Science Grade 3

Instructions for Copying
Answers are printed in non-reproducible blue. Copy pages on a light

setting in order to make multiple copies for classroom use.
Contents
LIFE SCIENCE
Chapter 1 Living Things Grow and Change
Chapter Concept Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Lesson 1 Lesson Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Lesson Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Lesson Cloze Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Lesson 2 Lesson Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lesson Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Lesson Cloze Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lesson Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Lesson Cloze Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Lesson 5 Lesson Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Lesson Cloze Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Chapter Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Chapter 2 Habitats and Adaptations

Chapter Concept Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Lesson Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Macmillan/McGraw-Hill

Lesson Cloze Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Reading and Writing iii

Contents
Chapter 3 Habitats Change
Lesson 2 Lesson Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Unit Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
iv Reading and Writing

Contents
EARTH SCIENCE
Chapter 4 Earths Resources
Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Chapter 5 Earth Changes

Lesson Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Unit Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Reading and Writing v

Contents
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Chapter 6 Matter and Heat
Chapter Concept Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Chapter Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Chapter 7 Forces and Motion

Chapter Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Unit Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
vi Reading and Writing

Name Date CHAPTER
Concept Map
Living Things Grow and Change

Complete the chart below to show the stages in the
life cycles of plants and animals. Some examples have
been done for you.
Flowering Plants
seeds made in Plant

flowers dies.
Conifers
seeds made in
Plant
adult
dies.
Amphibians and Most Insects

Larva looks
Animal
egg
dies.
parents.
Reptiles and Fish

Young animal looks
Animal
adult
parents. dies.
Birds
Young animal looks Animal

like parents. dies.
Mammals
Young animal looks
Animal
adult
parents. dies.

Reading and Writing
1
LESSON Name Date
Outline
A Look at Living Things

Use your textbook to help you fill in the blanks.
What are living things?
1. Plants and animals change with age, or .
2. A plant responds to shade when it bends toward
3. A lizard responds to heat by going

to stay cool.
4. Trees reproduce by making .
5. Alligators lay to make more of

their own kind.
6. Rocks are nonliving because they do not grow,
respond, or .
What do living things need?
7. All living things need food, water, and
to survive. Many also need gases.
8. Animals eat other organisms because they need

for energy.
9. Living things need to break

down food and remove waste.
10. Air and water contain a(n)

called oxygen.
Chapter 1 Living Things Grow and Change Use with Lesson 1

2 Reading and Writing A Look at Living Things
Name Date LESSON
Outline
11. Plants need the gases oxygen and

to survive.
12. Living things need room, or , to

grow, move, and find food.
13. Living and nonliving things found where an organism
lives are part of its .
What are living things made of?

14. Living things are made of small parts called .
15. A tool called a(n) helps us see

cells.
16. Some organisms, such as , have

only one cell.
Critical Thinking
17. What characteristics cannot be used to tell the

difference between living and nonliving things?

Reading and Writing A Look at Living Things
3
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary

Match the correct word to its description by writing
its letter in the space provided.
a. carbon dioxide d. microscope g. reproduce

b. cell e. organism h. respond
c. environment f. oxygen
1. to make more of ones own kind
2. a small part that makes up all living things
3. all the living and nonliving things that

surround an organism
4. a gas that animals breathe
5. a special tool that helps make tiny things

look larger
6. a gas that plants use to make food
7. another name for a living thing
8. to react to the world around you


4 Reading and Writing A Look at Living Things
Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity

Use the words from the box to fill in the blanks.
carbon dioxide food oxygen

cells grow reproduce
energy organisms respond
Living things are made of small parts called cells.
Some organisms are made of many .
Others are made of only one cell.
Living things have needs. They need food for
to help them . They need
water to break down and move through
their bodies. They need gases. Animals get the
gas from air or water. Plants also need
the gas .
Living things, or , have many

characteristics in common. They when
they are in danger or when they get too hot. Living things
to make new plants and animals. A
thing without these characteristics is nonliving .

Reading and Writing A Look at Living Things
5
LESSON Name Date
Outline
Plant Life Cycles

How do plants grow?
1. The structure inside plants that grows into a new
plant is a(n) .
2. A seed has stored food to help the

survive.
3. When conditions are right, a seed will begin to grow,
or .
4. An adult plant grows from a small plant called
a(n) .
How do plants make seeds?
5. The part of a flowering plant that makes seeds is
a(n) .
6. Seeds form when an egg joins with .
7. Flowers have colors and smells that attract animals
to drink their .
8. You can find a fruit around the seeds of .
9. In order to grow, seeds must get to the .

6 Reading and Writing Plant Life Cycles
Name Date LESSON
Outline
What is the life cycle of some plants?
10. A seed germinates in the first stage of a flowering
plants .
11. When plants die, they add to

the soil.
12. Two kinds of plants that reproduce by making seeds
are flowering plants and .
13. Pollen moves from small male cones to large female
cones when the blows.
How do plants grow without seeds?
14. Onions grow from their underground stem, or
, and a fern grows from .
Critical Thinking
15. What are the steps in the life cycle of a flowering

plant? Use the terms seed, germinate, seedling,
flower, and pollination in your answer.

Reading and Writing Plant Life Cycles
7
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary
Plant Life Cycles

a. cone c. flower e. life cycle g. pollination

b. embryo d. fruit f. pollen h. seed
1. a structure that can grow into a new plant
2. a structure in flowering plants that makes

seeds
3. all of the stages in an organisms life
4. the process that takes place when pollen

moves from the male part of a flower to the
female part of a flower
5. a structure that holds seeds
6. a young plant inside a seed
7. a structure in conifers that makes seeds
8. a powder made by the male part of a flower

or male cone

8 Reading and Writing Plant Life Cycles
Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity
Plant Life Cycles

Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.
adult fruit reproduce

cones germinate wind
eggs pollination
Plants go through stages known as a life cycle.
Plants from seeds and grow into
plants. Then the plants reproduce.
When plants die, they return nutrients to the soil that
new plants use.
Flowers help flowering plants .
Flowers produce pollen and .
Animals and move pollen to eggs.
This movement is called . After a
flower is pollinated, a seed forms and is protected by

a(n) that grows around it. Conifers
make seeds in instead of flowers.
Wind blows pollen from small male cones to large
female cones. The large cones grow seeds.

Reading and Writing Plant Life Cycles
9
LESSON Name Date
Outline
Animal Life Cycles

What are some animal life cycles?
1. A(n) changes into a frog as it

grows.
2. Animals change in different ways, but all change with
age as part of their .
3. After an animal is born, it grows, changes, ,

and dies.
4. During their life cycles, some animals change form
through the process of .
5. Metamorphosis happens in the life cycles of
amphibians and most .
6. The life cycle of amphibians and insects begins with
a(n) .
7. A young amphibian that from an

egg does not look like an adult.
8. Another name for an insect that has just hatched

is .
How do reptiles, fish, and birds change

as they grow?
9. Fish lay their eggs in .

10 Reading and Writing Animal Life Cycles
Name Date LESSON
Outline
10. When reptiles and fish are young, they look like
, similar to their parents.
11. Unlike most reptiles and fish,

protect their eggs and raise their young.
What is the life cycle of a mammal?
12. Mammals do not hatch from eggs but are .
13. Like birds, young mammals

like adults.
14. Mammals look after their young until the young can
on their own.
Critical Thinking
15. How are the life cycles of animals alike and different?

Reading and Writing Animal Life Cycles
11
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary
Animal Life Cycles

a. adult d. larva g. pupa

b. egg e. life cycle h. tadpole
c. hatching f. metamorphosis
1. a structure containing food that young

animals need in order to grow
2. the stages through which animals grow,

change, reproduce, and die
3. the process by which an animal breaks out

of an egg
4. a young insect that has just hatched
5. the stage of an animals life cycle when it

reproduces
6. the stage in which an insect is changing into

an adult
7. a process by which an organisms body

changes form
8. a young frog that breathes with gills

Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity
Animal Life Cycles

adults larva live parents

die lay eggs mammals
hatch life cycles metamorphosis
Animals grow, change, and reproduce in different
ways. All animals change during their .
Animals are hatched from eggs or born .
At the end of their life cycles, all animals .
Reptiles, fish, and birds all , but
are born live. Young birds and
mammals look similar to their . When
they , young reptiles and fish look
just like their parents. Amphibians and insects in the
stage look very different from their

Macmillan/MGraw-Hill
parents. Larvae hatch from eggs and then change into
through a process called
. They will then look like
their parents.

13
Writing Name Date
in Science
The Little Lambs

Read the Writing in Science feature in your textbook.
Write About It
Personal Narrative Have you ever seen a plant
or animal grow and change? Write about your
experience. Describe the changes. Write what you
observed, and how it made you feel.
Getting Ideas
Select a plant or animal to write about. Think about
how it changed as it grew. Write three stages of its
growth down in the sequence chart below.
Planning and Organizing

Jake wrote about his horse Wind Star. Here are three
sentences that he wrote. Put them in time order.
Write 1 next to the sentence that should come first.
Write 2 next to the sentence that should come next.

Write 3 next to the sentence that should come last.
1. Wind Star got his first set of teeth when he was one.
2. Now he is three years old and still growing.
3. When Wind Star was a foal, he had no teeth.

Name Date Writing
in Science
Drafting
Write the first sentence of your narrative. Use I
to refer to yourself. Describe something interesting
about a plant or animal that you helped to care for.
Now complete your personal narrative. Use a separate

piece of paper. Begin with the sentence you wrote
above. Include details about how your plant or animal
grew and changed. Put them in time order. Explain
how watching these changes made you feel.
Revising and Proofreading

Here is part of the personal narrative that Jake
wrote. He had a lot of trouble with homophones.
Homophones are words that sound alike but have
different spellings and different meanings. Proofread
it. Find the five mistakes he made. Correct them.
My little foul looked so handsome. He had a white star
write in the middle of his forehead. His coat was chestnut
brown. His legs wobbled whenever he stood up. He was the
cutest creature I had ever scene. I couldnt weight for him to
grow up sew that I could ride on him.
Now revise and proofread your own writing.

Ask yourself:
Did I use the pronoun I to describe my own

experience?
Did I detail how the plant or animal grew and changed?
Did I correct all mistakes?

15
LESSON Name Date
Outline
Surviving in Habitats
How do habitats differ?
1. Earth has many different kinds of

that contain the type of environment plants and
animals need to survive.
2. Climate is the pattern of in a place

over a long time, and it is one way that habitats
differ.
3. Soil that contains soaks up

rainwater that helps plants grow.
4. Some water habitats contain

water, and others contain fresh water.
5. Fish that can live only in fresh water can be found in
How do plants get what they need?
6. All plants need water, sunlight, ,

and carbon dioxide.
7. Structures called carry food and

water throughout a plant.
8. The leaves of a plant use energy from the Sun to
change and water into food.
9. A plants roots take in and

nutrients from soil.

16 Reading and Writing Surviving in Habitats
Name Date LESSON
Outline
How do animals get what they need?
10. Animals need water, energy from food, and .
11. Animals cannot make their own .
12. Legs, wings, and other body parts are examples of
13. Birds build nests as for their young.
14. A porcupines sharp quills keep it

from other animals.
What helps living things survive in their

environment?
15. Special features or behaviors called

help living things survive in their environments.
Critical Thinking
16. What would you need to do to create the best

habitat for a new animal that was coming to your
local zoo?

Reading and Writing Surviving in Habitats
17
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary
Match the correct word to its definition by writing its
letter in the space provided.
a. adaptation d. humus g. soil

b. climate e. oxygen h. stem
c. habitat f. shelter i. structure
1. substance made of broken-down plant

and animal material that provides a good
environment for plants
2. the type of environment that provides what

living things need to survive
3. a specific part of a living thing
4. a feature or behavior that helps certain

living things survive in a habitat
5. typical weather conditions for a place over

time
6. gas that animals have to breathe in order to

survive
7. part of a plant that carries food and water

throughout the plant and provides structure
8. place where animals can be safe
9. ground made of bits of rock and humus

18 Reading and Writing Surviving in Habitats
Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity
adaptations carry oxygen soil

animals humus plants
carbon dioxide living things roots
Earth has many habitats. Each gives
what they need. Many plants need
that is rich in , which contains
nutrients and holds water. Plants take materials up
from the soil through their . Stems
the material to plant parts that make
food. Plants also use sunlight and
to make food.
Animals need a different gas, ,
to survive. They cannot make their own food, so they

eat or . All
organisms have to help them
survive. Some adaptations are structures or ways
of behaving.

Reading and Writing Surviving in Habitats
19
LESSON Name Date
Outline
Food Chains
Use your textbook to help you fill in the blanks below.
What is an ecosystem?
1. Plants, animals, water, soil, and sunlight in an area all
interact to form a(n) .
2. Ecosystems differ in and can be

anything from a pond to an ocean.
3. Ecosystems are made up of both

and living things.
What is a food chain?
4. To live and grow, every living thing needs .
5. The system by which organisms get and give energy
is shown in a(n) .
6. Green plants and algae are that

use the Suns energy to make food.
7. Organisms that get their energy from eating other
organisms are called .

8. Decomposers, such as worms and ,

break down dead plants and animals.
9. Decomposers put into the soil that

are used by plants.

20 Reading and Writing Food Chains
Name Date LESSON
Outline
What is a food web?
10. Food chains are connected to each other in a(n)
11. Food webs show which living things

with each other because they eat the same food.
12. Animals that eat plants are . Those
that eat other animals are . Those

that eat plants and animals are omnivores.
Why are decomposers important?
13. If ecosystems did not have , piles

of dead plants and animals would build up.
14. The nutrients that decomposers put back into water
or soil help other organisms .
Critical Thinking
15. How do living and nonliving things interact in an

ecosystem? Use the terms sunlight, plants, animals,
decomposers, and soil in your answer.

Reading and Writing Food Chains
21
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary
Food Chains
a. carnivore c. decomposer e. food chain g. herbivore

b. consumer d. ecosystem f. food web h. producer
1. the living and nonliving things that interact

in an environment
2. an organism that makes its own food
3. shows how energy passes from one

organism to another in an ecosystem
4. an organism that eats other organisms
5. an animal that eats other animals
6. an organism that breaks down dead plant

and animal material
7. shows how food chains are linked together
8. an animal that eats plants


Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity
Food Chains
animals ecosystem omnivores

consumers energy producers
decomposers herbivores Sun
Living things depend on other living things and
nonliving things around them. All of these things form
a(n) . In an ecosystem,
passes from one organism to another. Food chains
begin with that make their own
food. They use energy from the .
Organisms that cannot make their own food are
called . Consumers that eat plants
are called . Carnivores eat other
. Plants and animals are eaten by

. Nutrients from dead organisms
are recycled by . That job is
important because it provides nutrients for plants.

23
Reading Name Date
in Science
Eating Away at Pollution

Read the Reading in Science feature in your textbook.
Write About It
Classify The article explains that some microorganisms
are harmful and others are helpful. This is a way to
classify them. Read the article again with a partner.
Look for another way to classify microorganisms. Then
write about it.
Classify
Fill in the blanks in the graphic organizer below. When
you have finished, you will be able to see how the two
groups are alike and different.
Harmful Microorganisms Helpful Microorganisms
They are They are

Where
they are us. us.
They make plants and They get rid of

What
they do sick. .
They are They are

Size
. .

Name Date Reading
in Science

Answer the following questions.
What do helpful microorganisms eat?
What do helpful microorganisms help clean?
Drafting
Explain how helpful microorganisms are alike.
Explain how helpful microorganisms are different.
Now, write how you would classify helpful microorganisms.


25
CHAPTER Name Date
Vocabulary
Living Things Grow and Change

Circle the letter of the best answer.
1. What is the job of 4. The pattern of weather

decomposers? found in a place over a long
a. break down dead matter time is called its
b. help plants reproduce a. climate.
c. keep water in the soil b. ecosystem.
d. use sunlight to make c. environment.

energy d. habitat.
2. Which of these is NOT 5. In a food web, plants play

a place where seeds are the role of
found? a. consumers.
a. cones b. decomposers.
b. flowers c. producers.
c. fruits d. predators.
d. spores
6. The life cycle of a plant
3. In the life cycle of an begins with
insect, which stage comes a. birth.
immediately after the egg?
b. germination.
a. adult
c. pollination.
b. embryo
d. reproduction.
c. larva
d. pupa

26 Reading and Writing
Name Date CHAPTER
Vocabulary
7. Animals that are attracted 10. A heron that eats fish is an

to a flowers nectar help the example of a(n)
flower a. decomposer.
a. adapt to the climate. b. herbivore.
b. get pollinated. c. predator.
c. develop its fruit. d. producer.
d. carry its spores.
11. After pollination takes place,
8. Which of these plants the eggs of flowering plants
reproduces with cones? are found in
a. ferns a. roots.
b. maple trees b. fruit.
c. roses c. soil.
d. pine trees d. water.
9. The thick fur of animals 12. The type of soil that is rich in
that live in cold areas is an nutrients and holds water is
example of called
a. adaptation. a. bulb soil.
b. metamorphosis. b. germinating soil.
c. shelter. c. humus.
d. structure. d. mulch.

Reading and Writing
27
CHAPTER Name Date
Concept Map
Habitats and Adaptations

Complete the concept map about adaptations in
different land habitats. Some parts have been done
for you.
Habitat Adaptations by Plants Adaptations by Animals
Desert: land
sleeping during the day to
habitat with waxy skin to seal
in water avoid
a
can grow in dry

Grassland:
conditions and be
land habitat flat to
protected from
covered by chew grass
grasses
different types of
ability to
Forest: land
habitat with
many trees for trees in temperate
during winter
forest
The wide
: and sharp
growing close to
land habitat
the ground
that is very
cold to move on snow and ice
using gills,
Ocean:
using
Saltwater ,
to float
habitat and a tail to breathe and
move

Name Date LESSON
Outline
Life in the Desert

What is a desert?
1. A desert is a habitat that has a(n)

climate.
2. It is hot during the and cold at
in a desert.
3. Desert soil is mostly made up of .
4. The sandy soil has very little to

soak up rainwater.
What adaptations help desert plants?
5. Plants that grow in deserts have

that help them survive with little water.
6. Mesquite trees have long roots that grow
to find water.
7. The saguaro cactus has thick

to help store water.
8. Spines on a prickly pear cactus it

from thirsty animals.
Chapter 2 Habitats and Adaptations Use with Lesson 1

Reading and Writing Life in the Desert
29
LESSON Name Date
Outline
What adaptations help desert animals?
9. Rattlesnakes are ; they sleep

during the day.
10. The jackrabbit has long ears to help it stay
in the desert.
11. Some animals have to help them

blend in with their environment.
Critical Thinking
12. How do plants and animals adapt in order to survive

in the desert?

30 Reading and Writing Life in the Desert
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary
Life in the Desert

cactus desert nocturnal vary

camouflage mesquite spines
1. The long leaves of the help the

tree conserve water.
2. A receives very little rain.
3. Animals that are avoid the heat of

the sun during the day.
4. By using , some animals hide from

hunters.
5. By having waxy skin, a stores

water better.
6. Temperatures in the desert greatly

from day to night.
7. Some plants in this habitat have to

prevent animals from eating them.

Reading and Writing Life in the Desert
31
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity
Life in the Desert

adaptations nocturnal roots temperature

humus rain Sun water
A desert is a habitat that has a dry climate. Less
than 25 centimeters of falls each
year. During the day it is hot, and the
warms land and air. At night the
drops, and it is much cooler. Desert soil is mostly sand
with very little .
In order for plants to survive in the desert, they
must have . So that they can reach
the water that is deep underground, some plants have
long . Many desert plants also have
thick stems and waxy leaves in order to store

Some animals are . They sleep
during the day to stay out of the heat.

32 Reading and Writing Life in the Desert
Name Date LESSON
Outline
Life in the Grasslands

What is a grassland?
1. A habitat that is covered with grass is a(n) .
2. Some eat grass as food.
3. Grass can provide from the cold

and wind.
4. Grasslands that are cold in winter and warm in
summer are grasslands.
5. Grasslands that are warm all year are
grasslands.
6. The Serengeti Plain in Africa is a(n) .
What adaptations help grassland plants survive?
7. All grasses in grasslands grow well in
conditions.
8. The grasses have deep roots that work like a(n)
.
9. If a grassland fire burns the grass above the soil, the
survive.

Reading and Writing Life in the Grasslands
33
LESSON Name Date
Outline
10. The baobab loses its leaves during the
season.
What adaptations help animals survive

in grasslands?
11. Grassland animals have that

help them survive.
12. Some animals have special teeth for eating
13. Zebras eat the of grasses, and
antelopes eat the closest to

the ground.
14. Some animals dig in the ground

to hide from enemies.
Critical Thinking
15. How have the teeth of some animals adapted so they

have something to eat in the grassland?

34 Reading and Writing Life in the Grasslands
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary

a. burrows c. herds e. savanna g. tropical

b. grassland d. prairies f. temperate
1. environment with a mild climate that has

four seasons
2. holes some animals dig in the ground to hide
3. grasslands of North America
4. grasslands of the Serengeti Plain
5. environment that has a warm climate year-

round because it is near the equator
6. groups of animals that stay together for

safety
7. habitat covered by grasses


35
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity

climate habitats seasons sponges teeth

flat roots soil survive
What are grasslands? Grasslands are
that are covered with grass. Temperate grasslands have
four . Tropical grasslands have a
that is warm all year round.
Because grasslands are dry, the roots of many
grasses work like , soaking up water.
When a fire burns the grasses above the ground, the
roots below . The dead grass on top
becomes part of the , and a stalk
grows from the .
Many animals eat grasses. Zebras have

that are . They can bite off the tops
of grasses. Other animals eat the stalks.

Name Date Reading
in Science
Meet Ana Luz Porzecanski

Work with a partner to answer the following
questions.
Characteristics of the Tinamou
1. What kind of animal is the tinamou?

How do you know?
2. What color is the tinamou?
3. In which type of ecosystem does the tinamou live?
Characteristics of the Other Animal
Think of an animal that has some things in common

with the tinamou. Answer the questions below.
1. What is the other animal? Describe it.
2. What color is the animal?

3. In which type of ecosystem does it live?
Chapter 2 Habitats aand Adaptations Use with Lesson 2

37
Reading Name Date
in Science
Write About It
Compare and Contrast Work with a partner to
compare the tinamou with another animal you know
about. List ways the animals are alike and different in
a Venn diagram. Then use your diagram to write about
the animals.
Use your answers to the questions on the previous

page to fill in the Venn diagram.
Different Different
Tinamou Alike
in the pampas in the wetlands

1. On a separate piece of paper, explain how the two

animals are alike and different.

Name Date LESSON
Outline
Life in the Forest

What is a forest?
1. A forest is a habitat with many .
2. A tropical rain forest is found near the .
3. The climate of a tropical rain forest is
and .
4. The soil in a tropical rain forest is not very rich in plant
5. A temperate forest has four .
6. The soil in a temperate forest is rich in
What adaptations help forest plants survive?
7. Plants are adapted to grow toward .
8. Many tall trees in a tropical rain forest have

roots.
9. Tall trees are supported by .
10. Smaller plants that grow under tall trees have
that allow them to lose extra

water.

Reading and Writing Life in the Forest
39
LESSON Name Date
Outline
11. Plants on the forest floor have very large leaves to
soak in .
How do animals survive in a tropical rain forest?
12. The bright colors of a poison arrow frog tell its
enemies that it is .
13. When a living thing imitates another living thing, it is
called .
How do animals survive in a temperate forest?
14. Some animals eat extra food in the fall so they can
store for winter.
15. Some animals or go into a deep

sleep that lasts all winter.
Critical Thinking
16. How have skunks and porcupines adapted so they

can survive in the forest? Macmillan/McGraw-Hill

40 Reading and Writing Life in the Forest
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary
Life in the Forest

Match the correct word to its definition by writing
a. buttresses d. deciduous g. hibernate

b. camouflage e. drip tips h. mimicry
c. coniferous f. forest
1. This allows an animal to blend in with

its environment.
2. This habitat has many trees.
3. This type of tree has tough needles that

help it to conserve water during winter.
4. These support a tall tree with shallow roots.
5. This is when a mantis is able to look like an

orchid flower.
6. This is what squirrels do when they sleep all

winter to store energy.
7. This type of tree loses its leaves in fall so

it can conserve energy in winter.
8. These help leaves lose extra rainwater.

Reading and Writing Life in the Forest
41
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity
Life in the Forest

adapted equator hot leaves seasons year
A habitat that has many trees is a forest. Tropical
rain forests are found near the . The
temperature in a tropical rain forest is usually
all year. It also gets about 200 to
460 centimeters of rain each .
Temperate forests have four , and
rainfall and temperature change from season to season.
In the tropical rain forest, there are many tall trees
that block a lot of the sunlight down below. Plants on
the forest floor have in order to get
as much sunlight as they can. Many of these plants
have large to get more sunlight.

Trees in temperate forests are adapted to their
climate. They lose their leaves or have needle-like
leaves to survive the cold winter.

42 Reading and Writing Life in the Forest
Name Date LESSON
Outline
Life in the Arctic Tundra

What is an arctic tundra?
1. The arctic tundra is a(n) habitat.
2. The arctic tundra is located above the .
3. In the middle of , the Sun never rises.
4. During , the Sun never sets.
5. A layer of frozen soil called

prevents melted snow from soaking into the ground.
What adaptations help arctic plants?
6. All plants living in the arctic tundra have
or roots.
7. Having these types of roots allows plants to survive
in soil that is mostly .
8. Most arctic plants grow the

ground.
9. Many plants grow in tight clumps to

them from the cold and wind.
10. Plants that have dark colors can absorb

more easily.

Reading and Writing Life in the Arctic Tundra
43
LESSON Name Date
Outline
What adaptations help arctic animals?
11. Polar bears and musk oxen have a layer of
or fat.
12. Arctic animals usually have bodies
and fur than their relatives in other

habitats.
13. Many arctic animals have wide feet that keep them
from .
What are some other arctic-animal adaptations?
14. Canada geese and caribou when

seasons change.
15. In winter arctic animals that eat plants

where they can find food more easily.
16. The fur of the arctic fox changes color from

so it can blend in with its environment year-round.
Critical Thinking
17. Explain how arctic plants and animals have

adaptations to help them survive in the arctic tundra.

44 Reading and Writing Life in the Arctic Tundra
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary

arctic tundra conserve lichen migrate

blubber cushion plants lynx permafrost
1. Large bodies and thick fur help animals

heat in the cold winters.
2. The has wide feet that work like

snowshoes.
3. When winters turn very cold, many animals

to warmer areas.
4. The is a habitat marked by

extreme cold.
5. Plants called grow on rocks.
6. Plants that cluster together for protection from the
cold are called .
7. The is a layer of soil that always

stays frozen.
8. Some animals store a layer of

to help them stay warm in winter.

45
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity

blubber cold migrate roots

clumps melts permafrost summer
The arctic tundra is located above the Arctic Circle.
It is a habitat with only six to ten
weeks of . When temperatures get
warm enough, snow . Puddles form
on the land, because the layer
prevents water from soaking into the ground.
Many of the 1,700 kinds of plants in the arctic tundra
have shallow or no . Plants often grow in
tight . This protects them from the wind
and cold temperatures.
Arctic animals have also adapted. Some animals

to warmer places during the winter.
Other animals have a layer of . This
keeps them warm in winter.

Name Date Writing
in Science
Describe Where You Live

Write About It
Write a description in your science journal about your
environment. Use the first paragraph on page 118 as a
model for your writing.
Getting Ideas
Take a walk around your neighborhood or school
building. Keep your eyes and ears open to all the
sights and sounds around you. Notice the weather.
Fill in the chart below to use for your writing.
Sights Sounds Weather


47
Writing Name Date
in Science
Drafting
Now write the first draft of your paragraph. Begin
with a topic sentence. Write sentences that describe
your environment. Use details that create a vivid
picture.
Now revise and proofread your paragraph. Ask

yourself:
Did I begin with a topic sentence?
Did I use details that help my readers picture the

environment?
Did I include all the sights and sounds?
Did I describe the weather with vivid words?
Did I correct all grammar errors?
Did I correct all spelling, punctuation, and

capitalization errors?

Name Date LESSON
Outline
Life in the Ocean

What is an ocean like?
1. The ocean is home to of living

things.
2. Most ocean life forms live in water.
How do plants survive in the ocean?
3. Some plants attach to the ocean

bottom and others drift with water.
4. Plants with roots usually live in shallow water
because the plants need .
5. Algae give off when they make

food.
6. Algae that grow very large and clump together are
7. To catch sunlight, kelp uses ,

and its roots attach to the ocean floor.
8. Kelp also has balloonlike balls called

that keep its vines floating.
9. live in kelp forests.

Reading and Writing Life in the Ocean
49
LESSON Name Date
Outline
How do animals survive underwater?
10. Animals that live underwater

and move differently than land animals.
11. Fish use to breathe underwater.
12. Fish use their to push them

forward through the water.
13. The stingray has a sharp and tail.
14. Another way animals stay safe underwater is by using
How do animals survive in the very deep ocean?
15. The adapts by using a growth on

its head that lights up.
16. The large of the viperfish help it

see in the dark depths of the ocean.
Critical Thinking
17. Compare and contrast how animals adapt to life in

the ocean.

50 Reading and Writing Life in the Ocean
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary
Life in the Ocean

Choose a word from the word box below that answers
each question and write the correct letter in the space
provided.
a. air bladder c. anglerfish e. gills g. ocean

b. algae d. fins f. kelp h. stingray
1. I am the huge collection of salt water that

covers much of Earth. What am I?
2. I can hide my flat body on the ocean floor if

I am in danger. What am I?
3. I am used by fish to steer as they swim.

What am I?
4. I am a group of living things like plants, and

I live in saltwater. What am I?
5. I help some sea plants to stay afloat.

What am I?
6. I live in the ocean depths and trick other

animals so I can eat them. What am I?
7. I am the body part that fish use to breathe

oxygen in the water. What am I?
8. I am a kind of sea plant that grows in

forests in shallow water. What am I?

Reading and Writing Life in the Ocean
51
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity
Life in the Ocean

adapt breathe gills roots

algae floating kelp forests shallow
The worlds largest habitat is the ocean. Since the
bottom of the ocean is dark and cold, most ocean life
lives in water. Plants adapt to ocean
life by attaching to the ocean floor
or drifting with the water. In shallow, warm waters,
grow large and create
. Kelp have adapted to living in
water by using leaflike structures to catch sunlight and
balloonlike balls to keep their vines .
Animals have to to live in the
ocean, too. They have special parts to enable them to

eat, stay safe, move, and
underwater. For example, help them
breathe. They have fins and tails to help them move.

52 Reading and Writing Life in the Ocean
Name Date CHAPTER
Vocabulary
Habitats and Adaptations

1. What is another name for 4. Fish have special structures

the temperate grassland of called gills, which they use to
North America? a. swim.
a. arctic tundra b. steer.
b. prairie c. breathe.
c. savanna d. find food.
d. temperate forest
5. A savanna is found in Africa
2. Air bladders are found on and is another name for
plants that live in the a. deciduous forest.
a. arctic tundra. b. desert.
b. desert. c. tropical grassland.
c. forest. d. tropical rain forest.
d. ocean.
6. A nocturnal animal is active
3. Permafrost is a layer of during the
a. frozen soil. a. day.
b. snow. b. night.
c. frost on the trees. c. summer.
d. ice on the ocean. d. winter.

Reading and Writing
53
CHAPTER Name Date
Vocabulary
7. Animals in many different 10. An animal that hibernates is

habitats use camouflage to adapted to
a. hide from hunters. a. deserts.
b. move faster than other b. cold winters.
animals. c. tropical rain forests.
c. stay warm in winter. d. mimicry.
d. store water in dry
seasons. 11. In which land habitat do you
find the greatest numbers of
8. If most of the trees in a different types of plants and
forest lose their leaves animals?
during winter, the forest a. coniferous forest
is a(n)
b. savanna
a. arctic tundra.
c. temperate forest
b. coniferous forest.
d. tropical rain forest
c. deciduous forest.
d. rain forest. 12. Arctic tundra is a habitat
a. near the equator.
9. What does the word
mimicry describe? b. above the Arctic Circle.
a. a poisonous species c. with trees.
b. a species with an d. without living things.

adaptation
c. a species that eats

another species
d. a species that looks like
another species

Name Date CHAPTER
Concept Map
Habitats Change
Complete the concept map about changes in habitats.
Some parts have been done for you.
When people
The changes
can be small or
land, air, or water,
Living things
. they cause changes
change
in ecosystems.
Living things can ecosystems.
cause changes People also cause
when they changes by clearing
compete for
. Changes in for towns and

Ecosystems cities.
Changes in
Fossils tell about
ecosystems affect
past changes.
living things.
Changes that affect People study

living things include
to
, learn about ancient
organisms and changes
, and on Earth over time.
disease.
Dinosaurs are
Living things that
cannot adjust to ,
changes may become possibly because
of a meteor, and
,
which means that only a are
few of their population extinct, possibly because
remain. of climate changes.

Reading and Writing
55
LESSON Name Date
Outline
Living Things Change Their Environments

How do living things change their environments?
1. Living things change their in small

and large ways.
2. One way that plants change the environment is by
absorbing from the soil.
3. Worms change the environment by adding

to the soil.
4. Food and water are that living

things need to survive.
5. When water is limited, a struggle, or ,

among plants may occur.
How do people change their environments?
6. The organisms that cause the most changes to the
environment are .
7. Plants and animals can lose their

when people clear forests.
8. Cars and trash can harm the environment by causing
9. Pollution increases when are

drained.
Chapter 3 Habitats Change Use with Lesson 1

56 Reading and Writing Living Things Change Their Environments
Name Date LESSON
Outline
10. An organism that is new to an environment can
harm it if it does not have and the

organisms population increases quickly.
How can people protect their environments?
11. You protect the environment when you

the amount of paper you use.
12. You protect the environment when you

newspapers to line pet cages.
13. Businesses protect the environment when they
old newspapers into new paper

products.
14. When you plant a tree, you help keep

from washing away.
Critical Thinking
15. How do reducing, reusing, and recycling help the

environment?

Reading and Writing Living Things Change Their Environments
57
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary

Match the word to its correct description by writing
a. competition c. predators e. reduce g. reuse

b. pollution d. recycle f. resource
1. to turn old things into new things
2. what happens when harmful materials get

into the air, land, or water
3. animals that hunt other animals
4. something that helps an organism survive
5. to use something again in the same way
6. the struggle for survival among living things
7. to use less of something

58 Reading and Writing Living Things Change Their Environments
Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity

competition healthy reuse

environment homes soil
forests recycle wetlands
To meet their needs, living things, including people,
change the environment. To build towns and cities,
people sometimes drain and clear
. This takes away
from many plants and animals. Another cause of
change is for resources, such as
water and space, among living things. As a result of
these actions, the environment is changed.
People can improve the . We
can produce less trash if we and

. We can keep the environment
by planting trees. Trees help keep
in its place. They can also help
clean the air.

Reading and Writing Living Things Change Their Environments
59
LESSON Name Date
Outline
Changes Affect Living Things

What are some ways environments change?
1. An environment changes when a(n)

covers dry land with water.
2. Living things are harmed when they do not get
enough water during a(n) .
3. Floods and droughts are types of .
4. Animals can lose their homes when lightning starts
a(n) .
5. Some bacteria and mold can cause

that harm many living things.
How do organisms respond to changes?
6. Burrowing in the mud is a(n)

that helps frogs survive in a dry environment.
7. Some animals that cannot survive in a changed
environment may move to a new .

8. If organisms cannot move and the environment
has changed too much, the organisms will .

60 Reading and Writing Changes Affect Living Things
Name Date LESSON
Outline
How do environmental changes affect an entire

community?
9. In the grasslands of the central United States,
prairie dogs build and eat .
10. Prairie dogs are food for and
How does a living thing become endangered?
11. An organism that is has a very

small population.
12. Because it cannot adjust to dry conditions, the
may disappear.
13. People can make organisms endangered when they
them or destroy their habitat.
Critical Thinking
14. Would animals in a forest be harmed if a disease

that only affected plants spread? Explain why or
why not.

Reading and Writing Changes Affect Living Things
61
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary

Match the word to its correct description by writing
a. community d. endangered g. natural disaster

b. disease e. flood h. population
c. drought f. habitat i. wildfire
1. a long period of time with no rain
2. disaster that covers dry land with water
3. can be caused by bacteria or mold
4. can start when lightning strikes a dry area
5. all the organisms that live in one ecosystem
6. a flood is an example of this
7. describes an organism that has only a few living

members of its population left
8. the place where an organism lives
9. all the members of one type of organism living

in one ecosystem

Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity

disease migrate plants tunnels

floods organism prairie dogs water
Changes in an environment affect living things.
A change that affects only one type of
can eventually affect other populations. For example,
coyotes eat . Mice and snakes live in
the that prairie dogs build. If a(n)
destroyed the prairie dogs, all of
these other animals would be affected.
Besides diseases, natural disasters such as
and droughts can change an
environment. When dry land is covered by water, soil
and can be washed away. Some

organisms die from too little during
a drought. Organisms must or adjust
to a changing environment. If they do not, they may
become endangered.

63
Writing Name Date
in Science
Save the Koala Bears

Write About It
Persuasive Writing Choose an endangered animal
you care about. Research to find out why this animal
is in trouble. Write a paragraph to convince readers
that this animal should be saved. Be sure to end with
a strong argument.
Getting Ideas
Fill out the chart below. Write your opinion
about your endangered animal in the top oval.
Write down the reasons that support your opinion
in the bottom ovals.
Opinion
Reason Reason

Name Date Writing
in Science

Isabella wrote about the giant panda. Does her
sentence tell why we should protect the panda? If
so, write yes. Write no if it does not.
1. If pandas die out, it will affect the balance of nature.
2. I saw a beautiful panda in the zoo.
Drafting
Pick an animal. Write a sentence that states your
opinion about saving it.
Now write your paragraph on a separate piece of

paper. Begin with the sentence that you wrote above.

Here are some sentences that Isabella wrote.
Proofread them. Find the five spelling errors. Cross
out each misspelled word. Write the correct spelling
above it.
Pandas have lived in bamboo forests for milions of years.
If the jiant panda dyes out, the Earth will lose one of the most
beautiful kreatures in the world. I beleive that people must take
action now.
Now revise and proofread your writing.

Ask yourself:
Did I state my opinion about an endangered animal?
Did I include convincing reasons?

65
LESSON Name Date
Outline
Living Things of the Past

What can happen if the environment

suddenly changes?
1. People know about organisms that lived long ago
because of remains called .
2. An organism that has no living population is said to
be .
3. Large animals called became

extinct when the climate changed and ice no longer
covered much of the land.
4. The time when ice covered much of Earth is called the
5. Disease and dry weather caused the

to become extinct in 2004.
How can we learn about things that lived

long ago?
6. Scientists can tell what animals ate by studying

their .
7. Scientists learn how animals moved by studying
their .

66 Reading and Writing Living Things of the Past
Name Date LESSON
Outline
8. Fish fossils found on teach us that
the area was once covered by .
9. The fossils are usually deep below

the surface of the ground.
10. The fossils are usually below

ground but close to the surface.
How are living things of today similar to those

that lived long ago?
11. Fossils do not show how organisms used their .
12. Elephants today are similar to that

lived long ago.
13. The pterodactyl was a flying lizard that used its beak
and claws to catch fish, just as the

does today.
Critical Thinking
14. Tropical plants can be found where it is hot and

rainy. Fossils of tropical plants have been found in
a place where it is cold today. What can you infer
from this finding?

Reading and Writing Living Things of the Past
67
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary

What am I?
Choose a word from the box below that answers each

question, and write its letter in the space provided.
a. extinct d. pterodactyl
b. fossil e. saber-toothed cat
c. Ice Age f. St. Helena Olive tree
1. I am the remains of any organism that lived

long ago. What am I?
2. I was a living organism, but there are no

more of my kind alive. What am I?
3. I am a big animal that became extinct when the

climate changed thousands of years ago. What am I?
4. I am a type of tree that is extinct because of

disease and dry weather. What am I?
5. During my time, large ice sheets covered

much of the land. What am I?
6. Scientists think that I hunted the way an

eagle does today. What am I?

Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity

ate extinct similar

body parts layers woolly mammoths
Earth meteor
Scientists learn about ancient organisms by
studying fossils. They learn how animals looked, how
they moved, and what they . Some
living things today look to organisms
of long ago. Scientists can infer from them how ancient
organisms used their . For example,
elephants look like .
From fossils, scientists also learn how
has changed over time. They find fossils in its rock
. Scientists think that some animals

are because of natural events. For
example, dinosaurs may have died when a(n)
hit Earth. Other animals became extinct because of
humans activities, competition, and disease.

69
Reading Name Date
in Science
Looking at Dinosaurs
Write About It
Fact and Opinion What animal do you think dinosaurs
are like? What animal do scientists think dinosaurs are
like? Why do scientists think this?

What animal do you think dinosaurs are like?
What animal do scientists think dinosaurs are like?

Why do scientists think this?

Name Date Reading
in Science
Drafting
Write a paragraph explaining how one of the previous
answers is an opinion and the other is a fact. Use
examples of dinosaur discoveries to support
your writing.

71
CHAPTER Name Date
Vocabulary
Habitats Change
1. To use something again is to 4. When you use less of

a. reuse it. something, you
b. reduce it. a. adapt.
c. recycle it. b. recycle.
d. replace it. c. reuse.

d. reduce.
2. Which is an example of a
resource? 5. Which organism is extinct?
a. fossil a. lizard
b. air b. eagle
c. disease c. elephant
d. adaptation d. woolly mammoth
3. Soil and plants may be 6. In the grasslands of the

washed away during a central United States, which
a. drought. organism is prey for a
coyote?
b. wildfire.
a. grass
c. flood.
b. prairie dog
d. disease.
c. hawk
d. eagle

Name Date CHAPTER
Vocabulary
7. For which of these resources 10. Which is a natural disaster

do plants compete? caused by too little rain?
a. prey a. pollution
b. food b. disease
c. sunlight c. drought
d. air d. flood
8. Scientists learn the most 11. What is produced when

about ancient organisms harmful things are put in the
by studying air or water or on land?
a. fossils. a. pollution
b. resources. b. competition
c. natural disasters. c. extinction
d. adaptations. d. adaptation
9. Which action is a business 12. Which of these organisms is

taking when it makes new a predator?
cans from old cans? a. tree
a. adapting b. fungus
b. reusing c. wild horse
c. reducing d. hawk
d. recycling

Reading and Writing
73
UNIT Name Date
Literature
Once Upon a Woodpecker

Read the Unit Literature feature in your textbook.
Write About It
Response to Literature This article tells about special
features of woodpeckers that help them survive. What
are some special features you have that help you
survive? Write about them.
Unit A Life Science

Name Date CHAPTER
Concept Map
Earths Resources
Complete the concept map about Earths resources.
Minerals and Rocks Soil

The three types of rock Soil is made of
are ,
, and
. Rocks
and minerals are used to
.
make
It provides a place
for plants to
. .
Earths
Resources
Renewable Resources Fossils and Fuels

Some resources are Some types of fossils are
, which ,
means they can be used stony models
again. Examples are plants,
, and
animals, ,
. Fossil
and . fuels are a source
of .

Reading and Writing
75
LESSON Name Date
Outline
Minerals and Rocks

What are minerals?
1. Solid, nonliving substances called

are found in rocks and soil.
2. It is possible to tell one mineral from another because
each mineral has its own .
3. Minerals cannot be identified by

alone because some minerals come in many colors.
4. The color of the powder left when a mineral is rubbed
on a white tile is called .
5. A minerals can be described by

the way light bounces off it.
6. Minerals are scratched in order to investigate the
property called .
What are rocks?
7. A rock with large grains has a coarse .

8. A rock that forms from magma or lava is classified as
a(n) .
9. Granite is formed from melted rock inside Earth
called .
Chapter 4 Earths Resources Use with Lesson 1

76 Reading and Writing Minerals and Rocks
Name Date LESSON
Outline
10. Basalt is formed from melted rock on Earths surface
called .
What are sedimentary and metamorphic rocks?
11. A rock that forms from layers of sediment is classified
as a(n) .
12. Another name for the tiny bits of rock that make up
shale is .
13. Heating and squeezing rocks inside Earth can form a
kind of rock called .
How do we use minerals and rocks?
14. Minerals called are valued for

their beauty.
15. People make cement from and
burn for fuel.
Critical Thinking
16. Choose three rocks or minerals mentioned in the

textbook that you would use to make a necklace.

Explain your choices based upon their qualities.

Reading and Writing Minerals and Rocks
77
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary
Minerals and Rocks

What am I?
Choose a word from the box that answers each

question below, and write the correct letter in the
space provided.
a. igneous rock c. metamorphic rock e. sediment

b. luster d. mineral f. sedimentary rock
1. I am the property of a mineral that describes how
light reflects from the mineral. What am I?
2. I am tiny bits of animals, plants, or weathered rock.
What am I?
3. I am a solid, nonliving substance found in nature.
What am I?
4. I formed when layers of sediment piled up and were
pressed together. What am I?
5. I formed deep inside Earth. I was heated and

squeezed by the weight of rocks above me.
What am I?
6. I formed when melted rock cooled and hardened,

either inside Earth or on Earths surface.
What am I?

Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity
Minerals and Rocks

animals lava metamorphic sedimentary

hardness luster minerals
igneous magma plants
Rocks are classified into three groups based on the
way they form. A rock that formed from melted rock is
called a(n) rock. Rocks with large
mineral grains formed from . Rocks
with small mineral grains formed from .
Shale is a(n) rock because it formed
when tiny bits of rocks pressed together in layers.
Other rocks of this kind have tiny bits of once-living
and . When rocks
are heated and squeezed inside Earth, new rocks called
rocks can form. Rocks are made of

solid, nonliving materials called . They
can be identified by their ,
, and streak. Rocks and minerals are
very useful.

79
Writing Name Date
in Science
Marble Memorials
Write About It
Descriptive Writing Choose two objects made
from rock. Write a paragraph that describes and
compares them.
Getting Ideas
Write the names of the two objects above the
ovals below. In the outer part of each oval, write
how they are different. In the overlapping part, write
how they are alike.
Different Different
Alike

Lily wrote two sentences. Write compare or
contrast depending on whether each sentence is

alike or different.
1. Both necklaces were made of blue stones.
2. Another necklace had smooth stones, but

the stones were black.

Name Date Writing
in Science
Drafting
Begin your paragraph by writing a sentence that
identifies the two objects you will compare. Write a
main idea about them.
Now write your paragraph. Use a separate piece of

paper. Start with the sentence you wrote above.
Then compare the two things and include details.

Here is part of a paragraph that Lily wrote. She
made five mistakes. Proofread the sentences.
Find the mistakes and correct them.
There are two statues that I like. both of them are
made of marble. One statu is made of white marble. It is a
sculpture of a jack rabit. The other statue is made of black
marble. It is a sculpture of a gient black spider. The marble
on both sculptures is very smooth and cold. Even when its
hot outside the marble is still cold.
Now revise and proofread your writing. Ask yourself:

Did I compare two things made from rocks?
Did I use details that show how they are alike

and different?

81
LESSON Name Date
Outline
Soil
What is soil?
1. Minerals, weathered rocks, and bits of decayed plants
and animals make up .
2. Plants use nutrients that adds

to soil.
3. A plants take in water and hold

the soil in place.
4. Bits of rock, minerals, and a lot of humus make up the
soil layer called .
5. The soil layer called has less humus

than the layer of soil above it.
6. Below topsoil and subsoil is solid rock, or .
How are soils different?

7. Soils with thick layers of topsoil full of humus are
good for .
8. Soils are different because they

have different minerals and amounts of humus.
9. When you say that soil has large or small grains, you
are describing the of the soil.

82 Reading and Writing Soil
Name Date LESSON
Outline
10. The type of soil with the largest grains is .
11. Soil with grains smaller than those of sand but larger
than clay is .
12. Some plants may not grow well in

because it is too wet.
13. The best soil for growing many plants is .
Why is soil important?
14. Soil is a(n) and is important

because people need the plants that grow in soil.
15. People can keep soil by preventing

soil erosion and keeping soil clean.
Critical Thinking
16. If you were a farmer looking to buy land to grow

plants, which kind of soil would you look for?
Describe the qualities you would like the soil to have.

Reading and Writing Soil
83
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary
Soil
the letter of the word in the space provided.
a. bedrock e. soil
b. humus f. subsoil
c. loam g. topsoil
d. natural resource
1. soil made up of a mixture of sand, silt,

and clay
2. the top layer of soil
3. the layer of soil that has a lighter color and

less humus than the layer above it
4. bits of decayed plants and animals that add

nutrients to soil
5. material on Earth that is necessary or useful

to people
6. solid rock
7. a mixture of minerals, weathered rocks,

water, air, and living things

84 Reading and Writing Soil
Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity
Soil
clay soil minerals subsoil

humus mixture topsoil
loam natural resource weathering
Soil is important because plants need it to grow.
Because soil is found in nature and is useful to people,
it is a . Soil is made up of
minerals, weathered rocks, and . The
soil in which plants grow well is called .
This kind of soil is a of sand, silt,
and clay. Sandy soil holds little water, and
holds a lot of water.
Soils vary because they contain different rocks and
. Soil starts forming when rocks are
broken down by . The highest layer

of soil is called , and the next layer is
called . Solid rock called bedrock is
below these two layers.

Reading and Writing Soil
85
LESSON Name Date
Outline
Fossils and Fuels

How are fossils formed?
1. The bone of an animal that lived long ago can turn
into a(n) .
2. An animal footprint in solid rock is a type of fossil
called a(n) .
3. Bone becomes a fossil when it is replaced by .
4. Stony models are found in rock.
5. An empty space in rock in the shape of a living
thing is a(n) .
6. A copy of a molds shape that is formed by hardened
minerals is a(n) .
What are fossil fuels?
7. People heat their homes by burning .
8. After ancient plants and animals died, their remains

turned into a fuel called a(n) .
9. Fossil fuels, plants, animals, water, and air are .

86 Reading and Writing Fossils and Fuels
Name Date LESSON
Outline
10. Plants and animals are resources

because they can be replaced.
11. Oil and gas are resources because

they cannot be replaced.
What are some other sources of energy?
12. We have of energy besides fossil

fuels.
13. A renewable resource that comes from the Sun is
14. People can use the Sun, wind, and moving water to
make .
Critical Thinking
15. Which kind of fossil would you like to discover,

and what do you think can be learned from it?

Reading and Writing Fossils and Fuels
87
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary
Fossils and Fuels

Match the correct word with its description by writing
a. cast e. mold
b. fossil f. nonrenewable resource
c. fuel g. renewable resource
d. imprint h. solar energy
1. a type of fossil that is a copy of a

molds shape
2. a type of fossil that is a mark in solid rock
3. energy from the Sun
4. a resource that can be replaced or used

again and again
5. a material that is burned for its energy
6. a type of fossil that is an empty space in

rock where the remains of an animal or
plant lay
7. a resource that cannot be replaced or

reused easily
8. the trace or remains of something that lived

long ago

Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity
Fossils and Fuels

cast imprint nonrenewable solar energy

energy minerals organisms stony model
fossils mold sediment
Fossil fuels formed from the remains of
that lived long ago. These remains
of plants and animals are called .
A footprint of an animal in solid rock is a(n)
. Dead organisms can be buried in
. As the sediment becomes rock,
replace the bones of the organism,
making a(n) .
A space in an organisms shape is a(n) .
If this fossil fills with water, minerals can harden and
form a(n) . Fossil fuels take so long

to form and are resources. However,
fossils are not our only source of .
Other sources include wind and .
These sources are renewable and can be replaced.

89
Reading Name Date
in Science
Turning the Power On

Fill in the blanks in the graphic organizer below.
When you have finished, you will see how text
clues help you draw conclusions.
Text Clues Conclusions

People need to use
People need . Some
more
energy sources like will energy sources so that
be used up one day. Some energy sources nonrenewable energy
sources will not be
are and can be used used up.
again and again.
Hydropower, wind, geothermal, solar, Renewable resources
and biomass energy can all produce can supply our need for
. These forms of .
energy our cars,
our homes, and
our machines.

Name Date Reading
in Science
Write About It
Draw Conclusions Why is it important for people to
use renewable energy sources? Use what you already
know and what you read in the article to draw a
conclusion.

1. Why do people need energy?
2. What will happen if people use coal and oil instead of

renewable resources?
3. Can renewable resources meet peoples energy

needs? Explain.
Draw Conclusions
Now, use your answers to the questions above to

write an answer to this question: Why is it important
for people to use renewable resources?

91
CHAPTER Name Date
Vocabulary
Earths Resources
1. Which of the following is a 4. Which kind of rock forms

solid, nonliving substance from magma?
found in nature? a. metamorphic
a. sediment b. igneous
b. humus c. sedimentary
c. a mineral d. fossil
d. a fossil fuel
5. Which of the following
2. Which of the following is is a mixture of minerals,
made up of bits of decayed weathered rocks, and living
plants and animals that add things?
nutrients to soil? a. soil
a. fossils b. humus
b. topsoil c. a fossil fuel
c. loam d. nutrients
d. humus
6. A dinosaurs footprint in
3. Which of the following is an hardened mud is
example of a nonrenewable a. a mold.
resource?
b. a cast.
a. air
c. a stony model.
b. soil
d. an imprint.
c. coal
d. water

Name Date CHAPTER
Vocabulary
7. Rock formed from heat 10. Which kind of resource
and pressure inside Earth are plants, animals, water,
is classified as and air?
a. bedrock. a. nonrenewable
b. igneous rock. b. renewable
c. sedimentary rock. c. energy
d. metamorphic rock. d. limited
8. A good type of soil for 11. Which kind of rock forms

growing many plants from tiny bits of plants,
because it does not become animals, or weathered rock?
too wet or too dry is a. sedimentary
a. clay. b. metamorphic
b. loam. c. igneous
c. sand. d. mineral
d. silt.
12. Which of the following is a
9. Scientists look at how easily material that is burned for
a mineral can be scratched its energy?
to determine its a. magma
a. hardness. b. solar energy
b. luster. c. fossils
c. streak. d. fuel
d. texture.

Reading and Writing
93
CHAPTER Name Date
Concept Map
Earth Changes
Complete the concept map about Earths features
and how they can change. Some parts have been
done for you.
Some of Earths Features

1. mountains 4. plateaus
2. 5.
3. 6.
Some things cause Some things cause

landforms on landforms on Earths
Earths crust to crust to change
change suddenly. very slowly.
1. volcanoes 1. weathering by:

a. moving water
2.
b.
3. floods
c. ice
4.
d.
2. erosion by:
a.
b.
c. glaciers

Name Date LESSON
Outline
Earths Features
What covers Earths surface?
1. More than half of Earth is covered
by .
2. Most of Earth is covered by ,

which are made up of salt water.
3. Rivers and glaciers are made up of

water.
4. Water that is not is fresh water.
5. Earths make up seven great

land areas.
What are some of Earths land and water

features?
6. A deep, narrow valley with steep sides is
a(n) .
7. A landform with water all around it is
a(n) .
8. Rivers are bodies of water.
9. Land that is flat on top and higher than the land
around it is called a(n) .
Chapter 5 Earth Changes Use with Lesson 1

Reading and Writing Earths Features
95
LESSON Name Date
Outline
What land features are in the oceans?
10. The land under an ocean at the edge of a continent is
called a(n) .
11. Land that stretches for thousands of kilometers beneath
the oceans surface is called the .
12. Canyons called form the deepest

parts of the ocean floor.
What are the layers of Earth?
13. Earths is where the continents and

the ocean floor are found.
14. Earths crust is a(n) , cool layer.
15. Under the crust is a layer called the .
16. The deepest and hottest layer of Earth is the .
17. The outer core is made up of rock.
18. Earths inner core is made up of rock.
Critical Thinking
19. What can a map show you about Earths features?

96 Reading and Writing Earths Features
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary
Earths Features
Match each word with its definition.
a. abyssal plain e. crust i. ocean

b. continent f. island j. trench
c. continental shelf g. landforms
d. core h. mantle
1. a large body of salt water
2. Earths thin outer layer
3. a great area of land
4. the layer immediately below Earths crust
5. features found on land
6. a canyon that is the deepest part of the

ocean floor
7. the deepest and hottest layer of Earth
8. land with water all around it
9. a plateau under the ocean at the edge of

a continent
10. a deep, flat part of the ocean floor,

thousands of kilometers wide

Reading and Writing Earths Features
97
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity
Earths Features
abyssal plain landforms plain

continental shelf mantle plateau
crust ocean
The seven large land areas of Earth are the
continents. Continents have such as
mountains and valleys. A high, flat landform with steep
sides is a(n) . Another landform is
a(n) , which is flat and wide.
The outer layer of Earth is the .
It is thin and cool. The layer just below the crust is the
. It is made up of rock that is soft
and flowing or rock that is solid.
Most of Earth is covered by salty

water. Land under the ocean along a coast forms the
. Farther out, the wide, flat
makes up the ocean floor. A deep canyon in the ocean
floor is called a trench.

98 Reading and Writing Earths Features
Name Date LESSON
Outline
Sudden Changes to Earth

What are earthquakes?
1. The huge rocks that make up Earths crust
can .
2. Rocks below ground can bend when they
each other.
3. Rocks below ground can press against other rocks
and .
4. Rocks that bend can and cause

sudden movement.
5. A sudden movement of rocks in Earths crust is
a(n) .
6. An earthquake can be or
very strong.
7. The land , or shakes, during

an earthquake.
8. During an earthquake, vibrations travel as

in all directions.
What are volcanoes?
9. A mountain around an opening in Earths crust is
a(n) .

Reading and Writing Sudden Changes to Earth
99
LESSON Name Date
Outline
10. Melted rock is called when it is in

Earths crust and mantle.
11. Melted rock that flows through an opening in the
crust is called .
12. A volcanic forms when lava, rocks,

and ash pile up in layers.
13. Lava can from a volcano, or it can

explode out of it.
What are landslides and floods?
14. The force that pulls on all objects, including rocks, is
called .
15. When rocks and soil move downhill very fast, a(n)
occurs.
16. A river that overflows can cause a(n)

on land that is usually dry.
Critical Thinking
17. How can earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and

floods change the shape of coastlines?

100 Reading and Writing Sudden Changes to Earth
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary

a. earthquake c. gravity e. lava g. vibrations

b. flood d. landslide f. magma h. volcano
1. shaking felt during an earthquake
2. melted rock in the crust and mantle
3. the force that pulls objects downward
4. sudden movement of rocks in Earths crust
5. water that flows over land that is

normally dry
6. melted rock that flows through an opening

and out onto land
7. rock and soil pulled down a hill by gravity

8. a mountain that builds up in Earths crust

around an opening

101
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity

crust flood magma

earthquake lava volcano
The land that makes up Earths surface can change
very quickly. Large, flat rocks in Earths
can slide past or press against each other. If they snap
back, they cause a(n) . Water can
also change land. Sometimes heavy rain fills a river,
and water flows over the banks. A(n)
forms as water flows onto land that is usually dry.
Hot, melted rock in Earths crust is called
. Magma that flows out through an
opening in the crust is called .A
mountain that forms around an opening in Earths

crust is a(n) . Lava can ooze or
explode from a volcano and change the land.

Name Date Reading
in Science
Slide on the Shore

Cause and Effect

Use the graphic organizer to list the causes and
effects of erosion and ways to prevent it.
Cause Effect

103
Reading Name Date
in Science
Write About It
Cause and Effect Read the article again with a partner.
Write a few sentences that tell what causes landslides
to happen. Include also what people can do to prevent
them from happening.

Why do landslides take place?
What are three things that people can do to

prevent landslides?
What structures can keep cliffs safe for people to live

on or near?
Drafting
Write a clear statement about the causes of landslides.
Write a clear statement about what can happen as a

result of a landslide and what people can do to prevent
them.

Name Date LESSON
Outline
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition

What is weathering?
1. The process of breaks down rocks

into smaller and smaller pieces.
2. Weathering can break down rocks into
and soil.
3. Weathering can be caused by ,

wind, rain, and ice.
4. Rocks can weather when they

against each other.
5. Water that freezes in a crack and

makes the crack larger.
6. Over time, freezing and water

breaks down a rock into smaller pieces.
7. Plant grow into cracks in a rock

and split the rock.
What is erosion?
8. Pieces of weathered rock get moved to other places
by .
9. Erosion can happen when pulls

weathered rock and soil downhill.

Reading and Writing Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
105
LESSON Name Date
Outline
10. A major cause of erosion is the in

rivers and the ocean.
11. Rock can be dropped or by wind

when the wind slows down.
12. Rocks are carried along inside a(n)

and dropped in new places as it melts.
How can people change the land?

13. Digging a(n) is a small example of
how people can change land.
14. Land is changed when trees are cut to build ,
, and .
15. Soil can wash away if trees are not .
16. Land can change when it is for

rocks that are valuable.
Critical Thinking
17. Why would planting trees help stop erosion caused

by wind and water?

106 Reading and Writing Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary

What am I?
Choose a word from the word box below that answers

each question and write the correct letter in the
space provided.
a. erosion c. gravity e. soil g. wind

b. glacier d. roots f. weathering
1. I am a force that pulls materials downhill.
What am I?
2. I drop or deposit small bits of rock when I slow down.
What am I?
3. I can grow in small cracks and split rocks apart.
What am I?
4. I pick up rocks as I move. Then I drop them in new
places when I melt. What am I?
5. I am the movement of weathered rock.
What am I?
6. I cause rocks to break down with the help of running
water, rain, and ice. What am I?
7. I am the result of rocks being broken down into
smaller pieces. What am I?

Reading and Writing Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
107
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity

blow away erosion freezing scrape

deposited expands plant roots wind
The weathering of rocks is the way that
rocks get broken into small pieces. Weathered rock
moving from one place to another is .
Sand and rocks are picked up and in a
new place. Moving water, glaciers, and
help erosion take place. People can cause erosion by
cutting down trees, which can cause the soil
to .
Some weathering happens because water
when it freezes in a crack in a rock. Repeated
and thawing help break the rock. Some rocks weather

when they against other rocks. Rocks
also break apart when grow into their
cracks. They also break when gravity pulls rocks downhill.

108 Reading and Writing Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Name Date Writing
in Science
Missing Noses
Write About It
Expository Writing Write a paragraph to describe
other causes of weathering. Remember to start with a
topic sentence and to end with a conclusion.
Getting Ideas
Water is one cause of weathering and erosion. What
are some other causes? Write them in the chart below.
Cause Effect

Here are three sentences that Suki wrote. Write MI
if the sentence tells a main idea. Write D if it gives
a detail.
1. Large rocks get worn away by scraping

against smaller rocks.
2. Wind can cause the soil to erode.
3. There are several causes of weathering and erosion.

Reading and Writing Weathering and Erosion
109
Writing Name Date
in Science
Drafting
Write a topic sentence. Make sure it states your main
idea about weathering and erosion.
Now write your paragraph. Use a separate piece of

paper. Begin with your topic sentence. Then write
about other causes of weathering and erosion. Reach
a conclusion at the end.

Here are some sentences Suki wrote. Combine each
pair, using the word in parentheses after each sentence.
1. Machines can cause weathering. They dig up the
ground. (because)
2. The roots of a tree can break a rock apart slowly.

They grow. (when)
3. Rocks will weather. An animal digs them up. (after)


Did I begin with a topic sentence?
Did I include facts and details?

110 Reading and Writing Weathering and Erosion
Name Date CHAPTER
Vocabulary
Earth Changes
1. The middle layer of Earth 4. A continental shelf is

is the flat and slopes off into
a. crust. the ocean. It is similar
to a
b. mantle.
a. plateau.
c. inner core.
b. coast.
d. outer core.
c. plain.
2. The continents and ocean d. trench.
floor make up Earths
a. mantle. 5. Most of Earth is covered by
b. coast. a. sand and soil.
c. crust. b. oceans.
d. core. c. lakes.
d. melted rock.
3. What develops when water
suddenly flows over land 6. When water freezes, it
that is usually dry? a. flows.
a. an ocean b. expands.
b. a volcano c. shrinks.
c. a landslide d. melts.
d. a flood

Reading and Writing
111
CHAPTER Name Date
Vocabulary
7. What change occurs when 10. An earthquake can happen

rocks are carried to a new because rocks in Earths
place? crust can
a. erosion a. melt and harden.
b. melting b. bend and snap back.
c. freezing and thawing c. freeze and thaw.
d. formation of a new rock d. ooze and explode.
8. Melted rock that flows out 11. Gravity causes erosion on a

onto land is called hillside when it
a. magma. a. pushes rocks along.
b. lava. b. holds rocks in place.
c. a landslide. c. pulls rocks downhill.
d. a slab of rock. d. bends rocks.
9. An earthquake occurs 12. Which of the following

when slabs of rock in the deposits rocks from the
Earths crust ocean floor onto a beach?
a. move slowly. a. moving water
b. explode. b. gravity
c. move suddenly. c. glaciers
d. ooze onto land. d. blowing wind
13. The deepest part of an

ocean is its
a. abyssal plain.
b. coast.
c. continental shelf.
d. trench.
Name Date UNIT
Literature
One Cool Adventure

Write About It
Response to Literature This article tells about the first
women to cross Antarctica on skis. What do you know
about Antarctica or other places on Earth? Suppose
you took a trip around the world. What kinds of things
might you see? Write about it.
Unit B Earth Science

Reading and Writing
113
CHAPTER Name Date
Concept Map
Matter and Heat

Complete the concept map below about matter. Some
answers have been written for you.
Matter
can be measured
tool used to measure metric unit
thermometer degrees Celsius
ruler length
beaker or
liters
graduated cylinder
pan balance mass
spring scale newtons
can change states

name of
original state new state heat change
process
solid melting
liquid solid loss

boiling or
liquid
evaporating
liquid condensing

Name Date LESSON
Outline
Properties of Matter
What is matter?
1. Everything that takes up space is .
2. The amount of space that an object takes up is
its .
3. A large object has more volume than a(n)

object.
4. An objects is equal to the amount

of matter it has.
5. An object that feels light, such as a beach ball, has
a(n) mass.
What are some properties of matter?
6. A characteristic of matter is called a(n) .
7. Two properties of matter are sinking and .
8. The smell, feel, and of an object

are also properties.
9. An object will sink or float because of its

and mass.
10. An object with a small mass and a large volume will
usually .
Chapter 6 Matter and Heat Use with Lesson 1

Reading and Writing Properties of Matter
115
LESSON Name Date
Outline
11. An object with a large mass and a small volume will
usually .
12. A magnet pulls on objects made of .
13. Metals are good material for cooking pots because
can move through them easily.
What is matter made of?

14. Matter is made of building blocks called .
15. Most matter contains more than

element.
16. The elements hydrogen and make

up water.
17. Sugar contains the elements hydrogen, oxygen,
and .
Critical Thinking
18. What are some properties that describe the matter in

a yellow pencil? Macmillan/McGraw-Hill

116 Reading and Writing Properties of Matter
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary
Match the correct word to its definition by writing
a. carbon c. magnet e. matter g. volume

b. elements d. mass f. property
1. the amount of space an object takes up
2. something that pulls on an object made

of iron
3. the third element in sugar, along with

hydrogen and oxygen
4. the size, shape, feel, or smell of something
5. anything that takes up space
6. the building blocks of matter
7. a measure of the amount of matter in an

object

117
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity
elements mass properties volume

magnetism matter small
Everything around you takes up space. Anything
that takes up space is made of . The
amount of space an object takes up is its .
The volume of an object tells how big or
it is. For example, a bowling ball has more volume than
a tennis ball. Bowling balls are heavier than tennis balls
because bowling balls have more matter. A bowling ball
therefore has more than a tennis ball.
The color, shape, feel, and smell of an object are its
. Objects have many different kinds of
properties, such as and conducting

heat. All matter is made up of building blocks called
. Different combinations of elements
make up different kinds of matter.

Name Date Reading
in Science
Meet Neil deGrasse Tyson

Write About It
Main Idea and Details Read the article with a partner.
What is the main idea? What details add to the main
idea? Fill in a main-idea chart. Then write a few
sentences to explain the main idea.
Use the graphic organizer to complete the main idea

and supporting details found in the article.
Main Idea
Your body contains hydrogen, carbon, and many other
. They formed in
long ago.
Most elements Stars Over

form inside the
,
. elements into space. these elements
combine to
Hydrogen form new
,
to form all of the planets, or
other elements.
.

119
Reading Name Date
in Science

Answer the questions below about the article.
1. What does Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson study?
2. Where does Dr. Tyson work?
3. What is your body made up of?
4. Where do most elements form?
5. What combines to form all the other elements?
6. How do these elements make their way from the stars

to your body?
Drafting
Start by writing a clear statement that describes the
main idea of the article.
Write three supporting details.

Read what you have written. Cross out anything that

does not directly support the main idea.
Exchange papers with your partner and ask him or her

to check your choice of a main idea. Have your partner
also check your choice of supporting details.

Name Date LESSON
Outline
Measuring Matter
How is matter measured?
1. The sizes, or amounts, of matter in objects can be
observed by and then comparing.
2. Feet and miles are agreed-upon measures, or
of measure.
3. Standard units of measure in the

are meters and liters.
4. Scientists use equipment such as
and to measure volume.
5. Scientists use these tools to measure the volume
of a(n) and by placing it in a
measured .
How do we measure mass?
6. The mass of an object can be measured on
a(n) .
7. The amount of matter in an object is referred to as
its .
8. In the metric system, mass is measured in .

Reading and Writing Measuring Matter
121
LESSON Name Date
Outline
9. An object with particles packed tightly together has

more mass than an object in which particles
are .
How are mass and weight different?
10. The force that pulls objects to Earth is .
11. The measure of the amount of gravity pulling an
object toward Earth is its .
12. The weights of certain objects can be measured
using a(n) .
Critical Thinking
13. Why would a brick have the same mass on the Moon
as it has on Earth but weigh less on the Moon?

122 Reading and Writing Measuring Matter
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary
Measuring Matter
What am I?
Choose a word or words from the box below that

answers each question, and write the correct letter in
the space provided.
a. gravity c. meter e. pan balance g. weight

b. liter d. metric system f. standard unit
1. I am the unit of length in the metric system.

What am I?
2. I am a unit of measure that people agree to use.

What am I?
3. I am a tool used to measure mass.

What am I?
4. I am a characteristic of matter that is different

on the Moon than on Earth. What am I?
5. I am a system used by scientists to make

accurate measurements of matter. What am I?
6. I am a unit of liquid volume in the metric

system. What am I?
7. I am the force that keeps objects from floating

off into space. What am I?

Reading and Writing Measuring Matter
123
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity
Measuring Matter
gravity metric system tightly

mass particles weight
All matter is made of small particles. Some objects
contain particles that are far apart, and some have
many particles packed together.
An object such as a bowling ball has more mass than
an object such as a balloon because it has more
that are close together.
The of an object on Earth is the
same as it is on the Moon because the number of
particles in an object stays the same. However, an
objects on Earth is greater than it
would be on the Moon because the pull of

is greater on Earth than it is on the
Moon. Scientists use the to measure
matter. Scientists use these measures often.

124 Reading and Writing Measuring Matter
Name Date LESSON
Outline
Solids, Liquids, and Gases

What are three forms of matter?
1. Three forms of matter are solid, liquid, and .
2. These three forms are what scientists call the .
3. Solids, liquids, and gases each have certain .
4. Matter that has a definite is a solid.
5. Objects that are made of ,
, and are solids.
6. The particles in a solid are

and stay in place.
What are liquids and gases?
7. Liquids and gases are matter because they take up
space and have .
8. Anything with a definite volume but not a definite
shape is a(n) .
9. Milk is a liquid because it takes the

of its container.
10. Whether a cup of milk is spilled or in a glass, the milk
still has the same .

Reading and Writing Solids, Liquids, and Gases
125
LESSON Name Date
Outline
11. Particles in liquids are not as as

particles in solids.
12. Particles in gases have more than

particles in liquids.
13. Any matter that does not have a definite shape or
volume is a(n) .
14. Gases spread out to take the shape and

of their containers.
15. Particles in gases move about .
How do you use all the states of matter?
16. The handlebars and seat of a bicycle are .
17. The air in bicycle tires is a(n) . The
chain is a liquid.
Critical Thinking
18. How are the three states of matter represented each

day when you eat lunch?

126 Reading and Writing Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary

Match the correct word or words to their description
by writing the letter in the space provided.
a. definite d. liquid g. solid

b. energy e. oxygen h. states of matter
c. gas f. particles
1. the movement of particles
2. matter that has particles packed

tightly together
3. means it stays the same
4. a gas needed by living things
5. matter with particles that can be far apart or

squeezed together
6. forms that scientists call gases, solids, and

liquids
7. tiny units that make up all matter
8. matter whose particles have a definite volume

but no definite shape and take the shape of
the matters container

127
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity

Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks below.
definite gas slide past tightly packed

energy less solid
freely liquid spread out
Every day, living things use substances in different
states of matter. These states of matter are ,
, and .
Gases, liquids, and solids have different characteristics.
Gases have particles that are far apart from one another.
Particles in gases have a lot of and
move . They to fill up
whatever container they are in. Liquids are made up of
particles that have energy than gases.
Particles in a liquid one another. They

take the shape of their container. Solids have a(n)
shape. Particles in a solid have the least
amount of energy and are together.
They do not move around much.

Name Date Writing
in Science
Describe Matter
Write About It
Descriptive Writing Think of an object you use every
day, such as your book bag. How would you describe
it to someone who has never seen it before? Use the
objects properties to write a description of the object.
Getting Ideas
Select one object. Write it in the center oval of the
web below. Brainstorm details that describe it. Write
them in the outer ovals.

Here are two sentences that Malcolm wrote about his
book bag. Write yes if the sentence includes details

that describe the bag. Write no if it does not.
1. My book bag is soft and crinkly.
2. I carry my book bag to school every day.

129
Writing Name Date
in Science
Drafting
Write a sentence that begins your description.
Identify the object that you are describing and the
most important idea about it. This is your topic
sentence.
Now write your description on a separate piece of

paper. Begin with your topic sentence. Include
details to help your readers picture the object.

Here is part of Malcolms description. Help him
improve it by adding descriptive words.
My book bag is and yellow. These
are my favorite colors. It has a(n)

shape. It is not a simple rectangle, like most bags.
Instead, it is shaped like a turtle. It is

because it is made of cloth. When it is full, it is
very . When it is empty, it
is .

Did I include details to describe how the object
looks, sounds, feels, smells, or tastes?
Did I put these details in an order that makes sense?

Name Date LESSON
Outline
Heat
What is heat?
1. Heat always flows from a(n) object
to a(n) one.
2. Earths main source of heat is the .
3. Heat can be transferred through ,
, and .
How does heat affect matter?
4. Particles in a(n) object have little
thermal energy and move .
5. Particles in a(n) object have a lot

of thermal energy and move quickly.
6. A measure of thermal energy, or how hot or cold
something is, is .
7. When an object thermal energy, it
expands, or becomes .
8. When an object loses thermal energy, it ,
or becomes .

Reading and Writing Heat
131
LESSON Name Date
Outline
9. The instrument used to measure temperature is a
liquid-filled tube called a(n) .
10. The liquid in a thermometer and

rises when it gets warmer, and the liquid contracts
and falls when the temperature .
How can you control the flow of heat?

11. Any material through which heat moves easily, such
as a metal pot, is a(n) .
12. Any material through which heat does not move
easily is a(n) .
Critical Thinking
13. How do you know that Earth is cooler than the Sun
based on the way heat moves?

132 Reading and Writing Heat
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary
Heat
Match the correct word in the box to its definition
below by writing its letter in the space provided.
a. conductor d. heat g. temperature

b. contract e. insulator h. thermal energy
c. expand f. Sun i. thermometer
1. energy that makes particles in materials move
2. to get bigger
3. to get smaller
4. Earths main source of heat
5. a material through which heat does not move

easily
6. a tool used to measure temperature
7. a material through which heat moves easily
8. energy that moves between objects
9. measure of how hot or cold something is


Reading and Writing Heat
133
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity
Heat
conductor loses thermal energy

heat quickly thermometer
insulators smaller
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold
something is. It can be measured with a(n) .
Temperature tells how much an
object has. A high temperature means that the particles
in an object have a lot of thermal energy and are
moving . A low temperature means
that the particles in an object are moving slowly.
When particles in an object gain
energy, the object expands. When an object
energy, it gets , or contracts. Any

material through which heat moves easily is a(n)
. Materials that slow the flow of heat
are called . Heat always travels from
a hotter object to a colder object.

134 Reading and Writing Heat
Name Date LESSON
Outline
Changes of State
What happens when matter is heated?
1. When something melts, it changes from a(n)
to a(n) .
2. Matter gains when it is heated.
3. Particles in solids are held .
4. Particles in liquids one another.
5. When something boils, it changes from a(n)
to a(n) .
6. Heat causes particles in a liquid to move
and .
7. Liquids can slowly change into a gas, a process
known as .
8. Water in the form of a gas is called .
What happens when matter is cooled?

9. When a solid, a liquid, or a gas is cooled, it

energy.
10. When a gas cools to the right temperature, it will

Reading and Writing Changes of State
135
LESSON Name Date
Outline
11. A gas that condenses loses energy and becomes
a(n) .
12. A liquid can , or change into a
solid, when it loses .
How is water different from other kinds of matter?
13. Water can be a(n) , a(n) ,
or a(n) .
14. When water freezes, it , or takes up

more space.
Critical Thinking
15. How are the particles in matter affected by getting or

giving up energy?

136 Reading and Writing Changes of State
Name Date LESSON
Vocabulary
Changes of State
What am I?

the space provided.
a. boiling c. energy e. freezing g. water vapor

b. condensation d. evaporation f. melting
1. I am the gaseous state of water. What am I?
2. I am the process in which liquid slowly changes into a
gas. What am I?
3. Solids, liquids, and gases have to gain or lose me in
order to change state. What am I?
4. I happen when heat makes a liquids particles move
faster and spread out. What am I?
5. I happen when solid matter gains energy and turns
into a liquid. What am I?

6. I happen when particles of water vapor lose energy
and come closer together. What am I?
7. I am the process that locks particles into position to
form a solid. What am I?

Reading and Writing Changes of State
137
LESSON Name Date
Cloze Activity
Changes of State
Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks below.
condenses expands gas liquids solid

energy freezes heat loses water vapor
Most solids melt when heated to the right
temperature. Once they melt, they become .
They melt because they gain in the
form of . With enough heat, particles
in liquids will move faster and spread apart. When a
liquid boils, it changes to a(n) .
Water can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
Water that has changed to a gas is called .
When water vapor cools, it energy.
It and becomes liquid water again.
When liquid water loses enough energy, it .

Particles that are frozen are locked in position and
form a(n) . When water freezes, it
. Empty spaces form between the
particles and cause the water to take up more space.

138 Reading and Writing Changes of State
Name Date CHAPTER
Vocabulary
Matter and Heat

1. What is the measure of the 4. A standard unit in the metric

amount of matter in system is the
an object? a. inch.
a. weight b. pound.
b. volume c. meter.
c. mass d. gallon.
d. gravity
5. Water vapor turns to liquid
2. What type of object attracts water when it
objects made of iron? a. boils.
a. pan balance b. condenses.
b. magnet c. freezes.
c. standard unit d. expands.
d. spring scale
6. The amount of space an
3. In a solid, particles object takes up is its
a. move freely. a. mass.
b. slide past one another. b. state of matter.
c. have a large amount c. volume.
of energy. d. temperature.
d. do not have much room

to move.

Reading and Writing
139
CHAPTER Name Date
Vocabulary

7. Matter changes state from 10. Which of the following
a liquid to a gas when it would be different if an
a. boils. object were on the Moon
rather than on Earth?
b. condenses.
a. elements
c. contracts.
b. mass
d. freezes.
c. volume
8. Particles in objects move d. weight
because of the action of
a. evaporation. 11. Heat moves easily through
objects that are good
b. gravity.
a. condensers.
c. sinking.
b. conductors.
d. thermal energy.
c. evaporators.
9. Wool clothing is warm d. insulators.
in winter becaue wool
is a good 12. Liquids and gases are alike
a. conductor. because they
b. contractor. a. are both solids.
c. insulator. b. have no definite shape.
d. expander. c. have particles that are

tightly packed together.
d. have less energy than
solids.

Name Date CHAPTER
Concept Map
Forces and Motion

Complete the concept map about forces and motion.
Motion Forces
An objects A(n)
is a push or a(n)
is the
place where the object is. .
When an objects Forces can

position changes, it is in change an objects
.
Object
by changing its
or
direction.
Sound
When objects move by vibrating, they make .

Sounds move fastest through objects and
slowest through . Sounds with high energy
have high . Those that vibrate quickly have
pitch.

Reading and Writing
141
LESSON Name Date
Outline
Position and Motion

How can you describe position?
1. The location of an object is its .
2. The words , under, ,
right, , and next to help describe the

position of an object.
3. Position words tell where an object is by

it to the locations of other objects.
4. Measuring is a way to find the

between objects.
5. Distance can be measured with a(n) .
6. Distance can be measured in inches, ,

or miles.
What is motion?
7. When an objects is changing, it is

in motion.
8. An object that is in motion can move

or slowly.
9. A(n) object moves back and forth.
10. Short, sharp turns from one side to another form
a(n) path.
Chapter 7 Forces and Motion Use with Lesson 1

142 Reading and Writing Position and Motion
Name Date LESSON
Outline
What is speed?
11. How fast an object is moving is described by
its .
12. The speed of a moving object can be .
13. To measure an objects ,

you must know how far the object traveled and how
long it took to go that distance.
14. A bicycle that is ridden 15 kilometers in one hour is
moving at a speed of kilometers

per hour.
Critical Thinking
15. Choose a group of objects in your classroom or in

one room of your house and use position words to
describe their relationship to one another. Use at
least three objects and three different position words.

Reading and Writing Position and Motion
143
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary
Position and Motion

Match the correct word or words to their descriptions
below by writing the letter in the space provided.
a. distance d. position word g. straight line

b. motion e. ruler h. zigzag
c. position f. speed
1. the location of an object
2. a path with short, sharp turns from side

to side
3. a description of how fast an object moves
4. an item used to measure distance
5. a term such as right, next to, or under
6. the amount of space between two places

or objects
7. a change in position
8. a path with no turns

Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity
Position and Motion

comparing motion straight line zigzag

distance slowly under
If you describe the position of an object, you are
describing where it is. An objects position can be
described by it with the things near
it. Words such as over, , and on top
of are useful for describing position. You might also
describe an objects based on the
things around it.
An object that is changing position is in .
Objects, such as a bicycle, can move quickly or
. A bicycle can move in a(n)
, in a circular pattern, or in a(n)

pattern. The speed of an object tells
how fast the object is moving.

145
Reading Name Date
in Science
Travel Through Time

Read the following passage. Underline the
sentences that describe new inventions. Circle
the sentences that describe the achievements
of those inventions.
1804 In England Richard Trevithick built the first steam

engine for a train. The steam engine helped people travel
great distances. It also helped them get to their destination
more quickly.
1884 In Germany Karl Freidrich Benz built the first car
to run on gasoline. It worked similarly to the cars you see
on the road today. However, his car only had three wheels!
1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright constructed the first
motorized airplane that flew and landed safely. Their
airplanes engine ran on gasoline. It flew for 12 seconds
over 36 meters (120 feet).
1961 Russian astronaut Yuri Gagarin was the first
person in space. His spaceship had special engines. They
produced a force that was stronger than the pull of Earths
gravity. The engines helped the spaceship leave Earths
surface and orbit the planet.
Problem and Solution

Fill in the problem-and-solution graphic organizers.

Use the sentences you underlined and circled as clues.

Name Date Reading
in Science
Problem Problem
Before the 1800s it took people Before 1961, people could not
a long time to travel great travel in space.
distances.
Steps to Solution Steps to Solution

Russian scientists built a(n)
In 1804, built
with special
the first for engines that were stronger than
a(n) . .
Solution Solution
Russian astronaut
The helped
was the first
people travel person
distances and reach their
in .
destinations .
Write About It
Problem and Solution How have machines helped
people learn about distant places? Read the article
again. On a separate piece of paper, write about ways
machines have helped people solve problems.

147
LESSON Name Date
Outline
Forces
What are forces?
1. To make an object start moving, a(n)

must be applied to it.
2. Examples of forces that make something move are
a(n) or a(n) .
3. More force is needed to move

objects than to move light objects.
4. Forces can make objects start moving, ,
, or stop moving.
5. Forces can change the of a moving

object.
6. When the forces of an object cancel out, such as a

rope being pulled equally from each side, the forces
are . When forces are balanced,
the object does not .
What are types of forces?

7. Forces that happen between objects that touch
are .
8. Forces such as and

can act on an object without touching it.

148 Reading and Writing Forces
Name Date LESSON
Outline
9. Magnets can or
one another without touching.
10. Magnets attract or repel through ,
, or .
11. The pulling force between two objects is
called .
12. A measure of the pull of gravity on an object is
its .
What is friction?
13. The force that occurs when one object rubs against
another object is called .
14. There is very little friction between ,

slippery surfaces, and a lot of friction between
surfaces.
Critical Thinking
15. In a baseball game, the first batter hit the ball far
into the outfield. When the second batter hit the ball,
the ball only reached the infield. How do you know
that the first batter used more force on the ball?

Reading and Writing Forces
149
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary
Forces
Match each word in the box with its definition by
writing its letter in the space provided.
a. balanced c. friction e. magnet g. unbalanced

b. force d. gravity f. repel h. weight
1. forces on an object that cancel each

other out because they have equal and
opposite effects
2. a push or a pull
3. to push away
4. a force that occurs when objects rub

against each other
5. a measure of the amount of gravity

between two objects
6. an object with magnetic force
7. forces on an object that do not cancel each

other out
8. a pulling force between two objects, such

as between you and Earth

150 Reading and Writing Forces
Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity
Forces
contact forces friction rough

direction gravity slippery
force push touching
What makes a soccer ball move? To make any
object move, a(n) has to be applied
to it. The force may be a(n) or a
pull. In soccer, the goalies job is to use force to stop
or change the of the ball. The goalie
uses to do this.
The force that works against motion when one
object rubs another object is .
Surfaces that are have more friction
than surfaces that are . Magnets

attract or repel each other without .
The force of also can pull objects
from a distance. For example, gravity is the force that
pulls you toward Earth.

Reading and Writing Forces
151
LESSON Name Date
Outline
Sound
What is sound?
1. Sound is produced when an object moves back and
forth quickly, or .
2. Sound happens only when something .
3. When a sound is made, vibrations move through the
air in in all directions.
4. Sound travels through all types of matter, but at
different .
5. Sound travels slowest through a(n) .
Sound travels more quickly through
and most quickly through .
How are sounds different?
6. The of a sound is how high or low

it is.
7. The speed of a(n) tells whether a

sound will be a high pitch or a low pitch.
8. The of a musical instruments
strings affects pitch. An objects

also affects the speed at which it vibrates.

152 Reading and Writing Sound
Name Date LESSON
Outline
9. The loudness of a sound is its .
10. An object that vibrates with a lot of

is loud.
How do you hear sounds?
11. Vibrations in the air are collected by your .
The vibrations make your move

back and forth.
12. Your vibrating eardrum makes three

in your ear begin to vibrate.
13. The bones pass the vibrations to the ,
where send a message to your brain.
14. Loud sounds cause because they
carry so much .
Critical Thinking
15. What would happen if the bones in your ears could

not vibrate?

Reading and Writing Sound
153
LESSON Name Date
Vocabulary
Sound
What am I?

the space provided.
a. eardrum c. outer ear e. three bones g. volume

b. inner ear d. pitch f. vibration h. wave
1. I am how high or low a sound is. What am I?
2. I pass vibrations to nerves in the inner ear.

What am I?
3. I am how loud a sound is. What am I?
4. I am the part of your body that collects

sounds. What am I?
5. I am the way that sound travels out in all

directions. What am I?
6. I make three tiny bones vibrate. What am I?
7. I am a quick back-and-forth motion.

What am I?
8. I am the place where vibrations make

nerves send messages to the brain.
What am I?

154 Reading and Writing Sound
Name Date LESSON
Cloze Activity
Sound
eardrum inner ear outer ear speed

high-energy nerves pitch waves
Sound is produced when an object vibrates, or
moves back and forth quickly. Sound
move out in all directions and reach your ear. Your
collects these vibrations. They
make your vibrate, and that
movement causes three tiny bones to move. These
movements cause in the
to send messages to your brain,
and you hear sound.
A sounds may be high or low.
Pitch depends on the of the

vibration. A(n) vibration will cause
a louder sound than a low-energy vibration. Sound
travels at many speeds and through a variety of
materials.

Reading and Writing Sound
155
CHAPTER Name Date
Vocabulary
Forces and Motion

1. When you make short, 4. When one team in a tug of

sharp turns from one side to war pulls harder on the rope
another, you move than the other team does,
a. back and forth. the forces are
b. in a straight line. a. active.
c. in a zigzag. b. balanced.
d. up and down. c. magnetic.

d. unbalanced.
2. Sound travels fastest
through objects that are 5. The position of an object
a. gas. is its
b. liquid. a. age.
c. solid. b. color.
d. wet. c. location.
d. size.
3. A bus traveled 35 kilometers
in one hour. What was the 6. The force that occurs when
speed of the bus? one object rubs against
a. 70 kilometers per hour another object is
b. 10 kilometers per hour a. friction.
c. 25 kilometers per hour b. gravity.

d. 35 kilometers per hour c. magnetism.

d. weight.

Name Date CHAPTER
Vocabulary
7. Which of these objects 10. A change in motion caused

will produce the greatest by a contact force is
volume? a. gravity pulling you
a. something thick toward Earth.
b. something long b. two magnets pushing
each other apart.
c. something that is large
c. hitting a baseball with
d. something that has high
a bat.
energy
d. a book falling from
8. The first part of the ear to your desk.
vibrate when sounds reach
the ear is the 11. Short objects vibrate faster
than long objects. This
a. eardrum.
gives them
b. inner ear.
a. higher pitch.
c. outer ear.
b. higher volume.
d. three tiny bones.
c. less energy.
9. If you want to measure the d. sharper sound.

distance between two books
on your desk, you would 12. The change in position of an
use a object is a sign of
a. barometer. a. distance.
b. ruler. b. friction.
c. clock. c. motion.
d. thermometer. d. speed.

Reading and Writing
157
UNIT Name Date
Literature
The Good Ship Popsicle Stick

Write About It
Response to Literature This article is about a ship
made from ice cream sticks. What words are used to
describe the ship? Choose an object around you. Then
use words to tell about it.
Unit C Physical Science


Science Grade 3

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Chapter 2 Habitats and Adaptations

Lesson Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Reading and Writing iii

iv Reading and Writing

Chapter 5 Earth Changes

Reading and Writing v

Chapter 7 Forces and Motion

Unit Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

vi Reading and Writing

Living Things Grow and Change

seeds made in Plant

Amphibians and Most Insects

Reptiles and Fish

Young animal looks Animal

Chapter 1 Living Things Grow and Change

A Look at Living Things

What are living things?

1. Plants and animals change with age, or .

2. A plant responds to shade when it bends toward

3. A lizard responds to heat by going

4. Trees reproduce by making .

5. Alligators lay to make more of

6. Rocks are nonliving because they do not grow,

What do living things need?

7. All living things need food, water, and

to survive. Many also need gases.

8. Animals eat other organisms because they need

9. Living things need to break

10. Air and water contain a(n)

Chapter 1 Living Things Grow and Change Use with Lesson 1

11. Plants need the gases oxygen and

12. Living things need room, or , to

13. Living and nonliving things found where an organism

lives are part of its .

What are living things made of?

15. A tool called a(n) helps us see

16. Some organisms, such as , have

17. What characteristics cannot be used to tell the

Chapter 1 Living Things Grow and Change Use with Lesson 1

A Look at Living Things

a. carbon dioxide d. microscope g. reproduce

1. to make more of ones own kind

2. a small part that makes up all living things

3. all the living and nonliving things that

4. a gas that animals breathe

5. a special tool that helps make tiny things

6. a gas that plants use to make food

7. another name for a living thing

8. to react to the world around you

Chapter 1 Living Things Grow and Change Use with Lesson 1

A Look at Living Things

carbon dioxide food oxygen

Living things are made of small parts called cells.

Some organisms are made of many .

Others are made of only one cell.

Living things have needs. They need food for

to help them . They need

water to break down and move through

their bodies. They need gases. Animals get the

gas from air or water. Plants also need

Living things, or , have many

characteristics in common. They when