2.

20 - Marine Hydrodynamics, Spring 2005

Lecture 17

2.20 - Marine Hydrodynamics

Lecture 17

4.6 Laminar Boundary Layers

y
U potential flow
u, v viscous flow

x

Uo

4.6.1 Assumptions

2D ow: w, 0 and u (x, y) , v (x, y) , p (x, y) , U (x, y).
z

Steady ow: 0.
t

For << L, use local (body) coordinates x, y, with x tangential to the body
and y normal to the body.

u tangential and v normal to the body, viscous ow velocities (used inside

the boundary layer).

U, V potential ow velocities (used outside the boundary layer).

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4.6.2 Governing Equations

Continuity

u v
+ = 0 (1)
x y
Navier-Stokes:

 2 
u u 1 p u 2u
u +v = + + (2)
x y x x2 y 2
 2 
v v 1 p v 2v
u +v = + + (3)
x y y x2 y 2
4.6.3 Boundary Conditions

KBC
Inside the boundary layer:
No-slip u(x, y = 0) = 0
No-ux v(x, y = 0) = 0
Outside the boundary layer the velocity has to match the P-Flow solution.

Let y  y/, y y/L, and x x/L. Outside the boundary layer y 

but y 0. We can write for the tangential and normal velocities

u(x , y  ) = U (x , y 0) u(x , y  ) = U (x , 0),
and v(x , y  ) = V (x , y 0) v(x , y  ) = V (x , 0) = 0
No-ux
P-Flow

In short:

u(x, y  ) = U (x, 0)

v(x, y  ) = 0
DBC
As y  , the pressure has to match the P-Flow solution. The x-momentum
equation at y = 0 gives
U U 1 dp 2U dp U
U +V = + 2
= U
x y dx y dx x
0
0

2
4.6.4 Boundary Layer Approximation
Assume that ReL >> 1, then (u, v) is conned to a thin layer of thickness (x) << L.
For ows within this boundary layer, the appropriate order-of-magnitude scaling /
normalization is:

Variable Scale Normalization

u U u = Uu

x L x = Lx

y y = y

v V =? v = Vv

Non-dimensionalize the continuity, Equation (1), to relate V to U

     
U u V v
+ = 0 = V = O U
L x y L

Non-dimensionalize the x-momentum, Equation (2), to compare with L

       2 
U2 u UV u 1 p U 2 2u u
u + v = + 2 2 +
L x

 y x L x 2 y 2
2


O(U /L) ignore

The inertial eects are of comparable magnitude to the viscous eects when:

U2 U 1
2 = = << 1
L L UL R eL
p
The pressure gradient x
must be of comparable magnitude to the inertial eects
 2
p U
=O
x L

3
 Non-dimensionalize the y-momentum, Equation (3), to compare p
y
to p
x
     2   2 
UV v V2 v 1 p V v V v
u + v = + 2 2
+ 2
L

 x

 y y L

 x

 y 2
2 2 2 3 2

O( UL ) O( UL ) O( UL ) O( UL )

L L L3 L

p
The pressure gradient y
must be of comparable magnitude to the inertial eects
 2 
p U
=O
y L L
p p
Comparing the magnitude of x
to y
we observe
 2   2
p U p U
= O while =O =
y L L x L
p p p
<< = 0 =
y x y

p = p(x)

Note:

- From continuity it was shown that V/U O(/L) v << u, inside the
boundary layer.
p
- It was shown that y = 0, p = p(x) inside the boundary layer. This means that
the pressure across the boundary layer is constant and equal to the pressure
outside the boundary layer imposed by the external P-Flow.

4.6.5 Summary of Dimensional BVP

Governing equations for 2D, steady, laminar boundary layer
u v
Continuity : + =0
x y
u u 1 dp 2u
x-momentum : u +v = + 2
x y dx y


U dU/dx, y=0
p
y - momentum : =0
y

Boundary Conditions
KBC

At y=0 : u(x, 0) = 0
v(x, 0) = 0
At y/ : u(x, y/ ) = U (x, 0)
v(x, y/ ) = 0

DBC
dp U IN the b.l.
1
= U or p(x) = C U 2 (x, 0)
dx x 
2 
Bernoulli for the P-Flow at y =0

4.6.6 Denitions
 
u
Displacement thickness 1 dy
U
0


u u
Momentum thickness 1 dy
U U
0

Physical Meaning of and

Assume a 2D steady ow over a at plate.

dp
Recall for steady ow over at plate dx
= 0 and pressure p = const.

Choose a control volume ([0, x] [0, y/ ]) as shown in the gure below.

y / CV
Q
Uo 4
Uo
3
Uo P - Flow

u(y)
Boundary Layer
1
2
0 x
CV for steady ow over a at plate.

Control Volume book-keeping

Surface n v v n v (v n) pn


1 i Uo i Uo Uo2 i pi

2 j 0 0 0 pj

3 i u(x, y)i + v(x, y)j u(x, y) u2 (x, y)i + u(x, y)v(x, y)j pi

4 j Uo i + v(x, y)j v(x, y) v(x, y)Uo i + v 2 (x, y)j pj

Conservation of mass, for steady CV

    x

  
v ndS
=0 Uo dy + v(x
, y)dx = 0 u(x, y )dy +
1234 0 0
0

Q
     
   u
Q= Uo dy udy = (Uo u)dy = Uo 1 dy  Q = U0
0 0 0 U
0
o 

where () are the dummy variables.

Conservation of momentum in x, for steady CV

 
u(v n
)dS = Fx
1234
   x   
Uo2 dy  + 2 
u (x, y )dy + 
v(x , y)Uo dx =  
pdy pdy  + Fx,f riction
0 0 0 0 0
   x 

Uo2 dy  + 2  
u (x, y )dy + Uo v(x , y)dx = Fx,f riction

0 0
0

Q
   
Uo2 dy  + u2 (x, y  )dy  + Uo (Uo u)dy  = Fx,f riction
0 0 0
   
Uo2 +u +2
Uo2 Uo u dy  = Fx,f riction
0
   

u2 u
Uo2 dy 
= Fx,f riction

0 Uo2 Uo
    
2 u u
Fx,f riction = Uo 1 dy  Fx,f riction = Uo2
Uo Uo
0


4.7 Steady Flow over a Flat Plate: Blasius Laminar Boundary

Layer

Uo

L x

Steady ow over a at plate: BLBL

4.7.1 Derivation of BLBL

dp
Assumptions Steady, 2D ow. Flow over at plate U = U0 , V = 0, =0
dx
LBL governing equations
u v
+ =0
x y
u u 2u
u +v = 2
x y y
Boundary conditions
u = v = 0 on y = 0
y 
v V = 0, u Uo outside the BL, i.e., >> 1

Solution Mathematical solution in terms of similarity parameters.
 
u Uo y x
and y = y=
U x x Rx Uo
Similarity solution must have the form

u (x, y)
= F ()
U
 o

self similar solution

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 We can obtain a PDE for F by substituting into the governing equations. The
PDE has no-known analytical solution. However, Blasius provided a numerical
solution. Once again, once the velocity prole is evaluated we know everything
about the ow.

4.7.2 Summary of BLBL Properties: , 0.99 , , , o , D, Cf

 
u (x, y) Uo x y
=



F () ; = y
;
y
;
=


Uo x
Uo x Rx
evaluated
numerically



local R#




x



Uo








x 

.99
= 4.9 , i.e., .99 = 4.9

Uo

x, 1 Uo

 

x

= 1.72 , i.e.,
= 1.72



1

Uo
x Uo x


Rx





x

= 0.664

Uo


1/2

U x

o w 2
o
= 0.332Uo

1

o
x



1/2

= 0.332 Uo2 Rx
3/2



o Uo

local R#

Total drag on plate L x B

L  1/2
  Uo L
D = 

B o dx
= 0.664 Uo2 (BL) D L, D U 3/2

width 0 

1/2
ReL

Friction (drag) coecient:

D 1.328 1 1
Cf = 1 2 = Cf , Cf
2
(Uo ) (BL) R eL L U

Cf
Blasius Laminar Boundary Layer
1.328
Cf
Re L
Turbulent Boundary Layer
0.008

Re L
103 3 105
Turbulent Boundary Layer
C f for flat plate (JNN 2.3)
Re x ~ 3105
Transition at
Re ~ 600

Skin friction coecient as a function of Re .

A look ahead: Turbulent Boundary Layers

Observe form the previous gure that the function Cf, laminar (Re ) for a laminar
boundary layer is dierent from the function Cf, turbulent (Re ) for a turbulent boundary
layer for ow over a at plate.

Turbulent boundary layers will be discussed in proceeding Lecture.

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4.8 Laminar Boundary Layers for Flow Over a Body of General

Geometry
The velocity prole given in BLBL is the exact velocity prole for a steady, laminar ow
over a at plate. What is the velocity prole for a ow over any arbitrary body? In general
it is dp/dx = 0 and the boundary layer governing equations cannot be easily solved as was
the case for the BLBL. In this paragraph we will describe a typical approximative procedure
used to solve the problem of ow over a body of general geometry.

1. Solve P-Flow outside B B0

y
2. Solve boundary layer equations x
(with P term) get (x)
L P 0
3. From B0 + B
U const.
U

4. Repeat steps (1) to (3) until no

change
B0

von Karmans zeroth moment integral equation

0 d  2  dU
= U (x)(x) + (x)U (x) (4)
dx dx

Approximate solution method due to Polthausen for general geometry

(dp/dx = 0) using von Karmans momentum integrals.

The basic idea is the following: we assume an approximate velocity prole (e.g. linear,

4th order polynomial, . . .) in terms of an unknown parameter (x). From the velocity

prole we can immediately calculate , and o as functions of (x) and the P-Flow

velocity U (x).

Independently from the boundary layer approximation, we obtain the P-Flow solution
outside the boundary layer U (x), dU
dx
.
Upon substitution of , , o , U (x), dU
dx
in von Karmans moment integral equation(s)
we form an ODE for in terms of x.

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 Example for a 4th order polynomial Polthausen velocity prole

Polthausen proles - a family of proles as a function of a single parameter (x)
(shape function factor).

Assume an approximate velocity prole, say a 4th order polynomial:

u (x, y) y  y 2  y 3  y 4
= a (x) + b (x) + c (x) + d (x) (5)
U (x, 0)
There can be no constant term in (5) for the no-slip BC to be satised y = 0,
i.e, u(x, 0) = 0.
We use three BCs at y =

u u 2u
= 1, = 0, = 0, at y = (6)
U y y 2
From (6) in (5), we re-write the coecients a(x), b(x), c(x) and d(x) in terms
of (x)
a = 2 + /6, b = /2, c = 2 + /2, d = 1 /6

To specify the approximate velocity prole Uu(x,y)

(x,0)
in terms of a single unknown
parameter we use the x-momentum equation at y = 0, where u = v = 0
  
u u U 2 u  1 dU 2 dU 2 (x)
u +v =U + 2 b= (x) =
x y x y y=0 2 dx dx
0 0 


1 dp
dx
2bU
2


dU > 0 : favorable pressure gradient
Observe:
dx < 0 : adverse pressure gradient
Putting everything together:

u (x, y) y   y 3  y 4

= 2 2 + +
U (x, 0)
 
dU 2 1  y  1  y 2 1  y 3 1  y 4
+ +
dx 6 2 2 6

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 Once the approximate velocity prole Uu(x,y)
(x,0)
is given in terms of a single unknown

parameter (x), then , and o are evaluated

   
u 3 1  dU 2 
= 1 dy =
U 10 120 dx
0

  
u u 37 1  dU 2  1  dU 2 2
= 1 dy =
U U 315 945 dx 9072 dx
0
  
u  U 1  dU 2 
o = = 2+
y y=0 6 dx
Notes:
- Incipient ow (o = 0) for = 12. However, recall that once the ow is
separated the boundary layer theory is no longer valid.

- For dU
dx
= 0 = 0 Pohlhausen prole diers from Blasius LBL only by a
few percent.

After we solve the P-Flow and determine U (x), dU

dx
we substitute everything into
von Karmans momentum integral equation (4) to obtain

d 1 dU d2 U/dx2
= g() + h()
dx U dx dU/dx
where g, h are known rational polynomial functions of .
2
This is an ODE for = (x) where U, dU , d U are specied from the P-Flow
dx dx2
solution.

General procedure:

1. Make a reasonable approximation in the form of (5),

2. Apply sucient BCs at y = , and the x-momentum at y = 0 to reduce (5)
as a function a single unknown ,
3. Determine U (x) from P-Flow, and
4. Finally substitute into Von Karmans equation to form an ODE for (x).
Solve either analytically or numerically to determine the boundary layer
growth as a function of x.

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