterwards, in 1892,
when a young French teacher Pierre de Coubertin made a public speech before the
Union of French sports clubs in Paris.
At that time many people in many countries practised various kinds of sports
and games. They wanted to make friends and compete with sportsmen from other
lands. Pierre de Coubertin understood the importance of sports which unified peo-
ples of the world and served the cause of peace like in ancient time.
On the 23rd of June 1894 the Inter-
national Congress of amateur sportsmen
made an important decision: to revive the
Olympic Games and to establish the Inter-
national Olympic Committee which would
be responsible for the administration of the
modern-Olympic Games.
The first Committee consisted of 12
members. Now 82 members of the Interna-
tional Olympic Committee control the af-
fairs of all member countries which joined the Olympic movement.
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VOCABULARY

to wage wars
ruler
feast
herald ,
javelin
sacred
wreath
chariot races -
to be spared the penalty

QUESTIONS

1. What did ancient Greeks do long ago? .

2. What did the ruler of a small state want to do?
3. Why did the ruler organize athletic games?
4. How long did the first feast last?
5. When did the Olympic Games begin?
6. How were the winners called?
7. What were the Olympic Games accompanied by?
8. Who was not allowed to take part in the Olympic Games?
9. When did the revival of the Olympic Games begin?

HOLIDAYS IN UKRAINE
Each country has its own customs, traditions, holidays, and important
days in its history. Talking of holidays in Ukraine we can't but tell about every-
body's favourite New Year Holiday. People think that at night on New Year's eve
the old year with all its troubles leaves us forever and the new year with all our
hopes and expectations knocks at our doors. People decorate the Christmas tree,
have New Year parties and prepare presents for their relatives and friends.On the
eve of January the 7th Ukrainians start celebrating Christmas. It's the day of Jesus
Christ's birthday and it is widely celebrated all over Ukraine. People sing carols,
cook a traditional Ukrainian Christmas dish named "kutya" which all the family
eats together. Then people go to church to listen to the Christmas sermon.

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 Hlukhiv college

Not long ago Ukrainians began to celebrate a new holiday, St. Valentine's
Day. It's the day of lovers, when we give special cards and presents to our sweet-
hearts. This traditional holiday came
into Ukraine from the English-
speaking countries.
March the 8th is Women's Day.
This date was introduced in 1910 by
the 2nd International Conference of
women-socialists at the proposal of
Clara Tsetkin as a day of the interna-
tional solidarity of women in their
struggle for economic, political, and
social equality. Nowadays this date
has lost its political meaning and be-
came just the day when we congratulate and thank our women for everything they
do for us at home and at work, say our good wishes, give them flowers and pre-
sents.
Easter Day comes according to the lunar calendar. It's the Day of Jesus
Christ's Resurrection. People celebrate this Holiday because He died on the cross
for our salvation. They go to churches to listen to sermons, gather at homes to pray
and thank Jesus Christ for our salvation from eternal death into eternal life with
Him in Heaven.
On May the 1st we celebrate the holiday of spring, nature awakening and
beauty.
On May the 9th we celebrate the anniversary of Victory over Nazi Germany.
People go to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier who died at war defending our
country from fascists, put flowers to the monuments, and in the evening everybody
goes to see the holiday salute.
On August the 24th we celebrate the Day of Independence of Ukraine,
which was proclaimed in 1991 on the decision of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine
after the attempt of the military coup d'etat in Moscow.
We also like our holidays because we always have our family reunion on
these days.

VOCABULARY

custom ['kstm]
expectation [,ekspek'te()n] ,
to celebrate ['selbret]
carol [ kr()l] ;
sermon ['s:mn]
sweetheart ['swi:tha:t] ,
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 Hlukhiv college

coup d'etat ['ku:de'ta:] . ,

family reunion [ri:'ju:njn]

QUESTIONS

1. What holidays do we celebrate in Ukraine?

2. What is your favourite holiday?
3. How do people celebrate Easter?
4. What do people usually do on Victory day ?
5. Where does St. Valentine's Day come from ?

HOLIDAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN

National Days in Britain are not celebrated to the same extent as in France
or America. Scotland's National Day is St. Andrew's Day (30 November), which has
now largely been overshadowed by Burns' Night. St. David's Day (1 March) is the Na-
tional Day of Wales. England National Day is St. George's Day (23 April) which co-
incides with William Shakespeare's birthday. St. Patrick's Day is an official Bank
Holiday in Northern Ireland.
For many British
people (with the exception
of Scotsmen), Christmas is
the favourite holiday. It is
celebrated much earlier than
in our country, on Decem-
ber, 25. Preparation for the
holiday begins several
weeks before it with send-
ing dozens of cards, buying
presents and food, decorat-
ing the Christmas tree and
the house. On Christmas
Eve everything and every-
body are in a rush. Most of-
fices and public buildings close at one o'clock, but shops stay open late. Railway and
bus stations are overcrowded as people travel from all parts of the country to be with
their families. Christmas is the most important family holiday.
The cities and towns are decorated with thousands of coloured lights, and the
biggest Christmas tree in Britain is put up in Trafalgar Square in London. This tree is a
traditional gift of the Norwegian people to the British. It is brightly decorated with
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 Hlukhiv college

shining balls and brilliant stars that sparkle in the light. Imitation snow lies soft and
silvery white on the dark green branches. It is so beautiful that hundreds of people with
their children come to admire it.
In the homes there is a great air of expectation. Holly and mistletoe are hanging
on the wall waiting for the English traditional kissing when a girl standing under these
evergreen plants can't refuse being kissed. Mothers of the family are busy in the kitch-
en getting ready for the next day's dinner of turkey, pudding and other tasty things. Be-
fore going to bed children may hang Christmas stockings on their beds
In Scotland New Year is called Hogmanay and is the most favourite holiday of
the year. It begins with a thorough cleaning of the house and cooking plenty of tasty
food. On New Year Eve the families that observe old traditions sit themselves round
the fire and when the hands of the clock approach twelve, the head of the house
opens the front door of the house and holds it open wide till the last stroke of the bell,
to let the Old Year out and the New Year in. Then greetings and gifts are exchanged,
glasses are filled and everybody is waiting for the First-Footers, young men who will
be the first to come in the house to bring luck and prosperity for the coming year.
Though February is a winter month, many British people start feeling spring on
February, 14 when they get Valentine cards and symbolic love gifts. For many centu-
ries St. Valentine's Day has been a good opportunity to openly show your feelings and
exchange love-tokens.
Pancake Day is the popular name for Shrove Tuesday, the eve of the Lenten
fast. In medieval times all Christians made their compulsory confessions or "shifts"
from which the words "Shrove Tuesday" derives. They also took their last opportuni-
ty to eat up all the rich food prohibited during Lent. Thus all eggs, butter and fat re-
maining in the house were made into pancakes. The day was also characterised by
merry-making, feasting and eating a lot of pancakes. Nowadays only pancake eating
has remained. And though you can eat them on any day of the year, they seem to be
much tastier on Pancake Day! Some regions in Britain celebrate the day with pancake
races during which a pancake should be tossed in the frying pan at least three times.
Easter in Britain is the time of giving and receiving presents which tradition-
ally take the form of Easter eggs and hot cross buns. Nowadays eggs are usually
made of chocolate with surprises in them, but the old custom is dying and painting
eggs is still kept in some country districts. Other emblems of Easter are fluffy little
chicks, the Easter Bunny and spring flowers.
April Fools' Day is not an official holiday but few people are indifferent to it. Eve-
ryone who has a sense of humour likes to play practical jokes on their friends and
family neighbours.
Bank Holidays are public holidays called so because the banks as well as most
offices and shops are closed. There are winter, spring and summer Bank Holidays.
Another popular holiday in Britain is Guy Fawkes Day, which commemorates
the discovery of the so-called Gunpowder Plot, a conspiracy to destroy the English
Houses of Parliament and King James I on November, 5 1605. It is usually marked
with bonfires and dummies of Guy Fawkes.
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Holidays in the USA

Each of the fifty states in the USA establish their own legal holidays. The federal
government, through the President and Congress, can legally set holidays only for
federal employees and for the District of Columbia. Most states however accept the
federal legal holidays which are: New Year's Day, Martin Luther King's Day, Wash-
ington's Birthday, now called "President's Day" (the third Monday in February), Me-
morial Day (last Monday in May), Independence Day, Labor Day (first Monday in
September), Columbus Day, Veterans' Day (November, 11 th), Thanksgiving Day and
Christmas.
Most states have holidays which are "observed" but not necessarily legal. The
name of the holiday goes on the calendar for a state, yet it does not mean that busi-
nesses are always closed or children let out of school. For example, Confederate Me-
morial Day is celebrated on the last Monday in April only in Alabama and Mississip-
pi.
There are also special days in most states which are proclaimed but have no
effect otherwise, for instance Volunteer Fireman Day in New Jersey. This is also true
at the national level. The President or Congress might proclaim a special day or week
in order to bring attention to a certain concern, interest group or problem, like for ex-
ample, National Employ the Handicapped Week.
Many religious holidays such as Good Friday, Hanukkah or Ramadan are ob-
served by the religious, but have no national or officially legal status. Rather each state
sets its own laws, and whether or not an employee is given time off also depends on
individual company decisions.
There are many other traditional holi-
days, observed by a large number of Ameri-
cans, which are neither legal nor official.
Among these are Valentine's Day, St. Patrick's
Day (not just people with Irish ancestry will
"wear the green" on March 17th), Mother's
Day and Halloween.
Perhaps the two "most American" of
the holidays are the Fourth of July- Independence Day, and Thanksgiving. The first
one is like a big nationwide birthday party. Some towns and cities have parades
with bands and flags, and most politicians will try to give a patriotic speech, should
anyone be willing to listen. But what makes this holiday special is the atmosphere
and enjoyment of, for instance, the family picnic with hot dogs, hamburgers and vol-
leyball, fireworks and rockets at night (and often a sunburn and a headache the next
morning). The nation's birthday is also its greatest annual summer celebration.
Like Christmas, Thanksgiving is a day for families to come together. Traditional
foods are prepared for the feast turkey or ham, cranberry sauce, bread rolls and
pumpkin pie. At the same time Thanksgiving is a solemn occasion, a day to remember
the many who are less well off, in America and throughout the world.

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MY SUMMER HOLIDAYS
After my hard and busy school year my summer holidays began. I felt
happy and began to plan a lot of wonderful things to do during my summer voca-
tion.
I was dreaming about far South countries I always wanted to visit. For example I
dreamed to visit, Greece islands or Singapore beaches. But I had to go to the
Azove seaside with my relatives. The water was very warm there because you
know Azove Sea isnt deep. There were a lot of beautiful fair trees and bushes
there. There were different kinds of entertainments there. Some kinds of water
Mountains and water scooters and discos.
There was nothing to do all day except lying in the sun and get a wonderful
tan. I was playing with my little sister on the sand and in the waves teaching her to
swim. Later on I returned to Kherson and spend some time in town going out with
my friends, reading, listening to music, watching TV, playing computer games. Af-
ter that I went to the sports camp where I spent seven days with my friends.
It was very useful experience for
us because we had to get up very early,
to train a lot, and to rest very little. But
it made us stronger and healthier.
I was very happy to return home
and to spend several days in my summer
cottage, I helped my grand-pa to dig the
garden, to water plants, and to gather
fruits and vegetables. I was fishing with
my grand-pa sometime successfully and
we were cooking our fish together. Only
humorous insects were spoiling my
good humor. I was enjoying floating in the boat swimming in the river and helping
my grandparents.
During my summer holidays I made many new friends, read a lot of interest-
ing books.
Got to know a lot of useful things. Now I feel ready to get back to school.
I am happy to meet my friends and teachers.

TRAVELLING
Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling.
They travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and the ruins of
ancient towns, they travel to enjoy picturesque places, or just for a change of scene.
It is always interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to meet dif-
ferent people, to try different food, to listen to different musical rhythms.

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Those who live in the country like to go to a

big city and spend their time visiting museums and
art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining at
exotic restaurants. City-dwellers usually like a quiet
holiday by the sea or in the mountains, with nothing
to do but walk and bathe and laze in the sun.
Most travellers and holiday-makerstake a
camera with them and take pictures of everything
that interests them the sights of a city, old
churches and castles, views of mountains, lakes,
valleys, plains, waterfalls, forests,
different kinds of trees, flowers
and plants, animals and birds. Lat-
er, perhaps years later, the photos
will remind them of the happy time
they once had.
People travel by train, by
plane, by boat, and by car. All
ways of travelling have their ad-
vantages and disadvantages. And
people choose one according to
their plans and destinations.

If we are fond of travel-

ling, we see and learn a lot of
things that we can never see or
learn at home, though we may
read about them in books and
newspapers and see pictures of
them on TV. The best way to
study geography is to travel, and
the best way to get to know and
understand people is to meet
them in their own homes.

VOCABULARY

picturesque [,pkt'resk]
change of scene
to discover [ds'kv] ,
art gallery
city-dweller ,
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sights
view [vju:]
valley ,
plain
waterfall ['w:tf:l]
to remind
advantage [d'va:ntd]
disadvantage
destination [,dest'ne()n] ,

QUESTIONS

1. Are you fond of travelling?

2. Men have travelled ever since they first appeared on earth. Why do people trav-
el?
3. Why do people take a camera with them ? What do they usually photograph ?
4. What do we see and learn while travelling?
5. How do different people spend their holidays?
6. What ways of travelling do you know ? What are their advantages and disad-
vantages?
7. What places have you visited?
8. Have you ever taken a holiday cruise along the Black Sea coast or down the
Volga ?
9. Some people prefer to travel on their own and hate travelling in a group. What
about you ?
10. What countries would you like to visit?

A VISIT TO A HOTEL
We stayed in the Carlton Hotel for three days in July, but I booked our
room three months in advance, i. e. in April, because July is the middle of the tour-
ist season. When we arrived we checked in at reception, then the porter carried our
suitcases up to our room. I gave him a small tip about 50p, I think. The staff
were very friendly we had a very nice chamber-maid (the woman who cleans
the room) and the room was very comfortable. The only problem we had, in
fact, was with the shower which didn't work very well. (You could also say 'There
was something wrong with the shower'.)

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USEFUL WORDS AND EXPRES-

SIONS
Could I book (= reserve) a room for next
Thursday?
()

Could I have an early morning call at 7
a.m. please? (Could you wake me at 7
a.m.?)

7 ?
Could you put it on my bill, please? (add the cost to the bill, e.g. for a drink you
have in the hotel bar)
?
Could I pay my bill, please? (pay for everything)
?
Could you order (call) a taxi for me to go to the airport?
?
Are you fully booked (completely full) next week?
?
Is breakfast/dinner included? (Does the price include breakfast/dinner?)
/ ?
Where's the lift? (the machine, which takes you up or down a floor) [. = eleva-
tor] ?
Excuse me. How do I get to the underground station from here? ,
?

VOCABULARY

to book = to reserve
in advance [d'va:ns] , ,
to check in (), ()
tip ;
chamber-maid ['tembmed]

CHOOSING AN OCCUPATION
One of the most difficult problems a young person faces is deciding what
to do about a career. There are individuals, of course, who from the time they are
six years old "know" that they want to be doctors, or pilots, or fire fighters, but the
majority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or ca-
reer until somebody or something forces us to face the problem.
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Choosing an occupa-
tion takes time, and there are
a lot of things you have to
think about as you try to de-
cide what you would like to
do. You may find that you
will have to take special
courses to qualify for a par-
ticular kind of work, or may
find out that you will need to
get some actual work experi-
ence to gain enough
knowledge to qualify for a
particular job.
Fortunately, there are a
lot of people you can turn to
for advice and help in making
your decision. At most
schools, there are teachers
who are professionally qualified to counsel you and to give detailed information
about job qualifications. And you can talk over your ideas with family members
and friends who are always ready to listen and to offer suggestions. But even if you
get other people involved in helping you make a decision, self-evaluation is an im-
portant part of the decision-making process.

VOCABULARY

to qualify ['kwlfa] for -

()

QUESTIONS

1. What is the most difficult problem for a young person ?

2. Why don't the majority of young people know what they want to be ?
3. When do they make a decision about an occupation ?
4. What things do you have to think about when choosing an occupation ?
5. What should one do to qualify for a particular job ?
6. Whom can you turn to for advice when making your decision ?
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7. What is the most important part of the decision-making process ?

HOW TO WRITE A RESUME

No matter what method of job hunting you use, inevitably somebody
will ask you for a resume. Most companies require a resume before seriously con-
sidering a job candidate from the outside. Resumes are sometimes also required in
order to receive a job transfer within a company.
The purpose of a resume is to help you ob-
tain a job interview, not a job. Very few people are
hired without a personal interview.
Effective resumes are straightforward, factual
presentations of a person's experience and accom-
plishments. They are neither over detailed nor too
sketchy. A general rule is that two or three pages in
length is best.
One page seems too superficial; a four-page
(or longer) resume may irritate an impatient em-
ployment official. Some writers suggest that a
chronological (the standard-type) resume be used;
others argue for an accomplishment resume. A use-
ful resume should include both your experiences
and key accomplishments. When sent to a prospec-
tive employer, a resume should be professionally reproduced, with particular atten-
tion to misspellings, typographical errors, and careful spacing.
To attract attention, some job seekers print resumes on tinted paper, in a
menu-like folder, or on unusual-sized paper. If done in a way to attract positive at-
tention to yourself, these approaches have merit.

VOCABULARY

inevitably
to require
to hire
accomplishment ()
superficial -
to irritate
tinted paper -
merit -

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QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of a resume?

2. What are effective resumes?
3. What is the length of effective resumes?
4. What should a useful resume include?
5. How should a resume be reproduced?

MY FUTURE PLANS
This year I am going to leave school. Before people leave school, they
understand that the time to choose their future profession has already come. It's not
an easy task to make a right choice.
Someone goes further in his education and enter an institute, university or
college. Other can start a working career, go into business. There are many univer-
sities and institutes in every big city. Our city is not an exception.
If we want to get a professional train-
ing, we can enter a technical college. There is
a huge number of professions to choose. But
we should take our time while choosing our
future profession. Some children choose pro-
fession their parents want, others do it in their
own way while choosing their profession and
there are some boys arid girls, who want noth-
ing. Anyway it is a dilemma for all the family.
Fathers usually want their children to
follow their footsteps. Mothers don't want their sons and daughters to leave the na-
tive town or city. So, they persuade kids to enter local colleges and universities or
institutes. To find out the best from the best, we should work a lot.
Because of the wide difference in jobs, we should find out all available in-
formation about any possible job. We also need to think about how well we can do
what we would like to do. We have got to know the demand for professions on the
local employment market.
To make the right choice, we should consider our possibilities, characters ar-
id abilities. To become a good doctor, you must be patient, easygoing and smart
The teacher's work requires love for children, much patience, profound knowledge
of subjects and the ability to explain and to teach. Detective's job is very stressful.
He must be brave, reasonable, smart, fair and strong and have extraordinary brains.
By the beginning of the last year, I wanted to become a doctor. I thought it
was a very prestigious profession. I was good at biology and zoology at the 8 and 9
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forms. I wanted to help people, who had problems with their health. I know that a
doctor should be noble in work and life, kind and attentive to people, honest and
prudent. A doctor who is selfish and dishonest can't be good at his profession. I
tried to do my best to develop good characters in myself
Now, I have already decided what to do. I'd like to be a teacher I know that
it is very difficult to be a good teacher. It is a hard profession. You should know
perfectly the subject you teach, you must be well-educated and well-informed. A
good teacher develops in his students a desire for knowledge and love for truth and
beauty. It is a great responsibility to educate the children. I think that's the reason
why teachers are deeply respected.
More and more people realize that
every educated person should know a for-
eign language. That is why I'm going to be-
come a teacher of English* I like English. I
liked it from the first lesson we first started
learning it and it is still my favourite sub-
ject. I will try to enter the department of for-
eign languages at the University.
We study at universities or institutes
to become a specialist for five years. If you
want a bachelor degree, you have to study four years. After your final exams have
passed, you are a qualified specialist Some students keep studying and enter a
post-graduate course to follow an academic career. Most university graduates take
up teaching and return to school.
I know that a teacher's job is quite difficult. A teacher can't say, that he
knows everything. Professional teacher is an experienced teacher. So, have gradu-
ated from a university or institute, young specialists have many things to do to be-
come a real professional teacher, an example of competence
So, choosing a career and then getting a job are two things, any person does
in his lifetime. If we don't think about the future, we won't have one.

VOCABULARY

to leave (past left, p.p. left) school

to go (past went, p0p. gone) into business
professional training
huge ,
to take (past took, p.p.taken) time
dilemma ,
to follow smb. footsteps
to persuade ,
wide , ,
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demand ,
employment market
to consider
patient ,
easygoing
smart
to require
profound
knowledge
stressful
brave ,
fair ,
extraordinary ,
prestigious
attentive
honest
prudent ,
selfish
dishonest
to develop ,
desire ,
responsibility -
bachelor degree
post-graduate course .
to graduate from
competence

QUESTIONS

1. When do people understand that the time to choose future profession has already
come?
2. Where do people enter if they want to get a professional training?
3. Do all children choose their future professions in their own way?
4. Why do some parents persuade their kids to enter local colleges and universities
or institutes?
6. Why should we take our time while choosing our future profession?
6. What does the teacher's work require?
7. Why have I decided to become a teacher of English?

THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF UKRAINE

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Ukraine's area is 603,700 square kilometers: from North to South is 893

km, from West to East 1316 km. It's larger than France (544 ths sq. km), Spain
(505 ths sq. km), Sweden (450
ths sq. km), Germany (356,3 ths
sq. km), Poland (312,7 ths sq.
km).
Ukraine has inland and
marine borders of 7590 km.
The inland border passes for
5631 km and consists of three
areas: Western, Eastern, and
Northern. The length of marine
border is 1959 km. Ukraine
borders on Russian Federation
(inland border of 2063 km),
Belarus (975 km), Poland
(542,5 km), Slovakia (98 km),
Hungary (135 km), Romania (608 km) and Moldova (1194 km).
Ukraine is mainly a vast plain with no natural boundaries except the Carpa-
thian Mountains in the west and the Black Sea in the south. The Dnipro River with
its many tributaries unifies central Ukraine economically, connecting the Baltic
coast countries with the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The mouth of the
Danube River provides an outlet for Ukrainian trade to the Balkans, Austria, and
Germany.
Central and Southern Ukraine are primarily steppes with fertile black soils
exceptionally well-suited for grain farming. In the east there is the industrial heart-
land known as the Greater Donbas, or Donetsk Basin containing large mineral de-
posits.
Northern and Western Ukraine' are hilly, forested areas with many pictur-
esque mountain resorts. There are two mountain ranges the Carpathians on the
western border, where winter sports centres are very popular, and the Crimean
range in the south, which divides the Crimean peninsular. The Crimea is a favour-
ite destination not only for Ukrainian tourists, but also for citizens of other states of
the former Soviet Union, as well as Eastern and Western Europe.

VOCABULARY

ths (. thousand)
plain [plen]
tributary ['trbjut()r]
to unify ['jumfa] '

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mouth [mau] ()
outlet ['nutlet]
heartland ['heutlnd]
mineral deposits [d'pzts]
range [reind3] ()

QUESTIONS

1. What is the area of Ukraine?

2. Where is Ukraine situated?
3. How many mountain ranges are there in Ukraine?
4. Where are the large mineral deposits?
5. Why is the Crimea a favourite destination for many people?

THE CLIMATE AND POPULATION OF UKRAINE

The climate in Ukraine is similar to the wheat-producing regions of
Canada and is characterized by abundant precipitation and cloudy sky, especially
in fall and winter. The mean temperature in summer is 19 (67 F), and in winter
6 (21 F). Although summers are usually short, the temperature can rise to
the 30C (90F). Winters here are long and cold, with cloudy sky as a norm.
The population of Ukraine is approximately 49,5 million people (68% is ur-
ban, 32% is rural).
The major cities are Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Odessa, Lviv.
Population density is 85 persons per sq.
km.
Ukraine is inhabited by repre-
sentatives of more than 110 nationali-
ties. Ukrainians comprise 72,7% of the
population, Russians 22,1 %, Jews,
Belorussians, Moldovans, Bulgarians,
Poles, Hungarians, Rumanians, Greeks,
Tatars, Armenians, Gypsies, and Ger-
mans 5,2%.
The official language in Ukraine
is the Ukrainian language. The Consti-
tution of Ukraine guarantees and defends the rights of ethnic minorities.
6,8 million Ukrainians live in the countries of the former Soviet Union in-
cluding some 4,4 million in Russia, 0,9 million in Kazakhstan, 0,6 million in Uz-
bekistan, and 0,1 million in Kirghizstan.
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Approximately 5 million Ukrainians live in Europe, North and South Ameri-

ca, and Australia. The majority of them live in Canada, the USA, Argentina, Bra-
zil, Germany, Great Britain, and Austria.

VOCABULARY

wheat [wi:t]
abundant ['bndnt] , ( in)
precipitation [pr,sp'te()n] ;
to rise [raz]
representative [,repr'zenttv]
to comprise [km praz]
Gypsy ['dps] ;
to defend [d'fend]

QUESTIONS

1. What is the climate of Ukraine ?

2. What is the mean temperature in summer? In winter?
3. What is the population of Ukraine ?
4. What are the major cities?
5. What is the official language?
6. Representatives of what nationalities is Ukraine inhabited by?

UKRAINE. THE NATIONAL SYMBOLS

The Constitution states that the national
symbols of Ukraine shall be the National Flag, the
National Emblem and the National Anthem.
The Ukrainian flag consists of two horizontal
stripes of equal width. The top is blue, the bottom
is yellow. Blue and yellow, the colours of the sky,
mountains, streams, and golden fields had symbol-
ized Kyivan Rus' long before the introduction of
Christianity. With the acceptance of Christianity,
blue and gold were incorporated into church sym-
bolism. After the Mongol-Tatar invasion in the
1200s, the-use of blue and gold was interrupted to be revived again in church or-
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naments and city crests some time later. The emblem of the city of Myrhorod, for
example, was a gold trident over a blue background. Another city, Pryluky, used
the head of an ox in gold over a blue background as its insignia. And in Lubny the
city emblem pictured a hand holding a golden mace over a blue background. The
banners of the Cossacks (XVII century) were blue with gold stars, a gold cross or
with pictures of saints rendered in gold.
The National Emblem is a trident. The first image of a trident appeared in
the IX century A.D. When Ihor, Prince of Kyivan Rus' from 912 to.945, sent am-
bassadors to sign a treaty with the Byzantine emperor, they sealed the document
with a trident. As the official emblem of the Kyivan princes, the trident was
stamped on coins and seals; it was depicted on porcelain and in frescos. It is
thought that the tridentrepresented -the division of the world into three spheres: the
earthly, the celestial and the spiritual as well as the union of the three natural
elements: air, water and earth. The trident was
endorsed as the National Emblem of Ukraine,
and the blue and yellow flag as the National
Flag of Ukraine by the Verkhovna Rada in
1992.
The lyrics to the anthem of Ukraine were
written by Pavlo Chubynsky a scientist and
poet in 1862. The music was composed by
M. Verbytsky.

VOCABULARY

National Emblem ['nnl 'emblm]

national anthem ['nm]
to incorporate [n'k:p()ret]
invasion [n've()n] , ,
to revive [r'vaiv]
crest [krest] ( )
trident ['tradnt] ()
insignia [n'sgn]
mace [mes]
to render ['rend] ,
D. [e di:] Anno Domini ['nou'dmna]
ambassador [mbsd] ;
to seal [si:l] ;
to stamp [stmp]
to represent [,repr'zent] ;
celestial [s'lestjl]

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to endorse [n'd:s]

QUESTIONS

1. What are the national symbols of Ukraine?

2. Describe the National Flag.
3. Where were the blue and golden colours incorporated?
4. What emblems of the cities do you know?
5. What is the National Emblem?
6. Why was trident chosen to be the emblem?
7. When were the Emblem and the Flag of Ukraine endorsed?
8. Who wrote the lyrics and music to the Anthem of Ukraine?

KYIV - THE CAPITAL OF UKRAINE

Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, has the
population of nearly three million inhabitants
and covers over 43 km from east to west and
42 km from north to south.
According to the legend, Kyiv was
founded by three brothers Kyi, Shchek, and
Khoryv, and their sister Lybid. The city was
named after Kyi, the eldest brother. The mon-
ument erected in their honor stands on the
bank of the River Dnipro.
In the late 6th and early 7th centuries the
first fortification appeared in the northern sec-
tion of Old Kyiv Hill. While the court of the
princes was located on the hills of Kyiv, the
lower part of the city, known as Podil, developed into a busy trading district.
With the establishment of Kyivan Rus' (the 9th century), Kyiv became its
capital.
Prince Volodymyr the Great (9801015) expanded the city. Kyivan Rus'
was at its zenith under the rule of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (10361054). Monas-
teries were established and developed into centres of education. Close to 400
churches were built, the most famous of which, Saint Sofia's Cathedral (1037), has
survived to this day. The first library was founded on the grounds of the Cathedral.
Today Kyiv is one of the greatest ancient European cities, rich with the
monuments of art and architecture. It is a political, scientific, cultural, sports, and
industrial centre of modern Ukraine.
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 Hlukhiv college

Kyiv is a major industrial centre that includes companies specializing in

electronics, engineering, aviation, food, and chemical production, etc. Kyiv's eco-
nomic development has been enriched by its advantageous location along the
Dnipro River, which links Kyiv to the Black Sea.
The city has many hotels, cafes, and restaurants with Ukrainian, European,
American, and Eastern cuisine to accommodate tourists and business persons. Sta-
diums, tennis courts, swimming pools, and gyms are also available for you. If you
visit Kyiv in late May, you will witness a beautiful festival "The Days of Kyiv".

VOCABULARY

fortification [,f:tf'ke()n] , ;
.
to expand [ks'pasnd]
cathedral [k'i:dr()l]
to accommodate ['kmdet] ; ,
stadium ['stedjm]

QUESTIONS

1. What is the capital of Ukraine?

2. Who were the founders of Kyiv?
3. When did the first fortification appear?
4. When did Kyiv become the capital of Ukraine?
5. What do you know about Kyiv of modern times?

HIGHER EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

Higher education is generally recognized as preparing individuals to re-
alize more fully their human potential, enrich their understanding of life and make
them more productive to society.
Future specialists in various fields of science, technology, economiesand art
get a fundamental general and specialized training, all students regardless of their
specialty study foreign languages.
Apart from educational work and schooling Ukrainian higher schools carry
out a great deal of scientific work in all branches of knowledge. They have either a
students research Society (Club) or a Technological Design Bureau which provide
excellent facilities for young researches.
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Our country needs specialists in all fields of science and all branches of in-
dustry and agriculture. Institutes exist not only in big cities like Kyiv, Kharkiv,
Lviv, but in many towns of Ukraine like Irpin.
Higher educational establishments
of our country fall into three main types.
The first type includes the universities
and institutes where there are only full-
time students, which receive state grants.
Students who do not live at home get ac-
commodation in the hostels.
The second and third types of
higher schools provide educational facil-
ities for factory and office workers who combine work with studies.The second
type of higher education in establishments includes evening faculties and evening
higher schools for those who study in their sparetime.
The third type covers extra-mural higher schools where students take corre-
spondence courses. Every year extra-mural students receive from 30 to 40 days
leave to prepare for their exams.
The diplomas by the evening faculties and extra-mural higher schools have
the same value as the diplomas of all other institutes and universities.
The period of study at higher schools is from 4 to 6 years. According to
the subjects studied there exist three groups of higher schools
universities, polytechnic and specialized institutes.

VOCABULARY

to realize more fully their human potential

to enrich their understanding of life
in various fields
regardless of
apart from
a great deal of scientific work
to provide excellent facilities
higher educational establishment
full-time students
to receive state grants
to combine work with studies
to take correspondence courses
to receive a leave
according to

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LIFE OF YOUTH IN UKRAINE

Life of youth in Ukraine is determined by the economic, social, and po-
litical situation of the country. The economic crisis in Ukraine has led to unem-
ployment, especially of youth. As a result of it the criminal situation has immense-
ly changed for the worse. That's why Ukrainian government took special measures
for the foundation of youth organisations in Ukraine. And such organisations have
been found. They are, the Students' League, Young Socialists, Green Peace, The
League of Ukrainian Youth, Sokil, Ukrainian Youth Environmental League, Youth
Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, Eastern-Ukrainian Union ofYouth Organisa-
tions (VUSMO), Ukrainian Scouts and various youth clubs which unite young
people according to their interests.
The Students' League is aimed at solving
various students' problems, including economic
ones. The members of this league organise youth
forums, festivals, and group meetings. Thisorgan-
isation also maintains friendly ties with the uni-
versities and colleges of such countries as the
USA, Great Britain, France, Germany and Holland. These ties include students'
exchanges on educational and cultural programmes.
Young Socialists is the organisation of young people who share the views of
socialism. They participate in the movement of socialist organisations abroad and
support the policy pursued by the Socialist Party of Ukraine.
A lot of young people in Ukraine are active in the movement of "the greens".
They organise various actions of protest against the pollution of environment. The
members of the Green Peace organisation stand for preserving safe environment.
They fight against the destruction of flora and fauna on the Earth.
The League of Ukrainian Youth was founded at the end of 1990 by students
and teachers who had taken part in protest demonstrations and a hunger strike in
Kyiv earlier in the fall. It was organised for the "development of democracy and
realisation of human rights in Ukraine; to support Ukrainian education; and to
draw youth into scientific work."
The league organises conferences
and summer camps on such topics as histo-
ry, politics, philosophy, folklore, etc.
Sokil is Youth Organisation of Union
of Ukrainian Officers. It is a labour and
professional organisation aimed at Ukraini-
an youth.
Ukrainian Youth Environmental
League was established in 1993. It promotes biodiversity protection and technolo-
gy for "environmentally clean" products and runs education projects to involve
youth in the environmental movement.
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Youth Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists YCUN works to facilitate the

"consolidation of Ukrainian patriotic youth organisations." The organisation was
formed in June 1998.
Eastern-Ukrainian Union of Youth Organizations SUSMO is a consortium
of 26 organisations of various types, including youth and children's organisations,
youth political parties and non-governmental organisations working in the educa-
tional, cultural and other fields.
Scouting in Ukraine was started in 1911, under the name Plast (a direct
translation of the word scouting). The renewing of this most worthwhile youth
movement happened in 1991, when Ukraine became independent. Ukraine needs
Scouting to educate its young people in the spirit of good citizenship, leadership,
and to foster civil initiative.
Youth clubs of different interests have come into being these days. They
unite music fans, sports fans, theatregoers and others. Besides,
there is the "All-Ukrainian Association of Young Businessmen", who try to find
their own way of raising the country out of the economic crisis.

VOCABULARY

to determine [d't:mn]
unemployment [,mm'plment]
measures ['mez]
to aim [em] ( );
to maintain ties [men'ten 'taz] '
to share [e] ( )
pollution [p'lu:()n]
to preserve [pr'z:v] ;

QUESTIONS

1. What can you say about life of youth in Ukraine?

2. What youth organizations do you know?
3. What is the aim of "Students' League "?
4. What views do "Young Socialists"share?
5. What does "Green Peace " organization stand for?
6. What can you say about the "All-Ukrainian Association of Young Businessmen
"?
7. Name other youth organizations and give information on their activities.
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UKRAINIAN CUISINE
Ukrainian cuisine is closely linked to the customs, culture, and way of
life of the Ukrainian people. It is famous for its diversity and flavours.
The most popular Ukrainian dish is
borsch. This thick and delicious soup is prepared
with a variety of ingredients including meat,
mushrooms, beans, and even prunes.
Mushroom soups, bean and pea soups,
soups with dumplings and thick millet chowders
are also popular.
"Holubtsi", or stuffed cabbage, is another
favourite dish, as are "varenyky" filled with
potatoes, meat, cheese, sauerkraut or berries
such as blue-berries or cherries. "Varenyky"
are often mentioned in folk songs.
Ukrainians like dairy products. Some
samples: cheese pancakes and "riazhanka"
(fermented baked milk). There are no holi-
days without pies, "pampushky" (type of
fritters), "baba" (a tall cylindrical cake) and
honey cakes.
Ukrainian sausage is delicious. It is
preserved in a special way in porcelain
vessels filled by melted fat.
Of course, every region of Ukraine has its own recipes and traditions.

VOCABULARY

diversity [da'v:st]
flavour ['flev] ,
dish [d]
prune [pru:n]
dumplings fdmplz]
millet ['mlt] ,
chowder ['taud] ,
sauerkraut ['saukraut]
blue-berry ['blu:br]
cheese pancakes [ti:z 'pnkeks]
fritter ['frt]
to fill [fl] by smth. (-)
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recipe ['resp|

QUESTIONS

1. What is Ukrainian cuisine famous for?

2. What is the most popular Ukrainian dish ?
3. What are the other popular Ukrainian dishes?
4. What products do Ukrainians like ?
5. What is your favourite Ukrainian dish ?
6. What Ukrainian dishes do you like to cook?

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS. WHAT ARE THE TRAITS OF

THE UKRAINIAN CHARACTER?
First, there is kindness. There is also hospitality and friendliness. There
is respect for elders, for the deceased;
love for children, nature, and animals.
Ukrainians have a sense of hu-
mour, they are musical, artistic. They
are wonderful craftsmen famous for
their mastery in weaving, wood-
carving, and ceramics.
But skill and diligence in work-
ing the land is perhaps the greatest tal-
ent the Ukrainians possess.
Life depended on the rhythms of
cultivating the soil. Holidays were cel-
ebrated during periods of transition from one type of agricultural activity to anoth-
er.
Easter, for example, is a spring holiday. Spring is a time of ploughing and
sowing in the fields, a time of warmth and awakening after a cold, hungry winter.
In pagan times Ukrainians believed that the gods died tad were reborn every year.
An example of pagan customs is the dyeing of eggs.
To the Christian Ascension Day (the 40th day after Easter) Ukrainians added
a pre-Christian tradition of going to the field to inspect the progress of the wheat.
The Trinity is celebrated in summer, on the 50th day after Easter. Tradition-
ally people decorate their homes with green tree branches and fragrant herbs.

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Another summer holiday is Ivan Kupala's Day on July 7. During the day
everyone has to be at least immersed in water. This was the last holiday before the
harvest.
August 2, St. I Ilia's Day, marked the beginning of autumn. "Until dinner it's
summer, after dinner it's autumn", people said. On the 19th of August, or on "Sav-
iour Day", vegetables, fruit, mushrooms, and honey were blessed.
Weddings usually took place in the middle of October.
A unique feature of Ukrainian Christmas festivities is the "vertep", or puppet
theatre". Young people get together, dress as angels, kings, Herod, Satan, Death,
and even animals. They walk from house to house singing about the birth of Christ,
greeting everyone with the holiday.

VOCABULARY

kindness ['kandns]
hospitality ['hsp'tlt]
friendliness ['frendlns]
deceased [d'si:st] ,
sense [sens] of humour [hju:m]
craftsman ['kra:ftsmn] ,
mastery ['ma:st()r] ,
wood-carving ['wud,ka:v]
skill [skl] ,
diligence ['dld()ns] ,
to plough [plu]
to sow [su]
pagan ['pegn] ,
fragrant ['fregr()nt] ,

QUESTIONS

1. What are the traits of the Ukrainian character?

2. What is the greatest talent the Ukrainians possess?
3. What are the spring holidays?
4. What summer holidays do you know?
5. What is a unique feature of Ukrainian Christmas festivities?
6. What holiday do you like best of all?

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SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

It's difficult to overestimate the role of science and technology in our
life. They accelerate the development of civilization and help us in our co-operation
with nature. Scientists investigate the laws of the universe, discover the secrets of
nature, and apply their knowledge in practice improving the life of people.
Let's compare our life nowa-
days with the life of people at the be-
ginning of the 20th century. It has
changed beyond recognition. Our an-
cestors hadn't the slightest idea of the
trivial things created by the scientific
progress that we use in our every day
life. I mean refrigerators, TV sets,
computers, microwave ovens, radio
telephones, what not. They would
seem miracles to them that made our
life easy, comfortable and pleasant.
On the other hand, the great inventions of the beginning of the 20th centu-
ry, I mean radio, airplanes, combustion and jet engines have become usual things
and we can't imagine our life without them. A century is a long period for scientific
and technological progress, as it's rather rapid. Millions of investigations the end-
less number of outstanding discoveries have been made.
Our century has had several names that were connected with a certain era in sci-
ence and technology. At first it was called the atomic age due to the discovery of
the splitting of the atom. Then it became the age of the conquest of space when for
the first time in the history of mankind a man overcame the gravity and entered the
Universe. And now we live in the information era when the computer network em-
braces the globe and connects not only the countries and space stations but a lot of
people all over the world.
All these things prove the power
and the greatest progressive role of sci-
ence in our life. But every medal has its
reverse. And the rapid scientific progress
has aroused a number of problems that
are a matter of our great concern. These
are ecological problems, the safety of nu-
clear power stations, the nuclear war
threat, and the responsibility of a scien-
tist. But still we are grateful to the out-
standing men of the past and the present
who have courage and patience to disclose the secrets of the Universe.

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Ukraines policy of innovation is associated with hi-tech parks that managed

to combine scientific research, design and production into a single structure and
win the financial support of the state. The revised edition of the Law On the Spe-
cial Procedures of the Innovation Activity of Technology Parks, which came into
effect on February 1, 2006, is clear testimony to this. The new law envisages the
subsidization of hi-tech parks. The opinions of representatives of the state and sci-
entists differ regarding this law differ. State authorities describe the law as a strong
foundation for the progress of Ukrainian science, while the latter claim that it is an
inefficient mechanism of support of the innovation process and a source of corrup-
tion and embezzlement of budget funds.

UKRAINIAN INVENTORS AND SCIENTISTS

Many Ukrainian inventors and scientists have made a great contribution
to the world science for the benefit of Ukraine.
Mykola Kybalchych (18531881) was born in the Chernihiv Region. He
died at the age of 28, but he managed to create a great deal. While waiting for capi-
tal punishment after an attempt upon Alexander II life he prepared in a prison cell
an original design of an aircraft with rocket engine.
Petro Kapitsa (18941984) was a noted scientist in the field of nuclear
physics and technologies of super powerful magnetic fields. Petro Kapitsa was
awarded with the Nobel Prize for his works. He was a Ukrainian who made a great
contribution into development of physics working in England and Russia.
Anatoly Oleksandrov (19031994), another Ukrainian inventor and scien-
tist, was working in the field of nuclear physics. He was born in the village of Ta-
rashcha not far from Kyiv. Anatoly Oleksandrov took part in the creation of nucle-
ar technology. Under his supervision the first in the world atomic-powered vessel
was created.
Serhiy Koroliov (19071966) was
born in the city of Zhytomyr. He was an out-
standing, creator of the practical space engi-
neering. In 1924 he finished a professional
technical school in Odesa. In 19241926 he
studied in Kyiv Politechnic Institute. In 1930
he graduated from Moscow higher technical
school and at the same time he finished Mos-
cow pilot, school.
Under his supervision new rockets
were designed and launched. Among them
were ballistic and geographical rockets, rock-
ets-carriers and spacecraft "Vostok" and

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"Voskhod", the first automatic interplanet station "Zond". The spacecraft designed
under his guidance made real the flights to Venus and Mars and walking in the
outer space.
Yevhen Paton was born in 1870 in a French town Nizza. Paton was an out-
standing constructor and a scientist. Since 1929 Paton was the member of the
Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Polytechnical Institute of
Dresden in 1894 and St Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineers in 1896. In 1904
1939 Paton was the professor of Kyiv Polytechnical Institute. Heading the labora-
tory of testing the bridges, he formulated the main scientific principles and discov-
ered the scientific technology of testing the bridges.
In 18961929 he constructed 35 bridges, among them the main bridge across the
Dnieper in Kyiv. Now this bridge bears his name. In 1929 Paton organized the la-
boratory of electric welding, which became an institute in 1934. Yevhen Paton
died in 1953 in Kyiv.

VOCABULARY

benefit
vessel ,
nuclear
to launch
supervision ,
guidance
constructor
civil
to discover
electric welding
to bear
polytechnical

QUESTIONS

1. Where and when was Yevhen Paton born?

2. What was he?
3. What can you tell about Yevhen Paton?
4. What laboratory did he organize in 1929?
5. What are his main contributions to the Ukrainian science?

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THE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION

The high level of industrial and agricultural concentration and ecologi-
cally unjustified economic activities of the managerial structures of the former
USSR are responsible for a rather complicated ecological situation that has taken
shape in Ukraine. The most unfavourable is the Donetsk-Trans-Dnipro region
where a lot of mining, metallurgical
and chemical enterprises are operat-
ing.
As a result of the Chornobyl
nuclear power plant disaster of 1986,
the environmental situation has be-
come much worse. Apropos of this
Ukraine appealed to the UNO re-
questing help to overcome the disas-
ter aftermath.
The Environmental Protection Law well in compliance with international
standards in this field has been in force since 1991. Environmental safeguards of
conservation bodies have become morestringent. Ecological monitoring has cov-
ered Ukraine's whole area and the Extraordinary Governmental Commission on the
Problems of the Dnipro and Upgrading the Quality of Drinking Water has been set
up. Ukraine has actively joined international cooperation in the field of environ-
mental protection. Agreements have been signed with conservation bodies of the
USA, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Germany and Latvia. The Ukrainian delegation
took part in the UNO Conference on the Problems of Environment in Rio de Janei-
ro.
Ukraine enters a new phase of its history with intentions to create a demo-
cratically minded, law-based, independent society. Ukraine is looking for its place
in European House, in the civilized world going to its aim unswervingly.

VOCABULARY

mining ['man] ,
disaster [d'za:st]
apropos ['prpu] of smth. , , ' . - .
to appeal ['pi:l]
to overcome [,uv'km] ;
aftermath ['a:ftm]
in compliance [km'plns] with
conservation [,kons(:)'ve()n] bodies
stringent ['strindnt] , '
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 Hlukhiv college

unswervingly [n'sw:vl] ;

QUESTIONS

1. What are the reasons for rather complicated ecological situation that has taken
shape in Ukraine?
2. What do you know about Chornobyl nuclear power plant disaster?
3. What countries have agreements with conservation bodies been signed with ?
4. What measures in your opinion should be undertaken to overcome ecological
situation that has taken shape in Ukraine?
5. What is the ecological situation in your city?

ENGLAND
England is the largest and the richest
country of Great Britain. The capital of England
is London but there are other large industrial
cities, such as Birmingham, Liverpool, Man-
chester and other famous and interesting cities
such as York, Chester, Oxford and Cambridge.
Stonehenge is one of the most famous prehistor-
ic places in the world. This ancient circle of stones stands in Southwest England. It
measures 80 metres across and made with massive blocks of stone up to four me-
tres high. Why it was built is a mystery.
Not far from Stonehenge stands Salisbury Cathedral. It is a splendid example
of an English Gothic Cathedral; inside there is one of four copies of Magna Charta
and the oldest clock in England. Chester is very important town in the north-west
of England. In the past it used to be a Roman fort; its
name comes from the Latin word castra, meaning "for-
tified camp". In Chester there is a famous museum
which contains over 5000 ancient and modern toys.
Oxford is the home of the oldest university of
England. The most famous college is Christ Church. It
has a great hall which was built during the reign of
Henry VIII and its chapel has become the Cathedral of
Oxford. Cambridge is the home of Britain's second
oldest university. York was the capital of Northern England. It is one of the best
preserved medieval cities of Europe. It was built by Romans, conquered by Anglo-
Saxons and ruled by the Vikings. Birmingham is often called the "City of 1,500
trades" because of the great variety of its industries.
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 Hlukhiv college

VOCABULARY

famous -
to measure -
cathedral -
fort -
camp -
medieval -
conquered -
college

QUESTIONS

1. What are large industrial cities of England?

2. What is one of the most famous prehistoric place in the world?
3. Where are the oldest clock in England and a copy of Magna Charta now?
4. What is Chester interesting for?
5. What are two oldest universities in England?
6. What was the capital of Northern England?
7. Why is Birmingham called the "City of 1,500 trades"?

CLIMATE IN GREAT BRITAIN

The British Isles
which are surrounded by the
ocean have an insular climate.
There are 3 things that
chiefly determine the climate
of the United Kingdom: the
position of the islands in the
temperate belt; the fact that the
prevailing winds blow from the
west and south-west and the
warm current the Gulf
Stream that flows from the
Gulf of Mexico along the
western shores of England. All

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these features make the climate more moderate, without striking difference be-
tween seasons. It is not very cold in winter and never very hot in summer.
So, the British ports are ice-free and its rivers are not frozen throughout the
year. The weather on the British Isles has a bad reputation. It is very changeable
and fickle. The British say that there is a climate in other countries, but we have
just weather. If you don't like the weather in England, just wait a few minutes.
It rains very often in all seasons in Great Britain. Autumn and winter are the
wettest. The sky is usually grey and cold winds blow. On the average, Britain has
more than 200 rainy days a year. The English say that they have 3 variants of
weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon, and when it
rains all day long. Sometimes it rains so heavily, that they say It's raining cats and
dogs.
Britain is known all over the world for its fogs. Sometimes fogs are so thick
that it's impossible to see anything within a few meters. The winter fogs of London
are, indeed, awful; they surpass all imagination. In a dense fog all traffic is
stopped, no vehicle can move from fear of dreadful accidents. So, we may say that
the British climate has three main features: it is mild, humid and very changeable.

VOCABULARY

to surround -
insular climate
to determine
temperate belt
prevailing winds
the Gulf Stream
to flow ,
shores
moderate
striking difference
throughout , ,
fickle -
wet ,
to blow
It's raining cats and dogs
fog
awful
dense ,
vehicle. ,
dreadful ,

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 Hlukhiv college

QUESTIONS

1. Does the Gulf Stream flow from the Gulf of Mexico along the western shores of
England?
2. What kind of climate does Great Britain have?
3. Why does the United Kingdom have an insular climate?
4. What are three main features that determine the climate of Great Britain?
5. Why are the English ports ice-free?
6. Are the English rivers frozen during winter?
7. Is it very hot in Britain in summer?
8. What reputation does the weather of the United Kingdom have?
9. Does it rain very often?
10, What happens when there is a heavy fog in Great Britain?

THE WEATHER IN ENGLAND

The weather in England is very changeable. A fine morning can change
into a wet afternoon, and a nasty morning can change into a fine afternoon. That is
why it is natural for the English to use the comparison "as changeable as the
weather" of a person who often changes his mood or opinion about something.
"Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather". This statement is
often made by the English to describe the meteorological conditions of their coun-
try.
The English also say
that they have three vari-
ants of weather: when it
rains in the morning, when
it rains in the afternoon or
when it rains all day long.
The weather is the
favourite conversational
topic in England. When
two Englishmen meet,
their first words will be
"How are you?" And after
the reply "Very well, thank
you; how are you?" the next remark is almost certain to be about the weather.
When they go abroad the English often surprise people of other nationalities by
this tendency to talk about the weather, a topic of conversation that other people do
not find so interesting.
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 Hlukhiv college

The best time of the year in England is spring (of course, it rains in spring
too). The two worst months in Britain are January and February. They are cold,
damp and unpleasant. The best place in the world then is at home by the fire.
Summer months are rather cold and there a lot of rainy days. So most peo-
ple, who look forward to summer holidays, plan to go abroad for the summer, to
France or somewhere on the Continent.
The most unpleasant aspects of the weather in England are fog and smog.

VOCABULARY

changeable ['tendbl] ; ;
wet [wet] ,
nasty ['na:st] ; ;
comparison [km'prsn]
remark [r'ma:k] ; ;
fire ['f]
to look forward ['f:wd] to ()
fog [fog]
smog (smoke + fog) [smg] ,

QUESTIONS

1. The weather in England is very changeable, isn't it?

2. What comparison do the English use when they want to describe a person whose
mood and opinion changes very often ?
3. WImt statement is often made by the English to describe the meteorological
conditions of their country?
4. How often does it rain in England?
5. The weather is the favourite conversational topic in England, isn't it? Do you
find this topic of conversation interesting?
6. What is the best time of the year in England?
7. What do you know about London fogs ?
8. Wlrat kind of weather do you like best of all?
9. Where do you get the weather forecast from? Do you always believe it?

NATIONAL EMBLEMS OF UNITED KINGDOM

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The United Kingdom (abbreviated from

"The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North-
ern Ireland") is the political name of the country
which consists of England, Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland (sometimes known as Ulster).
Great Britain is the name of the island
which is made up of England, Scotland, Wales,
whereas the British Isles is the geographical name
of all the islands off the north-west coast of the
European continent. In everyday speech "Britain"
is used to mean the United Kingdom.
The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of
three crosses. The upright red cross on a white background is the cross of the 1st
George, the patron saint of England. The white diagonal cross on a blue back-
ground is the cross of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland, The red diagonal
cross on a white background is the cross of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland.
The Welsh flag, called the Welsh dragon, represents a red dragon on a white
and green background.
St. George's Day falls on 23 April and is regarded as England's national day.
On this day some patriotic Englishmen wear a rose pinned to their jackets'. A red
rose is the national emblem of England from the time of the Wars of the Roses
(15th century).
St. Andrew's Day (the 30th of November) is regarded as Scotland's national
day. On this day some Scotsmen wear a thistle in their buttonhole. As a national
emblem of Scotland, thistle apparently first used in the 15th century as a symbol of
defence. The Order of the Thistle is one of the highest orders of knighthood. It was
founded in 1687, and is mainly given to Scottish noblemen (limited to 16 in num-
ber).
St. Patrick's Day (the 17th of March) is considered as a national day in
Northern Ireland and an official bank holiday there. The national emblem of Ire-
land is shamrock. According to legend, it was the plant chosen by St. Patrick to il-
lustrate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity to the Irish.
St. David's Day (the 1st of March) is the church festival of St. David, a 6th-
century monk and bishop, the patron saint of Wales. The day is regarded as the na-
tional holiday of Wales, although it is not an official bank holiday.
On this day, however, many Welshmen wear either a yellow daffodil or a
leek pinned to their jackets, as both plants are traditionally regarded as national
emblems of Wales.
In the Royal Arms three lions symbolize England, a lion rampant Scot-
land, and a harp Ireland. The whole is encircled and is supported by a lion and a
unicorn. The lion has been used as a symbol of national strength and of the British
monarchy for many centuries. The unicorn, a mythical animal that looks like a

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horse with a long straight horn, has appeared on the Scottish and British royal coats
of arms for many centuries, and is a symbol of purity.

VOCABULARY

everyday speech
background
patron saint
pin
knighthood
nobleman
bank holiday
shamrock
church festival
monk
bishop
daffodil
rampant
unicorn
coats of arms
purity

QUESTIONS

1. What does the word "Britain" mean in everyday speech?

2. What is the flag of the United Kingdom made up of?
3. How is the Welsh flag called?
4. What do some Englishmen wear on St. George's Day?
5. What day is regarded as Scotland's national day?
6. What day is a national day in Northern Ireland?
7. What do three lions in the Royal Arms symbolize?
8. What does the unicorn symbolize?

LONDON, CAPITAL OF GREAT

BRITAIN
London is the capital of Great Britain,
its political, economic, and commercial centre. It
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is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population
is about 8 million.
London is divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End,
and the East End.
The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. Numerous
banks, offices, and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the
Stock Exchange, and the Old Bailey. Few people live here, but over a million peo-
ple come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the
City. Perhaps the most striking of them is the St. Paul's Cathedral, the greatest of
English churches. It was built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. The
Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar
and in 1066 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. It
was used as a fortress, a royal palace, and a pris-
on. Now it is a museum.
Westminster is the governmental part of
London.
Nearly all English kings and queens have
been crowned in Westminster Abbey. Many out-
standing statesmen, scientists, writers, poets, and
painters are buried here: Newton, Darwin,
Chaucer, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc.
Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, the seat of
the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for
its big bell, known as "Big Ben". Buckingham Palace is the official residence of
the Queen.
The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is the
symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs, and thea-
tres are situated there.
The Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in
memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall
Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square.
On the north side of the Trafalgar Square is the National Portrait Gallery.
Not far away is the British Museum the biggest museum in London. It contains
a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc, and is also fa-
mous for its library.
There are a lot of factories, workshops, and docks in the East End.

VOCABULARY

numerous
ancient ,
striking ,
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to found
fortress
royal
to crown
outstanding
statesman
to bury
tower
official residence
wealth
luxury
in memory of
to contain
priceless

QUESTIONS

1. Is London the largest city in the world?

2. What's the population of London?
3. Traditionally London is divided into four parts. Can you name them?
4. What do you know about the City?
5. Who was the St. Paul's Cathedral built by?
6. Who founded the Tower of London? When was it rebuilt?
7. What is the governmental part of London?
8. What building has more historic associations than any other building in London?
9. What is Big Ben?
10. Can you describe the Trafalgar Square?
11. Where do the working people of London live?
12. What are the most famous London museums and art galleries?

EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN: HIGHER EDUCATION

For seven hundred years Oxford and Cambridge universities dominated
the British education. Scotland had four universities, all founded before A. D.
1600. Wales only acquired a university in the 20th century; it consisted of four
university colleges located in different cities (Cardiff, Swansea, Bangor, and Aber-
ystwith). The first English university after Oxford and Cambridge (sometimes re-
ferred to as Oxbridge) was Durham, in the North of England, founded in 1832. The
University of London was founded a few years later in 1836.

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During the nineteenth centu-

ry institutions of higher education
were founded in most of the big-
gest industrial towns, like Bir-
mingham, Manchester, Leeds,
Sheffield (sometimes called the
Redbrick Universities). At first
they did not have full university
status but were known as university colleges; since 1945, however, all have be-
come independent universities, and in recent years a number of other universities
have been founded: Sussex, Essex, Warwick, and others.
In the middle 60s there was a further new development. Some of the local
technical colleges maintained by local authorities had gained special prestige. By
1967 ten of these had been given charters as universities. Many of them are in the
biggest cities where there were already established universities; so now we have
the University of Aston (Birmingham), Salford (close to Manchester), Strathclyde
(Glasgow), Herriot-Watt University (Edinburgh), Brunei University (London).
When we add all these together
we find that the number of universities
in England increased within ten years
from nineteen to thirty-six, and in Scot-
land from four to eight.
Oxford university is a federation
of colleges, and it is impossible to un-
derstand its structure unless one first
understands the nature and function of
these colleges, which have no resem-
blance whatever with the institutions
called "colleges" in America.
Oxford has twenty-three ordinary colleges for men, five for women. All
these are parallel institutions, and none of them is connected with any particular
field of study. No matter what subject a student proposes to study he may study at
any of the men's colleges.
Each college has a physical existence in the shape of a dining-hall, chapel,
and residential rooms (enough to accommodate about half the student membership,
the rest living in lodgings in the town). It is governed by its Fellows (commonly
called "dons"), of whom there are usually about twenty or thirty. The dons are also
responsible for teaching the students of the college through the tutorial system. The
Fellows elect the Head of the college (whose title varies from college to college).
The colleges vary very much in size and extent of grounds and buildings.

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Colleges choose their own students, and a student only becomes a member
of the University by having been accepted by a college. Students are chosen main-
ly on academic merit, but the policy of colleges in this respect varies from college
to college. Some tend to be rather keen to admit a
few men who are very good at rugby or some other
sport, or sons of former students or of lords, or of
eminent citizens, or of millionaires.
The colleges and university buildings are
scattered about the town, mostly in the central area,
though the scientific laboratories and the women's
colleges are quite a long way out.
The university teachers are mostly Fellows
of colleges, who may at the same time hold univer-
sity appointments as lecturers or professors. Part of
the teaching is by means of lectures and any stu-
dent- may attend any university lecture. At the beginning of each term (there are
three terms in the Oxford academic year) a list is published showing all the lectures
being given during the term within each faculty, and every student can choose
which lectures he will attend, though his own college tutor will advise him which
lectures seem likely to be more useful. Attendance at lectures is not compulsory,
and no records of attendance are kept.
Apart from lectures, teaching is by means of the "tutorial" system, which is a
system of individual tuition organized by the colleges. Each Fellow in a college is
tutor in his own subject to the undergraduates who are studying it. Each student
goes to his tutors room once every week to read out an essay which he has written,
and for an hour he and the tutor discuss the essay. A student does not necessarily
go only to his own tutor but may be assigned to another don in his own college or
in another college when he is studying some particular topic which is outside the
special interest of his own tutor.
The British Education System. State Education in Britain.
All state schools in Britain are free, and schools provide their pupils with
books and equipment for their studies.
Nine million children attend 35.000 schools in Britain. Education is compul-
sory from 5 till 16 years. Parents can choose to send their children to a nursery
school or a pre-school playgroup to prepare them for the start of compulsory edu-
cation.
Children start primary school at 5 and continue until they are 11. Most chil-
dren are taught together, boys and girls in the same class. At 11 most pupils go to
secondary schools called comprehensives which accept a wide range of children
from all backgrounds and religious and ethnic groups. Ninety per cent of secondary
schools in England, Scotland and Wales are co-educational.

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At 16 pupils take a national exam called G.C.S.E. (General Certificate of

Secondary Education) and then they can leave school if they wish. This is the end
of compulsory education.
Some 16-year-olds continue their studies in the sixth form at school or at a
sixth form college. The sixth form prepares pupils for a national exam called A
level (advanced level) at IS. Yon-need A level to enter a university.
Other 16-year-olds choose to go to a college of further education to study for
more practical (vocational) diplomas relating to the world of work, such as hair-
dressing, typing or mechanics.
Universities and colleges
of higher education accept stu-
dents with A levels from 18.
Students study for a degree
which takes on average three
years of full-time study.
Most students graduate at 21 or 22 and are given their degree at a special
graduation ceremony.

VOCABULARY

compulsory
primary
comprehensive
co-educational schoojs
to graduate
to accept

QUESTIONS

l. What do state schools in Britain provide their pupils with?

2. What can parents choose?
3. When do children start primary school?
4. When do pupils take a national exam called GCSE?
5. What prepares pupils for a national exam called A level?
6. How long do students study for a degree?
7. Whom do universities and colleges of higher education accept?

LIFE OF YOUTH IN BRITAIN

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Young people from all walks of life are united according to their inter-
ests by the established youth organizations in Britain. These organizations develop
because of the contribution of both full-time and part-time youth workers and a
great number of volunteers.
Outdoor pursuits involve any-
thing from pony trekking to rock-
climbing or canoeing and help young
people go out from the confines of their
home or their environment. Such pur-
suits nourish a spirit of self-reliance
and help realize the importance of
team-work under a good leadership. All
the major youth organizations hold
outdoor pursuits either by organizing special residential courses or by sending their
members to take part in established courses or seminars in other cities and coun-
tries.
Local authorities and a number of multipurpose youth organizations provide
the place for such activities as canoeing, sailing, rock-climbing, map reading, ori-
enteering and cooking for survival; all of them encourage initiative and self-
discipline.
Among providers of outdoor places are the Sports Council, the Outward-
Bound Trust, the Ocean Youth Club, the Sail Training Association, and the Nauti-
cal Training Corps.
The Outward-Bound Trust is the longest established and most experienced
organization in Britain based on outdoor pursuits, personal development, and train-
ing. It has five centres in the English Lake District, Wales, and Scotland. It oper-
ates in 38 other countries of the world. It has centres in Belgium, France, Germany,
and the Netherlands. This organization is based on two simple principles: firstly,
that everyone is capable of achieving more than he might imagine, and, secondly,
that too few people have a real appreciation of what can be achieved by team-work
and mutual support.
Young people participate in 'expedition courses' lasting 8, 12, or 20 days and
involving adventurous journeys by land or sea. There are also 'specialist courses'
for young people aged 17 and over to become involved in work with such groups
as the homeless, the elderly, and the disabled.

VOCABULARY

from all walks of life

outdoor pursuits
to nourish
self-reliance
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multipurpose
to provide ,
sailing
outward-bound , ,
mutual support
adventurous
disabled , ,

QUESTIONS

1. What organizations in Britain unite young people according to their interests?

2. What do outdoor pursuits involve?
3. What do local authorities and a number of multipurpose youth organizations
provide?
4. What organizations are among providers of outdoor places?
5. What do you know about the Outward-Bound Trust?
6. How many centres does it have?
7. Where are these centres situated?

BRITISH CUISINE
Some people criticize English food. They say it's unimaginable, boring,
tasteless, it's chips with everything and totally overcooked vegetables. The basic
ingredients, when fresh, are so full of flavour
that British haven't had to invent sauces to dis-
guise their natural taste. What can compare
with fresh pees or new potatoes just boiled and
served with butter? Why drown spring lamb in
wine or cream and spices, when with just one
or two herbs it is absolutely delicious?
If you ask foreigners to name some typi-
cally English dishes, they will probably say
"Fish and chips" then stop. It is disappointing,
but true that, there is no tradition in England of
eating in restaurants, because the food doesn't
lend itself to such preparation. English cooking
is found at home. So it is difficult to a good
English restaurant with a reasonable prices.
In most cities in Britain you'll find Indian, Chinese, French and Italian res-
taurants. In London you'll also find Indonesian, Mexican, Greek... Cynics will say
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that this is because English have no "cuisine" themselves, but this is not quite the
true.

VOCABULARY

to criticize -
tasteless -
overcooked -
ingredient - ,
to invent -
sauces -
to disguise -
spice - ,
herb -
delicious
disappointing -
to lend -
cuisine

QUESTIONS

1. What do foreigners say when they criticize English food?

2. Do English people use a lot of sauces?
3. From a foreigner's point of view, what typically English dishes?
4. Do all English eat in restaurants?
5. What kind of restaurants can you find in Britain?
6. Is it the true that English have no cuisine?

ENGLISH MEALS
The English proverb says: every
cook praises his own broth. One can not
say English cookery is bad, but there is not
a lot of variety in it in comparison with
European cuisine. The English are very
particular about their meals. The usual
meals in England are breakfast, lunch, tea
and dinner.
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Breakfast time is between seven and nine a.m. A traditional English break-
fast is a very big meal. It consists of juice, porridge, a rasher or two of bacon and
eggs, toast, butter, jam or marmalade, tea or coffee. Marmalade is made from or-
anges and jam is made from other fruit. Many people like to begin with porridge
with milk or cream and sugar, but no good Scotsman ever puts sugar on it, because
Scotland is the home of porridge. For a change you can have sausages, tomatoes,
mushrooms, cold ham or perhaps fish.
But nowadays in spite of the fact that the English strictly keep to their meals
many people just have cereal with milk and sugar or toast with jam or honey.
The two substantial meals of the day are lunch and dinner. Lunch is usually
taken at one o'clock. For many people lunch is a quick meal. Office workers usual-
ly go to a cafe at this time. They take fish, poultry or cold meat (beef, mutton, veal
and ham), boiled or fried potatoes and all sorts of salad. They may have a mutton
chop or steak and chips, followed by biscuits and a cup of coffee. Some people like
a glass of light beer with lunch. Pubs also serve good, cheap food. School children
can have a hot meal at school. Some of them just bring a snack from home.
Tea is very popular among the English; it
may almost be called their national drink. Tea is
welcome in the morning, in the afternoon and in the
evening. The English like it strong and fresh made.
The English put one tea-spoonful of tea for each
person. Tea means two things. It is a drink and a
meal. Some people have afternoon tea, so called
high tea with sandwiches, tomatoes and salad, a
tin of apricots, pears or pineapples and cakes, and,
of course a cup of tea. That is what they call good
tea. It is a substantial meal.
Cream teas are also popular. Many visitors,
who come to Britain, find English instant coffee
disgusting. Dinner time is generally between six and eight p.m. The evening meal
is the biggest and the main meal of the day. Very often the whole family eats to-
gether. They begin with soup, followed by fish, roast chicken, potatoes and vege-
tables, fruit and coffee.
On Sundays many families have a traditional lunch consisting of roast
chicken, lamb or beef with salads, vegetables and gravy.
The British enjoy tasting delicious food from other countries, for example,
French, Italian, Indian and Chinese food. Modern people are so busy that they do
not have a lot of time for cooking themselves. So, the British buy the food at the
restaurant and bring it home already prepared to eat. So we can conclude that take-
away meals are rather popular among the population. Eating has become rather in-
ternational in Britain lately.

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VOCABULARY

proverb ',
Every cook praises his own broth

cookery ;
variety
cuisine ,
particular , ,
lunch ,
porridge ()
rasher ( )
sausage ,
mushroom
in spite of
strictly ,
cereal ,
honey
substantial
poultry
beef
mutton
veal
ham ,
boiled ',
fried
chop ', ()
steak , '/ ( )
cheap ,
snack
tea-spoonful
tin ;
apricot
pear
pineapple
instant coffee
disgusting , ,
roast - ;
lamb '
gravy ( ),
delicious , ;
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to conclude ,

QUESTIONS

1. What are the usual meals in England?

2. What time do they have breakfast?
3. What is a traditional English breakfast?
4. What are the two substantial meals of the day?
5. When is lunch usually taken?
6. What does lunch include?
7. Is tea popular among the English?
8. When do they usually have dinner?
9. Do the British enjoy tasting delicious food from other countries?

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN

I am going to tell you about English customs and traditions. First of all,
it concerns United Kingdom political system. In Great Britain there is no written
constitution, only customs, traditions and precedents. After the English Revolution
of Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy headed by King (now Queen, Eliza-
beth the second). Traditionally the Queen acts only on the advice of her Ministers.
She reigns but she does not rule.
Englishmen have traditions not only in political,
but in social life. For example, London, the capital of
England, is traditionally divided into three parts: the
West End, the East end, and the City. The City is a
historical, financial and business center of London.
The East End is the district inhabited by the workers,
and the West End is a fashionable shopping and enter-
taining center. English people like to spend their free
time in numerous pubs where they can have a glass of
beer and talk about different things with their friends.
The English are traditional about their meals.
They eat eggs and bacon with toasts for breakfast,
pudding or apple pie for dessert. Every English family has five o'clock tea. A typi-
cal feature of an English house is a fireplace, even when there is central heating in
the house.
English people like domestic animals. Every family has a pet: a dog, a cat or a bird.
Politeness is a characteristic feature of Englishmen. They often say "Thank you",

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"Sorry", "Beg your pardon". Russian people, I think, have to learn this good cus-
tom.
Englishmen have many traditional holidays, such as Christmas, St. Valen-
tine's Day, Mother's day, Easter and others.

TRANSPORT IN BRITAIN
You can reach England either
by plane, by train, by car or by ship. The
fastest way is by plane. London has three
international airports: Heathrow, the
largest, connected to the city by under-
ground; Gatwick, south of London, with
a frequent train service; Luton, the small-
est, used for charter flights.
If you go to England by train or by
car you have to cross the Channel. There
is a frequent service of steamers and fer-
ryboats which connect the continent to
the south-east of England.
People in Britain drive on the left and generally overtake on the right. The
speed limit is 30 miles per hour (50 km/h) in towns and cities and 70 m.p.h. (110
km/h) on motorways.
When you are in London you can choose from four different means of
transport: bus, train, underground or taxi. The typical bus in London is a red dou-
ble-decker. The first London bus started running between Paddington and the City
in 1829. It carried 40 passengers and cost a shilling for six kms.
The next to arrive were the trains; now there are twelve railway stations in
London. The world's first underground line was opened between Baker St. and the
City in 1863. Now there are ten underground lines and 273 underground stations in
use. The London underground is also called the Tube, because of the circular shape
of its deep tunnels.

VOCABULARY

to reach
underground
charter flight
steamer
ferry-boat
to overtake
shilling
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 Hlukhiv college

shape

QUESTIONS

1. What is the fastest way of traveling?

2. How many airports are there in London?
3. What kind of service helps to cross the Channel?
4. What are some "rules" of driving in Britain?
5. What does typical bus in London look like?
6. Where was the first underground opened?
7. Why is London underground called the Tube?

NEW ANTI-DRUGS CAMPAIGN FOR YOUNG PEOPLE

New survey shows that
Britain's drug problem is
growing. The highest increase
in drug use is among teenag-
ers. How can they be con-
vinced to stop ?
THE PROBLEM
Last year, a European survey showed that the number of teenagers who had
tried drugs was 6 per cent in Greece, 15 per cent in France and 30 per cent in Brit-
ain.
Statistics show that drug use by British teenagers has doubled since 1989.
Half teenagers who were interviewed admitted they had tried at least one type of
drug. 70 per cent said they had been offered drugs in the past 3 months.
The drugs that the government is
most worried about are stimulant drugs
such as Speed and Ecstasy (or 'E' as it is
commonly known) and hallucinogenic
drugs such as LSD. They are worried that
many young people believe these drugs to
be exciting and fashionable. They think
that many of teenagers will be influenced
by films such as Transporting and Pulp
Fiction, which show attractive people taking drugs.
THE SOLUTION
The government decided that it needed a new anti-drugs campaign. Howev-
er, before it did this, it studied young people's attitudes. The survey showed that
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teenagers knew that drugs were bad for them but they could not actually name any
health risk associated with particular drugs. It also showed that 61 per cent of teen-
age drug-users would consider stopping using drugs if they knew there were a seri-
ous danger to their health.
It was also understood that many teenagers ignored drugs warnings in
schools because they thought they were childish. In fact, it was proved that in some
cases, the reason for taking drugs was to rebel against warnings from adults.
Using the results of the survey, new campaign has been started. The new
campaign hopes to treat teenagers like adults. It informs young people of the health
risks associated with particular drugs. It does this with photos of teenagers. On the
advertisements, the parts of their bodies, which can be damaged by drugs, are indi-
cated by biological diagrams showing the health risks.
Many teenagers try drugs as a 'dare' to show their friends that they are not
scared. Often their friends insist until the person says 'yes'. The health authority
hope that the advertisements will help teenagers to say 'no' to this and be able to
have good reason to say it. In addition to posters, the health authority has also
made radio advertisements and put the number of their drugs helpline (a telephone
number that can be called confidentially for help) in a lot of places. The people at
the helpline advise people what to do if they have a drug problem or need more in-
formation about the dangers of drugs.
DRUG FACTS
31% of teenagers interviewed could not name a health risk associated with
Ecstasy.
Eton (one of England's most expensive schools) and several other schools in-
troduced drug tests. If the tests show a pupil has used an illegal drug, he/she is ex-
pelled, and has to leave the school forever.
It was discovered that children of 10 years old were being sold hallucinogen-
ic drugs (LSD). The. drugs had pictures of cartoon characters on them to attract the
children.
49% of young drug-users say they would stop using drugs if they thought
they were getting addicted.
35% of young drug-users say they don't know why they use them.
Most young drug-users say that they listen more to what their friends say
about drugs than to what mass media say about drugs.
Among young' people taking drugs the number of young males is higher
than the number of young females.
The greatest increase in drug use in the past eight years is by 15 16-year-
olds.
Many people argue that smoking kills more people than drugs.
9,75% of British 1213-year-olds smoke at least one cigarette a week.
26,4% of British 1415-year-olds smoke at least one cigarette a week.

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VOCABULARY

survey ['s:ve] ,
increase ['nkri:s] ,
to convince [kn'vns]
drug [drg]
to double [dbl] (); ()
to admit [d'mt] ; ,
stimulant ['stmjulnt] ;
hallucinogenic [h'lu:sndenk]
LSD ( , )
Pulp Fiction [ fk()n] ( )
to rebel [r'bel] , ()
to treat [tri:t] ;
dare [de]
helpline ['helplam]
illegal ['li:g()l] ,
to expel [lks'pel] ,
addict ['dkt] (addiction ['dkn] ; ;
)
mass media ['mi:dj]
male [mel]
female ['fi:mel]

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
The protection of environment has become one of the most burning
problems of our century.
Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over
the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the
water we drink, the soil we grow grain and vegetables. Every year the world indus-
try pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful
substances. Many cities suffer from smog.
Vast forests are cut. Their disappearance
upsets the oxygen balance. As a result
some rare species of animals, birds, fish
and plants disappear forever, a number of
rivers and lakes dry up.
The pollution of air and the world's ocean,
destruction of the ozone layer is the result

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of man's careless interaction with nature, a sign of ecological crisis.

The most horrible ecological disaster befell Ukraine and its people in the result of
the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in April 1986. A great damage
has been done to Ukraine's agriculture, forests and people's health.
Environmental protection is a global problem. That is why the most serious
measures to create a universal system of ecological security should be taken. The
activity of various environmental organizations help to improve the situation.
Among them are the Greenpeace and The Green Party.
If we are unable to learn to use the environment carefully and to protect it
from destructive man's activities, very soon we'll have no world to live in.

VOCABULARY

environment [m'var()nmnt] ()
by-product ['ba,prdkt] ()
to pollute [p'lu:t]
harmful substances ['ha:mful 'sbst()nss]
to upset [p'set]
species ['spi:z] .
destruction [ds'trk()n] ;
careless ['kls] interaction [,ntr'k()n]
to befall [bi'f:l] (befell, befallen) ,
to take measures [mez]

QUESTIONS

1. What are the consequences of water, air pollution ?

2. Why did some species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever ?
3. What is the result of man's careless interaction with nature?
4. What do you know about the Chernobyl disaster?
5. What should people do if they want to live on the Earth ?

THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN

GREAT BRITAIN
Environmental protection is an interna-
tional issue of great importance and Great Britain

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pays much attention to it. There are nearly 500 000 protected buildings and 7000
conservation areas of architecture of historical
interest in Britain. The Government supports
the work of the voluntary sector in preserving
the national heritage.
Total emissions of smoke in the air have
fallen by 85 per cent since 1960. Most petrol
stations in Britain stock unleaded petrol. The
Government is committed to the control of
gases emission, which damage the ozone layer.
They also contribute to the greenhouse effect, which leads to global warming
and a rise in sea levels. Britain stresses the need for studying the science of climate
change.
Green belts are areas where land should be left open and free from urban
sprawl. The Government attaches great importance to their protection. National
parks cover 9 per cent of the total land area of England and Wales. The National
Rivers Authority protects island waters in England and Wales.
In Scotland the River purification authorities are responsible for water pollu-
tion control. Great Britain takes care of it's environment for themselves and next
generations.

VOCABULARY

purification
voluntary
petrol
emission
layer

QUESTIONS

1. What is an international issue of great importance?

2. What are green belts?
3. Who is responsible for water pollution control in Scotland?
4. What is the total emission of smoke in the air?
5. Is it easy to buy unleaded petrol in Britain?

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