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PREPARED BY
RAJESH KANNAN A
LECTURER/MECHANICAL
22032 FLUID MECHANICS AND FLUID POWER III SEM/II YEAR
= 24.52 x 103 N / m2 It is the tensile force acting on the free surface of a liquid. It
= 24.52 x 103 / 9810 is due to cohesion at the free surfaces. It is denoted by and its
17. What is the relation between pressure and pressure 26. What is the use of dead weight pressure gauge?
18. List any two advantages of dead weight pressure gauge. A fluid having density only as a property is called Ideal fluid.
P=h*density*g*sin (angle).
UNIT - 2 constant at all sections. The total head is the sum of datum,
1. Name the types of liquid flow where the liquid particles kinetic and pressure heads.
are crossed in their path. 7. Name the energy which is possessed by motion of fluid
particle.
In turbulent flow, particles do not have a definite path and
Kinetic Energy.
moves in an irregular way. The individual path of each
8. Write any two application of Bernoullis theorem.
particles cross with each other and eddies are formed and
high energy loss occurs in the flow. i) Pitot tube
ii) Venturi meter
In these flow properties of fluid such as pressure, velocity, 9. How does the river flow velocity measure?
density, temperature, viscosity etc.., at any particles do not By using Pitot tube.
change with respect to time.
10. Name the liquid coming out from the nozzle.
3. Define energy.
Jet
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work.
11. Write the formula to find actual discharge of
4. Name the flow line which curve traced by single fluid
venturimeter.
particle.
Actual discharge Qact=c2gh (a1a2/a12-a22)
Path line
5. Write the formula for total energy of fluid flow. 12. What is a laminar flow?
Total energy=W (Z+p/w+V2/2G) A laminar flow is one in which fluid particles move in layers.
6. State Bernoullis theorem. 13. What is the major loss in flow through pipe?
Bernoullis theorem states that, In an ideal, incompressible, Loss of head due to friction is the major loss.
steady and continuous flow, the total head of flowing fluid is 14. List any two difference of orifice and venturi meter.
Sl no. Venturi meter Orifice meter 21. Write the condition for small orifice.
H>5d.
1 Cd is high Cd is less 22. Write the formula for finding Cv by experimental
2 method.
Requires more space Less space
Cv=X2/4yH.
3 It is costly It is cheaper 23. List out the minor losses?
Loss of head due to sudden enlargement in pipe
Sudden contraction in pipe
15. What is value of datum head when the pipe is horizontal
position? Bends in pipe.
Z=0 24. What did Froude conclude his experiment?
16. Define the term coefficient of discharge. Froude, a scientist, conducted a number of experiments
Co-efficient of discharge= Actual discharge to determine the fluid friction.
Theoretical discharge 25. Define hydraulic gradient line.
On account of the loss of head due to friction, the
17. What is an orifice?
pressure head will decrease gradually from section to section
An opening in a vessel, through which the liquid flow out, along the pipe in the direction of flow.
is known as orifice. 26. What is hydraulic mean depth?
18. Name the section where the area of jet is minimum. Hydraulic mean depth= Cross section area/ Wetted
At the vena-contracta. perimeter.
19. Define the term actual velocity. M= a/.d = /4d2/.d = d/4
The measured velocity is called actual velocity. 27. Write the formula for head loss due to friction.
20. What is the relation between hydraulic coefficients? 1. Hf=FL/2GD [v] based on velocity
Cd= Cc X Cv. 2. Hf =flv2/12d2[Q based on discharge]
28. How will you find the velocity of flow using Chezy It is defined as the ration between the area of the jet at vena
constant? contracta and area at the orifice.
Chezy formula v=cmi
Cc = Area at vena-contracta
29. Write the loss of head due to sudden enlargement.
Area at the orifice
H1= [V1-V2]2/2g
36. Define path line.
30. Write the condition for maximum transmission through
The path followed by a fluid particle in motion is called a
pipe.
path line. It shows the direction of fluid flow.
Power transmitted P =w.a.v [H-4flv2/2gd]
37. Define wetted perimeter.
31. What is the efficiency of maximum power transmission?
It is the surface, which is in contact with water.
Efficiency =H- (hf/H) 100
Wetted perimeter = .d
32. What is the formula for power transmission through
pipe? 38. Define the hydraulic mean radius.
Power transmission =w.a.v [H-4flv2/2gd] It is the ratio of the area of flow and the wetted perimeter.
33. Write the loss of head due to sudden contraction. Hydraulic mean radius = area of flow (a)
Wetted perimeter (p)
Loss of head due to contraction =0.375v2/2g
34. Write the assumptions made in Bernoullis theorem. 39. What is coefficient of velocity?
It is the ratio between the actual velocity of the jet and the
Flow is steady.
theoretical velocity of the jet.
Flow is continuous.
40. Write the equation of continuity of fluid flow.
Flow is ideal.
a1v1 = a2v2 = a3v3 = constant
35. Define coefficient of contraction.
UNIT 3
1. Define the term impact of jet. 8. Write any two difference of Kaplan turbine and Francis
A jet of water issuing from nozzle has a velocity and hence turbine.
it possesses Kinetic energy. If this jet strikes a plate, it will
Francis turbine Kaplan turbine
exert an impact force on the plate. This force is called It is radially inward flow
It is axial flow turbine
dynamic force. It is called impact of jet. turbine
2. Write down the expression for the force exerted by a jet Medium height turbine Low height turbine
Power = WALN (Hs + Hd) Watts, (Single acting pump) Air vessel is a cast iron chamber having an opening at the
27. Where is centrifugal pump suitable? bottom through which water flows into or out of the
Centrifugal pump is suitable in large discharge and small chamber. Air vessels are fitted to the suction and delivery
heads. pipes, very close o the cylinder.
28. Why impellers are connected in series in a multi stage
centrifugal pump? UNIT- 4
To produce high head, impellers are connected in series. 1. What is pneumatic system?
Pneumatic system uses air as fluid medium. It uses
pressurized air to transmit and air to control power. Air is
safe low cost and readily available fluid.
29. Define negative slip.
The difference between the actual discharge and theoretical 2. List out important elements of pneumatic system.
discharge is called negative slip. Compressors
30. Name any two reaction turbines. Valves
Francis Turbine Filters
Kaplan turbine Regulators
31. State the function of surge tank. Lubricators
To maintain a constant speed of the turbine by regulating Actuators
the flow of water and to store the rejected water when load Sensors
on turbine decreases. Relays
3. What is the function of regulator?
32. Define Air vessel.
The main function of the pressure regulator is to maintain In metering in circuit the flow control valve is located in
and supply a constant pressure to the system irrespective the pressure line leading to the pneumatic cylinder.
supply from the reservoir. 10. What is metering out circuit?
4. What is direction valve? In metering out circuit the flow control valve is located in
A direction control valve is used to change the direction of the return stroke side of the pneumatic circuit.
air flow as and when required by the system for the 11. Draw the ISO standard symbol for filter.
reciprocating motion of machine tool devices.
5. What is meant by 3/2 DCV?
3 Holes 2 position direction control valve.
12. Draw the ISO standard symbol for check valve.
6. What type of DCV is used in double acting cylinder?
4/2 DCV
closed but can be opened for reverse flow by a signal 19. Draw the ISO symbol for 5/2 DCV.
from an external pilot supply.
Less maintenance
Less pollution
Air can be used in high ambient temperatures
It is less expensive than hydraulic systems 20. What is the application of throttle valve?
It is used where precise adjustment of flow is necessary
16. What is the use of lubrication in pneumatic system? and where small rate of flow is needed.
Adequate lubrication allows smooth continuous operation 21. What is the use of filter?
of equipment, with only mild wear, and without excessive To prevent the entry of water droplets, impurities present in
stresses or seizures at bearings. When lubrication breaks the incoming air, filter is used.
down, metal or other components can rub destructively 22. What are the types of speed control circuits?
over each other, causing destructive damage, heat, and Meter-in circuit.
failure. Meter-out circuit.
Bleed-off circuit.
17. What is cracking pressure of valve? 23. What are the types of pressure control valves?
It is the minimum upstream pressure at which the valve will Pressure relief valve
operate. Pressure reducing valve
18. Draw the ISO symbol for FRL unit. 24. List some of the applications of the pneumatic system.
Robotic power drives.
For material handling operations.
For process control in textile industry.
1. What is hydraulic system? The capacity of oil to separate rapidly and completely from
The system which transmits power from one place to water is known as De emulsibility. So the oil must have the
another place by using pressurized oil or water is called property to resist mixing of oil with water and avoid
hydraulic system.
foaming.
2. Where are hydraulic systems preferred?
Hydraulic system is preferred in heavy load applications 7. What is flash point?
where high pressures are required. It is the lower temperature at which momentary flash occurs
3. What are the elements of hydraulic system? when the flame is introduced.
1. Pump 8. What is fire point?
2. Reservoir The lowest temperature at which the oil vapour burns
3. Control valve continuously when a flame is introduced is known as fire
4. Actuator
point.
4. What are the properties of hydraulic fluid?
1. Viscosity
2. Viscosity Index
3. Lubricity
4. De emulsibility 9. What is cloud point?
5. Oxidation stability The lowest temperature at which the oil crystallizes into wax
6. Rust prevention is known as cloud point. When the temperature is very low
7. Flash and fire point
waxes are formed.
5. What is viscosity index?
10. What is the function of accumulator?
The rate of change of viscosity with temperature is called
To act as a pressure regulator for starting and stopping of
viscosity index. If the changes in viscosity of oil are very
pumps.
small to a particular change in temperature, then that oil is
said to have high viscosity index.
14. Draw the BIS symbol for relief valve. 19. Where are hydraulic systems preferred?
15. Draw the BIS symbol for sequence valve. In this pump outlet flow is independent of system pressure.
21. When are four way valves used in hydraulic circuit? A hydraulic motor is a mechanical actuator that converts
They are used to operate double acting cylinder. hydraulic pressure and flow into torque and angular
displacement (rotation). The hydraulic motor is the rotary
22. List out mostly used types of seals.
counterpart of the hydraulic cylinder.
Static seals gaskets, o-rings
27. What is meant by 4/3 DCV?
Dynamic seals U rings, cup seals
23. Distinguish between strainer and Filter? A directional control valve with four ways, four ports, and
Filter removes micro size impurities whereas strainer three positions.
removes macro size impurities. 28. State the service properties of hydraulic fluid.
24. What are the three important things that are controlled Viscosity for film maintenance
in a hydraulic system?
Low temperature fluidity
In a hydraulic system, the pressure, direction and volume of Thermal and oxidative stability
flow are controlled. Hydrolytic stability / water tolerance
Cleanliness and filterability
De-emulsibility
25. When an intensifier is used in hydraulic circuit?
Anti wear characteristics
It is used when a great force is required for relatively short
Corrosion control
distance.
29. Define meter-in in hydraulic circuit.
26. Define hydraulic motor.