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On
Transition from Analog to Digital (Digital Terrestrial Television:
Trends, Implementation & Opportunities)
Tunisia Tunis , 12 15 March 2012
Session 2:
Network planning aspects:
New generation of DTV: DVB-T, DVB-
T2 and DVB-T2 Lite
mats.ek@progira.com
1
Contents of DVB-T2 Presentations
1. Session 2: Technical Aspects of DVB-T and DVB-T2
2. Session 4: Coverage aspects: Fixed Portable and Mobile Coverage
3. Session 6: Single Frequency networks
4. Session 11: Implementation of DVB-T2
2
Contents of this Presentation
4
Requirements
5
System properties
6
System properties
DVB-T2 is based upon DVB-T
OFDM based (thousands of orthogonal carriers)
From an HW point of view simple to have both DVB-T2 and DVB-T on the
same chip (DVB-T comes for free)
T2 receivers also support DVB-T and today very small difference in price
between T/T2 receivers and DVB-T only receivers
7
System properties
Representation of OFDM in
the time-frequency plane
dB 10
OFDM spectrum
0
-20
-30
2 k mode
-40
-50 8 k mode
Delta= Guard interval
Ts= useful symbol length -60
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8
System properties
DVB-T2 Improvements
8 Scattered Pilot Patterns
LPDC error Correction Rates , 2/3, 4/5 and 5/6
Time interleaving to improve impulse noise robustness
Extended bandwidth option
Peak to average power reduction
Time Frequency interleaving
As answer to the commercial requirements
9
System properties
Source: www.dvb.org
10
System properties
Bandwidths and frequency bands
The DVB-T2 specification as such does not specify any
frequency band
11
System properties
DVB-T2 Extended Bandwidth
Extended
BW
Gives
about 400 -
600 kbit/s
extra data
capacity
14
System properties
~6% overhead
GI 32K-symbol
in DVB-T2
Increases guard interval length and possible size of SFN for a given
percentage GI fraction
DVB-T2 may also use the same symbol periods as DVB-T (8K, 4K, 2K) and
also a shorter FFT size (1K)
allows for flexibility for different frequency bands, RF bandwidths, network
types and reception
15
System properties
DVB-T2 Guard intervals
GI-Fraction
FFT-
size TU [ms] 1/128 1/32 1/16 19/256 1/8 19/128 1/4
GI [us]
16
System properties
Flexibility in pilot pattern
Pilots are needed for receiver channel estimation
DVB-T has a fixed pattern of scattered pilot cells
DVB-T2 has 8 different patterns to choose from, depending on
network type and reception conditions (Rooftop, portable or mobile)
Minimizes pilot overhead
17
System properties
PP2 PP2
PP7 PP2 PP2
PP8 PP8 PP1
16K PP7 PP4 PP3 PP3
PP4 PP4 PP8
PP6 PP8 PP8
PP5 PP5
18
System properties
Flexibility in pilot pattern
Capacity loss for different pilot patterns
19
System properties
Choice of Pilot Pattern (PP)
Rooftop reception:
Rooftop reception with a directional outdoor antenna
low Doppler environment with few significant reflections
PP7 has low overhead but less robust to Doppler can be adopted to
maximise capacity.
Mobile reception:
High Doppler frequency need to be considered to provide robust reception,
PP 2, 4 or 6 should be considered.
Portable reception:
Doppler need to be considered but low frequency
Number of options PP3, 4 and 5 and could be considered depending on
required C/N
If SFN: PP2 may provide a good compromise
Large area SFNs:
Need for longer Guard interval
Pilot pattern
Trade off between Doppler and Guard Interval length
PP2 may provide a good compromise.
20
System properties
Modulation
21
System properties
Level
-52
dBm
-54 Measurement
every 5 cm
-56
-58
The Mobile
-60 reception
-62
environment is
very demanding!
-64
-66
22
0 dB echo kills some carriers
10
0
Single path
-10 (0 dB)
RX -20
-30
TX1
-40
-50
TX2 -60
23
System properties
Improved robustness
DVB-T does not include time interleaving and is therefore sensitive
to impulsive interference and time varying channels
DVB-T2 has support for deep time interleaving and longer symbol
period (32K FFT), which together radically improve the robustness
against impulsive interference
Time interleaving also allows for much better performance in time
varying channels
24
System properties
Rotated constellation
Additional modulation stage with so-called
Rotated Constellation allows for more
robust reception in extreme radio
environments
E.g. lots of echoes, part of the signal totally
faded or interfered
Each constellation point gets unique
projection on both u1 and u2 axes
Interleaving separates u1 and u2 values
over the air increased diversity
Nbch= Kldpc
(Nldpc bits)
26
System properties
The result is that bit errors caused by the channel are equally
distributed among the FEC blocks, and also within FEC blocks
maximizes error correction ability of the LDPC/BCH code
27
System properties
DVB-T2
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
..... Single erased OFDM-symbol
Time FEC
.....
.....
..... Can be corrected!
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
TPS pilots and continual pilots between Kmin and Kmax are not indicated
boosted pilot
data 28
System properties
Performance for modulation and FEC
close to theoretical limits
Capacity Performance
limit 4,00
3,00
29
System properties
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
An OFDM signal is noise-like and has large dynamic power
variations (high PAPR)
30
PAPR reduction
Idea: Add a peak compensating waveform that reduces the
peaks
Transmitted_signal = Original_signal + peak compensating
waveform
With DVB-T2 there are two different methods available to
reduce the PAPR
Tone Reservation (TR)
Active Constellation Extension (ACE)
Both methods generate a peak-compensating signal, but in
different ways
TR: 1% of carriers are dedicated for this
ACE: Border constellation points are extended away
Advantages: Less complex transmitters and/or less
intermodulation in transmitted signal, but some reduction in
data rate (TR) or C/N performance (ACE)
31
Transmitter diversity MISO/Alamouti
T2 includes a possibility (option) that the transmitters in an SFN transmit
different signals (type A or type B), but with the same information, via so-
called MISO-Alamouti coding
With MISO/Alaomouti coding type A and type B signals add constructively so
the frequency selective fading may be avoided
Without this functionality the channel may look like a strong-echo channel
makes reception more difficult
This improves coverage in areas where both transmitters can be received
with similar strength. However...
... MISO requires double pilot overhead
... does not provide any gain with type A + type A or type B + type B combination
h1 h2
So , S1 -S1* S0*
TX2
TX1 RX
Type B
Type A
32
Capacity increase in DVB-T2
DVB-T2 allows for typically about 50% higher capacity for fixed
reception than DVB-T (for a given coverage)
Exact increase depends on precise configuration of T2 parameters
Example:
DVB-T today in Sweden: 22 Mbit/s on UHF (8 MHz bandwidth)
DVB-T2 can provide about 33 Mbit/s (+50%) on UHF with the same
basic coverage as DVB-T
Capacity on VHF somewhat lower
VHF bandwidth is 7 MHz
VHF has larger SFN areas requires a larger guard interval
However, VHF has a better link budget may be possible to
increase code rate/capacity (Finland SFN Code Rate 5/6)
Normal Bandwidth is used at VHF (normally)
33
Capacity in DVB-T2
60
50
40
Bitrate (Mbit/s)
Maximum
30
Recommended
20
10
0
1/2 3/5 2/3 3/4 4/5 5/6 1/2 3/5 2/3 3/4 4/5 5/6 1/2 3/5 2/3 3/4 4/5 5/6 1/2 3/5 2/3 3/4 4/5 5/6
4-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM 256-QAM
Constellation and code-rate
Large number of
options in DVB-T2!
35
C/N QEF Valid for DVB-T2 PP2 32k Normal BW GI 1/8 DVB-T/T2 C/N values
Required C/N for
Gaussian 0 dB echo
DVB-T BER=2 10-4 after Viterbi
Code C/N C/N (quasi error-free after Reed-
Constellation Raw Values C/N Rice channel @
Rate Gauss Rayleigh Without implementation
AWGN) 90% GI Solomon)
margin of about 3 dB
Modulation Code Gaussian Ricean Rayleigh
QPSK 1/2 1.0 3.0 3.2 4.0 4.7
Rate channel channel channel
QPSK 3/5 2.2 4.2 4.4 5.5 6.3 (F1) (P1)
QPSK 2/3 3.1 5.1 5.4 6.9 7.9 QPSK 1/2 3.1 3.6 5.4
QPSK 3/4 4.1 6.1 6.4 8.2 9.3
QPSK 4/5 4.7 6.7 7.0 9.1 10.4
QPSK 2/3 4.9 5.7 8.4
QPSK 5/6 5.2 7.2 7.6 9.9 11.5
QPSK 3/4 5.9 6.8 10.7
16-QAM 1/2 6.2 8.2 8.4 9.7 10.4
16-QAM 3/5 7.6 9.6 9.8 11.3 12.2 QPSK 5/6 6.9 8.0 13.1
16-QAM 2/3 8.9 10.9 11.1 12.8 13.8
QPSK 7/8 7.7 8.7 16.3
16-QAM 3/4 10.0 12.0 12.4 14.5 15.8
16-QAM 4/5 10.8 12.8 13.2 15.8 17.3 16-QAM 1/2 8.8 9.6 11.2
16-QAM 5/6 11.3 13.3 13.8 16.5 18.4
16-QAM 2/3 11.1 11.6 14.2
64-QAM 1/2 10.5 12.5 12.8 14.6 15.5
64-QAM 3/5 12.3 14.4 14.7 16.4 17.5 16-QAM 3/4 12.5 13.0 16.7
64-QAM 2/3 13.6 15.7 16.0 17.8 19.2
64-QAM 3/4 15.1 17.2 17.5 19.9 21.5
16-QAM 5/6 13.5 14.4 19.3
64-QAM 4/5 16.1 18.2 18.8 21.5 23.5 16-QAM 7/8 13.9 15.0 22.8
64-QAM 5/6 16.7 18.9 19.3 22.5 25
256-QAM 1/2 14.4 16.5 16.9 19.0 20.1 64-QAM 1/2 14.4 14.7 16.0
256-QAM 3/5 16.7 18.9 19.1 21.2 22.6
64-QAM 2/3 16.5 17.1 19.3
256-QAM 2/3 18.1 20.3 20.6 22.8 24.6
256-QAM 3/4 20.0 22.4 22.7 25.3 27.5 64-QAM 3/4 18.0 18.6 21.7
256-QAM 4/5 21.3 23.8 24.2 27.3 30.3
64-QAM 5/6 19.3 20.0 25.3
256-QAM 5/6 22.0 24.6 25.0 28.8 33.1
64-QAM 7/8 20.1 21.0 27.9
-About 4-6 dB better than DVB-T
-In particular at difficult Reception environment 36
Implementation Scenarios
Scenario 1 2 3a 3b
Bandwidth 8 MHz 8 MHz 8 MHz 8 MHz
FFT mode 32K 32K 32K 32K
Carrier mode Extended Extended Extended Extended
Scattered Pilot
PP7 PP2 PP4 PP2
Pattern
1/128 1/8 1/16 1/8
Guard interval (448 s)
(28 s) (224 s) (448 s)
Modulation 256 QAM 16QAM 256 QAM 256 QAM
Code rate 2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3
C/N 18.9 dB 11.0 dB 19.6 dB 20.0 dB
Data rate 40.2 Mbit/s 16.7 Mbit/s 37 Mbit/s 33.4 Mbit/s
Source EBU Tech 3348
37
Examples Portable and Mobile Reception
portable
portable portable portable and mobile
portable reception mobile
reception reception mobile reception
Implemen- reception (maximum reception
(maximum (optimum reception (common usage of MUX by
tation (maximum coverage Band III
date rate, spectrum Band III different services)l
date rate) area (alternative)
alternative) usage)
extension)
Scenario 4a 4b 5 6 7a 7b 8
high data low data
rate rate
Bandwidth 8 MHz 8 MHz 8 MHz 8 MHz 1,7 MHz 1,7 MHz 8 MHz
FFT mode 16K 32K 16K 16K 4K 4K 8K
Scattered
Pilot PP3 PP4 PP3 PP1 PP2 PP1 PP2
Pattern
39
DVB-T2 SFN
40
Physical Layer Pipes (PLPs)
Input bit streams to DVB-T are always MPEG-2 Transport Streams
Input streams to DVB-T2 are also always MPEG-2 Transport Streams
But may also be Generic Streams (arbitrary bit streams)
Every input stream is carried by the corresponding Physical Layer Pipe
(PLP) in DVB-T2
The streams carried in the PLPs may have a variable bit rate
1-255 input streams/PLP:s (one or more services per PLP)
Statistical multiplexing over several PLPs is possible
Every PLP can get its own robustness (code rate + modulation) but not
FFTsize
PLPs may be sent in a busty way allows for power saving in mobile
devices (time slicing)
Signalling data which is common for several PLPs may be sent in a
dedicated PLP (Common PLP)
41
Advantages with multiple PLPs
Possibility to reach different kinds of
receivers and reception conditions
with a single RF signal
HDTV to roof-top directional antennas in
PLPs with normal robustness PLPs
Mobile receivers with robust PLPs
L1 auxiliary
P1 Common PLPs data PLPs, type 1 data PLPs, type 2
sign. streams
Complete T2-frame
Typically 200-250 ms
Time
OFDM symbols
P2 P2 D D D D
P1 1 K 1 2 3 L
PLP PLP
PLP PLP
Cell index PLP PLP M1+1 PLP M1+1
M1+M2 M1+1
M1+M2 PLP
1 M
1 M1+M2
Complete T2-frame
L1-pre signaling TYPE 1 data PLPs (1M1) Common PLPs Dummy cells
43
Future Extension Frames (FEFs)
A mechanism that allows a future system to be sent as Future
Extension frames in T2 time slots
No restrictions in the allowed content of the FEF
FEF may use DVB-T2 Lite (mobile, specified subset of DVB-T2)
Will e.g. allow future transmission of the DVB Next Generation
Handheld (DVB-NGH) standard currently developed by DVB
T2-Lite T2-Lite
or or
DVB-NGH DVB-NGH
frame frame
T2 FEF T2 T2 FEF T2
P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1
44
DVB-T2 lite
Mobile reception
The commercial focus on DVB-T2 is primarily on
stationary reception (and HDTV) , but DVB-T2 is also
designed to work well in mobile/handheld conditions
deep time interleaving
supports power saving by time slicing
enables the introduction of T2-Lite or DVB-NGH services via Future
Extension Frames (FEF)
T2-Lite is part of the DVB-T2 standard (from v.1.3.1)
DVB-NGH is based on DVB-T2
45
DVB-T2 lite
DVB-T2 lite some details
Reduced complexity smaller silicon size (-50%) and lower power
consumption
46
DVB-T2 Lite Mobile DVB-T2 lite
3/4 11/15 NA
NOTE: means that this combination may be used with or without constellation rotation
means that constellation rotation shall not be used for this combination
NA means that this combination shall not be used
Interface D
Interface A Interface B TS
Interface C
TS T2-MI DVB-T2
Input SS4: SS5:
programme SS3: T2 MPEG
SS1:
signals T2 Demodulator Decoder
Video/
SS2: Modulator
audio
Basic T2-
coders and
Gateway
statistical
multiplexer SS3: SS4: SS5: Decoded
T2 T2 MPEG output
Centralised coding,
multiplexing and Modulator Demodulator Decoder programme
Input distribution signals
programme
signals SS1:
Video/
audio
Distribution SS4: SS5:
coders and
network T2 MPEG
statistical RF
Demodulator Decoder
multiplexer channel
Optional multiple
coding & multiplexing T2 receiver
48
DVB-T2 vs ISDB-T
DVB-T/T2 vs ISDB-T
Parameter ISDB-T (Japan) ISDB-T (Brazil) DVB-T DVB-T2
Standard ARIB STD-B31 ABNT NBR15601 EN 300 744 EN 302 755
Date first May 2001 November 2007 March 1997 September 2009
published
Modulation COFDM COFDM COFDM COFDM
BUT..
50
DVB-T2 Future?
Dual mode Transmitters (DVB-T//T2) are available
Cost difference T /T2 receivers very small
51
DVB-T and DVB-T2 worldwide
Source: www.digitag.org
52
thank you!
and
questions?
Mats Ek
mats.ek@progira.com