TUGAS OPERASI TEKNIK KIMIA 2

RINGKASAN
CHAPTER 10
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION

OLEH

ANTON ALGRINOV (1507114913)

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK KIMIA S1

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS RIAU
2017
 CHAPTER 10
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
Steady-State
BASIC LAW OF CONDUCTION

The basic relation for heat flow by conduction is the proportionality between
heat flux and temperature gradient.

= (1)

Where: q = rate of heat flow in direction normal to surface

A = surface area
T = temperature
x = distance measured normal to surface
k = thermal conductivity

The general expressions of Fouriers law for flow in all three directions in an
isotropic material are:

= { + + } = (2)

In cylindrical coordinates Eq. (2) becomes:

1
= { + + } = (3)

In spherical coordinates it is:

1 1
= { + + sin } = (4)

Thermal Conductivity

The proportionality constant k is a physical property of the substance called

the thermal conductivity. Fouriers law state that k is independent of the temperature
gradient but not neccessarily of temperature gradients, except for porous solids,
where radiation between particles, which does not follow a linear temperature law,
becomes an important part of the total heat flow. On the other hand, k is a function
of temperature, but, except for some gases, not a strong one. For small ranges of
temperature, k may be considered constant and for large temperature ranges, the
thermal conductivity can usually be approximated by an equation of the form (where
a and b are emppirical constant).
 = + (5)

Gases have thermal conductivities an order of magnitude lower than those

for liquids. For an ideal gas, k is proportional to the average molecular velocity, the
mean free path, and the molar heat capacity. For monoatomic gases, a hard-sphere
model gives the theoretical equation:

0.0832 1/2
= ( ) (6)
2

Where: T = temperature, K
M = molecular weight
= effective collision diameter,
K = thermal conductivity, W/m K

Solids having low thermal conductivities are used for insulation on pipes,
vessels, and buildings. Porous material such as fiberglass pads or polymer foams act
by entrapping air and eleminating convention. Theri k values may ber nearly as low
as that of air itself, and if a high-molecular-weight gas is trapped in a closed-cell
foam, k can be less than that for air.

STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
Figure 10.1 Temperature gradients outside insulated tanks: (a) heat flow into the
tank; (b) heat flow from the tank.

The rate og heat flow is found as follows, assuming that k is independent of

temperature. Since in steady-state there can be neither accumulation nor depletion of
heat within the slab, q is constant along the path of heat flow. If x is the distance from
the hot side can be written:

=

Since the only variables in this equation are x and T, direct integration gives:
1 2
= = (7)
2 1

Where: x2 x1 = B = thickness of layer of insulation

T1 T2 = = temperature drop across layer

When the thermal conductivity k varies linearlu with temperatue, in

accordance with Eq. (5), Eq. (7) still can be used rigorously by taking an average
value k for k, which may be found either by using the arithmetic average of the
individual values of k for the 2 surface temperatures T1 and T2, or by calculating the
arithmetic average of the temperatures and using the value of k at that temperature.
Equation (7) can be written in the form:

= (8)

Example 10.1.

A layer of pulverized cork 6 in. (152 mm) thick is used as a layer of thermal
insulation in a flat wall. The temperatue of the cold side of the cork is 40F (4.4C),
and that warm side is 180F (82.2C). The thermal conductivity of the cork at 32F
(0C) is 0.021 Btu/ft h F (0.036 W/m C), and that at 200F (93.3C) is 0.032
(0.055). The area of the wall is 25 ft2 (2.32 m2). What is the rate of heat flow though
the wall in Btu per hour (watts)?

Solution.

The arithmetic average temperature of the cork layer is (40 + 180)/2 = 110F.
By linear interpolation the thermal conductivity at 110F is
 (110 32)(0.032 0.021)
= 0.021 +
200 32

= 0.021 + 0.005 = 0.026 Btu/ft h F

6
Also, A = 25 ft2 = 180 40 = 140F B = 12 = 0.5 ft

Substituting in Eq. (7) gives:

.
= = (. )
.

Compound Resistances in Series

= + + (9)

Figure 10.2. Thermal resistances in series.

 Equation (7) can be written for each layer, using in place of k,

= = = (10)

Since, in steady heat flow, all the heat that passes through the first resistance
must pass through the second and in turn pass through the third, , , and are
equal and all can be denoted by q. Using this fact and solving for q/A give:

= = = (11)
+ + + +

Where: RA, RB, RC = resistance of individual layers

R = overall resistance

In an electric circuit the potential drop over any one of several resistance is
to the total potential drop in the circuit as the individual resistance are to the total
resistance. In the same way the potential drops in a thermal circuit, which are the
termperature differences, are to the total temperature drop as the individual thermal
resistances are tho the total thermal resistance. This can be expressed mathematically
as:

= = = (12)

Figure 10.2 also shows the pattern of temperatures and the temperature
gradiens. Depending on the thickness and thermal conductivity of the layer, the
temperature drop in that layer may be a large or small fraction of the total temperature
drop; a thin layer of low conductivity may well cause a much large temperature drop
and a steeper thermal gradient than a thick layer og high conductivity.

Example 10.2.

A flat furnance wall is construcfted of a 4.5-in. (113-mm) layer of Sil-o-cel

brick, with a thermal conductivity of 0.08 Btu/ft h F (0.138 W/m C) backed
by a 9-in. (299-mm) layer of common brick, of conductivity 0.8 Btu/ft h F (1.38
W/m C). The temperature of the inner face of the wall is 1400F (760C), and that
of the outer face is 170F (76.6C). Question:

(a) What is the heat loss through the wall?

 (b) What is the temperature of the interface between the refractory brick and the
common brick?
(c) Supposing that the contact between the two brick layers is poor and that a
contact resistance of 0.50F h ft2/Btu (0.088C m2/W) is present, what
would be the heat loss?
Solution
(a) Consider 1 ft2 of wall (A = 1 ft2). The thermal resistance of the Sil-o-cel layer
is
4.5/12
= = 4.687
0.08
and that of the common brick is
9/12
= = 0.938
0.8
The total resistance is
= + = 4.687 + 0.938 = 5.625F h ft2/Btu
The overall temperatue drop is
= 1400 170 = 1230F
Subtitution in Eq. (11) gives, for the heat loss from 1 ft2 of wall,

= = (. )
.
(b) The temperature drop in one of a series of resistance is tho the individual
resistance as the ocerall temperature drop is tho the eoverall resistance, or
1230
=
4.687 5.625
From which
= 1025F
The temperature at the interface is 1400 1025 = 375F (190.6C).
(c) The total resistance, which now includes a contact resistance, is
= 5.625 + 0.500 = 6.125
The heat loss from 1 ft2 is

= = (. )
.
Heat Flow Through a Cylinder
Equation (3) becomes, since heat flows only in the r direction,

= = (13)
2

Rearranging Eq (13) and integrating between limits gives

2
=

2
ln ln = ( )

(2)( )
= (14)
ln( )

Equation (14) can be used to calculate the flow of heat through a thick-walled
cylinder. It can be put in a more convenient form by expressing the rate of flow of
heat as
( )
= (15)

This is the same general form as Eq. (7) for heat flow through a flat wall with
the exception of , which must be so chosen that the equation is correct. The term
can be determined by equating the right-hand sides of Eq. (14) and (15) and
solving for
2( )
= (16)
ln( )

Figure 10.3. Relation between logarithmic and arithmetic means.

 Note from Eq. (16) that is the area of a cylinder of length L and radius ,
where

= (17)
ln( )

It is known as the logarithmic mean, and in the particular case of Eq. (17),
is called the logarithmic mean radius. It is the radius that, when applied to the
integrated equation for a flat wall, will give the correct rate of heat dlow through a
thick-walled cylinder.
The logarithmic mean is less convenient than the arithmetic mean, and the
latter can be used without appreciable error for him-walled tubes, where ro/ri is nearly
1. The ratio of the logarithmic mean to the arithmetic mean is a function of ro/ri
as shown in Fig. 10.3. Thus, when ro/ri = 2, the logarithmic mean is 0.96 and the
error in the use of the arithmetic mean is 4%. The error is 1% where ro/ri = 1.4.

Example 10.3.
A tube of 60-mm (2.36-in) outer diameter (OD) is insulated with a 50-mm
(1.97-in) layer of silica foam, for which the conductivity is 0.055 W/m (0.032
Btu/ft h F). If the temperature of the outer surface of the pipe is 150 (302F)
and the temperature of the outer surface of the cork is 30C (86F), calculate the heat
loss in watts per meter of pipe.
Solution.
These layers are too thick to use the arithmetic mean radius, and the
logarithmic mean radius should be used. For the silica layer
80 30
= = 50.97
80
ln(30)

and for the cork layer

120 80
= = 98.64
120
ln( 80 )

Call silica substance A and cork substance B. From Eq. (16)

( ) ( )
= =

where is the temperature at the interface between the silica and the cork. From
Eqs. (16) and (17).
= 2(0.05097) = 0.3203 = 2(0.09864) = 0.6198
Then
0.055 0.3203( )
= = 0.3522( )
0.050
0.05 0.6198( )
= = 0.7748( )
0.040
Hence
2.839 1.291
= =

Adding these gives, since = =
4.13
= = 150 30 = 120


= . (. )