Académique Documents
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Culture Documents
HLUKHIV Institute
The history of our college is closely connected with the history of
Hlukhiv. Our college was founded in 1899. It's the oldest educational establish-
ment of Ukraine and has its own history and traditions. In 1899 it was a vocational
school named af-
ter its founder M.
A. Tereshchenko.
It trained special-
ists who worked
with wood and
metal.
In 1929 it
was transformed
into an agricultur-
al technical
school. During the
fascists occupa-
tion the school
didn't work and
only in 1944 it
started working.
A new department of electrification of agriculture was opened in 1945. The school
didn't stop its development. In 1971 a new department was opened. It was a build-
ing department.
In November 1991 the technical school was renamed into Hlukhiv agricul-
tural school named after S. A. Kovpak. In 1995 it became an agrotechnical col-
lege. There are five departments at the college: accounting, mechanical, manageri-
al, building, electrification. It trains builders, mechanics, electricians, accountants,
managers, financiers in fulltime and extra-mural forms of education. More than
1000 students study here. About 100 teachers teach them. The students have com-
puter centers, laboratories, a large library, a reading room, a sports ground, two
gymnasiums, a canteen. The course of study lasts from 3 to 4 years. Each year of
study consists of two terms. At the end of each term the students take exams and
then they have vacations. Those who study well get a scholarship. On graduating
the students receive diplomas which give them the right to work in different
branches of agriculture and industry.
The college is housed in some buildings. There are three hostels, Kovpak
museum and a large Assembly Hall in the college.
Sport is very popular among the students of our college. Many of them are
winners of a lot of competitions. Those who are fond of art have a wide choice of
amateur art activities at the students' clubs and circles.
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VOCABULARY
to be connected '
to be founded
founder
development
accountant
accounting
to study ,
canteen
term
scholarship
to graduate from (. )
branch
hostel
assembly hall
art
amateur art activity
circle
purpose
contemporary
knowledge
to provide
excellent
skills
education
QUESTIONS
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VOCABULARY
to reflect [ri'flekt] ,
soul [sul]
behaviour [bi'hevj] , ,
to create [kr(:)'et]
similar ['smil] (to smth. ); ,
average ['v()rid3] , , ,
a mother tongue [t]
worth [w:] , ,
satellite ['stlat]
to apply ['pla] for ,
(. ) (),
well-paid job [wel ped dub]
joint venture ['vntf]
do without [wiut]
QUESTIONS
1. What was the world's most important international language two thousands
years ago?
2. How many people speak English as their first language, a second language or a
foreign language?
3. How many languages are there in the world?
4. How large is the vocabulary of the average British person?
5. Where is English spoken?
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VOCABULARY
Conversation
Common
World trade
To get along with ,
Foreign
To develop ()
Science
Satellite
To be afraid -
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QUESTIONS
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VOCABULARY
slim
experienced [ks 'pirinst] ,
broad-shouldered [br:d 'uldd]
to be handy ['hnd] with smth.
to have much in common ['komn]
view [vju:] on smth.
to be fond of smb., smth. , ,
to go in for smth. -
upbringing ['p,brni]
she is good at cooking ['kuk]
she is clever ['klev] with her hands
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QUESTIONS
A FAMILY
When two persons are married, the
man is called the husband; the woman becomes
his wife. When a child is born in the family, the
father and mother of the child are called parents.
A family generally consists of a father, a mother
and children sons or daughters or both. The
first born child is the eldest, the last born the
youngest. Two children that are born together
are called twins.
The father and mother of the wife (hus-
band) become the father-in-law (in law by
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marriage), and mother-in-law of the husband (wife). The husband is the son-in-
law; the wife the daughter-in-law; they have brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law.
The other members of the family are the relatives or relations: uncles, aunts,
cousins, etc.
The brothers and sisters of any of the parents become the uncles and aunts of
the children. The children of two married brothers or sisters are cousins to each
other.
In case of a second marriage, we speak of a stepfather or a stepmother, step-
son, stepdaughter, etc.
Using the following words and word-combinations tell the story of your
family.
VOCABULARY
to adopt ['dpt] ;
orphan [':fn]
to descend [d'send]
age [d]
adult ['dltj, grown-up ['grunp] ; ( 14
); ( 12 )
teenager ['ti:n,ed] ; () ( 20 )
youngster ['jst]
baby fbeb]
toddler ['tdl] ,
aged ['ed()d], elderly ,
middle-aged
at the age of
to be over 30/40 30/40
to be in one's early/late teens [ti:nz]
to be in one's early (mid, late) 20s
(2526, )
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The family is very important as a unit in our society. Nothing else but
family can be an emotional center of people's life, can be a transmitter of culture
and raising children. Every mother feels great affection for her children and tries to
bring them up in a proper way. Understanding between the members of the family
and consideration for others are very important in family relationship. Tenderness,
warm-heartedness and respect must always be present in the family to make it
friendly. A lot of activities help members of the family to be on friendly terms:
discussing all the family plans together, going on trips hikes together, visiting mu-
seums, theaters, exhibitions and exchanging opinions about them, sharing the same
joys and sorrows. If you think of the others in the family you show your love and
attention in everyday life, you can hurt them if you are selfish, not sincere and
rude. It is very important to visit relatives on holidays, on birthdays, on anniver-
saries and develop close relationship. We feel more affection for our relatives
when we are parted from them. The proverb says, " Absence makes the heart grow
fonder". When the family is friendly, everybody has the warmed feelings of return-
ing home where dear relatives are waiting for them. There are different opinions on
how children should be treated if they disobey their parents, break the rules, do
forbidden things, don't keep their words or promises. Some people think that par-
ents should be patient, kind and understanding. The rules and children's behaviors
are discussed in such families. But others believe that children ought always to
obey the parents and if they won't they should be punished. From my point of
view, such principles won't do a lot of good. Fear and punishment will lead to self-
ishness, cruelty and lies. But "love and kindness will save the world". We are the
family of two. I live with my mother.
We don't have such
problems as misunderstanding
between the members of the
family. I think that it is due to
the age of my parents and their
character. My mother is 40
years old, she is layer. She is a
kind, clever and responsible
woman. My mother always
ready to give me necessary in-
formation, moral support and a
good advice. It is common
knowledge that there is no place like a home. We are dedicated to our homes, we
give them much love, care and enthusiasm. A man's house is his castle. I like my
home and I want to tell you more about it. I live in Kuprijanov st. in center of our
city. We moved into this flat several years ago. Now it is a place where I feel it
ease and enjoy every minute of my stay there. We have a washing-machine, a vac-
uum cleaner, a refrigerator, a freezer, hand-mixer, computer and other things which
I consider to be quite necessary as they make our life easier and help to solve a lot
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of problems in the shortest possible time. We have 2 rooms, a kitchen and a bath-
room. When you drop into our flat you come into a lobby, where you can take off
your coat, shoes and hat. I'm very happy to have a room for myself, where I feel
quite and comfortable. It is a place where I can relax, read a book and listen to mu-
sic.
There are yellow blinds and a writing table, a sofa, a bookcase where my fa-
vorite books are situated. There are a lot of things in my room which can tell about
myself, about my friends and relatives. You can find frames with photos of my
parents and best friends on the walls, little pictures. They remind me happy mo-
ments of my life and that is why are very dear for me. You may be surprised, but
the most popular and favorite place with all of us is the kitchen. Every Sunday my
mother makes a cake and we gather together, discuss our problems and make plans
for the next week. Our kitchen isn't large and looks the usual modern kitchen you
can see in many other homes. I can tell a lot about my home, but to make a long
story short I can say, that speaking about my home, I don't mean a flat as it is, I
mean people, who are dear to me, who love me and are always waiting for me.
That is why, wherever I were I would always hurry home.
QUESTIONS
were neither very broad nor very narrow. His wife, too, could never be described
as thin or slim, but then again, she was not overweight or fat either. Her waist was
neither too big nor too narrow. It was just... average size.
It was very easy for Mr and Mrs Smith to buy clothes because every part of their
bodies was average size too. Their feet were neither very big nor very small. Their
hips were not too wide. And their legs were neither too short nor too long.
Yes, the Smiths were a very average couple. Except for one thing. They
were the only couple in the country who was average in so many different ways at
the same time. The Smiths were in fact... unique.
VOCABULARY
average ['vrdj] , ,
tall [t:l]
neither... nor ['na... n:] ...
short [:t]
average height ['vrd 'hat]
fat [ft]
weak [wi:k]
skinny ['skn] ,
strong [str] , ,
well-built [' wel'blt] ,
shoulder ['uld]
chest [tjest]
broad [br:d]
narrow ['nru]
thin [n] ,
slim [slm]
overweight fuvwet]
waist [weist]
foot [fut] (. feet [fi:t])
hip [hp]
VOCABULARY
to escape [s'kep] ;
to seek [si:k] ;
a sense of security [srkjurt]
dependent [d'pendnt]
tender ['tend]
value ['vlju:]
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challenge ['tlnd]
to succeed [sk'si:d] ; ,
imaginative ['mdntv]
creative [kri: etv]
day-dream ['dedri:m] ; ;
affectionate ['feknt] , ,
to share [] (ope, ); ( )
faithful ['feful] , ; ;
to envy ['env]
suspicious [ss'ps] ,
to be fascinated ['fsnetd] ;
to give in ['gvn] , : ( - to)
up-to-date ['pt'det] , ;
;
QUESTIONS
1. What is the average height for men and women in your country ? Is it changing?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of being either very tall or very
short?
3. Can you think of some ways of taking care of your heart, lungs, skin, bones,
muscles?
MY FRIEND
My best friend's name is
Michael. We made friends a few
years ago. We are of the same age.
We live in the same block of flats, so
we see each other almost every day.
Michael is a tall slender boy.
He has got dark hair, large dark eyes,
a straight nose and thin lips. He
wears spectacles. He is a nice guy.
He is very honest and just, under-
standing and kind. I trust him a lot
and I'm sure that I can rely on him in
any situation. He never lets people
down. Michael is only 19 but he is
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very responsible he finishes whatever he starts. He's got only one shortcoming.
He is a bitstubborn; nevertheless he is pleasant to deal with.
Michael is an only child and his parents love him very much. His father is a
lawyer. He is the most brilliant man I've ever met. He knows everything there is to
know about the law. Michael's mother is a music teacher. No wonder Michael is so
talented. He's got a very good ear for music. He likes jazz and plays the piano very
well.
We spend a lot of time together. We often watch video or listen to music.
Sometimes we go to the theatre, or walk around the centre of the city, visiting
small cafes, museums, art galleries, and shops. We talk for hours about all sorts of
things (politics, love, teachers and girls). We discuss films, television programmes,
books.
I never quarrel with Michael. But if there is some misunderstanding between
us we try' to make peace as soon as possible. What I like best about him is that he
is always willing to help and share his knowledge, thoughts, and feelings. I respect
him for his fairness, strong will, intellect, and modesty.
I miss Michael when we don't see each other for a long time. Without him I
would feel lonely and uncomfortable. Our friendship helps me feel strong and sure
of myself.
VOCABULARY
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QUESTIONS
and trust that they will be there to listen and support you. You will not feel judged
for the personal information you share. In healthy relationships, people don't lie.
Communication is based on honesty and trust. By listening carefully and sharing
your thoughts and feelings with another person, you show them that they are an
important part of your life.
Respect and Trust: In healthy rela-
tionships, you learn to respect and trust im-
portant people in your life. Disagreements
may still happen, but you learn to stay calm
and talk about how you feel. Talking calmly
helps you to understand the real reason for
not getting along, and it's much easier to fig-
ure out how to fix it. In healthy relation-
ships, working through disagreements often
makes the relationship stronger. When disa-
greements occur, you do not fear for your
safety. In healthy relationships, people respect each other for who they are. This
includes respecting and listening to yourself and your feelings.
Remember the following words:
Healthy, relationship, care, to teach, communication, to share, feelings, to
trust, to support, to lie, honesty, thoughts, to respect, to happen, calm, to fix, to oc-
cur, disagreement.
Answer the following questions:
Whom can you have healthy relationships with?
What are relationships for you?
What makes relationships healthy?
What is the most important part of any healthy relationships?
What is communication based on?
Can disagreements happen in relationships? How can you avoid them?
Do you have real friends?
How do I know that I have a healthy relationship with someone?
You know that you are in a healthy relationship with someone because you
feel good about yourself when you are around that person. Unhealthy relationships
can make you feel sad, angry, scared, or worried.
Healthy relationships involve an equal amount of give and take in the rela-
tionship. In unhealthy relationships, there is an unfair balance. You may feel that
most of the time you are giving the other person more attention than they give to
you or you feel pressured to spend a certain amount of time with them.
You should feel safe around the other person and feel that you can trust
him/her with your secrets. In a healthy relationship, you like to spend time with the
other person, instead of feeling like you're pressured into spending time with them.
Unhealthy relationships do not include trust and respect, which are very important
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DAILY ROUTINES
During the week I usually wake up
at 6.30 a.m. I sometimes lie in bed for five
minutes but then I have to get up and get
dressed. Most evenings I go to bed / go to
sleep at about 11.30 p.m. I'm usually very
tired, so I go to fall asleep very quickly. Occa-
sionally though, I can't get to sleep. When that
happens, I sometimes manage to fall asleep
about 3 a.m., then I oversleep in the morning.
If I have a late night, I try to have a nap in the
afternoon. The weekends are different. On
Saturday and Sunday I have a lie-in.
FOOD
In the week I have breakfast at 7.30 a.m., lunch at 1.00 p.m., and dinner
around 7 p.m. I also have one or two snacks, e.g. cakes, biscuits or fruits, during
the day at work. As I live alone, I also have to make my own breakfast and dinner,
but during the week I don't bother to cook very much.
I also have to feed my two cats twice a day as well.
KEEPING CLEAN
In the summer I have a shower in the morning, but in the winter I often have
a bath instead. Sometimes I have a shave at the same time, or I shave when I have
a wash and clean/brush my teeth after breakfast. I wash my hair two or three times
a week.
WORK
In the morning I leave home about 8.15 a.m. and get to work by 9 a.m. I
have a lunch break from 1 till 2 p.m., and a couple of short breaks during the day. I
leave work around 5.30 p.m. and get home about 6.15 p.m.
EVENINGS
During the week I usually stay in and have a rest. But at the weekend I often
go out, but quite often I also have friends for dinner, or friends just come round for
a chat or we play cards, e.g. poker or bridge.
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HOUSEWORK
I do the shopping on Saturday. Fortunately I have a cleaner and she does
most of the housework: she does my washing, the washing-up and does most of the
ironing.
VOCABULARY
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QUESTIONS
MY WORKING DAY
On weekdays the alarm clock wakes me up at 6.30 and my working day
begins. I'm not an early riser that's why it's very difficult for me to get out of bed,
especially in winter. I switch on my tape-recorder and do my morning exercises.
Then I go to the bathroom, take a warm shower and clean my teeth. After that I re-
turn to my bedroom to get dressed.
Usually my mother makes breakfast for me.
But when she is away on business or just doesn't
have to get up early, I make breakfast myself.
While having breakfast, I listen to the latest news
on the radio.
I leave the house at 7.30 and go to the nearest
underground station. Last year I tried to enter the
University, but unfortunately 1 failed my entrance
examinations. So I thought I should work some-
where. It wasn't easy to find a job, but I managed to
get a position of a secretary in a small business
company. They agreed to take me because I had studied typewriting, computing
and business organization at school. And besides, I passed my English school-
leaving exam with an excellent mark.
It takes me an hour and a half to get to work. But I don't want to waste my
time on the train. I've got a small cassette player and I listen to different texts and
dialogues. Sometimes I read a book and retell it silently. If I come across an inter-
esting expression I try to memorize it. I also write some English words on flash-
cards and learn them.
I usually arrive at work at ten minutes to nine though my working day be-
gins at 9 sharp. There are always some fax messages to translate from English into
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VOCABULARY
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QUESTIONS
HOBBIES
Hobbies differ like tastes. If you have chosen a hobby according to your
character and taste you are lucky because your life becomes more interesting.
Hobbies are divided into four large
groups: doing things, making things, col-
lecting things, and learning things. The
most popular of all hobby groups is doing
things. It includes a wide variety of activ-
ities, from gardening to travelling and
from chess to volleyball.
Gardening is one of the oldest
man's hobbies. It is a well-known fact
that the English are very fond of garden-
ing and growing flowers, especially roses.
Doth grown-ups and children are
fond of playing different computer
games. This is a relatively new hobby but
it is becoming more and more popular.
Making things includes drawing,
painting, making sculpture, designing costumes, handicrafts. Two of the most fa-
mous hobby painters were President Eisenhower and Sir Winston Churchill. Some
hobbyists write music or play musical instruments. Bill Clinton, for example, plays
the saxophone.
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VOCABULARY
to include [n'klu:d] ; ,
variety [v'rat] ; (of)
to design [d'zain] , ,
handicraft ['hndkra:ft] , ,
hobbyist ['hobst] ; ,
value ['vlju:]
item ['tm] ( )
rare [r]
private ['prvtj ,
to take pleasure in ['l]
n matter what kind of hobby a person has
QUESTIONS
BOOKS
It is interesting to read different kinds of books. "Except for a living man
there is nothing more wonderful than a book! They teach us and open their hearts
to us as brothers", wrote Charles Kingsley, an English writer of the 19th century.
Books teach us to live. We learn many things by reading books. There are
different kinds of books: novels, short stories, tales, fairytales, fables, poems,
plays, memoirs, atlases and text-books.
Books can be humorous, adven-
turous, detective, fantastic, historical, polit-
ical, scientific. They can be interesting,
thrilling, fascinating, exciting, powerful,
useful, unusual, original, amusing, moving,
true-to-life, well written, unoriginal.
Books are certainly one of the great-
est inventions of man.
O. Wilde wrote: "Books, I believe,
may be divided into three groups: books to
read; books to re-read; books not to read at
all."
The third class is the most important. To tell people what to read is, as a rule,
either useless or harmful. But to tell people what not to read is a very dilferent mat-
ter.
It is indeed necessary in this age of ours, an age that reads so much that it has no
time to admire, and that writes so much that it has no time to think. Whoever will
select "The Worst Hundred Books" and
publish a list of them will do the rising
generation a real service.
Some English author once wrote:
"Some books are to be tasted, others to be
swallowed and some few to be chewed and
digested".
This quotation tells us how to read
books of different kinds. Most travel books
are to be tasted; it's enough to dip into them and read bits here and there. If you are
fond of crime stories (Agatha Christie, Simenon and the rest of modem favourites),
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you will read them quickly, you'll swallow them. If a book is on an important sub-
ject, and the subject you are interested in, you'll want to chew and digest it. And
you'll want to weigh what the author says, and consider his ideas and arguments.
VOCABULARY
tale [tel] ,
fairy-tale ['fertel]
fable [febl]
adventurous [d'vent()rs]
thrilling ['rili] ,
fascinating ['fsnet] ;
amusing ['mju:z] ,
to taste [test] ;
to swallow ['swlu] ,
to chew [lu:]
to digest [d'dest] ,
to dip into ; ,
QUESTIONS
1. Do you agree that there are three groups of books: books you must read; books
you must re-read; books you must not read at all?
2. Which is the largest and the smallest group? Why?
3. How do you choose a book to read?
4. What books do you re-read?
5. How do you know what books not to read at all?
6. Do you agree that a list of the "Worst Hundred Books" may be useful?
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VOCABULARY
treasure trove
monastery
conscientiously
to indulge in
science fiction
outlook
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QUESTIONS
VOCABULARY
impression [m'pre()n]
Civil ['sivl] War
high-spirited ['ha sprtd] ,
to defend [d'fend]
gentry ['dentr] ,
to own [un]
gentlemanly ['dentlmnl] , ;
wild [wald] ,
decidedly [d'saddl]
review [r'vju:] , ,
QUESTIONS
1. What do you think made Margaret Mitchell write a book about the Civil War?
2. Who starred in the film "Gone with the Wind"? Was the film successful?
3. Who are the main characters of the book "Gone with the Wind"?
4. What is the story set around?
5. What can you say about Scarlett O 'Hara ?
6. Is the book popular with the public?
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During the conducted tour I learned much about the museum in general,
about the main stages of Ukrainian poet's life and in the history of our country. The
exposition of the museum includes more than 800 works of the great poet and
painter and his personal belongings. The most frequently visited are the halls re-
flecting Shevchenko's life and work. I marvelled at the finest Shevchenko's water-
colours and pencil drawings from the museum's collection. I found the rare publi-
cations of "Kobzar", Shevchenko's first book of poetry, and a separate edition of
his poem "Haidamaky" the most interesting.
Some of the galleries, which deal with section "Shevchenko and Our Time",
stand out in my memory very vividly: models of monuments to Shevchenko in
Ukraine and other countries, the collections of his works in the foreign languages,
the vast collection of folk songs, legends and proverbs about the poet, portraits of
Shevchenko.
But what is more important, I received an emotional experience. Needless to
say, that like any other museum, it should be taken a little at a time. The Taras
Shevchenko Museum enjoys a truly universal popularity. I wish I could visit it
over and over again.
VOCABULARY
nourishment ['nrment] ; ; ( )
essential ['sen()l] ,
to do an awful [':ful] lot of sightseeing ['sat,si:]
'
conducted tour ['kndktd tu]
exposition [,eksp'z()n] ,
to marvel ['ma:v()l]
water-colour [' wt'kl]
separate edition ['seprt 'd()n]
to deal [di:l] with , '
to enjoy popularity [,popju'lnt]
QUESTIONS
MY FAVOURITE FILM
To talk about "Titanic" is to talk about money. There was a time when
the public and the press talked about movies as entertainment, as political state-
ments, sometimes even as art. That was before
"Heaven's Gate", be-
fore "Water-world", before
the media became obsessed
with budgets. That was be-
fore the era of James Cam-
eron.
The economic trajec-
tory of director Cameron's
career is a fever chart of
Hollywood inflation. "Ter-
minator" was a low-budget
beauty costing $6,5 million.
Two years later his "Aliens"
came in at $18,5 million,
which looks cut-rate today.
The price tag on "TheAbyss" (1989) was $40 million. Then began the run that
made him the perennial King of the Most Expensive Movie Ever Made. "Termina-
tor 2" (1991; $93 million); "True Lies" (1994: $100 million). And now "Titanic",
at $200 million.
The man's clearly a genius at spending other people's money. And so far he's
been worth it: his films have made more than $1 billion.
As you know, the 3-hour- 14-minute "Titanic" is no mere disaster movie. It's
an epic love story about a 17-year-old American aristocrat (Kate Winslet) who is
betrothed to a rich and hateful suitor (Billy Zane) but falls in love with a free-
spirited artist (Leonardo DiCaprio), who won his third-class passage in a card
game. It's "Romeo and Juliet" on a sinking ship and has become an international
sensation.
"Titanic" is also a movie about money and its evils. With fine irony, Camer-
on has spent more dollars than any other filmmaker to make a film that denounces
the rich.
The $8,4 million costume budget alone would finance several independent
movies.
The special effects are in the service of the story. In the spectacular 80-
minute sinking of the ship, you don't wonder what's real and what's computer-
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generated. What you feel is the horror of the experience, the depths of the folly that
left this "unsinkable" ship sovulnerable to disaster. While the women and children
are loaded into lifeboats (there were only enough for half the 2 200 passengers),
the third-class passengers are locked belowdecks like.
But it is the love between the unhappy Rose and the sanguine, open-hearted
Jack that occupies stage centre. Is it the great love story Cameron so desperately
wanted to make? Not quite. Visually, his lovers are an odd match: next to DiCapri-
o's boyish beauty, Winslet looks womanly. And once the disaster strikes, their in-
dividual fates become overwhelmed by the communal horror. Our hearts, at least,
couldn't break once these lovestruck kids were surrounded by floating frozen
corpses.
Cameron says today that if he'd known what it would take to bring his vision
to the screen, he'd have stopped before he started. But "regret" is not in the guy's
vocabulary.
VOCABULARY
obsessed [b'sest]
chart [ta:t]
alien ['eljn]
cut-rate ['ktret]
tag [tg]
abyss ['bs] ,
perennial [p'renjl]
billion ['bljn]
betrothed [b'trud]
suitor ['sju:t] ,
passage ['psd] ( )
to sink [sk]
to denounce [d'nauns]
to generate ['denret] ,
folly ['fol] , ,
vulnerable ['vln()rbl]
sanguine ['sgwn]
corpse [k:ps]
QUESTIONS
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MUSIC
Can you think of a day without
music? There is music everywhere: at home,
in a concert hall, in parks, at the seaside and
even in the forest. People cannot live without
music. They listen to music, they dance to
music, they learn to play musical instru-
ments. But what is music? Specialists explain
it very well. Music isn't combination of
pleasant sounds only. It is an art, which re-
flects life. Music reflects people's ideas and
emotions. Music is also a weapon. It fights for light against darkness, for freedom
against tyranny, for humanism against barbarity ("Seventh symphony" by Shosta-
kovich, "Sixth symphony" by Tchaikovsky and so on). When speaking of different
forms of music I'd like to mention first and foremost classical music. I prefer dif-
ferent musical genres: symphony, concerto, chamber music, vocal music, opera,
and ballet. Classical music gives me delight, pleasure, partly sensual, partly intel-
lectual. Classical music is always a complex of emotions, excitement and at the
same time, love for others and a desire to do something for them. When listening to
classical music I have to combine all my feelings into one and to give it name, it
will be happiness. Classical music contains the powerful appeal for listeners. It ad-
dresses both our senses and intellect. We are lucky to have such a famous orches-
tra, which executes music by Beethoven and Mozart, Britten and Gershvin. It is
famous all over the world of its original interpretations of classical music. As for
me I prefer such musical pieces which are based on the theme of struggle of good
against evil. Also I like quiet lyrical piano pieces by Chopin and Prokofiev which
are full of enchanting melodies.
Many young people today are gravitating towards new rhythms. This ex-
plains why new pop groups are proliferating. Pop has permeated all the mass me-
dia. Pop may be said to have emerged in the mid 1950's with the arrival of
rock'n'roll. About 99% of pop songs are about love. Nowadays many listeners are
rejecting second-rate products, which are nothing but a rehashing of the old num-
bers. This explains the success achieved by many groups and some other bands of
the new generation which are free of false sentiments. They are genuine. The voice
of the new groups is pure and clear and they sing about the things that are im-
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VOCABULARY
to reflect [r'flekt] ; ()
weapon ['wepn]
first and foremost ['f:mist] , ,
delight [d'lat] ,
to contain [kn'ten] () ;
hallmark ['h:l'ma:k] ,
to convey [kn've]
COMPUTERS IN MY LIFE
Computer studies is a subject in
many schools. Many young people have per-
sonal computers. Ninety-six per cent of them
are males of all ages. All of them spend an av-
erage of twenty hours per week on home com-
puters. The majority of the adults also use
computers at work. About one in three hundred
computer owners, so-called computer addicts,
spends almost all his time using computers. All
the computer addicts are very educated. They
have been interested in science and technology
from a very early age and they are usually very shy people who like being alone.
A survey in a school showed that fewer girls are interested in computers be-
cause girls are less likely to have a computer. Even if they have one, they use them
less frequently than boys. Possibly it is because we think of computers as some-
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thing to do with maths and science, which are traditionally "male" subjects. Possi-
bly it is because most of the computer teachers are men, who give the girls less at-
tention. Possibly parents think it is less important for girls to have computer skills.
Computer addicts love debugging, develop programs and love learning pro-
gramming languages. They learnt to communicate with other users through com-
puter networks and the people they met in school and work think of them as ex-
perts who could help and advise when they had problems with their machines. A
few spend their time "hacking" and one addict left a message on a computer of
Buckingham House. Very few computer addicts play computer games, but many
people use a computer exclusively for games.
Some parents worry about computer
games because they think their children won't be
able to communicate with real people in the real
world. But parents do not need to worry. Ac-
cording to research computer addicts usually do
well after they have left school. Parents also do
not need to worry that computer addiction will
make their children become unfriendly and una-
ble to communicate with people. It is not the
computer that makes them shy. In fact, what
they know about computers improves their so-
cial lives. They become experts and others come
to them for help and advice.
For most children computer games are a craze. Like any other craze, such as
skate-boarding, the craze is short-lived. It provides harmless fun and a chance to
escape. If we didn't have these computer addicts, we wouldn't have modern tech-
nology. They are the inventors of tomorrow.
VOCABULARY
male [mel] ;
average ['v()rd]
majority [m'drt]
owner ['un]
to addict ['dikt] ();
survey ['s:ve] , ,
debugging [di:'bg] finding and removing problems in computers and
computer programs
'
"hacking" ['hk] (gaining access to computers when it is not allowed)
( ')
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to do well ,
QUESTIONS
VOCABULARY
network
to embrace - ,
user ,
to design , ,
to survive
nuclear war -
to pollute
dangerous
path ,
available , ,
the net ,
packet switching
invention
accurate
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to count
approximately
to receive
message
to provide , ,
reliable
alternative
provider ,
security
router
to intercept ( .. )
to encode ,
notwithstanding , , -
to crack
huge , ,
to circulate /
tremendous . ,
QUESTIONS
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VOCABULARY
snail [snel] ; .
to tap out [tp]
to press [pres]
to spread [spred]
gossip ['gsp] ,
accidentally [,ks'dentl]
loads [ludz] (of) . ,
junk [dk] ()
QUESTIONS
1. What is e-mail?
2. When was it first sent?
3. What are the advantages of e-mail?
4. What are the disadvantages?
5. Compare e-mail and usual mail.
6. Can you send the e-mail? Describe the way of sending.
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VOCABULARY
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to admit [d'mt]
to occupy ['kjupa]
goggle [ ggl] box .
to gulp [glp] ; ()
to dare [d] ,
rubbishy ['rb] ; ; ,
to prevent from [pr'vent] ,
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
Nowadays our life is getting more
and more tense. People live under the
press of different problems, such as so-
cial, ecological, economic and others.
They constantly suffer from stress, noise
and dust in big cities, diseases and in-
stability. A person should be strong and
healthy in order to overcome all difficul-
ties. To achieve this aim people ought to
take care of their physical and mental
health. There are several ways to do it.
The state of your body depends on how
much time you spend doing sports. At
least everybody must do morning exer-
cises every day. The most healthy kinds
of sports are swimming, running and cycling. Healthy food is also a very important
factor. Overeating causes many dangerous diseases. The daily menu should include
meat, fruit and vegetables, milk product,
which are rich in vitamins, fat, proteins and
etc. On the other hand modern diets are very
popular especially among women. Diets may
be harmful, if they are used in the wrong
way. To be healthy, people should get rid of
their bad habits. It's necessary to stop smok-
ing and drinking much. Everyone should
remember that cigarettes, alcohol and drugs
destroy both body and brain. Besides accord-
ing to statistics most of crimes are commit-
ted by people under the influence of drugs
and alcohol. In addition it is recommended
to watch TV less, avoid anxiety and observe
daily routine. Certainly it's hard to follow all these recommendations, but every
person have to choose between healthy life style and numerous illnesses.
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HEALTHY FOOD
All food is made up of nutrients which our bodies use. There are differ-
ent kinds of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats vitamins and minerals. Differ-
ent foods contain different nutrients.
Before we cut down on fat, sugar and salt,
we have to know a bit more about the kind of
food these things might be in. The biggest prob-
lem comes when these things are hidden in oth-
er foods: biscuits, crisps, sausages, meat pies,
soft drinks and so on.
The best way is to get into the habit of
checking the ingredients and nutritional value
on the sides of packets although this isn't always
easy to do. Another thing to know is, for exam-
ple, that we do need fat to live, it's an essential
part of our diet and physically we couldn't exist
without it.
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But we all know that to eat much fat is bad for our health. The matter is that
there are different kinds of fat. There are fats that are good for us and fats that are
bad for us. Eating less of the bad ones and more of the good ones can actually help
us to live longer! Bad fats are the saturated fats, found in animal productions, like
red meat, butter and cheese.
Friendly fats are the unprocessed fats found naturally in foods like nuts and
seeds, olives, avocados and oily fish, including tuna.
One more thing to know is that when food is cooked, its structure changes. It
can change the vitamin and nutrient contents of food.
More and more people feel strongly about the way, their food is produced.
Nowadays so much of the basic food we eat meat, fish, fruit and vegetables
is grown using chemicals and additives.
Although fertilizers and pesticides have greatly increased the quantity of
food and helped to improve its appearance, there is a growing concern about the
effects of these chemicals in the food chain. This concern has led to a growth in the
demand for organically grown products.
Today there is another problem. It is modified food, which is cheaper that
ordinary one. There is a rumour that such food can cause cancer and other prob-
lems. Nobody knows, either it is just an imagined fear or a real problem. This
problem could be solved and examined, but it will take some time.
The food we eat, depends on lots of
things. Taste is a big factor. Culture, reli-
gion and health also play a part in what food
we eat. Advertising and social factors also
have a big influence.
Income is also an important factor.
That is why not surprisingly, money, rather
than a lack of knowledge about how to eat
well, is at the heart of the problem.
Finally, there are three main messages to follow for healthy eating:
First, we should eat less fat, particularly saturated fat.
Secondly, we are to cut down on sugar and salt.
Thirdly, we must eat more fresh fruit and vegetables.
VOCABULARY
nutrient -
carbohydrate d
protein ,
fat
to contain
to cut down on - .
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QUESTIONS
MY ATTITUDE TO SPORTS
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VOCABULARY
posture ['pst] ; ,
blessing ['blesi] ; ;
disease [d'zi:z]
truthful ['tru:ful] , ; ( )
competitions [,kmp't()n]
wrestling ['resli]
callisthenics [,klis'enks]
QUESTIONS
they were awarded olive wreaths and cups of olive oil. This tradition has survived.
In our time sportsmen often get cups and
wreaths for winning the first place in sports
competitions.
The olympionics of ancient Greece
became very popular. Best craftsmen were
chosen to make honourary cups, many po-
ets wrote and recited in public poems about
the best athletes. Sculptors made their stat-
ues which were put up at the birthplace of
the winners.
The Olympic Games were accompanied by arts festivals. Poets recited their
poems, singers sang hymns dancers danced and orators pronounced speeches all
this in honour of the sacred Games.
Only men could take part in the Olympic Games. Women were not allowed
even to watch the competitions at the stadium under the fear of death penalty.
There was a single exception, when a woman coached her son and accompanied
him to the stadium in men's clothes. That brave woman was spared the penalty be-
cause her son excelled in many events.
Magnificent strong bodies inspired artists and sculptors. They painted wall
pictures and made statues of marble and bronze, so now we can admire the cor-
poral beauty of ancient and eternally young discus thrower, javelin bearer and oth-
ers.
The Olympic Games had been held for about eleven hundred years, until the
emperor Theodosius banned them for religious reasons in 394 A. D.
The revival of the Olympic Games began long time afterwards, in 1892,
when a young French teacher Pierre de Coubertin made a public speech before the
Union of French sports clubs in Paris.
At that time many people in many countries practised various kinds of sports
and games. They wanted to make friends and compete with sportsmen from other
lands. Pierre de Coubertin understood the importance of sports which unified peo-
ples of the world and served the cause of peace like in ancient time.
On the 23rd of June 1894 the Inter-
national Congress of amateur sportsmen
made an important decision: to revive the
Olympic Games and to establish the Inter-
national Olympic Committee which would
be responsible for the administration of the
modern-Olympic Games.
The first Committee consisted of 12
members. Now 82 members of the Interna-
tional Olympic Committee control the af-
fairs of all member countries which joined the Olympic movement.
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VOCABULARY
to wage wars
ruler
feast
herald ,
javelin
sacred
wreath
chariot races -
to be spared the penalty
QUESTIONS
HOLIDAYS IN UKRAINE
Each country has its own customs, traditions, holidays, and important
days in its history. Talking of holidays in Ukraine we can't but tell about every-
body's favourite New Year Holiday. People think that at night on New Year's eve
the old year with all its troubles leaves us forever and the new year with all our
hopes and expectations knocks at our doors. People decorate the Christmas tree,
have New Year parties and prepare presents for their relatives and friends.On the
eve of January the 7th Ukrainians start celebrating Christmas. It's the day of Jesus
Christ's birthday and it is widely celebrated all over Ukraine. People sing carols,
cook a traditional Ukrainian Christmas dish named "kutya" which all the family
eats together. Then people go to church to listen to the Christmas sermon.
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Not long ago Ukrainians began to celebrate a new holiday, St. Valentine's
Day. It's the day of lovers, when we give special cards and presents to our sweet-
hearts. This traditional holiday came
into Ukraine from the English-
speaking countries.
March the 8th is Women's Day.
This date was introduced in 1910 by
the 2nd International Conference of
women-socialists at the proposal of
Clara Tsetkin as a day of the interna-
tional solidarity of women in their
struggle for economic, political, and
social equality. Nowadays this date
has lost its political meaning and be-
came just the day when we congratulate and thank our women for everything they
do for us at home and at work, say our good wishes, give them flowers and pre-
sents.
Easter Day comes according to the lunar calendar. It's the Day of Jesus
Christ's Resurrection. People celebrate this Holiday because He died on the cross
for our salvation. They go to churches to listen to sermons, gather at homes to pray
and thank Jesus Christ for our salvation from eternal death into eternal life with
Him in Heaven.
On May the 1st we celebrate the holiday of spring, nature awakening and
beauty.
On May the 9th we celebrate the anniversary of Victory over Nazi Germany.
People go to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier who died at war defending our
country from fascists, put flowers to the monuments, and in the evening everybody
goes to see the holiday salute.
On August the 24th we celebrate the Day of Independence of Ukraine,
which was proclaimed in 1991 on the decision of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine
after the attempt of the military coup d'etat in Moscow.
We also like our holidays because we always have our family reunion on
these days.
VOCABULARY
custom ['kstm]
expectation [,ekspek'te()n] ,
to celebrate ['selbret]
carol [ kr()l] ;
sermon ['s:mn]
sweetheart ['swi:tha:t] ,
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QUESTIONS
shining balls and brilliant stars that sparkle in the light. Imitation snow lies soft and
silvery white on the dark green branches. It is so beautiful that hundreds of people with
their children come to admire it.
In the homes there is a great air of expectation. Holly and mistletoe are hanging
on the wall waiting for the English traditional kissing when a girl standing under these
evergreen plants can't refuse being kissed. Mothers of the family are busy in the kitch-
en getting ready for the next day's dinner of turkey, pudding and other tasty things. Be-
fore going to bed children may hang Christmas stockings on their beds
In Scotland New Year is called Hogmanay and is the most favourite holiday of
the year. It begins with a thorough cleaning of the house and cooking plenty of tasty
food. On New Year Eve the families that observe old traditions sit themselves round
the fire and when the hands of the clock approach twelve, the head of the house
opens the front door of the house and holds it open wide till the last stroke of the bell,
to let the Old Year out and the New Year in. Then greetings and gifts are exchanged,
glasses are filled and everybody is waiting for the First-Footers, young men who will
be the first to come in the house to bring luck and prosperity for the coming year.
Though February is a winter month, many British people start feeling spring on
February, 14 when they get Valentine cards and symbolic love gifts. For many centu-
ries St. Valentine's Day has been a good opportunity to openly show your feelings and
exchange love-tokens.
Pancake Day is the popular name for Shrove Tuesday, the eve of the Lenten
fast. In medieval times all Christians made their compulsory confessions or "shifts"
from which the words "Shrove Tuesday" derives. They also took their last opportuni-
ty to eat up all the rich food prohibited during Lent. Thus all eggs, butter and fat re-
maining in the house were made into pancakes. The day was also characterised by
merry-making, feasting and eating a lot of pancakes. Nowadays only pancake eating
has remained. And though you can eat them on any day of the year, they seem to be
much tastier on Pancake Day! Some regions in Britain celebrate the day with pancake
races during which a pancake should be tossed in the frying pan at least three times.
Easter in Britain is the time of giving and receiving presents which tradition-
ally take the form of Easter eggs and hot cross buns. Nowadays eggs are usually
made of chocolate with surprises in them, but the old custom is dying and painting
eggs is still kept in some country districts. Other emblems of Easter are fluffy little
chicks, the Easter Bunny and spring flowers.
April Fools' Day is not an official holiday but few people are indifferent to it. Eve-
ryone who has a sense of humour likes to play practical jokes on their friends and
family neighbours.
Bank Holidays are public holidays called so because the banks as well as most
offices and shops are closed. There are winter, spring and summer Bank Holidays.
Another popular holiday in Britain is Guy Fawkes Day, which commemorates
the discovery of the so-called Gunpowder Plot, a conspiracy to destroy the English
Houses of Parliament and King James I on November, 5 1605. It is usually marked
with bonfires and dummies of Guy Fawkes.
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MY SUMMER HOLIDAYS
After my hard and busy school year my summer holidays began. I felt
happy and began to plan a lot of wonderful things to do during my summer voca-
tion.
I was dreaming about far South countries I always wanted to visit. For example I
dreamed to visit, Greece islands or Singapore beaches. But I had to go to the
Azove seaside with my relatives. The water was very warm there because you
know Azove Sea isnt deep. There were a lot of beautiful fair trees and bushes
there. There were different kinds of entertainments there. Some kinds of water
Mountains and water scooters and discos.
There was nothing to do all day except lying in the sun and get a wonderful
tan. I was playing with my little sister on the sand and in the waves teaching her to
swim. Later on I returned to Kherson and spend some time in town going out with
my friends, reading, listening to music, watching TV, playing computer games. Af-
ter that I went to the sports camp where I spent seven days with my friends.
It was very useful experience for
us because we had to get up very early,
to train a lot, and to rest very little. But
it made us stronger and healthier.
I was very happy to return home
and to spend several days in my summer
cottage, I helped my grand-pa to dig the
garden, to water plants, and to gather
fruits and vegetables. I was fishing with
my grand-pa sometime successfully and
we were cooking our fish together. Only
humorous insects were spoiling my
good humor. I was enjoying floating in the boat swimming in the river and helping
my grandparents.
During my summer holidays I made many new friends, read a lot of interest-
ing books.
Got to know a lot of useful things. Now I feel ready to get back to school.
I am happy to meet my friends and teachers.
TRAVELLING
Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling.
They travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and the ruins of
ancient towns, they travel to enjoy picturesque places, or just for a change of scene.
It is always interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to meet dif-
ferent people, to try different food, to listen to different musical rhythms.
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VOCABULARY
picturesque [,pkt'resk]
change of scene
to discover [ds'kv] ,
art gallery
city-dweller ,
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sights
view [vju:]
valley ,
plain
waterfall ['w:tf:l]
to remind
advantage [d'va:ntd]
disadvantage
destination [,dest'ne()n] ,
QUESTIONS
A VISIT TO A HOTEL
We stayed in the Carlton Hotel for three days in July, but I booked our
room three months in advance, i. e. in April, because July is the middle of the tour-
ist season. When we arrived we checked in at reception, then the porter carried our
suitcases up to our room. I gave him a small tip about 50p, I think. The staff
were very friendly we had a very nice chamber-maid (the woman who cleans
the room) and the room was very comfortable. The only problem we had, in
fact, was with the shower which didn't work very well. (You could also say 'There
was something wrong with the shower'.)
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VOCABULARY
to book = to reserve
in advance [d'va:ns] , ,
to check in (), ()
tip ;
chamber-maid ['tembmed]
CHOOSING AN OCCUPATION
One of the most difficult problems a young person faces is deciding what
to do about a career. There are individuals, of course, who from the time they are
six years old "know" that they want to be doctors, or pilots, or fire fighters, but the
majority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or ca-
reer until somebody or something forces us to face the problem.
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Choosing an occupa-
tion takes time, and there are
a lot of things you have to
think about as you try to de-
cide what you would like to
do. You may find that you
will have to take special
courses to qualify for a par-
ticular kind of work, or may
find out that you will need to
get some actual work experi-
ence to gain enough
knowledge to qualify for a
particular job.
Fortunately, there are a
lot of people you can turn to
for advice and help in making
your decision. At most
schools, there are teachers
who are professionally qualified to counsel you and to give detailed information
about job qualifications. And you can talk over your ideas with family members
and friends who are always ready to listen and to offer suggestions. But even if you
get other people involved in helping you make a decision, self-evaluation is an im-
portant part of the decision-making process.
VOCABULARY
QUESTIONS
VOCABULARY
inevitably
to require
to hire
accomplishment ()
superficial -
to irritate
tinted paper -
merit -
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QUESTIONS
MY FUTURE PLANS
This year I am going to leave school. Before people leave school, they
understand that the time to choose their future profession has already come. It's not
an easy task to make a right choice.
Someone goes further in his education and enter an institute, university or
college. Other can start a working career, go into business. There are many univer-
sities and institutes in every big city. Our city is not an exception.
If we want to get a professional train-
ing, we can enter a technical college. There is
a huge number of professions to choose. But
we should take our time while choosing our
future profession. Some children choose pro-
fession their parents want, others do it in their
own way while choosing their profession and
there are some boys arid girls, who want noth-
ing. Anyway it is a dilemma for all the family.
Fathers usually want their children to
follow their footsteps. Mothers don't want their sons and daughters to leave the na-
tive town or city. So, they persuade kids to enter local colleges and universities or
institutes. To find out the best from the best, we should work a lot.
Because of the wide difference in jobs, we should find out all available in-
formation about any possible job. We also need to think about how well we can do
what we would like to do. We have got to know the demand for professions on the
local employment market.
To make the right choice, we should consider our possibilities, characters ar-
id abilities. To become a good doctor, you must be patient, easygoing and smart
The teacher's work requires love for children, much patience, profound knowledge
of subjects and the ability to explain and to teach. Detective's job is very stressful.
He must be brave, reasonable, smart, fair and strong and have extraordinary brains.
By the beginning of the last year, I wanted to become a doctor. I thought it
was a very prestigious profession. I was good at biology and zoology at the 8 and 9
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forms. I wanted to help people, who had problems with their health. I know that a
doctor should be noble in work and life, kind and attentive to people, honest and
prudent. A doctor who is selfish and dishonest can't be good at his profession. I
tried to do my best to develop good characters in myself
Now, I have already decided what to do. I'd like to be a teacher I know that
it is very difficult to be a good teacher. It is a hard profession. You should know
perfectly the subject you teach, you must be well-educated and well-informed. A
good teacher develops in his students a desire for knowledge and love for truth and
beauty. It is a great responsibility to educate the children. I think that's the reason
why teachers are deeply respected.
More and more people realize that
every educated person should know a for-
eign language. That is why I'm going to be-
come a teacher of English* I like English. I
liked it from the first lesson we first started
learning it and it is still my favourite sub-
ject. I will try to enter the department of for-
eign languages at the University.
We study at universities or institutes
to become a specialist for five years. If you
want a bachelor degree, you have to study four years. After your final exams have
passed, you are a qualified specialist Some students keep studying and enter a
post-graduate course to follow an academic career. Most university graduates take
up teaching and return to school.
I know that a teacher's job is quite difficult. A teacher can't say, that he
knows everything. Professional teacher is an experienced teacher. So, have gradu-
ated from a university or institute, young specialists have many things to do to be-
come a real professional teacher, an example of competence
So, choosing a career and then getting a job are two things, any person does
in his lifetime. If we don't think about the future, we won't have one.
VOCABULARY
demand ,
employment market
to consider
patient ,
easygoing
smart
to require
profound
knowledge
stressful
brave ,
fair ,
extraordinary ,
prestigious
attentive
honest
prudent ,
selfish
dishonest
to develop ,
desire ,
responsibility -
bachelor degree
post-graduate course .
to graduate from
competence
QUESTIONS
1. When do people understand that the time to choose future profession has already
come?
2. Where do people enter if they want to get a professional training?
3. Do all children choose their future professions in their own way?
4. Why do some parents persuade their kids to enter local colleges and universities
or institutes?
6. Why should we take our time while choosing our future profession?
6. What does the teacher's work require?
7. Why have I decided to become a teacher of English?
VOCABULARY
ths (. thousand)
plain [plen]
tributary ['trbjut()r]
to unify ['jumfa] '
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mouth [mau] ()
outlet ['nutlet]
heartland ['heutlnd]
mineral deposits [d'pzts]
range [reind3] ()
QUESTIONS
VOCABULARY
wheat [wi:t]
abundant ['bndnt] , ( in)
precipitation [pr,sp'te()n] ;
to rise [raz]
representative [,repr'zenttv]
to comprise [km praz]
Gypsy ['dps] ;
to defend [d'fend]
QUESTIONS
naments and city crests some time later. The emblem of the city of Myrhorod, for
example, was a gold trident over a blue background. Another city, Pryluky, used
the head of an ox in gold over a blue background as its insignia. And in Lubny the
city emblem pictured a hand holding a golden mace over a blue background. The
banners of the Cossacks (XVII century) were blue with gold stars, a gold cross or
with pictures of saints rendered in gold.
The National Emblem is a trident. The first image of a trident appeared in
the IX century A.D. When Ihor, Prince of Kyivan Rus' from 912 to.945, sent am-
bassadors to sign a treaty with the Byzantine emperor, they sealed the document
with a trident. As the official emblem of the Kyivan princes, the trident was
stamped on coins and seals; it was depicted on porcelain and in frescos. It is
thought that the tridentrepresented -the division of the world into three spheres: the
earthly, the celestial and the spiritual as well as the union of the three natural
elements: air, water and earth. The trident was
endorsed as the National Emblem of Ukraine,
and the blue and yellow flag as the National
Flag of Ukraine by the Verkhovna Rada in
1992.
The lyrics to the anthem of Ukraine were
written by Pavlo Chubynsky a scientist and
poet in 1862. The music was composed by
M. Verbytsky.
VOCABULARY
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to endorse [n'd:s]
QUESTIONS
VOCABULARY
fortification [,f:tf'ke()n] , ;
.
to expand [ks'pasnd]
cathedral [k'i:dr()l]
to accommodate ['kmdet] ; ,
stadium ['stedjm]
QUESTIONS
Our country needs specialists in all fields of science and all branches of in-
dustry and agriculture. Institutes exist not only in big cities like Kyiv, Kharkiv,
Lviv, but in many towns of Ukraine like Irpin.
Higher educational establishments
of our country fall into three main types.
The first type includes the universities
and institutes where there are only full-
time students, which receive state grants.
Students who do not live at home get ac-
commodation in the hostels.
The second and third types of
higher schools provide educational facil-
ities for factory and office workers who combine work with studies.The second
type of higher education in establishments includes evening faculties and evening
higher schools for those who study in their sparetime.
The third type covers extra-mural higher schools where students take corre-
spondence courses. Every year extra-mural students receive from 30 to 40 days
leave to prepare for their exams.
The diplomas by the evening faculties and extra-mural higher schools have
the same value as the diplomas of all other institutes and universities.
The period of study at higher schools is from 4 to 6 years. According to
the subjects studied there exist three groups of higher schools
universities, polytechnic and specialized institutes.
VOCABULARY
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VOCABULARY
to determine [d't:mn]
unemployment [,mm'plment]
measures ['mez]
to aim [em] ( );
to maintain ties [men'ten 'taz] '
to share [e] ( )
pollution [p'lu:()n]
to preserve [pr'z:v] ;
QUESTIONS
UKRAINIAN CUISINE
Ukrainian cuisine is closely linked to the customs, culture, and way of
life of the Ukrainian people. It is famous for its diversity and flavours.
The most popular Ukrainian dish is
borsch. This thick and delicious soup is prepared
with a variety of ingredients including meat,
mushrooms, beans, and even prunes.
Mushroom soups, bean and pea soups,
soups with dumplings and thick millet chowders
are also popular.
"Holubtsi", or stuffed cabbage, is another
favourite dish, as are "varenyky" filled with
potatoes, meat, cheese, sauerkraut or berries
such as blue-berries or cherries. "Varenyky"
are often mentioned in folk songs.
Ukrainians like dairy products. Some
samples: cheese pancakes and "riazhanka"
(fermented baked milk). There are no holi-
days without pies, "pampushky" (type of
fritters), "baba" (a tall cylindrical cake) and
honey cakes.
Ukrainian sausage is delicious. It is
preserved in a special way in porcelain
vessels filled by melted fat.
Of course, every region of Ukraine has its own recipes and traditions.
VOCABULARY
diversity [da'v:st]
flavour ['flev] ,
dish [d]
prune [pru:n]
dumplings fdmplz]
millet ['mlt] ,
chowder ['taud] ,
sauerkraut ['saukraut]
blue-berry ['blu:br]
cheese pancakes [ti:z 'pnkeks]
fritter ['frt]
to fill [fl] by smth. (-)
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recipe ['resp|
QUESTIONS
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Another summer holiday is Ivan Kupala's Day on July 7. During the day
everyone has to be at least immersed in water. This was the last holiday before the
harvest.
August 2, St. I Ilia's Day, marked the beginning of autumn. "Until dinner it's
summer, after dinner it's autumn", people said. On the 19th of August, or on "Sav-
iour Day", vegetables, fruit, mushrooms, and honey were blessed.
Weddings usually took place in the middle of October.
A unique feature of Ukrainian Christmas festivities is the "vertep", or puppet
theatre". Young people get together, dress as angels, kings, Herod, Satan, Death,
and even animals. They walk from house to house singing about the birth of Christ,
greeting everyone with the holiday.
VOCABULARY
kindness ['kandns]
hospitality ['hsp'tlt]
friendliness ['frendlns]
deceased [d'si:st] ,
sense [sens] of humour [hju:m]
craftsman ['kra:ftsmn] ,
mastery ['ma:st()r] ,
wood-carving ['wud,ka:v]
skill [skl] ,
diligence ['dld()ns] ,
to plough [plu]
to sow [su]
pagan ['pegn] ,
fragrant ['fregr()nt] ,
QUESTIONS
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"Voskhod", the first automatic interplanet station "Zond". The spacecraft designed
under his guidance made real the flights to Venus and Mars and walking in the
outer space.
Yevhen Paton was born in 1870 in a French town Nizza. Paton was an out-
standing constructor and a scientist. Since 1929 Paton was the member of the
Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Polytechnical Institute of
Dresden in 1894 and St Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineers in 1896. In 1904
1939 Paton was the professor of Kyiv Polytechnical Institute. Heading the labora-
tory of testing the bridges, he formulated the main scientific principles and discov-
ered the scientific technology of testing the bridges.
In 18961929 he constructed 35 bridges, among them the main bridge across the
Dnieper in Kyiv. Now this bridge bears his name. In 1929 Paton organized the la-
boratory of electric welding, which became an institute in 1934. Yevhen Paton
died in 1953 in Kyiv.
VOCABULARY
benefit
vessel ,
nuclear
to launch
supervision ,
guidance
constructor
civil
to discover
electric welding
to bear
polytechnical
QUESTIONS
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VOCABULARY
mining ['man] ,
disaster [d'za:st]
apropos ['prpu] of smth. , , ' . - .
to appeal ['pi:l]
to overcome [,uv'km] ;
aftermath ['a:ftm]
in compliance [km'plns] with
conservation [,kons(:)'ve()n] bodies
stringent ['strindnt] , '
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unswervingly [n'sw:vl] ;
QUESTIONS
1. What are the reasons for rather complicated ecological situation that has taken
shape in Ukraine?
2. What do you know about Chornobyl nuclear power plant disaster?
3. What countries have agreements with conservation bodies been signed with ?
4. What measures in your opinion should be undertaken to overcome ecological
situation that has taken shape in Ukraine?
5. What is the ecological situation in your city?
ENGLAND
England is the largest and the richest
country of Great Britain. The capital of England
is London but there are other large industrial
cities, such as Birmingham, Liverpool, Man-
chester and other famous and interesting cities
such as York, Chester, Oxford and Cambridge.
Stonehenge is one of the most famous prehistor-
ic places in the world. This ancient circle of stones stands in Southwest England. It
measures 80 metres across and made with massive blocks of stone up to four me-
tres high. Why it was built is a mystery.
Not far from Stonehenge stands Salisbury Cathedral. It is a splendid example
of an English Gothic Cathedral; inside there is one of four copies of Magna Charta
and the oldest clock in England. Chester is very important town in the north-west
of England. In the past it used to be a Roman fort; its
name comes from the Latin word castra, meaning "for-
tified camp". In Chester there is a famous museum
which contains over 5000 ancient and modern toys.
Oxford is the home of the oldest university of
England. The most famous college is Christ Church. It
has a great hall which was built during the reign of
Henry VIII and its chapel has become the Cathedral of
Oxford. Cambridge is the home of Britain's second
oldest university. York was the capital of Northern England. It is one of the best
preserved medieval cities of Europe. It was built by Romans, conquered by Anglo-
Saxons and ruled by the Vikings. Birmingham is often called the "City of 1,500
trades" because of the great variety of its industries.
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VOCABULARY
famous -
to measure -
cathedral -
fort -
camp -
medieval -
conquered -
college
QUESTIONS
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these features make the climate more moderate, without striking difference be-
tween seasons. It is not very cold in winter and never very hot in summer.
So, the British ports are ice-free and its rivers are not frozen throughout the
year. The weather on the British Isles has a bad reputation. It is very changeable
and fickle. The British say that there is a climate in other countries, but we have
just weather. If you don't like the weather in England, just wait a few minutes.
It rains very often in all seasons in Great Britain. Autumn and winter are the
wettest. The sky is usually grey and cold winds blow. On the average, Britain has
more than 200 rainy days a year. The English say that they have 3 variants of
weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon, and when it
rains all day long. Sometimes it rains so heavily, that they say It's raining cats and
dogs.
Britain is known all over the world for its fogs. Sometimes fogs are so thick
that it's impossible to see anything within a few meters. The winter fogs of London
are, indeed, awful; they surpass all imagination. In a dense fog all traffic is
stopped, no vehicle can move from fear of dreadful accidents. So, we may say that
the British climate has three main features: it is mild, humid and very changeable.
VOCABULARY
to surround -
insular climate
to determine
temperate belt
prevailing winds
the Gulf Stream
to flow ,
shores
moderate
striking difference
throughout , ,
fickle -
wet ,
to blow
It's raining cats and dogs
fog
awful
dense ,
vehicle. ,
dreadful ,
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QUESTIONS
1. Does the Gulf Stream flow from the Gulf of Mexico along the western shores of
England?
2. What kind of climate does Great Britain have?
3. Why does the United Kingdom have an insular climate?
4. What are three main features that determine the climate of Great Britain?
5. Why are the English ports ice-free?
6. Are the English rivers frozen during winter?
7. Is it very hot in Britain in summer?
8. What reputation does the weather of the United Kingdom have?
9. Does it rain very often?
10, What happens when there is a heavy fog in Great Britain?
The best time of the year in England is spring (of course, it rains in spring
too). The two worst months in Britain are January and February. They are cold,
damp and unpleasant. The best place in the world then is at home by the fire.
Summer months are rather cold and there a lot of rainy days. So most peo-
ple, who look forward to summer holidays, plan to go abroad for the summer, to
France or somewhere on the Continent.
The most unpleasant aspects of the weather in England are fog and smog.
VOCABULARY
changeable ['tendbl] ; ;
wet [wet] ,
nasty ['na:st] ; ;
comparison [km'prsn]
remark [r'ma:k] ; ;
fire ['f]
to look forward ['f:wd] to ()
fog [fog]
smog (smoke + fog) [smg] ,
QUESTIONS
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horse with a long straight horn, has appeared on the Scottish and British royal coats
of arms for many centuries, and is a symbol of purity.
VOCABULARY
everyday speech
background
patron saint
pin
knighthood
nobleman
bank holiday
shamrock
church festival
monk
bishop
daffodil
rampant
unicorn
coats of arms
purity
QUESTIONS
is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population
is about 8 million.
London is divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End,
and the East End.
The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. Numerous
banks, offices, and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the
Stock Exchange, and the Old Bailey. Few people live here, but over a million peo-
ple come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the
City. Perhaps the most striking of them is the St. Paul's Cathedral, the greatest of
English churches. It was built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. The
Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar
and in 1066 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. It
was used as a fortress, a royal palace, and a pris-
on. Now it is a museum.
Westminster is the governmental part of
London.
Nearly all English kings and queens have
been crowned in Westminster Abbey. Many out-
standing statesmen, scientists, writers, poets, and
painters are buried here: Newton, Darwin,
Chaucer, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc.
Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, the seat of
the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for
its big bell, known as "Big Ben". Buckingham Palace is the official residence of
the Queen.
The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is the
symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs, and thea-
tres are situated there.
The Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in
memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall
Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square.
On the north side of the Trafalgar Square is the National Portrait Gallery.
Not far away is the British Museum the biggest museum in London. It contains
a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc, and is also fa-
mous for its library.
There are a lot of factories, workshops, and docks in the East End.
VOCABULARY
numerous
ancient ,
striking ,
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to found
fortress
royal
to crown
outstanding
statesman
to bury
tower
official residence
wealth
luxury
in memory of
to contain
priceless
QUESTIONS
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Colleges choose their own students, and a student only becomes a member
of the University by having been accepted by a college. Students are chosen main-
ly on academic merit, but the policy of colleges in this respect varies from college
to college. Some tend to be rather keen to admit a
few men who are very good at rugby or some other
sport, or sons of former students or of lords, or of
eminent citizens, or of millionaires.
The colleges and university buildings are
scattered about the town, mostly in the central area,
though the scientific laboratories and the women's
colleges are quite a long way out.
The university teachers are mostly Fellows
of colleges, who may at the same time hold univer-
sity appointments as lecturers or professors. Part of
the teaching is by means of lectures and any stu-
dent- may attend any university lecture. At the beginning of each term (there are
three terms in the Oxford academic year) a list is published showing all the lectures
being given during the term within each faculty, and every student can choose
which lectures he will attend, though his own college tutor will advise him which
lectures seem likely to be more useful. Attendance at lectures is not compulsory,
and no records of attendance are kept.
Apart from lectures, teaching is by means of the "tutorial" system, which is a
system of individual tuition organized by the colleges. Each Fellow in a college is
tutor in his own subject to the undergraduates who are studying it. Each student
goes to his tutors room once every week to read out an essay which he has written,
and for an hour he and the tutor discuss the essay. A student does not necessarily
go only to his own tutor but may be assigned to another don in his own college or
in another college when he is studying some particular topic which is outside the
special interest of his own tutor.
The British Education System. State Education in Britain.
All state schools in Britain are free, and schools provide their pupils with
books and equipment for their studies.
Nine million children attend 35.000 schools in Britain. Education is compul-
sory from 5 till 16 years. Parents can choose to send their children to a nursery
school or a pre-school playgroup to prepare them for the start of compulsory edu-
cation.
Children start primary school at 5 and continue until they are 11. Most chil-
dren are taught together, boys and girls in the same class. At 11 most pupils go to
secondary schools called comprehensives which accept a wide range of children
from all backgrounds and religious and ethnic groups. Ninety per cent of secondary
schools in England, Scotland and Wales are co-educational.
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VOCABULARY
compulsory
primary
comprehensive
co-educational schoojs
to graduate
to accept
QUESTIONS
Young people from all walks of life are united according to their inter-
ests by the established youth organizations in Britain. These organizations develop
because of the contribution of both full-time and part-time youth workers and a
great number of volunteers.
Outdoor pursuits involve any-
thing from pony trekking to rock-
climbing or canoeing and help young
people go out from the confines of their
home or their environment. Such pur-
suits nourish a spirit of self-reliance
and help realize the importance of
team-work under a good leadership. All
the major youth organizations hold
outdoor pursuits either by organizing special residential courses or by sending their
members to take part in established courses or seminars in other cities and coun-
tries.
Local authorities and a number of multipurpose youth organizations provide
the place for such activities as canoeing, sailing, rock-climbing, map reading, ori-
enteering and cooking for survival; all of them encourage initiative and self-
discipline.
Among providers of outdoor places are the Sports Council, the Outward-
Bound Trust, the Ocean Youth Club, the Sail Training Association, and the Nauti-
cal Training Corps.
The Outward-Bound Trust is the longest established and most experienced
organization in Britain based on outdoor pursuits, personal development, and train-
ing. It has five centres in the English Lake District, Wales, and Scotland. It oper-
ates in 38 other countries of the world. It has centres in Belgium, France, Germany,
and the Netherlands. This organization is based on two simple principles: firstly,
that everyone is capable of achieving more than he might imagine, and, secondly,
that too few people have a real appreciation of what can be achieved by team-work
and mutual support.
Young people participate in 'expedition courses' lasting 8, 12, or 20 days and
involving adventurous journeys by land or sea. There are also 'specialist courses'
for young people aged 17 and over to become involved in work with such groups
as the homeless, the elderly, and the disabled.
VOCABULARY
multipurpose
to provide ,
sailing
outward-bound , ,
mutual support
adventurous
disabled , ,
QUESTIONS
BRITISH CUISINE
Some people criticize English food. They say it's unimaginable, boring,
tasteless, it's chips with everything and totally overcooked vegetables. The basic
ingredients, when fresh, are so full of flavour
that British haven't had to invent sauces to dis-
guise their natural taste. What can compare
with fresh pees or new potatoes just boiled and
served with butter? Why drown spring lamb in
wine or cream and spices, when with just one
or two herbs it is absolutely delicious?
If you ask foreigners to name some typi-
cally English dishes, they will probably say
"Fish and chips" then stop. It is disappointing,
but true that, there is no tradition in England of
eating in restaurants, because the food doesn't
lend itself to such preparation. English cooking
is found at home. So it is difficult to a good
English restaurant with a reasonable prices.
In most cities in Britain you'll find Indian, Chinese, French and Italian res-
taurants. In London you'll also find Indonesian, Mexican, Greek... Cynics will say
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that this is because English have no "cuisine" themselves, but this is not quite the
true.
VOCABULARY
to criticize -
tasteless -
overcooked -
ingredient - ,
to invent -
sauces -
to disguise -
spice - ,
herb -
delicious
disappointing -
to lend -
cuisine
QUESTIONS
ENGLISH MEALS
The English proverb says: every
cook praises his own broth. One can not
say English cookery is bad, but there is not
a lot of variety in it in comparison with
European cuisine. The English are very
particular about their meals. The usual
meals in England are breakfast, lunch, tea
and dinner.
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Breakfast time is between seven and nine a.m. A traditional English break-
fast is a very big meal. It consists of juice, porridge, a rasher or two of bacon and
eggs, toast, butter, jam or marmalade, tea or coffee. Marmalade is made from or-
anges and jam is made from other fruit. Many people like to begin with porridge
with milk or cream and sugar, but no good Scotsman ever puts sugar on it, because
Scotland is the home of porridge. For a change you can have sausages, tomatoes,
mushrooms, cold ham or perhaps fish.
But nowadays in spite of the fact that the English strictly keep to their meals
many people just have cereal with milk and sugar or toast with jam or honey.
The two substantial meals of the day are lunch and dinner. Lunch is usually
taken at one o'clock. For many people lunch is a quick meal. Office workers usual-
ly go to a cafe at this time. They take fish, poultry or cold meat (beef, mutton, veal
and ham), boiled or fried potatoes and all sorts of salad. They may have a mutton
chop or steak and chips, followed by biscuits and a cup of coffee. Some people like
a glass of light beer with lunch. Pubs also serve good, cheap food. School children
can have a hot meal at school. Some of them just bring a snack from home.
Tea is very popular among the English; it
may almost be called their national drink. Tea is
welcome in the morning, in the afternoon and in the
evening. The English like it strong and fresh made.
The English put one tea-spoonful of tea for each
person. Tea means two things. It is a drink and a
meal. Some people have afternoon tea, so called
high tea with sandwiches, tomatoes and salad, a
tin of apricots, pears or pineapples and cakes, and,
of course a cup of tea. That is what they call good
tea. It is a substantial meal.
Cream teas are also popular. Many visitors,
who come to Britain, find English instant coffee
disgusting. Dinner time is generally between six and eight p.m. The evening meal
is the biggest and the main meal of the day. Very often the whole family eats to-
gether. They begin with soup, followed by fish, roast chicken, potatoes and vege-
tables, fruit and coffee.
On Sundays many families have a traditional lunch consisting of roast
chicken, lamb or beef with salads, vegetables and gravy.
The British enjoy tasting delicious food from other countries, for example,
French, Italian, Indian and Chinese food. Modern people are so busy that they do
not have a lot of time for cooking themselves. So, the British buy the food at the
restaurant and bring it home already prepared to eat. So we can conclude that take-
away meals are rather popular among the population. Eating has become rather in-
ternational in Britain lately.
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VOCABULARY
proverb ',
Every cook praises his own broth
cookery ;
variety
cuisine ,
particular , ,
lunch ,
porridge ()
rasher ( )
sausage ,
mushroom
in spite of
strictly ,
cereal ,
honey
substantial
poultry
beef
mutton
veal
ham ,
boiled ',
fried
chop ', ()
steak , '/ ( )
cheap ,
snack
tea-spoonful
tin ;
apricot
pear
pineapple
instant coffee
disgusting , ,
roast - ;
lamb '
gravy ( ),
delicious , ;
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to conclude ,
QUESTIONS
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"Sorry", "Beg your pardon". Russian people, I think, have to learn this good cus-
tom.
Englishmen have many traditional holidays, such as Christmas, St. Valen-
tine's Day, Mother's day, Easter and others.
TRANSPORT IN BRITAIN
You can reach England either
by plane, by train, by car or by ship. The
fastest way is by plane. London has three
international airports: Heathrow, the
largest, connected to the city by under-
ground; Gatwick, south of London, with
a frequent train service; Luton, the small-
est, used for charter flights.
If you go to England by train or by
car you have to cross the Channel. There
is a frequent service of steamers and fer-
ryboats which connect the continent to
the south-east of England.
People in Britain drive on the left and generally overtake on the right. The
speed limit is 30 miles per hour (50 km/h) in towns and cities and 70 m.p.h. (110
km/h) on motorways.
When you are in London you can choose from four different means of
transport: bus, train, underground or taxi. The typical bus in London is a red dou-
ble-decker. The first London bus started running between Paddington and the City
in 1829. It carried 40 passengers and cost a shilling for six kms.
The next to arrive were the trains; now there are twelve railway stations in
London. The world's first underground line was opened between Baker St. and the
City in 1863. Now there are ten underground lines and 273 underground stations in
use. The London underground is also called the Tube, because of the circular shape
of its deep tunnels.
VOCABULARY
to reach
underground
charter flight
steamer
ferry-boat
to overtake
shilling
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shape
QUESTIONS
teenagers knew that drugs were bad for them but they could not actually name any
health risk associated with particular drugs. It also showed that 61 per cent of teen-
age drug-users would consider stopping using drugs if they knew there were a seri-
ous danger to their health.
It was also understood that many teenagers ignored drugs warnings in
schools because they thought they were childish. In fact, it was proved that in some
cases, the reason for taking drugs was to rebel against warnings from adults.
Using the results of the survey, new campaign has been started. The new
campaign hopes to treat teenagers like adults. It informs young people of the health
risks associated with particular drugs. It does this with photos of teenagers. On the
advertisements, the parts of their bodies, which can be damaged by drugs, are indi-
cated by biological diagrams showing the health risks.
Many teenagers try drugs as a 'dare' to show their friends that they are not
scared. Often their friends insist until the person says 'yes'. The health authority
hope that the advertisements will help teenagers to say 'no' to this and be able to
have good reason to say it. In addition to posters, the health authority has also
made radio advertisements and put the number of their drugs helpline (a telephone
number that can be called confidentially for help) in a lot of places. The people at
the helpline advise people what to do if they have a drug problem or need more in-
formation about the dangers of drugs.
DRUG FACTS
31% of teenagers interviewed could not name a health risk associated with
Ecstasy.
Eton (one of England's most expensive schools) and several other schools in-
troduced drug tests. If the tests show a pupil has used an illegal drug, he/she is ex-
pelled, and has to leave the school forever.
It was discovered that children of 10 years old were being sold hallucinogen-
ic drugs (LSD). The. drugs had pictures of cartoon characters on them to attract the
children.
49% of young drug-users say they would stop using drugs if they thought
they were getting addicted.
35% of young drug-users say they don't know why they use them.
Most young drug-users say that they listen more to what their friends say
about drugs than to what mass media say about drugs.
Among young' people taking drugs the number of young males is higher
than the number of young females.
The greatest increase in drug use in the past eight years is by 15 16-year-
olds.
Many people argue that smoking kills more people than drugs.
9,75% of British 1213-year-olds smoke at least one cigarette a week.
26,4% of British 1415-year-olds smoke at least one cigarette a week.
98
Hlukhiv college
VOCABULARY
survey ['s:ve] ,
increase ['nkri:s] ,
to convince [kn'vns]
drug [drg]
to double [dbl] (); ()
to admit [d'mt] ; ,
stimulant ['stmjulnt] ;
hallucinogenic [h'lu:sndenk]
LSD ( , )
Pulp Fiction [ fk()n] ( )
to rebel [r'bel] , ()
to treat [tri:t] ;
dare [de]
helpline ['helplam]
illegal ['li:g()l] ,
to expel [lks'pel] ,
addict ['dkt] (addiction ['dkn] ; ;
)
mass media ['mi:dj]
male [mel]
female ['fi:mel]
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
The protection of environment has become one of the most burning
problems of our century.
Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over
the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the
water we drink, the soil we grow grain and vegetables. Every year the world indus-
try pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful
substances. Many cities suffer from smog.
Vast forests are cut. Their disappearance
upsets the oxygen balance. As a result
some rare species of animals, birds, fish
and plants disappear forever, a number of
rivers and lakes dry up.
The pollution of air and the world's ocean,
destruction of the ozone layer is the result
99
Hlukhiv college
VOCABULARY
environment [m'var()nmnt] ()
by-product ['ba,prdkt] ()
to pollute [p'lu:t]
harmful substances ['ha:mful 'sbst()nss]
to upset [p'set]
species ['spi:z] .
destruction [ds'trk()n] ;
careless ['kls] interaction [,ntr'k()n]
to befall [bi'f:l] (befell, befallen) ,
to take measures [mez]
QUESTIONS
100
Hlukhiv college
pays much attention to it. There are nearly 500 000 protected buildings and 7000
conservation areas of architecture of historical
interest in Britain. The Government supports
the work of the voluntary sector in preserving
the national heritage.
Total emissions of smoke in the air have
fallen by 85 per cent since 1960. Most petrol
stations in Britain stock unleaded petrol. The
Government is committed to the control of
gases emission, which damage the ozone layer.
They also contribute to the greenhouse effect, which leads to global warming
and a rise in sea levels. Britain stresses the need for studying the science of climate
change.
Green belts are areas where land should be left open and free from urban
sprawl. The Government attaches great importance to their protection. National
parks cover 9 per cent of the total land area of England and Wales. The National
Rivers Authority protects island waters in England and Wales.
In Scotland the River purification authorities are responsible for water pollu-
tion control. Great Britain takes care of it's environment for themselves and next
generations.
VOCABULARY
purification
voluntary
petrol
emission
layer
QUESTIONS
101