Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction to
Environmental Psychology and
Cultural Landscape Theory
TUTORIAL WORKSHOPS
Important Reminder:
APPLICATION of THEORY What is landscape?
Also refer to explanation in "Landscape Design Theory Primer"
Theory is the basis of responsible design & planning Everything around us
So that is why we consider it in this course!
Understanding 'landscapes' helps with:
that we can see or physically
sense
long-term & short-term problem solving
regional and urban planning including what we want to see or
detail landscape design imagine
broad scale landscape planning
conservation of built heritage
& involves cultural influences and
improvement in QUALITY of community life
biases
to name a few !
(i.e. how we interpret what we see)
3 Source of sketches: Great Brisbane Walks 4
7
Snapper Rocks & Pat Fagan Park, Coolangatta
Small Scale: King Edward Park, Wickham Terrace. 8
www.aila.org.au
13 14
Uluru Resort
LANDSCAPE INTERPRETATION
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE THEORY
Summary
Landscapes can be interpreted (understood) through Numerous theoretical
their... PARADIGMS over time and
FORM through history...
= overall visual character Today, there are many
CONTENT approaches to choose from
= components of form & their arrangement or combine or consider
MEANING Lets review some of these
= messages / purposes / values
major theories
15 16
(1) [Western]
Types of Cultural Landscape Theories Visual interpretations of place
(1) VISUAL INTERPRETATIONS of PLACE LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS Renaissance
etc
combined. Etc.
21 22
Read the contemporary art sections Various 'visual' approaches to analysing urban form,
of your Landscape Design Theory e.g.
Primer ! TOWNSCAPE (Gordon Cullen)
Landscape Visual Assessment will IMAGEABILITY/LEGIBILITY (Lynch)
be discussed in a later Place RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (Bentley et al)
Theory lecture!
FIGURE-GROUND (various)
PATTERN LANGUAGE (Alexander)
23 24
(2) Analysing Urban Form IMAGEABILITY (2) Analysing Urban Form
'TOWNSCAPE' & LEGIBILITY
Gordon Cullen's PUBLICATIONS
Kevin Lynch:
Townscape first published
RELEVANT PUBLICATION:
1961, revised 1971;
The Image of the City first published 1960
Concise Townscape
CONCEPTS include
CONCEPTS include serial legibility of urban places
vision, identifying townscape imageability of place
qualities
spatial characteristics definition by
And recognising the details and edges, nodes, landmarks, districts,
context in urban fabric and paths
More on this next week! More on this next week!
25 26
RESPONSIVE (2) Analysing Urban Form FIGURE / GROUND (2) Analysing Urban Form
ENVIRONMENTS patterns
Ian Bentley et al book:
"using figure/ground plans are an abstract
Responsive Environments, 1985.
representational technique for urban form analysis &
Describes these CONCEPTS: design"
permeability
variety figure = solid = mass
legibility (Lynch's)
robustness
ground = void = space
visual appropriateness Ref: Cooper, Wayne (1983) "The Figure/Grounds"
richness The Cornell Journal of Architecture 3: 42-53
personalisation. Compare graphical approaches
More on this next week! black & white : shaded & white
27 28
FIGURE / GROUND
for urban form analysis & design
"the medieval voids cut out of solids as For example
contrasted with the modern solids placed in a Plan of city of
void." [Cooper pg. 44] Jolpur, India in
29 30
SOLID & VOID Dominant solids in
Relationships (mass and space) a void
dominant solids (mass) in a void (space)
dominant voids (spaces) shaped by solids
(masses)
Other issues:
REVERSIBILITY
(e.g. white objects in black background)
[Image Cooper 1983]
HIERARCHY: inside / outside / between
31 [Image Mann 1993:225]32
Further Reading:
Motloch, John L. (2001) An Introduction to Landscape
Architecture, 2nd edition,
NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Chapter 1, pp. 7-21
PLUS, other works briefly cited on previous slides.
59
UNDERSTANDING Purpose of Lecture
To introduce Gordon Cullen's ideas about
URBAN FORM 'TOWNSCAPE' part (1)
To introduce Kevin Lynch's theories of
LEGIBILITY & IMAGEABILITY part (2)
To introduce the RESPONSIVE
TOWNSCAPE ideas of Ian Bentley et al
PLACE 2 part (3)
Understanding visual character of cities
DLB310 People and Place 2007 helps designers and planners
Hardcopy of this presentation available in Resource Lab. to make better new places
2 to know what to keep of existing places/things
his book was a reaction to
development experience how to
postwar (WW2)
sometimes destructive humanise the raw
destruction of cities ideas of Modernist material thrown at them.
Subsequently published architects/planners! In consequence the
as "Concise Townscape" need to improve living environment is ill-
(1st published 1971, conditions digested."
1999 reprint; still in print!) need for continuity as well
5 6 as progress Cullen (1971:13)
1
"pedestrian priority"
"a victim of
prairie planning
the whole city does not have to be
traces out his for fast traffic flows (Cullen 1991:122)
public protest,
the reminder of a
properly
concentrated
town."
7 8
11 12
2
SERIAL
Townscape: focal point
VISION
coupled with enclosure
movement through vertical symbol of
space congregation
sequence of views
confirms
sudden revelations this is spot ; it is here
progressive changes Cullen 1999:26
of scale, texture,
shadows, etc.
= an enjoyable (?)
journey & story
through horizontal
13 and/or vertical space 14
Townscape: Townscape:
outdoor room & enclosure multiple enclosure
embodies hereness Spatial variations on
enclosure
enclosure
Layers of here and
device to instil sense
beyond, then cloister
of position walls
Cullen 1999:29 i.e. interpenetrating
spaces
especially useful in
warmer climates where
shaded/roofed outdoor
spaces are for living in
Cullen 1991:30
15 16
Townscape:
Townscape: Defining Space
Silhouette
Walls, hedges, roofs are Reacting against the Modernist
obvious ways building as a drab slab block
Subtler ways include: "whereas the tracery, the
filigree, the openwork ridge
Tree canopies
capping all serve to net the sky,
Lattice or trellis work so that as the building soars up
Metal lighting frameworks, etc into the blue vault it also
NB. Even the slightest captures it and brings it down to
gesture (fragility of material) the building"
can provide a sense of Cullen 1991:40
enclosure ['Points' that pierce the sky also
Cullen 1991:32 exciting]
17 18
3
Townscape: Townscape:
grandiose vista mystery
exploits Here & There glimpses of the
concepts unknown / half
links foreground to revealed other
background puzzles &
produces sense of power paradoxes
e.g. Royal Palace at where anything
Versailles, France could happen
Cullen 1999:41 Cullen 1999:51
19 20
Townscape: Townscape:
the maw 'hazards'
"Black, motionless and to prevent physical
silent, like a great animal access (linking of
with infinite patience, the spaces)
maw observes
nonchalant people but continues visual
passing to and fro in access (visibility)
sunlight. This is the semi-public spaces
unknown which utter =sharing the private
blackness creates." cv. the ha-ha device
especially possible in Cullen 1999:56
strong light of
sub/tropical climates
21 Cullen 1991:52 22
23 24
4
Townscape CONTENT : Townscape CONTENT :
animism contrast in scale/distortion
This is That
scale as tool in
suggestion of a
juxtaposition
face on buildings
scale is not size
animals/people
in building similar scales or
decoration contrasts in scales
="Caryatids"
fun or annoying variety of moods evoked
Townscape Townscape
ANALYSIS: ANALYSIS:
"kinetic unity" disrupted Example of text &
by ubiquitous quick sketch
standardized problem combination
solving (street lighting) excellent
communication of
beware of standard
ideas
solutions ruining local
Cullen 1991:165
distinctiveness
Cullen 1991:147
29 30
5
TOWNSCAPE:
Closing remarks on Cullen
affirmations
"RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT Cullen helps us see towns/cities more deeply,
I AM HERE. I am in this room, it is now.
Awareness of Space.
more exactly, encouraging the detective in us all
THEY ARE THERE. That building is charming or ugly. The more you look, the more you see
Awareness of mood or character. The more you read Cullen, the more you will get
I UNDERSTAND BEHAVIOUR. We walk about inside a from him, for your professional practice
web of perspective that opens before us and closes
behind us. There is a time structure. REFERENCE: Cullen, Gordon (1999),
I ORGANISE. I can manipulate Spaces and Moods,
The Concise Townscape, (first published 1971),
Knowing their Behaviour, to produce the home of London: Architectural Press.
[people]."
Cullen (1999:194-5) Emphasis added The end of Part (1)
31 32
CONTEXT:
post-WW2 Modernist 'LEGIBILITY'
architecture & planning the ease with which [cityscape] parts can be recognized
Lynch noted that way-finding was and organized into a coherent pattern. i.e.. a city can
easier in traditional older cities be legible like a printed page of language symbols or
where graspable the visual clarity of the cityscape
Important public buildings were
Lynch (1997:3)
bigger & different
Biggest open spaces related to IMAGES: Bentley 1985:42 Legibility is more than way-finding residents need
most important buildings emotional security (the opposite of fear or
Passers-by could see the disorientation); "the sweet sense of home is strongest
activities inside where privacy when home is not only familiar but distinctive as well."
allowed it (e.g. blacksmithies),
etc. Lynch (1997:5)
This 'way-finding' he called
35 LEGIBILITY 36
6
'IMAGEABILITY' CITY IMAGE ELEMENTS
"that quality in a physical object which gives it a high probability
of evoking a strong image in any given observer. It is that shape, Lynchs 5 elements or
colour, or arrangement which facilitates useful mental images of features for determining
the environment."
Lynch (1997:9)
city image (to the
Workable IMAGE = Identity, Structure, and Meaning: "observer") :
distinctiveness + spatial or pattern relation of the object and PATHS
observer and other objects + individual and common meanings
Lynch (1997:8-9)
EDGES
"Since image development is a two-way process between DISTRICTS
observer and observed, it is possible to strengthen the image NODES
either by symbolic devices, by retraining of the perceiver, or by
reshaping one's surroundings." LANDMARKS
Lynch (1997:11)
37 38
1. Paths 2. Edges
Edges are the linear elements not
Paths are the channels along which used or considered by the observer.
the observer customarily, They are the boundaries between
occasionally, or potentially moves two phases, linear breaks in
People observe the city while moving continuity
through it, and along these paths the
Lynch (1997: 47)
other environmental elements are
arranged and related. e.g. walls, shorelines, railway
Lynch (1997: 47)
cuttings, edges of development
may be penetrable [= seam] or
e.g. streets, walkways, transit lines, not [= barrier]
canals, railways . . . important organizing features (such as
paths = the predominant image of holding together areas)
city for many people
39 40
3. Districts 4. Nodes
"medium-to-large sections of the city,
conceived of as having two- "Nodes are points, the strategic
dimensional extent, which the points in a city into which an
observer mentally enters 'inside of', observer can enter, and which are
and which are recognizable as having the intensive foci to and from
some common, identifying character. which he (sic) is travelling."
Always recognizable from the inside,
Lynch (1997: 47-48)
they are also used for exterior
reference if visible from the outside." e.g. major junctions in roads, or
Lynch (1997: 47) concentrations or condensation of
e.g. for Brisbane: Bayside [Redland or character (street corners) ...
Bramble?]; Gardens Point . . . what cores of districts can be like a node
others?
41 42
7
Examples of ANALYSIS:
5. Landmarks LEGEND
"Landmarks are another type of
point-reference, but in this case
the observer does not enter within
them, they are external."
Lynch (1997: 48)
e.g. a physical object such as a
building, sign, store, mountain,
statue . . .
can be close-by or far distant
may be atop other objects (towers)
frequently used clues of IDENTITY Bell Tower (Campanile)
and STRUCTURE in St. Mark's Square
(Piazza San Marco),
43 44 [Lynch 1997:145]
Venice [Lynch 1997:79]
[Lynch 1997:146]
[Lynch 1997:146]
45 46
[Lynch 1997:161]
[Lynch 1997:161]
47 48
8
Examples of ANALYSIS: Beacon Hill CONCLUSIONS
districts, landmarks, etc. Lynchs method of townscape analysis is applicable to
both :
UNDERSTANDING existing urban form, and
DESIGNING proposed urban form
[both Lynch 1997:169] Also Refer to Bentley et al (1997) for discussion of
LEGIBILITY
REFERENCES:
Lynch, Kevin (1960): The Image of the City, Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press. [25th printing in 1997!]
Bentley, Ian et al (1985): Responsive Environments : a
manual for designers,
Oxford: Architectural Press, pp. 42-47+
[6th printing 1997]
53 54
9
VARIETY LEGIBILITY (Lynchs ideas)
"Permeability is of little use by itself. Easily "In practice, the degree of choice offered by a place
accessible places are irrelevant unless they offer depends on how legible it is: how easily people can
a choice of experiences. Variety - particularly of understand its layout."
uses - is therefore a second key quality." [Bentley 1985: 10]
[Bentley 1985: 10] Lynchs 5 elements or features for determining city image
variety of experience from places with varied (to the "observer") :
forms, uses & meanings PATHS
planning at large scale here (land uses) and EDGES
consideration of feasibility (functional, political & DISTRICTS
economic) of projects NODES
LANDMARKS
55 56
RICHNESS PERSONALISATION
By now dealing with SMALLEST DETAILS "It is . . . essentially important that we make it
"increase the choice of sense-experiences which possible for users to personalise places; this is
users can enjoy . . . called richness." the only way most people can put their own
[Bentley 1985: 11] stamp on their environment."
SENSES: [Bentley 1985: 11]
VISUAL personalising IMAGE of places
motion
in private sphere & public sphere (including
smell
hearing
public face of private buildings = fronts)
touch constraints: tenure, building type, & technology
59 60
10
Final Comments on Bentley APPENDIX 1
ABOUT 1st steps in process:
contextual cues to support LEGIBILITY
use cues to support VARIETY & ROBUSTNESS
plus users experience & motivation
>> A RESPONSIVE DESIGN
putting it all together = Chapter 8 of Bentley et al. e.g.
links to site analysis
(mapped & photos of each link)
users & their compatibility matrix
legibility analysis, etc.
11
PLACE 3 SESSION OUTLINE
PHENOMENOLOGY
Yi-Fu Tuans TOPOPHILIA
Relphs PLACELESSNESS &
INSIDENESS & OUTSIDENESS
PART B ~ LANDSCAPE MEANINGS
DLB310 People and Place Appleton's Prospect-Refuge Theory
2007 Cosgrove & Daniels' Iconography
meanings of meaning: messages / intentions / values
garden meanings
2
Hardcopy of presentation in Resource Lab.
3 4
Phenomenology
Yi-Fu Tuan & 'TOPOPHILIA'
A philosophy which is founded on the importance of
reflecting on the ways in which the world is made Yi-Fu Tuan (b.1930); Chinese-American human geographer
available for intellectual inquiry: this means that it 1974 : Topophilia: A study of environmental perception, attitudes, & values
pays particular attention to the active, creative 1977 : Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience
TOPOPHILIA = "Literally, love of PLACE. The term was introduced
function of language and discourse in making the into geography by Yi-Fu Tuan (1961) from its original use by the
world intelligible French phenomenologist Gaston Bachelard in La Poetique de
l'espace (1958), who coined it with reference to the sense of poetic
It rejects any assumption of separation of subject (the reverie stimulated by our affective ties to the elemental world and
observer) and object (the observed). emotionally charged places."
[Source: Cosgrove, Denis, " Topophilia," In Johnston, R.J. et al,
It is a powerful critique (even alternative) to Positivism
eds. (1994), The Dictionary of Human Geography, 3rd ed. Oxford,
UK: Blackwell. pg. 633]
5 6
Johnston, R.J. et al (1997). Dictionary of Human
Geography. pp.438-441
Topophilia (2) Topophilia (3) >>> Sacred Places
"These [ties between human beings and the environment] differ greatly
in intensity, subtlety, and mode of expression Topophilia is not the "The garden is a type of the sacred place sacred places are the
strongest of human emotions. When it is compelling we can be sure that location of hierophany [sacred appearance or manifestation]. A
the place has become the CARRIER of emotionally charged events grove, a spring, a rock, or a mountain acquires sacred character
or perceived as a SYMBOL." wherever it is identified with some form of divine manifestation or
(Tuan 1974:93) with an event of overpowering significance." (Tuan 1974:146)
"Topophilia gestures towards aesthetic, sensual, nostalgic and utopian Randy Hester, developed a term
aspects of geographical awareness and investigation. It is thus an 'subconscious landscapes of the heart'
important dimension of the symbolic significance of places and to describe the sacred places of urban communities. He reckons
landscapes Although topophilia refers primarily to positive emotions
about the world, the concept encompasses the ENTIRE RANGE OF that spatial values being "more useful to designers than our
FEELINGS ABOUT PLACES, LANDSCAPES AND ENVIRONMENTS, present idea of landscape aesthetics."
INCLUDING FEAR, DREAD AND LOATHING." (Cosgrove 1994:634) [Source: Hester, Randy (1985) "Subconscious Landscapes
emphasis added of the Heart," Places 2 (3), pp. 10-22. pp. 10-11]
7 8
Valued place: The Shingle Inn, Brisbane Edward Relph & 'Placelessness'
1976 : Place and Placelessness
1981 : Rational Landscapes & Humanistic Geography
Place and sense of place do not lend themselves to scientific analysis
because they are inextricably bound up with all the hopes, frustrations,
and confusions of life, and possibly because of this social scientists
have avoided these topics. Relph 1976 Preface
PLACELESSNESS = a lack of a 'sense of place
Places are experienced in different ways:
relationship between space and value
different components and intensities of place experience
nature of the identity of places and the identity of people with places
sense of place and attachment to place are manifest in the making of
places and landscapes
9 10
17 18
Fruit Barrow near
Botanic Gardens (1998) ICONOGRAPHY
Dennis COSGROVE & Stephen DANIELS (eds)
(1988) The Iconography of Landscape.
ICONOGRAPHY maintains that there is an over-riding
influence of CULTURE on landscape experience
(authors criticise/reject 'biological generalisations' of
Appleton's ideas & others)
Interpretation of landscapes based on original method
(iconology) devised by art historian (Erwin Panofsky)
around 1972 (see next slide)
19 20
derived from work of ART HISTORIAN "Landscapes, both on the ground and represented on
Erwin Panofsky who devised this system to interpret various surfaces, are thus regarded as deposits of
Medieval/Renaissance paintings: cultural meanings. The iconographic method seeks to
1. primary meanings explore these meanings through describing the form
and composition of landscapes, interpreting their
(forms, motifs or styles); symbolic content and re-immersing landscapes in
2. secondary meanings their social and historical contexts."
(themes, concepts or types); and, Cosgrove, Denis (1994), "Iconography," In Johnston, R. J., Derek
3. the third layer of message-type Gregory, and David M. Smith, eds. (1994). The Dictionary of Human
Geography. 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pg. 269
meaning (= iconology).
21 22
http://www.subtropicaldesign.bee.qut.edu.au/designGallery.html
Margate Beach
23 24
Landscape images evoke meanings
Other works of interest
http://www.subtropicaldesign.bee.qut.edu.au/designGallery.html
Landscape Meaning
Landscape MESSAGES (1)
Landscape Meaning
Landscape INTENTIONS (1)
33 34
35 36
Landscape Overt Intentions (4) Landscape Overt Intentions (5)
SETTINGS are metaphors COLLECTIONS are metonymies
"some affinities to metaphor in literature, are places where the METONYMY = name for another name, e.g. sceptre for sovereignty.
relationship of things is so moving or so clear that the rest of the "If settings are metaphors, collections might be seen as
world is illuminated for us." Moore et al (1989:49) metonymies, made of fragments and relics that evoke their
the setting can act as a medium to convey ideas or messages origins. Nature occasionally collects startling arrays of natural
about the human condition, life and meaning. These are settings wonders at some special spot, but collection is mostly a
for meditative, reflective activities, among a variety of other more human game." Moore et al (1989:49)
prosaic functions. Their examples of collections included:
Their examples of settings included: Death Valley (USA), Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli (Italy), Yuan Ming
Uluru (Australia), Ryoan-ji (Japan), Capability Brown's Parks Yuan (China), Disneyland at Anaheim (USA), Summer Palace
(Eng.), Isola Bella (Italy)*, and Bali. pp. 51-79 (China), Katsura Imperial Villa (Japan), Sissinghurst (England),
* Used as background for some Naboo scenes in Star Wars #2 movie !! and some botanical gardens (European and Sydney,
Australia). pp. 79-117.
Find out more on these places in LANDSCAPE HISTORY texts 37 Find out more on these places in LANDSCAPE HISTORY texts 38
Ram Bagh at Agra (India), Lake Dal & adjacent gardens: Shalamar
(England), Stourhead (England), Villa Lante (Italy), Safavid Bagh, Nishat Bagh (Kashmir), Mughul tomb gardens: Humayan's,
Isfahan (Iran), and the Forbidden City (Beijing, China). Akbar's, Taj Mahal, etc. (India), The Alhambra & The Generalife
pp. 117-157 (Spain), Vaux-le-Vicomte (France), and Studley Royal (England).
pp. 158-205
Find out more on these places in LANDSCAPE HISTORY texts 39 Find out more on these places in LANDSCAPE HISTORY texts 40
49 50
Journal of Garden History 6 (3), pp. 227-31.]
PLACE 4
Purpose of Session
AESTHETICS:
To provide a reminder about basic
DESIGN TOOLS (Language of Art)
Visual Qualities
To explore the basics of visual qualities
and (as used by designers) PART 1
Landscape To understand the basics of Aesthetics
Visual Assessment (from designer's viewpoint) PART 2
To understand what the term 'Landscape
Visual Assessment' means PART 3
To introduce some of the different LVA
DLB310 People and Place approaches (models) and their philosophical
paradigms
2
VIEW
power of suggestion ; conceal;
reveal [borrowed landscape] introducing
VISTA ENFRAMEMENT
enframement ; terminus (focus)
AXIS
directional, orderly, dominating
SYMMETRY
plan elements in equilibrium about a point or area or
axis or plane, e.g. bilateral, trilateral,
quadrilateral, or multilateral introducing BORROWED
Asymmetry LANDSCAPE = beyond
irregular, ?closer to nature your property boundary
15 16
Human
peripheral Small and MASSIVE and
vision makes cute (twee) BRUTAL
views artefacts in artefacts in
experienced front of a front of a
MUCH GRAND small and
BIGGER than LANDSCAPE dainty view is
a graphic or look silly and equally
photographic detract from inappropriate
rendering the view - -> interior and
could ever ruining the exterior
conjure! experience designers
of both should be
artefacts & working
More on view! together!
ENFRAMEMENT 17 18
19 20
SYMMETRY ASYMMETRY
Simonds pg. 230 Occult Balance
Simonds pg. 233
Occult means
secret, mysterious,
or not apparent on
mere inspection but
discoverable by
21 experimentation. 22
Lines of Approach
Simonds pg. 241
(C) CIRCULATION
CIRCULATION factors:
More lines we tend to move
Simonds pg. 241 Simonds pg. 242
along lines of least resistance
along easiest grades
toward that which pleases /
things wanted / excite curiosity /
points of highest contrast
to attain goal
toward the beautiful, the picturesque
as suits our moods or needs
25 26
SEQUENCE
Finally about Simonds
Simonds
pg. 251
The terms used here are
further examples of the
"Progressive 'language of art' as applied to
sequential the built environment
realization get to know these ideas and
of a concept practice using the words and
or the concepts in your design
conditioned projects
attainment Simonds offers much more for
of a goal." the budding designer
please read his book and
Refer to
see for yourself enjoy!
Gordon Cullens
Serial Vision 31 32
63 64
Scenic Management
2 System (USFS) 3 Psycho-Physical Analysis
CHARACTER TYPES & ECOLOGICAL UNITS rated for: COMBINATION: GEOGRAPHICAL, FORMAL
Visual prominence AESTHETIC & parts of NARRATIVE, SOCIAL
Scenic Integrity VALUES [ex USA]
Scenic Quality --- based on these factors: Raymond James Green (1997),
naturalness Community perception of town character : a case
Seeking those study unpublished PhD thesis, Queensland University
water & land-water edges
alleged of Technology.
uniqueness & representativeness UNIVERSAL [case study using Byron Bay, NSW]
relative relief & ruggedness RESPONSES Gardens Point Library Stack = not for loan:
diversity & variety (psychology) Catalogue Number: T(BE&E) 1437
patterns e.g. humans
like/prefer water!
65 66
Consultants Report
prepared by:
Forest Images P/L (Robert
Preston)
Geo Mapping
Technologies P/L
Petmond (consulting) P/L
Buckley Vann Town
Planning Consultants P/L
71 72
Fig Fig
73 74
75 76
References on
Basics of Visual Qualities: Other Selected References:
John L. Motloch (1991). Hopper, Leonard J. (2006). Applying Visual
Chapter 8 Visual Arts as Ordering Mechanism, in Resource Assessment for Highway Planning, pp130-
Introduction to Landscape Design. NY: Van 139. In Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards.
Nostrand Reinhold. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
John Ormsbee Simonds (1997). Sim, Jeannie (2004), Design Basics: an introduction
Chapter 11 Site Volumes; to rudimentary design ideas and sources. Brisbane:
Chapter 12 Visible Landscape; & QUT/PLAS. [lecture notes at QUT Bookshop, GP)
Chapter 13 Circulation, in Landscape Bell, Simon (1993), Elements of the Visual Design in
Architecture: A Manual for Site Planning and the Landscape, London: E & FN Spon. [>QUT lib]
Design. 3rd edition. NY: McGraw-Hill.
77 78
References continued
Catherin Brouwer Landscape Architects and Chenoweth &
Associates P/L (1994), Volume 1: Coastal Visual Landscape
Evaluation Procedure, Volume 2: The Whitsunday Region
Trial, separate reports for the Dept of Environment &
Heritage, Coast Management Branch, Sept. 1994.
Woodward, Ross and Fergus Neilson (1981), Rural Land
Evaluation Manual: a manual for conducting a rural land
evaluation exercise at the local planning level, Sydney:
Dept of Environment and Planning. [>QUT lib]
THE END
79
3 4
7 8
clustered on the
Hume #405
south/east edge and a
peak population should
be about 20 Million
people.
D.W. Meinig: "The Beholding Eye: Meinigs 10 Different Viewpoints (or Observer Biases)
Ten Versions of the Same Scene"
1. landscape as NATURE
How do humans organise the information they
perceive about a landscape ?
2. landscape as HABITAT
3. landscape as ARTIFACT
4. landscape as SYSTEM
?
How would a varied group of people describe the
same scene? 5. landscape as PROBLEM
6. landscape as WEALTH
How much of our organisation and assumptions are
7. landscape as IDEOLOGY
based on our individual cultural baggage and other
learned preferences?
8. landscape as HISTORY
9. landscape as PLACE ?
10. landscape as AESTHETIC
But are there other biases than these?
17 18
View 1: landscape as Nature View 2: landscape as Habitat
For them all the works of man are paltry compared with nature,
which is primary, fundamental, dominant, enduring.
In such a view, every landscape is a piece of the Earth as the
Home of Man.
that nature is dominant and human beings are subordinate
nostalgic, romantic outlook that landscape is a home for humankind
extremist conservationist view people domesticating the Earth
sees cultural landscape as imposed / unreal to harmonize, to steward, to cultivate, to manage the landscape to
http://en.wikipedi
separates humankind from nature and sets up a.org/wiki/Grand_ maintain bounty
a confrontational relationship Canyon
quality of life integrally linked to a healthy habitat
dominant in vernacular & low-technology cultures
19 20
21 22
25 26
27 28
31 32
33 34
A New Interpretation of Qld Landscape History A New Interpretation of Qld Landscape Awareness
From CONTESTED TERRAINS research project:
From CONTESTED TERRAINS research project:
Section 5 Perception: perceiving is more than seeing
Section 1 Climate: living in the tropics
Section 2 Land: as the focus for Qld's history Section 6 People and Landscape: the Australian context
Section 3 Development: the prime agent of change Section 7 Interpreting Landscape as Text
Section 4 Marginal Groups: the unofficial histories In Sim, Jeannie (editor) (2001). REPORT 2: Thematic Study
of the Cultural Landscape of Queensland, Investigating
In Sim, Jeannie (editor) (2001). REPORT 2: Thematic Study
of the Cultural Landscape of Queensland, Investigating Queensland's Cultural Landscapes: CONTESTED
Queensland's Cultural Landscapes: CONTESTED TERRAINS Series. Brisbane: Cultural Landscape Research
TERRAINS Series. Brisbane: Cultural Landscape Research Unit, Queensland University of Technology.
Unit, Queensland University of Technology.
35 36
Case studies provide working models of new
Case studies provide working models of new interpretation approaches
interpretation approaches
5 CASE STUDIES: 5 CASE
Cape York STUDIES:
The Wet Tropics Cape York
Glass House Mountains The Wet Tropics
Region Glass House
South Brisbane Mountains
Gold Coast Region
South Brisbane
1= Road to Cape York Gold Coast
(D. Poulton '92) 2=view from Cook Highway
(J.Seto 2000)
37 38
Case studies provide working models of new Case studies provide working models of new
interpretation approaches interpretation approaches
1
Comparing Topics: 2 Env. Psych. texts
Gifford 1997 GIFFORD (1997)
Environmental Perception &
KAPLAN & KAPLAN
(1982)
Cognition Part One Humans as
Environmental attitudes, Processors of Information
Appraisals & Assessments Evolution
Personality & Environment Perceiving
Personal Space Knowing
Territoriality Caring
Crowding On Knowledge and Rationality
Privacy Part Two The Experience of the
Residential Env. Psychology Environment
Community Env. Psychology Preferred Environments
Educational Env. Psychology Stress & the Failure of
Workplace Env. Psychology Preference
Natural Env. Psychology Coping Strategies: Choice and
Control
Managing Limited
Resources Coping Strategies:
Interpretation
Designing More Fitting
Environments Making Participation Possible
CONTENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
LECTURE TOPICS this semester
and the DESIGNER
INTRODUCTION to Environmental THEORIES the specific explanations of
Psychology why things are the way they are
PERSONAL SPACE: including Territoriality, RESEARCH TECHNIQUES the specific
Crowding, & Privacy tools used to test or create new theories
WHEN THINGS GO WRONG: Vandalism, Application of all these findings and
Neglect, Homelessness research techniques into the design
+ Transience + DIVERSITY process
COGNITIVE MAPPING
PERCEPTION + Terrain Vague
2
ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY:
(1) STIMULATION THEORIES
Some Theories & Approaches!
(1) STIMULATION THEORIES Generally
the physical environment as a source of sensory
(2) CONTROL THEORIES information that is crucial to our welfare. This
stimulation includes relatively simple stimuli such
(3) BEHAVIOR-SETTING THEORY as light, color, sound, noise, heat, and cold, but
(4) INTEGRAL THEORIES also complex stimuli such as buildings, streets,
outdoor settings, and other people.
(5) OPERANT APPROACH stimulation can vary in amount [intensity,
duration, frequency, number of sources] and in
(6) ENVIRONMENT-CENTERED meaning [individual integration and interpretation
APPROACHES of stimuli].
[Gifford 1997: 6]
3
(1) STIMULATION THEORIES (2) CONTROL THEORIES
PHENOMENOLOGY Clearly, those who have much control over
psychological reactions to stress/stimulation the amount and kind of stimulation that
include the emphasis of MEANING. comes their way generally are better off
"meaning together with our selection ,
construction, modification, and the structure of
than those who have little control. We may
settings is amongst the ways we shape the have considerable control in some
environment during our continuous series of settings, such as at home, and very little in
transactions with it. The personal meanings we others, such as in traffic jams.
give to a place are essential to our experience of
the environment."
cross-over to Place Theory SOURCE: Gifford 1997:6-8 SOURCE: Gifford 1997:8
4
(5) OPERANT APPROACH (6) ENVIRONMENT-CENTERED
APPROACHES
Here the "goal is to modify These are the most recent approaches developed by
the behavior of individuals psychologists. "These theories, while not ignoring
people, pay special attention to the state or quality of the
whose behavior is environment."
contributing to an Instrumental versus Spiritual views
"Should the environment be viewed as a tool for
environmental problem." supporting human goals such as productivity or as a
e.g. using operant context in which important human values can be
cultivated?"
approaches to encourage Green psychology
recycling, and discourage "contrasts person-centered theories with approaches
littering and residential that concentrate on preserving, conserving, and helping
the natural environment."
energy wastage. Ecopsychologists
"think of this bond [between of humanity and the earth] in
SOURCE: Gifford 1997:9-10 terms of ecological unconsciousness, denial, addition,
and mental health."
5
TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS
for Site Planners
METHODS: need for external validity
indirect observation Activity logs There is a strong preference for research in the
everyday world ( field studies).
past choices Naming problems
precedents Images FIELD STUDIES
"are performed in the very setting for which the results
archives Preferences Lynch, Kevin are to be applied, or in one as similar as possible."
content analysis Semantic differential and Gary However, there are problems with the many
traces Forced choice Hack. (1984), uncontrollable influences affecting outcomes.
Formal studies Memories Chapter 3
"The User", FIELD EXPERIMENT
Direct observation Predictions an ideal form of research where "the experimenter is
in Site
Behaviour settings Empathy Planning. able to randomly assign participants to different
Movements patterns Site visits (last printing conditions and he or she controls all the major
Behaviour circuits Group interviews 1998). MIT independent variables or presumed influences on
Selected behaviour Participant observation Press: behavior or well-being." Very rarely possible thus rely
Cambridge, on laboratory or field studies.
Experiments Self-observation pp. 67-105
Direct communication Other techniques !! SOURCE: Gifford 1997:12
Interviews
Making use of
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
Scientific Research Techniques
(rather than true experimental research) DESIGNERS analyse
This offers a compromise between the how spaces/places
operate to help them
"artificial but precise laboratory and the understand the context
realistic but imprecise everyday setting" of their design work
[Gifford 1997:12] and help them improve
what is already there
We are going to
practice some of these
techniques in a
workshop next week
Almost the end
6
Topics this session!
PERSONAL
SPACE
TERRITORIALITY
PSYCH 2 CROWDING
Personal Space and such like! PRIVACY
Application of
DLB310 People and Place techniques:
2007 Recording Public
Spaces
1
Interpersonal Distance Zones Interpersonal Distance
ALPHA PERSONAL SPACE
= objective measurable distances
1. INTIMATE DISTANCE
2. PERSONAL DISTANCE
3. SOCIAL DISTANCE
4. PUBLIC DISTANCE
INFLUENCES on
MEASURING METHODS PERSONAL SPACE
Personal influences
Naturalistic Method Gender
Study unplanned interpersonal distances Age
in natural settings tricky because Personality
Psychological Disturbance
ethics of participants not knowing (?or tell & Violence
Disabilities
them afterward); Social Influences
uncontrolled variables affecting results Attraction
Fear/Security
(how determine reasons); & Cooperation/Competition
practical measurement problems (photos, Power/Status
And HUMAN
grid paving) Physical Influences
BEHAVIOUR
Cultural, Ethnic, Religious
and Legal Variations Flight [or Fight] and Affect
2
Optimal Spacing in Learning Environments Personal Space and ENVIRONMENTAL
DESIGN
Now isn't that
revealing SOCIOFUGAL
troops!
ARRANGMENTS
Where are
you today in
this SOCIOPETAL
classroom? ARRANGMENTS
TERRITORIALITY:
Summary about Personal Space an operating definition
"The best way to measure alpha personal space Territoriality is a pattern of behaviour and attitudes
is probably the disguised stop-distance held by an individual or group that is based on
technique. Simulation methods may be useful for perceived, attempted, or actual control of a definable
measuring beta personal space. physical space, object, or idea that may involve
Interpersonal space generally grows with age habitual occupation, defense, personalization, and
and interpersonal coldness. marking of it.
Marking means placing an object or substance in a
what this means for designers space to indicate one's territorial intentions. Male dogs
At the very least, we can conclude that mark fire hydrants. Cafeteria diners leave coats or
designers should offer either a variety of seating books on a chair or table. Prospectors stake claims.
arrangements or flexible arrangements so that Personalization means marking in a manner that
individuals can find comfortable spaces for indicates one's identity. Employees decorate their work
interaction." spaces with pictures and mementos. Some car owners
Gifford 1997: 117 purchase vanity licence plates. Gang graffiti is a way
of saying "We control this area". ['tags'] (Gifford 1997):
3
Types of territorial INFRINGEMENT: Types of DEFENCE:
INVASION PREVENTION DEFENCE
taking over the sewing room for family markers (coats, towels, signs, fences)
computer REACTION DEFENCE
VIOLATION slamming doors, striking infringer, taking
burglary, vandalism, hit-and-run attacks, them to court
computer hackers SOCIAL BOUNDARY DEFENCE
CONTAMINATION host & visitor rituals ( customs at
noxious chemical factory amid borders)
residential area, house guest leaving
kitchen filthy, pesticide drift into your yard.
INFLUENCES ON TERRITORIALITY
(leading to differences in expression):
PERSONAL
sex, age, personality, intelligence, competence World
SOCIAL CONTEXT Population
social climate, class, competition for resources, legal
ownership increase
PHYSICAL CONTEXT
Newman's defensible space theory Gifford 1997:127 makes
"that certain design features such as real or symbolic CROWDING
barriers to separate public territory from private territory
and opportunities for territory owners to observe suspicious a growing
activity in their spaces (surveillance) will increase concern!
residents' sense of security and decrease crime in the
territoriality."
CULTURAL and ETHNIC FACTORS
are some cultures more territorial than others?
4
CROWDING ANIMAL STUDY 2: HUMANS ARE DIFFERENT !
Calhoun (1962) experimented with overcrowded The animal studies are not directly relevant!
white rats: although extent of research has been less for
In addition to the hypertensive behaviour seen in ethical and practical reasons!
Leyhausen's cats, some to the rats displayed
hypersexuality and homosexuality and engaged in 2 areas have been studied:
cannibalism. Nest construction was commonly (long-term) crowded housing
atypical and nonfunctional, and infant mortality
among the more disturbed mothers ran as high as (short-term) crowded public settings
96 percent. but with non-conclusive results, hampered by
As reported by Edward O. Wilson "Density and Aggressive restricted sample subjects (school students), too
Behaviour", in Kaplan, Stephen and Rachel Kaplan (1982), short a time being studied and being separated
Humanscape: environments for people, Ann Arbor, into same sex groups. [and being restricted to
Michigan: Ulrich's Books, pg. 200.
USA/European cultural sample].
5
Alan Westin's 4 faces of privacy Alan Westin's essential
FUNCTIONS OF PRIVACY
1. SOLITUDE
being alone with no one else Further refined 1. related to COMMUNICATION both
nearby later researchers added thus: informational and interpersonal themes
Seclusion (living away from sights Re INTIMACY
& sounds of traffic/other people) also with friends 2. connected to our SENSE OF CONTROL or
and Not neighbouring (dislike of or with family autonomy. Self-determination based on ability
casual visiting & general contact Re SOLITUDE to choose solitude or company; not having
with neighbours). Isolation = choice makes us feel helpless.
2. INTIMACY between lovers being alone with 3. important to our SENSE OF IDENTITY.
3. ANONYMITY no one else Solitude and intimacy can be used to evaluate
unrecognised, privacy among nearby while
others Solitude = being who we are, our progress in life etc.
4. RESERVE alone among a 4. allows for EMOTIONAL RELEASE.
psychological barrier against crowd. Where we can weep, sing loud crazy songs,
intrusion talk to ourselves! etc.
[Gifford 1997:174-5] [Gifford 1997:180-1]
6
Territoriality in Action Design Care
Newman cites TERRITORIALITY as the basis of this IMAGE and MILIEU: Cost cutting on public housing
new rational approach to planning. (materials, finishes and forms) identifies their inhabitants
NATURAL SURVEILLANCE reinforces territoriality and their likely vulnerability [elderly and single females?].
both resident and intruder should be aware of constant The vandal-proof interior treatment ("not unlike that
observation allaying fears and deterring crime. "Lobby achieved in our worst hospitals and prisons") set up
surveillance is severely hampered when main challenges for residents to test their resistance to wear!
entrances are in obscure locations, when elevators and The 'institutional' building image can be damaging on the
mailboxes are tucked around a corner in a blind spot, or resident too, reinforcing perceptions of 'putting the poor
both." pg. 313. in their place'.
Designers should avoid the typical planting of Newman reckons, if the resident is resigned to not
shrubs/trees at corners/junctions of paths (thus creating caring about their surroundings, they will not intercede,
blind spots/hiding spots). even on their own behalf, when they become the victim
Closing through-streets in large projects with several of a criminal.
buildings increase vulnerability (because of little Parkland adjacent to housing projects needs similar
surveillance, they become little used). design care/surveillance.
7
RECORDING USES Example: Hopper 2007:58
OF PUBLIC SPACE
8
ACTIONS TO WATCH OUT FOR:
Bye-bye!
Hesitancy or purposefulness why?
Collisions any blind corners?
Confusions too many choices?
Anti-social behaviour which is what??
e.g. verbal or physical assault
Gatherings how many people?
Lone people sitting, standing, watching
clocks
CROWDING PRIVACY
REFERENCE: Also see Chapter 8 Privacy in Gifford,
Also see Chapter 7 Crowding in Gifford, Robert (1997), Environmental Psychology:
Robert (1997), Environmental Psychology: principles and practice. Boston: Allyn and
principles and practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, pp. 171-192.
Bacon, pp. 1390-170.
9
Recording Public Space
Hopper, Leonard J. (2006). Landscape
Architectural Graphic Standards.
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
10
Topics this week!
ritualised vandalism:
VANDALISM = damage to property, systems;
rituals which accept vandalism as part of accepted
while ASSAULT = damage to a person.
behaviour: New Year's Eve, UK Guy Fawkes Night
(bonfires); US Halloween
Ways of categorising vandalism: protected vandalism:
VANDALISM AS INSTITUTIONALISED RULE- where the community accepts student rag days,
BREAKING ! buck's parties
VANDALISM AS IDEOLOGY ! play vandalism:
VANDALISM AS A RESULT OF PLANNING where curiosity, competition and skill lead to
AND DESIGN ! property damage e.g. window breaking in derelict
MALICIOUS VANDALISM !!!! houses seen as 'fair game'
1
Vandalism as a result of Vandalism as a result of
planning and design! first part planning and design! second part
Corporate: Government:
where private development interests appropriate public open where governments sell off community-owned property
space e.g. Chifley Square which now appears to be the (Commonwealth being the worst offender of late Post
forecourt of the Chifley Tower; large internal shopping Offices, Lighthouses, Customs Houses, Archives, Military
centres (e.g. Westfield Indooroopilly) destroying local
shopping streets; banks withdrawing branches from country Depots!; State not far behind Schools, Police Stations,
towns ( fighting back with growth of community banks!) State experimental farms, heritage buildings generally);
Road authority: Local Govt. Light Street Depot (Valley);
where an expressway cuts through neighbourhoods or Planning:
native habitats (e.g. BRISBANE: Southeast freeway, numerous regional, suburban and urban examples,
Western Freeway/proposed Route 20, Inner City Busway particularly where traffic engineering has led sway
(damaging Victoria Park, Brisbane) SYDNEY: new releases in western Sydney, Darling
Rail authority: Harbour development, Third Runway for airport, etc.;
where sale of air-rights over railway stations result in loss of planners' vandalism: gentrification & displacement of old
cultural heritage significance (and visual amenity!); selling residents; urban development where artists move into
off railway property; demanding no poor-profits lines in
regional areas cheap areas, then middle class follow to be part of that
lifestyle, who then wish the poor (or the noisy) move out.
MANAGEMENT RESPONSES TO
Malicious vandalism
VANDALISM
where vindictiveness and/or acts of revenge are Defeat: removal of vandalised object
involved Deflection: placing graffiti boards in highly
visible locations
e.g. school arson, graffiti on private home-
Prevention: locking up public places,
owners property, slashing car tyres, etc.
fencing in with locks, in extreme cases
blowing the thing up such as Pruit-Igoe
public housing, and other Modernist
architectural monstrosities
Deterrence: running social programs which
address the needs of the vandals,
community participation in design and
planning e.g. art on traffic signal boxes;
murals on public toilets in parks;
2
Selection of images from Arthur Stace, 'Mr
http://www.sniggle.net/vandalism.php Eternity Gallery at NMA Eternity'. At least
50 times a day for
30 years he wrote
the word 'Eternity'
in chalk on the
streets of Sydney.
His simple,
enduring message
can still make
people stop, think
and feel.
Stories from the emotional heart of
Chalkboard Liberation! Australia an exhibition that includes
" Mr. Eternity" Arthur Stace
Graffiti that criticises the Accessed 20/3/2007:
boss/corporate greed! http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/no
w_showing/eternity/stories_from_the
And that is just obscure! _emotional_heart_of_australia/
3
Helping the homeless help themselves Australia!
The BIG ISSUE aims to:
Enable homeless people to earn a legal income through The Big Issue is a fortnightly current
opportunities to help themselves affairs and entertainment magazine that
Invest profits in services to help homeless people and is sold on the streets of towns and cities
Big Issue vendors tackle obstacles to them helping throughout Australia by people
themselves experiencing homelessness or long-term 2006: This
Provide people with a voice in the media unemployment. Vendors keep half of the would mean
that more
Produce a quality magazine which engages readers with cover price ($4) of every magazine they magazines are
issues that affect their lives but are overlooked by other sell. It is the magazine that helps people sold in OZ than
media help themselves. It is also Australia's in Eng/Wales,
Provide an example of a socially responsible business fastest growing magazine with or about the
and an alternative to conventional charity as a response readership now at 153,000 readers. same in whole
to homelessness of UK!
4
Transience can be due to: Transience can be due to:
RECREATIONAL NEEDS & DESIRES RELIGIOUS / SPIRITUAL PRACTICES
tourists (backpackers, hotels, motels, pilgrimages (long and short term)
apartments) Aboriginal walkabout journeys
locals holidaying at the beach / mountains / bush wilderness / rainforest visits by New Age types
(camping & caravanning & squatting) LIFESTYLE CHOICE
cubby-houses, Wendy houses, tree-houses E. J. Banfield "Confessions of a Beachcomber"
Show people (Carnies in USA) (travelling all over etc. (Dunk Island, Qld)
Qld for Annual Agricultural Shows) Jack Kerouac "On the Road" (West Coast USA)
travelling musicians / artists / actors / film makers New Age / Hippy / Alternative lifestyles / dropouts
/ performers / circus-folk (Nimbin, Crystal Waters, ?Tamborine Mountain)
5
DIVERSE ~ CULTURE / ETHNICITY Material Culture = artefacts, buildings
"most writers now agree that culture is Cultural Geographers focus on material culture
best approached historically and place, akin to anthropologists and
over the course of the modern period the ethnologists.
meaning has changed from reference to
skilled human activity (as in agriculture, "Culture now seen as an active force in social
viticulture, etc.) to refer to the whole set of reproduction, the negotiated process and
activities through which a human group product of the discourses through which humans
encompasses and transforms nature, signify their experiences to themselves and
including 'human nature' (Yoruba culture,
bourgeois culture), and the refined others. The linguistic turn in SOCIAL THEORY
individual spirit (as in being a person of has led to the concept of culture as TEXT which
culture), and finally to the collection of the outsider is obliged to interpret
intellectual and artistic practices deemed ethnographically through processes of
to indicate and be produced by such representation which are themselves textual"
spirits" (Johnston 1997:116). (Johnston 1997:116).
6
BARRIER-FREE DESIGN = good design
DIVERSE ~ ABILITY
(UNIVERSAL DESIGN)
INTRA-INDIVIDUAL: Temporary impairments typically
sizes change during one's life due to aging, nutrition, just mobility
Note:
damage e.g. asymmetrical faces why we dislike the mental health
camera's image (we are used to seeing ourselves in the Permanent impairments mobility,
seeing, hearing, manual dexterity problems are
mirror the other way-around!)
Partial and Total impairments ignored in
INTER-INDIVIDUAL:
differences due to sex, ethnic and racial groups, also Kinds of impairment summary: this
influenced by nutrition, medical problems, etc Mobility, wheelchair, crutches, cane,
description!
SECULAR VARIABILITY: walker Why is that,
the changes over generations due to nutritional & do you think?
medical improvements or deprivations [typically outside Manual (Partial), Manual (Total)
the realm of the designer?] Audio (Partial), Audio (Total)
SOURCE: Dreyfuss 1993:11 remember those Visual (Partial), Visual (Total)
Anthropometric notes in Design Basics? Activity
The End.
7
30/09/2015
PSYCH 4
What does cognition mean?
cognition
/kog'nishuhn/
noun
1. the act or process of knowing; perception.
COGNITIVE MAPPING: 2. the product of such a process; thing thus known,
perceived, etc.
making sense of our environment 3. Obsolete knowledge.
using it as a design tool [Middle English, from Latin cognitio a getting to know]
Initially Prepared by Glenn Thomas --cognitive /'kognuhtiv/ adjective
DLB310 People and Place The Macquarie Dictionary
1
30/09/2015
Bell 2001:69
FAVOURITE
all time tourist
map:
-- no tricky
folding!
-- plasticised
for durability
even in rain
-- train map on
back
ESSENTIAL
ITEMS:
-- Scale
nb. grids need a
measurement!
-- north point
-- legend
2
30/09/2015
PARIS MAP
with 3D
landmarks
good value!
NON-SPATIAL COGNITION
+ train map
when we think about or remember a place, with no
particular reference to its relative location or
distance (Gifford 1997, 29).
In other words, the non-spatial, experiential qualities
that our memories attach to places.
for example:
physical attributes quiet/noisy, wet/dry,
pleasant/unpleasant, beautiful/ugly.
experiential attributes good or bad things
happen to us, we either like it or dislike it.
Bell 2001:72
Bell 2001:89
3
30/09/2015
Bell 2001:93
4
30/09/2015
Other ways of
gathering perceptual
In conclusion
& cognitive data:
the survey Use the idea of COGNITIVE MAPPING as a way
of increasing your own powers of observation,
descriptive language and critical thinking about
environments you will be working in as a
designer.
References:
Gifford, Robert (1997). Environmental Psychology:
Principles and Practice. 2nd Edition, Boston: Allyn and
Bacon.
Bell, Paul A. et al (2001). Environmental Psychology. 5th
Edition. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publications.
The end.
5
PSYCH 5
What does perception mean?
Perception
noun
4. Psychology a single unified meaning obtained from
sensory processes while a stimulus is present
[Middle English, from Latin perceptio a receiving,
PERCEPTION hence apprehension]
and Terrain Vague --perceptional adjective
The Macquarie Dictionary
DLB310 People and Place
2007
Flip-books
Traditional Approaches to Perception Flip books are essentially a
primitive form of animation. Like
motion pictures, they rely on
Of Size, Depth & Distance persistence of vision to create the
illusion that continuous motion is
Linear Perspective lines being seen rather than a series of
discontinuous images being
that are parallel appear to exchanged in succession. Rather
than "reading" left to right, a viewer
converge in the distance simply stares at the same location
of the pictures in the flip book as
Gestalt perception the the pages turn. The book must also
Marquis-Kyle website be flipped with enough speed for
whole is different from the the illusion to work, so the standard
sum of its parts e.g. way to "read" a flip book is to hold
the book with one hand and flip
child's flip-book seems to through its pages with the thumb of
the other hand. The German word
show a scene in for flip bookDaumenkino, literally
movement like the many "thumb cinema"reflects this
process.
frames of a movie film http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_book
http://www.pettyofficial.com/2006_10_01_archive.html
1
Environmental Perception: Probalism To get more from a scene (Herbert Leff)
We can enhance are awareness skills e.g.
Rapidly switch your visual focus from one point in
the scene to another forming a vivid impression of
each view
Look for views in the scene that would make
personally relevant photographs
Imagine what it would be like to be one of the
objects in the scene
See inanimate objects as if they were alive.
Source: Gifford 1997, 19
Bell 2001:63 More on perception later in PLACE: landscape visual analysis
2
terrain vague [quotation first part] terrain vague [quotation second part]
http://parole.aporee.org/work/hier.php3?spec_id=5337&words_id=405 http://parole.aporee.org/work/hier.php3?spec_id=5337&words_id=405
Empty, abandoned space in which a series of occurrences The French term terrain connotes a more
have taken place seems to subjugate the eye of the urban urban quality than the English land; thus
photographer. Such urban space, which I will denote by the terrain is an extension of the precisely limited
French expression terrain vague, assumes the status of
fascination, the most solvent sign with which to indicate ground fit for construction, for the city. In
what cities are and what our experience of them is. As does English the word terrain has acquired more
any other aesthetic product, photography communicates not agricultural or geological meanings. The
only the perceptions that we may accumulate of these kinds
of spaces but also the affects, experiences that pass from French word also refers to greater and
the physical to the psychic, converting the vehicle of the perhaps less precisely defined territories,
photographic image into the medium through which we form connected with the physical idea of a portion
value judgments about these seen or imagined places. It is of land in its potentially exploitable state but
impossible to capture in a single English word or phrase the
meaning of terrain vague already possessing some definition to which
we are external.
terrain vague [quotation third part] terrain vague [quotation fourth part]
http://parole.aporee.org/work/hier.php3?spec_id=5337&words_id=405 http://parole.aporee.org/work/hier.php3?spec_id=5337&words_id=405
The French vague has Latin and Germanic origins. The relationship between the absence of use, of activity,
and the sense of freedom, of expectancy, is fundamental
The German Woge refers to a sea swell, significantly to understanding the evocative potential of the city's
alluding to movement, oscillation, instability, and terrains vagues. Void, absence, yet also promise, the
fluctuation. Two Latin roots come together in the space of the possible, of expectation.
A second meaning superimposed on the French vague
French vague. Vague descends from vacuus, giving derives from the Latin vagus, giving 'vague' in English, too,
us 'vacant' and 'vacuum' in English, which is to say in the sense of 'indeterminate, imprecise, blurred,
The relationship between the absence of use, of uncertain'. Once again the paradox of the message we
receive from these indefinite and uncertain spaces is not
activity, and the sense of freedom, of expectancy, is purely negative. While the analogous terms that we have
fundamental to understanding the evocative potential noted are generally preceded by negative particles (in-
determinate, im-precise, un-certain), this absence of limit
of the city's terrains vagues. 'empty, unoccupied', yet precisely contains the expectations of mobility, vagrant
also 'free, available, unengaged' roving, free time, liberty. The triple signification of the
French vague as 'wave' , 'vacant' , and 'vague' appears in
a multitude of photographic images.
Ignasi de Sol Morales
Henri Cartier-Bresson
Learning from the photographers ( earlier 20th century photographer)
3
Left over industry and Terrain Vague Left overs and potentials
[Quaderns 212, 1997:41] Terrain Vague [Quaderns 212, 1997:38]
International Expositions
Olympic Games
4
Expo 88 then SouthBank Parklands OTHER READINGS:
de Sol-Morales Rubi, Ignasi,
"Terrain Vague" pp. 4-12 and
Connolly, Peter.(1996). "T.V. Guide:
Some footnotes to Morales' notion of
Terrain Vague" pp. 16-26,
in Kerb, Journal of Landscape
Architecture [RMIT]
de Sola-Morales Rubio, Ignasi.
Terrain Vague.
In Davidson, Cynthia C. (ed) (1995).
Anyplace. Anyone Corp/MIT Press:
NY/ Cambridge, MA.
Steve Parish
Terrain Vague before "Brisbane Square" 'landscape as the vehicle for redefining
2001
the cities in a post-industrial world'
End.
5
PLACE 1: Queensland How does the Glass House Mountains Region look?
Cultural Landscapes
WORKSHOP
REFERENCES:
Download from the BLACKBOARD site the 2 digital files
of extracts from Report 4: Chapter 1 Methodology and
Chapter 4 Glass House Mountains Region (case study).
5 Seto 2001:71-100 contains all these tables; this list drawn from
contents page of Report 4.
DLB310 People and Place
PLACE 2: 2. Cullens SERIAL VISION
Exploring Townscape Form Find an interesting route through the QUT/GP campus
and record it using Cullens technique of small vignette
Cullen 1999: 17
Not feeling very confident with your free-hand sketching
abilities? Heres a tip: first take photographs. You can
use these instead or you can trace over them and create
quick hand-drawn sketches! Any graphic technique that
saves times and communicates the required message
and/or mood is not cheating!
Lynch 1997:146
FINAL THOUGHT: Both Lynch and Cullen can teach us
NOTES: You can improve a lot on Lynchs clunky, hard how to see more closely what is around us. We can then
to read graphical style. Find some suitable symbols for make use of these skills when designing. We can
your spot symbols (landmark & node) and different determine what is working well and what is not and thus
shadings or tones or patterns for the districts. Consider make appropriate changes or improvements to suit!
different symbols for vehicular paths and pedestrian
paths. In other locations there maybe also tram/train
lines, commuter ferries and bikepaths! And be sure that
edges dont look too similar to your paths.
WORKSHOP
WORKSHOP
Reid 1987:49
Reid 1987:51
WORKSHOP
assess their personality type indicators using both test
versions and print out the summary descriptions of their
personality type;
compare the two to see how consistent they are in assessing
personality type;
share their results with other members of their team and
discuss the implications for teamwork; and
FOR THE JOURNAL: Record the exercises and reflect on file the results and discussions in their Reflective Journals.
the outcomes for your group and yourself.
Please be aware that the most effective groups include people
TASK: with different styles. Although the differences might lead to
These exercises are aimed at making groups work effectively. apparent conflict, they can be used to bring a synergy to group
Group work is the basis of nearly all design practice, which often activities that might otherwise be unattainable.
mixes different disciplines. Finding good ways to communicate,
cooperate and collaborate is vital to achieve the assessment and From time to time tutors will ask students to assess their
learning objectives of this unit. Let's learn from the excellent performance (eg 5-10 minutes at the end of a work session). For
example set in the BEB200 Introduction to Sustainability unit and example:
develop a clear understanding of group work processes and are our team protocols working or do we need to re-visit them?
responsibilities: their reference adapted from Woods et al. 2000. are we working to our strengths?
The Future of Engineering Education. III. Developing Critical are we meeting our targets?
Skills. http://www.ncsu.edu/felder-public/Papers/Quartet3.pdf ) Students should record their discussions in their Journals.
Covey contends
Here is the relationship between consideration and courage that
that effective
can become a WIN/WIN outcome [Covey 1993:218].
behaviour is based
on developing Covey has
good habits. developed a 7-
Habits approach
[Figure from Covey
to helping people
1993:48].
develop effective
life strategies.
These habits
occur within the
private world of
each individual
and the outer
pubic world in
which they live.
Hopper 2007:58
Hopper 2007: 58
(2) What information is missing from this data? A clue is
PSYCH 3: provided in the source of the ABS data, which is called
Documentary Evidence the "Census of Population and Housing (2001)".