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THE
FIRST
AN INTIMATE
BIOGRAPHY
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
AN INTIMATE BIOGRAPHY
BY
WALTER GEER
AUTHOR OF "napoleon THE THIRD," ETC.
ILLUSTRATED
., ,.URISLIBRAF
3c
COPYRIGHT I921, BY
WALTER GEER
4// rights
reserved
637 "3
^":4r.i';
FOREWORD
Cv]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1769-1789
EARLY YEARS
PAGE
The Birthplace of Napoleon " Jean Jacques Rousseau "
The Bonaparte
Family "
Charles and Letitia Bonaparte "
Corsica Ceded to France
Brienne "
Death of His Father "
The "coIe Militaire "
Second
"
Leave of Absence "
Corsica Again "
Visit to Paris "
Auxonne "
First Recognition of His Talents "
Another Leave "
CHAPTER TWO
1789-1793
THE REVOLUTION
Regiment "
At Valence Again " Flight of the King to Varennes "
to Ajaccio "
The Maddalena Expedition "
Break with Paoli "
CHAPTER THREE
1793-1795
"
The Bonaparte Family " Napoleon with the Army of the South
"
"
The Supper of Beaucaire "
"
The Siege of Toulon " Appointed
General of Brigade "
His Remembrance of Former Comrades "
Major-General Bonaparte #. 30
CHAPTER FOUR
1796
JOSJ^PHINE
Napoleon in Command of the Army of the Interior First Meeting with "
"
Josephine'sHesitation The Marriage Wrath of the Bona- " "
.... 42
CHAPTER FIVE
1796
CHAPTER SIX
1797
Renewal of Hostilities " Battle of Rivoli " The March to Mantua "
Battle of La Favorita " Fall of Mantua " The Last Italian Cam-
paign
" The Archduke Charles " Battles in Styria " Retreat of the
Austrians " Preliminaries of Leoben " Fate of Venice "
Napoleon
at Montebello "
Family Affairs "
Josephine in Italy "
Royalist
C viii 3
CONTENTS
PAGE
Plot at Paris " The i8 Fructidor " Peace of Campo Formio "
CHAPTER SEVEN
1798-1799
EGYPT
Capture of Jaffa
" Advance to Saint- Jean-d' Acre Its "
"
" Return to Cairo " Battle of Aboukir " Return to France "
CHAPTER EIGHT
^
1799
France During the Year Seven " The Bonapartes at Paris " The Second
Coalition " French Defeats and Victories " Difficulties of the Gov-
ernment
Sieyes Elected Director
" His Schemes " " The Return
of Bonaparte Preparationsfor the Coup d'"tat
" " The Role of
the Ancients The Generals at Bonaparte's House
" " The 18 Bru-
maire at Paris Resignationsof B arras, Sieyesand " Ducos "
The
Councils at Saint-Cloud " Events of the 19 Brumaire " The
Day
Saved by Lucien " Constitution of the Year Eight "
Bonaparte,
First Consul " His Extensive Powers " Centralization of the Gov-
ernment
" Success of the New Regime 107
CHAPTER NINE
1800
MARENGO
France under Bonaparte The Army of Reserve The Theatre of " "
Crossingof the Alps Fort Bard The French Army in Piedmont " "
CONTENTS
PAGE
Campaign 123
CHAPTER TEN
1799-1804
THE CONSULATE
A Sketch by an Englishman
" Plan to Restore the French "
"
^Battle o f Trafalgar 139
CHAPTER ELEVEN
1804
THE EMPIRE
France "
Napoleon's Intellectual Gifts " His Power of Work "
Coronation of the Emperor The Fete Given by the Marshals " "
The Iron Crown of Italy Eugene Appointed Viceroy The Return "
"
to France 156
CHAPTER TWELVE
1805
AUSTERLITZ
Allied Attack The French Take the Pratzen The Battle Won
"
"
" The Emperor Francis Sues for Peace The Treaty of Presburg "
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
1806
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
1807
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
1808
SPAIN
in Spain " The Royal Family " The Prince of Peace Treaty of "
Cxi]
CONTENTS
P^GE
Lisbon Abdication of Charles The
Fontainebleau Junot " at "
"
The
_ Spanish Uprising The Grand Army "
Enters Spam "
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
1809
WAGRAM
War "
Situation in Germany " Napoleon's Preparations-^
Plan
Austria's, of Campaign " Errors of Berthier Napoleon Joins "
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
1810-1811
MARIE-LOUISE
Napoleon at Forty-one Visit to Brussels The Fetes at Paris " " "
The Schwarzenberg Ball Birth of the King of Rome The " "
Private Baptism " Visit to Holland " The Empire at Its Zenith "
Honors Bestowed upon the Marshals " The Legion d'Honneur "
Value of the Marshals " The Common Soldiers " The Old Guard
"
Napoleon's Popularitywith His Men . . . . . . 254
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
1812
MOSCOW
The Peninsula War " The Lines of Torres Vedras " Effects of the Con-
tinental
System " Friction with Russia " War Inevitable " vance
Ad-
of the Grand Army Preparationsfor the Campaign
"
" The
Commanding Officers "
Napoleon at Dresden The " Russian
Plans " The French Cross the Niemen " The Advance to Smolensk
CONTENTS
PAGE
"
Heavy Losses Battle of Smolensk The Victory Indecisive
"
" "
Fatal Delay The Retreat Begun The New Route " "
New Route to Vilna The Passage of the Beresina The Army "
"
Recrosses the Nieipen Napoleon Leaves for Paris Reasons for "
"
Failure 269
CHAPTER NINETEEN
1813
LEIPZIG
Fatal Armistice " Conditions of Peace " Austria Joinsthe Allies "
HostilitiesResumed "
Napoleon's Base on the Elbe Danger of "
His Position " Battle of Dresden " Defeats of the Marshals "
CHAPTER TWENTY
1814
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
1815
WATERLOO
Napoleon Decides to Leave Elba " Reasons for His Return " The Land-
ing
at Cannes " March to the North " The Defile of
Laffray "
Capital
the Champ de Mai
" The The Situation Changes " "
Personnel of the Army Napoleon's Plans The Theatre of War " "
" The French Cross the Sambre Ligny and Quatre Bras " "
" The Cause of Napoleon's Fall The Emperor Returns to Paris "
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
1815-1821
SAINT HELENA
Napoleon's Books " His Occupations " Last Illness and Death "
His Remains Brought Back to France " His Tomb in the Invalides 341
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
1769-1821
PERSONALITY OF NAPOLEON
Health Method
" of Work Dictating Writing
" " " "
and Moral Courage Statesmanship Moral Imagination " " " "
Caesar
357
APPENDIX
THE BONAPARTES
PAGES
Napoleon ....
_
Frontispiece
Empress Josephine SO
Prince de Talleyrand- Perigord 88
Empress Marie-Louise
254
Czar Alexander
.
268
CxvH
MAPS
Valley of the Po 58
Battle of Rivoli 72
.
Russia 274
n xvi 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
a for
fencing-school glorification of the family and
the
the clan. Of this type Napoleon was to be the supreme
exemplar;and the Fates grantedhim as an arena a chaotic
l3 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1:43
EARLY YEARS
their rank.
Through the eflfortsof his father Napoleon finallyre-
ceived
1:73
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
of a lean
long-haired, and undersized lad " the immortal
surpassed him.
At the militaryschool,as at Brienne, Napoleon showed
signs of a deep and serious character. He waSPvery dustriou
in-
and very thoughtful.He had lost the sombre
taciturnitywhich distinguishedhim at Brienne and had
become more companionable. But he still remained a
thorough Corsican.
Napoleon was at once assigned to the Regiment de La
Fere which was then stationed at Valence. He spent his
last two days in Paris in making preparations for his
The
regiments of artillery. Regiment de La Fere was one
step from the new to the old quarter, where the narrow
EARLY YEARS
Regiment de La Fere.
Napoleon returned to Ajaccio on the first day of ary
Janu-
1788. He found his mother in very
straitened cir-
cumstanc
and did his best to help her. On the final
expirationof his leave, the first of June, he left Corsica
i:i6 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
loans. At last the time had come when no one was willing
to loan to the State, and bankruptcy was imminent. It
was impossible to increase the taxes. The nobles and the
clergywere practicallyexempt from taxation, and the maining
re-
Antoinette the
daughter of the great Empress Maria
was
among others the "Man with the Iron Mask," who died
there in 1703 after five years of confinement.
A thousand engravingsshow us the Bastille as it was.
the Hne of the city walls just to the south of the Porte
Saint-Antoine,which was approachedover the city fosse
by its own bridge. "
The capture regardedeverywherein
of the Bastille was
France as the triumph of liberty, and joy was universal.
Ajaccio wrote
at to the Minister of War in Paris
that Napoleon would be much better with his regiment
for "il fermente sans cesse." Yet when his leave expired
it was extended on the ground of his continued ill-health.
He was taking the cure at the baths of Orezza, when
1:223
THE REVOLUTION
C 263
THE REVOLUTION
assist. T..
small guns, and opened fire on the two small forts on the
oppositeisland of Maddalena. The weather was terrible.
The cold was intense, with heavy rain and strong wind.
a
1:28 3
THE REVOLUTION
1:293
*
CHAPTER THREE
1793-1795
The Bonaparte Family " Napoleon with the Army of the South "
The
Brigade "
His Remembrance of Former Comrades "
His High Standard
of Conduct " Appointed Inspector of Coasts "
Recalled and Imprisoned
"
Restored to His Rank "
The Corsican Expedition "
Ordered to
WE "L'Avenement
now
of
de
his
Bonaparte"
As
"
the
all
mencement
com-
locks over his lean cheeks. His eyes were large and blue-
gray in color, with a penetrating glance. The nose was
Roman and finely formed, the moUth small, the lips full
and the chin round and firm. His complexion
sensuous,
was sallow. The frame of his body was small and fine,
particularlyhis hands and feet; but his deep chest and
short neck were powerful. His gait was firm and steady.
His mien was generally sombre, but when he smiled and
showed his beautiful teeth, and his wonderful eyes
brightened, he charmed everyone, then as ever.
C303
TOULON AND VENDEMIAIRE
Napoleon's generosity.
Even Carteaux received a pension
of 6000 francs. Victor, Suchet and Marmont became
Marshals of France and were loaded with titles and
honors. Desaix, whom
Napoleon called the greatest of
his generals, would certainlyhave been included in the
list but for his untimely death at Marengo before the
dawn of the Empire. Muiron was made an aide de camp
the same day as Duroc, and was Napoleon's chief of
staff in Italy.He fell at Arcole, in saving the Hfe of his
chief. The story of how Junot first attracted Napoleon's
attention at Toulon is too well known to here.
repeat
He also became an aide de camp and a duke.
"Such was the young
Napoleon," says Browning, "at
an age when young Englishmen are just taking their
degree. Born of a noble family but very poor, losinghis
father at an earlyage, with nothing but himself
to depend
when for the first time the future seemed clear,a terrible
blow fell upon him. On the
Thermidor,
9 27 July 1794,
the dictatorshipof Robespierre came to an end. This
meant disaster for all who were known to have been
friends of the dictator, and Napoleon's relations with
the younger Robespierre were a matter of common
Hoche, a man of his own age, had driven the Austrians out
of Alsace, and covered himself
glory.Saint-Cyr,a with
captainof volunteers in 1792, was now a generalof divi-
sion.
Bernadotte, sergeant-majorat the beginningof the
Revolution, also commanded a division. Kleber, a unteer
vol-
three years before,had also reached the same rank;
and so on. But notwithstandingNapoleon's disappoint-
ment,
in realityFortune never favored him more than
when she removed him from the coast of Provence and
brought him to the centre of all influence at Paris,where
an able schemer could decide the fate of partiesand
governments.
At the time of
Napoleon'sarrival in Paris in the early
summer of 1795, the citywas justbeginningto resume the
customs and pleasures of the ancien regime, and the
Terror was remembered only as a hideous nightmare.
Gay equipages were again seen in the streets; theatres
were crowded; gambling pervaded all classes of society.
Men who had grown rich by speculationin the con- fiscated
to lead
peace.to The only remaining adversary of any
importance on the Continent was Austria, and Napoleon
proposed to attack her in Italy.The Riviera having been
seized and secured,the Army of Italy,reinforced by the
troops set free by the peace with Spain, would march
along the coast and across the mountains into Piedmont,
cut off"the King of Sardinia from the Austrians,and make
a separate peace with that monarch, who was known to
be favorable to France. Once in the fertile plains of
Northern Italy,the army could draw its suppliesfrom
the country. Such was the strikingplan which a year
later he himself was to into execution, thereby
carry
gainingundying fame.
Notwithstandingthe favor of Barras, Napoleon's af- fairs
were again at low ebb. On the 15 September his name
was stricken from the list of generalson active service
CSS]
TOULON AND VENDfiMIAIRE
in a state of insurrection.
The new constitution was moderate in character and
was designed to put an end forever to the Reign of
Terror. The executive and
legislative powers were no
up by the Five
Hundred, and were to have chargerespect-
ively
of Foreign Affairs,Finance, War, Justice, and the
Interior.
The new constitution was neither to the
satisfactory
extreme Radicals nor to the who were
Royalists, already
talkingof restoring the monarchy. To protect themselves
againsta probable attack from the Paris populace,the
Government ordered to the capitala few thousand troops
of the line. This precautioninflamed the wrath of the
Parisians who were opposed to the Convention. All but
four of the forty-eight sections of the city revolted,as-
sembled
once accepted. ^
The National Guard outnumbered the troops of the
Convention by more than five to one, but they had no
C403
CHAPTER FOUR
1796
JOSEPHINE
Josephine "
Her Origin "
The Taschers and the Beauharnais "
Birth
"
His Marriage with Josephine "
Births of Eugene and Hortense "
Marriage "
Wrath of the Bonapartes " Josephine Described by temporaries
Con-
presence of a society.Josephine,with
real lady of high
her worldly experience,at once perceiveswhat an im- pression
she has made. She invites Napoleon to call
some evening when he has nothing better to do. The next
evening he rings at the porte-cochereof the hotel in the
Rue Chantereine, soon to be named in his honor Rue
de la Victoire. The door is opened by the concierge,and
the general passes through the long corridor,traverses
the small garden and enters the house, where he is con-
ducted
n44a
JOSEPHINE
the name of Alexandre. When his father and mother turned
re-
out with Alexandre to join them. This was the first in-
terview
between Josephineand her future husband since
their childhood days, and he was far from enthusiastic
over her appearance.
The party travelledslowlyto Paris,where they arrived
the middle of November. The marriage was celebrated
on the 13 December in the church at Noisy-le-Grand,
where Mme. Renaudin had a house. This residence,for
Us 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
which she had paid 33,000 livres three years before, she
to her niece as a wedding present, besides the sum
gave
of 20,000 livres which she had spent for her trousseau.
profitable to her.
On leaving Panthemont early in 1786 Josephine,at
twenty-three years of age, found herself free,with an
income of ir,ooo livres for the support of her daughter
and herself. At this time she sold the house at Noisy,
and with the proceeds she bought at Fontainebleau a
1:473
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1:523
JOSEPHINE
and marriage seemed to be the only way out of her
troubles. She finallyreached a decision the last of
February.
Nevertheless,she has precautionsto take: first of all
to conceal her age, for she does not wish to admit to one,
any-
least of all to this boy of twenty-six,that she has
passed the age of thirty-twoyears. From Calmelot, her
man of confidence,she obtains a certificate that he is
well acquaintedwith Marie-JosephTascher, veuve du
citoyen Beauharnais, that she is a native of the island
of Martinique, and that on account of the present oc-
cupation
cssa
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1796
TWO been
of Italy.
appointed
It has
to the command
been
of the Army
generally assumed that
there was some connection between these two events,
mainly due to a letter in which Josephine says, "Barras
into the most fertile plainsin the world. There you will
find rich provincesand great towns. There you will find
glory, honor, and riches. Soldiers of Italy, can your
courage fail you.?"
At this time, Italy,divided into twenty small rival
states, existed only on the map. The King of Piedmont
was Victor Amadeus the Third, whose daughters had
married the two brothers of Louis the Sixteenth: Comte
de Provence, afterwards Louis the Eighteenth, and
Comte d'Artois,later Charles the Tenth. This fact had
led him to againstFrance. The House
enter the coalition
of Austria reignedover Lombardy, and a prince of that
family governed Tuscany. The only heir of the Duke of
Modena had married the Archduke Ferdinand. A sister
of the unfortunate Marie-Antoinette occupied the throne
of Naples as consort of the weak Ferdinand the Fourth.
The venerable Pius Sixth, who wore the tiara,was the
enemy of France on account of the destruction of the
Catholic Church in the new RepubHc. Thus practically
the whole Peninsula was allied against France. Only
Cssn
I-oniitud*' E^"a[ I 'I Ji rjin i.r":*^nt.-)rh
THE CAMPAIGN OF ITALY
t59 2
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
ceo 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
their existence
political to generosity.The army
your
which menaced you with so much pride no longer finds
a barrier to protect itself against your arms. The Po,
the Ticino, and the Adda have not checked your progress
for a singleday; these boasted bulwarks of Italy have
been crossed as rapidly as the Apennines."
took
refugein Mantua, which was now invested.
The peculiaritiesof the ground favored the siege of
the fortress. The semicircular lagoon which guards
Mantua on thenorth, and the marshes on the south side,
render an assault very difficult;but they also limit the
range of ground over which sorties can be made, thereby
Hghtening the work of the besiegers;and during part
of the blockade Napoleon left fewer than five thousand
men for this purpose.
Alarmed at Napoleon's progress, Austria now mined
deter-
to make a great effort for the reUef of Mantua and
for the recovery of Italy.The possessionof Mantua was
1:643
THE CAMPAIGN OF ITALY
1:703
CHAPTER SIX
1797
Family Affairs " Josephine in Italy " Royalist Plot at Paris "
The
i8 Fructidor "
Peace of Campo Formio Napoleon
"
in Paris " The
Career of Talleyrand "
Results of the Italian Campaign
mander.
com-
await developments.
On the 12 January Provera having approached Verona
with one division, his force was attacked and defeated by
1:71 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1:733
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C76a
FROM RIVOLI TO CAMPO FORMIO
1:773
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
from Paris.
During the first weeks of the campaign. Napoleon was
continuallyurgingJosephineto join him in Italy.Finally
yieldingto his demands, she left Paris for Milan the last
week in June 1796.Here she passed most of the summer,
except for a short visit to headquartersbefore the battle
of Castiglione.Having resumed the siegeof Mantua after
this victory,Napoleon went to Milan where he passed a
fortnightwith his wife. The Austrians then began a new
offensive,and he was obligedto rejoinhis troops.
1:783
FROM RIVOLI TO CAMPO FORMIO
1:793
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
to Milan.
Napoleon finallygave his approval,and at the same
in gold.He at once set out, taking with him his wife and
his youngest Caroline. On leavingMilan, Napoleon
sister,
sent Jerome back to collegeat Paris. Pauline remained
in Italy with Leclerc,who had been named chief of staff
in the army.
What a change in the family fortunes in the short
in
large gains for them, and
they succeeded in
electingto the Directory a constitutional Royalist,Bar-
thelemy.Another director,Carnot, also favored moderate
opinions.A crisis rapidlydeveloped between the Jacobin
majorityin the Directoryand the two legislative Councils
in each of which the Royalistshad the majority.
The chief reliance of the Royalistswas in Pichegru,the
conqueror of Holland, a former Jacobin, who had now
given his adhesion to the Royalistparty. That their in- trigues
aimed at the restoration of the Bourbons has
clearlybeen proved.
Matters came to a crisis in July when the majority
1:84 a
FROM RIVOLI TO CAMPO FORMIO
CSS a
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
chosen. "
"You wish war; very well, you shall have it." Then
seizinga magnificentporcelainliqueur set (cabaret)he
threw it with all his force the
floor,where it broke
on
CSS 3
PRINCE DE TALLEYRAND-PfiRIGORD
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
n9o3
CHAPTER SEVEN
1798-1799
EGYPT
Jaffa Advance
"
to Saint- Jean-d'Acre " Its Place in History Battle "
with Josephine
In
of his
vain the crowds
glory,and yet he
showed
was
for him
not
a
at
tented.
con-
sort
savants,
engineersand artists. Bourrienne, who was in the secret,
asked Bonaparte how long he expected to remain in
Egypt, to which he replied, "A few months or six years "
navy blockadingthe
were northern ports of France and
guarding the Englishcoast. There was not a warship left
in the Mediterranean until Nelson arrived off Toulon
two days before the sailingof the French fleet. He was
1:933
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
seize the Red Sea; (4) To make Egypt a base for an ad- vance
on India; and (5) To open an eastern outlet to
French commerce, and eventually to exclude England
from all her possessions in the Orient.
In the expeditionwere many officers who were to tain
at-
1:943
EGYPT
1:953
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1:963
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
The first of
January 1799 there were about 30,000
French troops in Egypt, of whom nearly 13,000 were tailed
de-
for the Syrian expedition.Desaix with 10,000
troops was left in Upper Egypt, while Marmont, with
about 7000 men, was in Lower Egypt. The divisions of
Kleber, Bon, Lannes, and Reynier, each of about 2500
men, formed the Syrian Army, togetherwith the cavalry
of Murat, about 800 strong, and some 2000 "Guides,"
Camel-riders,Sappers and Artillerymen.A good siege
equipment was to go to Jaffaby sea. Engineershad cleared
1:99 a
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
out the wells on the road; camels with water went ahead
of the columns; and the divisions were ordered to march
at day's distance apart,
a to avoid overtaxingthe limited
water supply. "
n 102 3
MARSHAL LANNES
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
motive prolonginghis
for stay in Egypt. The country was
1:1053
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
nio6 3
CHAPTER EIGHT
1799
Regime
C 107 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
The
diplomatist. helped
greatest of men have been
by their wives. Without Josephine it is possiblethat
Napoleon never would have become Emperor. In spite
of his orders to her not to mingle in political she
affairs,
was one of the most efficacious promoters of his plans,
and during his absence she adroitlyprepared for him the
field of action.
With the Bonapartes, Josephine showed much tact.
She concealed her dislike and had the art to keep on good
terms with all the members of the family.Before his de-
parture
for Egypt, Napoleon had wished to see his mother,
and his brothers and well settled
sisters, at Paris. During
n 108 3i
THE COUP D'ETAT
Clio 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
a subscription
banquet which was oflFered to him by five
or six hundred members of the two Councils. The place
was Temple
the de la Victoire,formerly the Church of
It
Saint-Sulpice. was joyous occasion. Every
not a very
one looked on and no one had anything to say. Seated by
the side of Gohier, presidentof the Directory,Bonaparte
had an air at once sombre and bored. He ate nothing but
bread and drank only the wine brought to him by his
aide de camp. He did not even remain until the end of
the banquet.Risingbrusquely from the table he made a
C IIS 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
nii7 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
the first great general who drew the eyes of all men to
himself.
The Constitution of the Year
Eight,the fourth since
the founding of the RepubHc, was hastilyprepared and
went into effect a month later. It was the work
principally
of Bonaparte,and was designedto put supreme power in
his hands. The result was the organization of the Consul-
ate
which lasted for five years, from 1799 to 1804.
In a plebisciteheld in the earlydays of January,the
Constitution was ratified by the overwhelming majority
of over three million votes againstabout fifteen thousand
in thenegative.It was a remarkable verdict of the nation,
and gave Bonaparte the soundest of titles to power.
At this time Sieyesand Ducos resignedtheir temporary
positions
as consuls and were rewarded with seats in the
Senate. The two new consuls were Cambaceres and
Lebrun. The former was a learned juristand a very tactful
man; the latter was a moderate with leaningstowards a
the rightto discuss them but not to vote them. They then
went to the Body,
Legislative which had the power to
C 122 2
CHAPTER NINE
1800
MARENGO
Bonaparte at the Luxembourg " Marriage of Caroline and Murat " The
First Consul Moves to the Tuileries "
The Life There "
The Winter
Season in Paris "
The Military Situation " Improved Condition of
"
The Opposing Forces " Napoleon's Plan of Campaign " Crossing of
THE II
their
November
Luxembourg.
residence evening
1799,
in the
coup
the three Consuls took
That
up
n 123 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 124 3
KING MURAT
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 126 3
MARENGO
the Allies and had been so far successful that the Czar
Paul had abandoned the Coalition. The English Govern-
ment,
which
hoped soon to reduce the French garrisons
in Malta and Egypt, refused to make peace, but it was
in Italy.
Italy, are the French Alps. Turning east from this point
and approaching the sea, the range is called the Maritime
able but
officer, too old for active service. The greater part
of the army was near Genoa, and along the Apennines
and the Maritime
Alps. The remainder was scattered
throughoutPiedmont and Lombardy, occupying the for-tresses
and guardingthe passes of the Alps.The army had
its base on the Quadrilateral, and its line of communi-
cations
was by several roads down the valleyof the Po.
Opposed to the Austrians was the Army of Italy,less
than 40,000 strong, under the command of Massena,
which was shut up in Genoa.
now
C 129 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
established for the care of the sick and injured. The am-munition
c 1303
MARENGO
132 2
S C A L E
English NHe
1 1 J n. n e IC w
O
he marched
Stradella, towards Alessandria. On the 13 June
he crossed the Scrivia and debouched into the plain ot
Marengo.
An observer standing one hundred and twenty years
ago on any one of the moderate hillocks near San Giuliano
looking west would see before him an almost flat plain
extending to the river Bormida. This plainwas covered
with meadows, vineyardsand olive orchards,and was not
is littlechanged.
During the afternoon of the thirteenth Bonaparte
ordered Victor to proceed to Marengo. Here only a small
C 133 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
It thus
happened that on the evening of the 13 June
Napoleon was unprepared for the battle of the following
day. Contrary to all his principleshe had scattered his
forces in the face of the enemy. He nearly paid dearly
for this error. Meanwhile at Alessandria all was in fusion.
con-
At
daybreak on the morning of the fourteenth, the
Austrians began to cross the river. They at once attacked
and drove back the French outposts and advanced towards
Marengo. Victor,who had arrived at Marengo the night
before,received the attack of the Austrians and at first
succeeded in driving them back. At about ten o'clock
Lannes arrived on the field with his corps. The French
line of battle now numbered about 15,000 men, or less
than one half the Austrian troops.
At ten o'clock Melas attacked the whole French line
and made a determined effort to gain possessionof
Marengo. Both sides fought desperately " the Austrians
1:1343
MARENGO
C 1363
MARENGO
convenience. When in
Egypt, I made him a present of a
completefield-equipage several times, but he always lost
it. Wrapt in a cloak, Desaix threw himself under a gun,
and sleptas contentedlyas if he were in a palace.For him
luxury had no charms."
Napoleon had begun the passage of the Grand-Saint-
Bernard ^on the 15 May and just a month later he re-
ceived
ni38 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
negation of it.
The activities of Bonaparte as First Consul were remitting
un-
and far-reaching,
and the work which he did
at that time has remained, while his conquests have
.
passed away.
One of his firstacts was to make peace with the Church,
C 140 3
THE CONSULATE
their religion.
Immediately on his return from Marengo, Bonaparte
made overtures to the Pope which resulted in the famous
treaty or Concordat, which remained in force during the
whole nineteenth century and was only abolished in 1905
under the Third
Republic.In doing this he was not actu-
ated
n 141 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 142 3
THE CONSULATE
no idea of
assumingthis part. When this became apparent
many plotswere made againsthis Hfe. On one occasion,
shortly after his return from Marengo, he had a very
narrow escape from death by an infernal machine.
The conspirators knew that the First Consul expected
to be present at the Opera on Christmas eve to hear a
C 143 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 144 3
THE CONSULATE
model of
reciprocalaffection. He felt that his wife was his
good genius.He said to Bourrienne: "The noise of these
acclamations is as sweet to me as the sound of the voice
of Josephine." It was the expressionof La Bruyere,
"L'harmonie la plus douce est le son de voix de la femme
qu'on aime."
Twelve days after his return was celebrated the national
fete of the 14 July,anniversaryof the fall of the Bastille.
The Consular Guard, which left Milan the 22 June, had
been ordered be present on this occasion,and it was
to
an equestrian
statue of the Roi
Spleil."
After the fete of the 14 July, Bonaparte and his wife
left the Tuileries to go to Josephine
Malmaison, which
had purchasedtwo years before during Napoleon's ab-sence
in Egypt. The chateau is delightfullysituated on
the left bank of the Seine very near the village of Rueil
about ten miles from Paris. It was at that time the
favorite residence of Bonaparte, and during the summer
after his return from Italy he passed several days there
every week. At Malmaison the great man showed himself
amiable and famiHar. He laid aside his dignityand took
part in the games and pastimes of the chateau. During
the summer of 1801 and the springseason of 1802, Mal-
maison
continued to be his favorite residence. After that
its placewas takenby the Chateau of Saint-Cloud.
Of the six dwellingplacesof Napoleon at Paris after
he arrived at fame three have since disappeared " the
villa in the Rue de la Victoire,the Tuileries and Saint-
Cloud ; the three that remain are the Luxembourg, where
he Hved for three months as First Consul, the Elysee,
where he resided for a few weeks during the Hundred
C 1463
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
la Victoire,
where the young couple began their married
life.
The
nuptialbenediction was pronounced by Cardinal
Caprara, who was then negotiatingthe Concordatwith
the French Government. At the same time General
Murat and Caroline
Bonaparte, who had only been
united by a civil bond, had their marriage blessed by the
Church. Josephinealso wished to have the same privilege,
but Napoleon absolutelyrefused,either from reasons of
publicpolicyor in order to keep the way open for a divorce
if in the future he desired one.
The
shabbily furnished little villa in the Rue de la
Victoire,after being occupied for a short time by Louis
and Hortense, was loaned by Napoleon from time to
time to some favorite general.It was not finally
torn down
until i860. The site is now covered by the houses Nos. 58
and 60, and the courtyardin which the resplendentofficers
gatheredon the morning of the 18 Brumaire is now divided
between the courts of these two houses.
The street in those days was almost country
a road,
bordered by small villas. Two of these besides the hotel
of Josephinewere to be associated with the name of leon.
Napo-
In one, Mile. Eleonore Denuelle gave birth the
13 December 1806 to a boy who bore a strikingresem-
blance
C 148 3
THE CONSULATE
of the Capucines.
The Church of the Madeleine, begun under Louis the
Fifteenth and unfinished at the time of the Revolution,
was ordered completed as a "Temple de la Gloire" in
honor of the Army. But the building,which was not ished
fin-
until the reign of Louis
Philippe,was given back
after the Restoration to destination.
its original
The renovation of the Louvre was ordered, and this
museum became the treasure-house of paintingand sculp-
ture,
enriched by works of art taken from many Italian
cities.Orders were also given for the construction of vast
which
galleries were to connect the old Louvre with the
Pavilion de Marsan and form
splendidfacadeon the new a
C 1503
THE CONSULATE
"
In the but
interesting unreliable "
Memoirs of Madame
de Remusat we catch a glimpse of the life of this parvenu
Court, attempting to imitate the manners of the ancien
for enduring this
regime.Napoleon's reason munypiery is
franklygiven in his statement: "It is fortunate that the
French are to be ruled through their vanity."
1804
THE EMPIRE
Chapelle "
The Talisman of Charlemagne "
Coronation pf the Emperor
"
The Fete Given by the Marshals "^ReligiousMarriage of Napoleon
and Josephine " Baptism of Napoleon Louis "
^The Trip to Italy "
reception.
Napoleon, who at the beginningof his career had ex-
pressed
n 158]
MARSHAL MASSSNA
THE EMPIRE
It now remained
satisfythe Army, by no means
to an
C IS9 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 1603
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
evil and more good can be said and has been said than of
many historical figures. He cannot easilybe descril^and
certainlynot in any brief compass. He ranks with Alex- ander,
Caesar,Charlemagne, as one of the most powerful
conquerors and rulers of history.It is by no means certain
that Napoleon would not be considered the greatest of
them all."
give a
it is to nation gloryin order to make it forget
its This perpetualneed
liberty. of action and of renown
I 163 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 1643
THE EMPIRE
in its
sheath; the mantle, which was attached to
his shoulders by the chamberlains; then the sceptre and
the "hand of justice,"
which he gave to the Arch-Treasurer
and the Arch-Chancellor.
The
only ornament which remained to be handed to the
Emperor was the crown. As the Pope was about to proceed
with this last act of the
Napoleon from ceremony. took
his hands the sign of supreme power and proudly placed
it himself upon his head. He then approached the Empress,
who was kneelingbefore him, and tenderlyplaced the
Imperialdiadem upon her head. This scene is familiar to
all who have seen in the Louvre the celebrated painting
of the Coronation by David, which however is not entirely
accurate, as Madame Mere, who was not present, is de-
picted.
1:1663
THE EMPIRE
C 168 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
againstFrance.
At a moment when it seemed possible that the Coalition
might fall through. Napoleon brought the matter to a
C 170 3
AUSTERLITZ
1171
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 172 3
MARSHAL SOULT
AUSTERLITZ
independence.
Murat was at the head of the reserves of cavalry.He is
perhaps the most picturesquefigure among Napoleon's
generals.He owed his position more to his connection by
marriagewith the Emperor than to his militarymerits.
With but limited intelligence, brave to a fault,vain and
ambitious, he was the heau ideal of the leader of a cavalry
charge. Biit he was not in any, sense a great cavalry
c 173 ;]
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
them here.
From this portraitof Napoleon's marshals it will be
seen that with the exceptionof Davout and Soult there
was none to whom he could then entrust an independent
command.
The seven corps, each of from two to four divisions,
varied numbers, a sure
greatlyin gauge of Napoleon's
opinionof the abilityof the respectivecommanders. reau
Auge-
had I4,cxx) men; Bernadotte and Lannes each i8,cxDO;
Marmont, 21,000; Davout, 27,000; and
Ney, 24,000;
Soult, 41,000. The Guard, under Bessieres,numbered
6000, and under Murat, 22,000; a grand total
the cavalry,
of 191,000 men.
n 176 3
AUSTERLITZ
C 178 3
AUSTERLITZ
less than six difi^erent plans to escape from the net fast
closingaround him, but all in vain. He tried,first,to
oppose Napoleon's crossingthe Danube; next, to retreat
through Augsburg; then, to cross the Danube to the north;
now entirelydominated. On
the 17 October he surrendered
with 23,000 men. Two largedetachments which attempted
to escape were also surrounded and
captured. In all 50,000
Austrians were Only Archduke Ferdinand
taken prisoners.
with a small force succeeded in gettingaway safely.The
Austrians had been beaten almost without firinga shot.
It was a repetitionon a largerscale of the strategy of
Marengo. "The whole Ulm
manoeuvre," says Dodge, "is
one of the very finest in history."
Napoleon immediately turned back his main body to join
Bernadotte and concentrate his forces. This was plished
accom-
on when
the twenty-fifth, the French were about 225
miles from Vienna, to which they now advanced rapidly.
On the 13 November Murat seized the bridge across
the Danube at Vienna by a stratagem, so that Napoleon
could cross the river immediately. The next two days he
gatheredtogetherthe troops that had crossed the river
and pressedon to Briinn. There he came to a halt, as he
had only 50,000 men actuallyin hand: the Guard and the
of the battle the ponds were frozen, and the ice on the
1:184 a
AUSTERLITZ
completely severed.
The Emperor had followed the advance of his left wing,
until he saw that there was no further danger from that
won, and the cheers swept like a tidal wave along the
entire line.
Soult now turned south from the Pratzen and took the
allied line in reverse, while Davout, who had been ing
stand-
on the defensive, attacked in force. By two o'clock
the Russians completely surrounded, and men
were and
ni87 3
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
1806
"
Confederation of the Rhine "
End of the Holy Roman Empire "
French "
The Battle-fields of Jena and Auerstadt "
The Prussians feated
De-
Berlin in Triumph
From Austerlitz,
Napoleon went on the fifth to Vienna.
The middle of November he had written Josephine at
Strasbourg instructing her to proceed to Munich, where
he now went to join her. In the Bavarian capitalhe
was surrounded by all the princesof the South German
states.
n 1893
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 191 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 192 1
JENA AND AUERSTADT
Prussia, however, was not then ready for war and manded
de-
until the middle of December to complete her
preparations.Before that date arrived the battle of Auster-
litz was fought and Austria sued for peace. Under the
changed conditions Napoleon was no longer willingto
allow Prussia to maintain even a neutral position, and
demanded an alliance with France. This compact was
C1963
JENA AND AUERSTADT
claims."
The whole of
Napoleon's corresjwndenceshows
tenor
C 197 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
organization.
fighting
Prussia, includingits allySaxony, had a population of
some twelve millions from which to draw its army. The
country was not rich,and the government was hopelessly
out of date.
Nothing had
changed been since the days of
Frederick, but the inspiring soul of the Great King was
no longer there. At the beginningof hostiUties the sian
Prus-
army, includingthe Saxon contingent,did not much
exceed 150,000 men ready for duty. The army was also
poorly armed and equipped.Like the French army at the
outbreak of the Franco-German war, it was livingon the
traditions of the past and believed itself to be the first
army in the world, but with no solid basis for its dence.
confi-
The commanders were not deficient in abilitybut
were As Dodge pithilysums
lackingin experience. up the
situation: "The French army believed itselfto be superior
and actuallyso;
was army the Prussian
believed itself to
be superiorand was not."
After the Peace of Presburg the Grand Army had not
returned home, but on one pretext or another had been
C 1983
JENA AND AUERSTADT
J " li. i^
14- Oclobei: 1806
able strategic
manoeuvre.
C 203 2
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
Paris the sword and hat and sash of the great warrior
which lay upon his tomb.
Departing now for the firsttime from his usual practice,
the Emperor arranged to enter Berlin in trilmph on
u 204 2
MAP OF
to Illustrate the
EXTLAXATICX
*
TOWXS cfupftutU of iOOOfi vihubitana
a 3
"1 " " TowTds (.f So-.'jO 000 OJiatUan/T
-
A 0 Tt^mj ot' JO" iO COO PiAaPttanU
I Fta^es hflotr tf i'oo \nKah\u\nu
^ -
of Miles
Sc"U Eug^li.U
JENA AND AITERSTADT
n 205 3
*
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
1807
issued the
on
famous
21
of Poland,
partition and he could not at that time afford
to add that Power to the list of his foes. He accordingly
suggestedto the Austrian Government an exchangeof her
Polish provincesfor Silesia which had been stole#from
Maria Theresa by Frederick the Great. But Austria did
not care to become involved in trouble with either of the
and
belligerents declined
proposition. the
It is doubtful if Napoleon ever seriouslythought of
restoringthe Kingdom of Poland, no matter how strong
his sympathiesmay have been with that oppressedpeople.
It meant to take vast territories away from Austria,Prus-
sia
Russia,and incur the lasting
and enmity of those great
Powers, as againstwhich the gratitudeof Poland would
count but little.
C 208]
THE CAMPAIGN IN POLAND
C 209 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
from Pultusk
stopped a moment to Warsaw, he
at the gate of the little city of Bronie to change horses.
Duroc descended from the carriageand pushed his way
to the post-house through an enthusiastic crowd which
had gathered to see the "liberator of Poland." Here a
voice said to him in French, "Monsieur, can you not range
ar-
C 212 3
THE CAMPAIGN IN POLAND
n 214 2
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
Ney had not yet arrived and the Emperor had only 60,000
men at his disposal. Though not superiorin force,as he
always preferredto be, Napoleon resolved to attack, and
felt sure of success. The Russians had been retreatingfor
a weeky and most troops under such conditions would be
pretty well demorahzed. But Napoleon had never yet seen
n2i6 3
THE CAMPAIGN IN POLAND
Napoleon follow up
failed to his success and gather the
full fruit of his victory.Even his endurance had found a
n 2173
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
of supplies
question was made much easier. Lefebvre with
his corps had invested the place about themiddle of
March, and it finallysurrendered the 25 May. His corps
was then broken up to reinforce Mortier, and a
jjgserve
was formed, under the command of Lannes, in place
corps
of Augereau'scorps which suflFeredso severelyat Eylau
that it had to be disbanded.
The Russians Bennigsen had under been in ments
canton-
IF'li i "LA
14 Jxme ISO 7
C 219 1
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
n 223 3
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
1808
SPAIN
England Seizes the Danish Fleet " Napoleon and the Czar " Tuscany and
"
The Royal Family "
The Prince of Peace " Treaty of Fontainehleau
" Junot at Lisbon "
Abdication of Charles "
The Bayonne Conference
to Paris
had sent a
came
fleet and
an expeditionary force
against Denmark, and that
after a three days' bombardment of Copenhagen, the
Danish fleet had been seized and carried away. It veloped
de-
later that through an indiscretion a secret clause
of the Treaty of Tilsit had become known to the English
Cabinet, which jumped to the conclusion that Denmark
C 224 3
SPAIN
1713-
In 1808 the family was composed of seven persons, of
whom only four concern us : the King, Charles the Fourth,
1:2263
SPAIN
1:2283
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 230 3
SPAIN
kind of national
uprisingwhich during the Revolution
had made France invincible againstthe armed hosts of
Europe.His previouswars had been waged with govern-
ments
which relied for their defence on professional
armies.
Now he was to face a whole nation in arms, resolved to
die rather than to submit to the invader. The Spanish
I 231 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
rising
was to be the first of a series of
popular,national
movements which were to prove Napoleon's undoing.
At Saint Helena he said,"It was the Spanishulcer which
ruined me." "
leariithi"JessQiL"JQQ_late.
By the end of October, Napoleon had over 200,000 men
ready to march into Spain.About 100,000 had been taken
from Italyand southern France, and the corps of Victor,
Ney, Mortier, Lannes and Soult had been brought back
from Germany, leavingonly 100,000 troops across the
Rhine.
As soon as the Erfurt conference was over Napoleon
n 232 1
SPAIN
the coast, and drove the remnant of the British army back
upon their ships.Corunna and Ferrol with all their sup-
plies
fell into the hands of the French. Sir John Moore
was killed,and his burial has been described in one of the
most celebrated poems in the Englishlanguage.
Napoleon reinstated his brother in Madrid, and when
in January he was called back to France by the menace of
another war with Austria, he could look back upon a
C 233 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
n 2343
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1:2363
WAGRAM
C 237 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 2383
WAGRAM
and the most brilliant and able of his career. Like Caesar he
might have said: "vent,vidi,vici."
In his "Proclamation to the Army" issued the 24 April
at Ratisbon Emperor stated
the that a hundred pieces
of cannon, forty flags,and fiftythousand prisone*had
been captured.In conclusion he said,"Before a month we
'=t'.^#^^.\
^wm. _.
Tl
^,
21^"22"'fMiiy1800.
STA LF.
WAGRAM
the source.
n 241 H
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 242 3
WAGRAM
n 243 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
ifil.-s.
T.nfcliwli
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
c 246 n
WAGRAM
n248 3
WAGRAM
C 249 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
,
before,and then went on to the Tuileries for dinner.
There was regularassembly of crowned heads at
soon a
c 2503
WAGRAM
nasi 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1810-1811
MARIE-LOUISE
The Austrian Imperial Family " Josephine Favors the Hapsburg Alliance' "
Napoleon Calls a
Conference "
The Russian Negotiations Abandoned "
Vienna "
Marie-Louise at Compiegne Her Personal " Appearance "
The Civil and Religious Marriages " Napoleon at Forty-one Visit "
to
Brussels "
The Fetes at Paris "
The Schwatzenberg Ball "
Birth of the
Archduchess of Austria,
MARIE-LOUISE, born
the eldest
at Vienna
child
the
of the
12 December
Archduke
1791. She
was
was
Francis-,who a
year after her birth, upon the death of his father Leopold
the Second, became Emperor of Germany under the name
t 2S4 3
EMPRESS MARIE-LOUISE
MARIE-LOUISE
of Napoleon and
Marie-Louise, the Duke of Reichstadt,
chief of the Imperialdynasty, the Comte de Chambord,
head of the elder branch of the Bourbons, and the Comte
de Paris, representativeof the younger branch of the
same family,were all three descendants in direct line from
Maria Theresa, Empress of Germany, and her daughter
Marie-Caroline, Queen of Naples.
What philosophicalreflections come to the mind when
one thinks of the fate of these three cousins,all born heirs
to the throne of France, whose birth was announced by
the booming of the cannon of the Invalides,but none of
whom was destined to wear a crown!
As previouslystated,the divorce Josephinewas first of
officiallydiscussed at the Erfurt meeting in September
1807. At that time Napoleon directed Talleyrand and
Caulaincourt to sound Alexander regarding an alliance
with one of his sisters. The response was equally vague
and discreet. But a week after his return home his sister
Catherine was aflBanced to the heir of the Duchy of
Oldenburg.There could be no doubts in Napoleon'smind
as to the significance of this event.
During the two followingyears, although Napoleon had
not by any means abandoned the idea of repudiating
Josephine,the matter remained in abeyance. For a long
time past there had existed in France a very generalde-
sire
that the Emperor should assure the stability
of the
throne by contracting a new marriage and acquiringa
direct heir to his dynasty.To this wish Napoleon was now
ready to accede.
Neither before nor after the conclusion of the Peace of
Vienna had there been a word exchanged with the Aus-
trian
Cabinet upon the subjectof a matrimonial alliance.
Napoleon's thoughts still turned to the Grand Duchess
Anne, the other sister of the Czar. On the 22 November
l8og, a week before the formal notification to Josephine
of his intentions,the Emperor instructed Champagny,
the Minister of Foreign AflFairs, to send a dispatchto
Caulaincourt, the French ambassador at Saint Petersburg,
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
him
directing to ask the Czar to state frankly whether
he "could count upon his sister." At that time it took
two weeks for courier to go from Paris to Saint Peters-
a burg
and Napoleon had received no replyto his demand
when on the last day of November he informed Josephine
that the divorce was irrevocablydecided.
A month later,no answer had yet come from Russia,
and in the meantime no steps had been taken towards
opening matrimonial
negotiationswith Austria. It is a
C 257 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1:2583
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1:2603
MARIE-LOUISE
1:2613
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 262 3
MARIE-LOUISE
the end of wars for the rest of his reign. The victor in so
many campaigns seemed to be ambitious only for the
gloriesof peace.
On the 19 September the Emperor left Compiegne for
n263a
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1:2643
MARIE-LOUISE
1:2653
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1:2663
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1:2683
CZAR ALEXANDER
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
1812
MOSCOW
System "
Friction with Russia "
War Inevitable "
Advance of
"
The City Burned " Napoleon's Fatal
Delay "
The Retreat Begun "
"
A New Route to Vilna "
The Passage of the Beresina "
The Army
Recrosses the Niemen " Napoleon Leaves for Paris "
Reasons for
Failure
After
of the
the
two
to
1:2693
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 270 3
MOSCOW
ruptcies
averaged250 a month. But this year was to see
n 271 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 274 3
D-Vanyoiiiaii/l Tiibkbh.r
MOSCOW
n 27s 1
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
Having learned in
generalway of the location of the
a
C 277 2
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
city of
The Smolensk lies on the south bank of the
Dnieper, in a beautiful
amphitheatre of hills,with the
suburb of Saint Petersburgon the opposite bank. The
placeis difficultof defence as it is commanded by the sur-
rounding
n278 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
old one and a new one, which were here about two and
a half miles apart. The villageof Borodino lay on the
new road where it crossed the Kolotsa,an affluent of the
Moskova. Here Kutusov his troops
drew up on a frontage
of over five miles at rightanglesto the two roads.
The country is
rollingbut quite flat;the numerous
brooks run through deep ravines. There were many woods,
some of which had been cut. The Kolotsa runs for several
miles parallelto the new road until near Borodino it
crosses and leaves it
northerly towards
to the
flow
Moskova. The river is fordable in places.East of the
villagethe land rises into a plateau a mile wide. Some
1:2803
MOSCOW
put in the Guard, his final reserve, which might have made
the victory decisive and caused Alexander to open tiations.
nego-
For this Napoleon has been much criticized by
military writers; but he was two thousand miles from
home and the Old Guard was his last resource. Whether
he was rightor wrong will always be a subjectof sion.
discus-
At the decisive moment, about the middle of the
afternoon,if he had sent in this superb body of picked
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1:2833
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
For nearly three weeks after the army left Moscow the
weather was perfect.The winter season was delayed and
there was less cold and snow.than usual. The temperature
averaged from 15" to 25" Fahrenheit. Few of the streams
1:2873
CHAPTER NINETEEN
1813
LEIPZIG
Armistice "
Conditions of Peace "
Austria Joins the Allies "
Hostilities
Resumed " Napoleon's Base on the Elbe " Danger of His Position "
Hanau
n288 3
LEIPZIG
practicable
passes of the Pyrenees.This would have given
him a veteran army of 350,000 men, with a reserve force
of the same size in trainingin the depots of France. With
such an army he could
easilyhave defended the line of
the Elbe against the Russians and Prussians,and Austria
would never have entered the coalition againsthim. But
he was no longerthe Bonaparte who in 1796 had raised
the investment of Mantua, destroyedhis siegetrain,and
marched with every available soldier to meet the Aus-
trians;nor was he the same Napoleon who at Eylau and
Esslinghad drawn back in order to leapfurther. Napoleon
was now the spoiledchild of Fortune.
"He who seeks to hold everythingwill end by losing
everything,"had said wise old Frederick the Great. By
forgettingthis maxim Napoleon was to lose his throne.
Had he recognizedhis danger, and concentrated all his
forces,he would not have been outnumbered. Instead of
that, the Emperor, like desperategambler, placed his
a
1:2893
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
Only the left wing and the cavalry could have gotten
away, and Bautzen would have been as decisive a victory
as Austerlitz,and almost certainlyhave ended the paign.
cam-
was, the French took no prisoners and the battle was cisive.
inde-
It was very Emperor gave
unfortunate that the
Davout, the hero of Auerstadt and Wagram, a role so
inferior to that of Ney in this campaign.Ney was a brilliant
n 294 3
LEIPZIG
he failed
bring Bliicher to an
to action. The
Prussian general,
usuallyas bold as a lion,was now as wily
as a fox. He withdrew to the southeast,hoping to lure
Napoleon into the wilds of Silesia and givethe Austrians
time to seize Dresden.
But the Emperor was not to be drawn further afield.
Late on the evening of the twenty-thirdhe received at
Gorlitz a dispatchfrom Saint-Cyrtelling him that Dresden
C2963
LEIPZIG
was in
danger of capture. Taking the Guard and two
divisions of cavalry and infantry he hurried back by
forced marches Dresden, where he arrived two
to days
later. In a pouring rain,many of his battalions traversed
fortyleaguesin forty-eight
hours.
Meanwhile the Austrian army had been concentrating
south of the Erz Gebirge,which it crossed in four columns,
and advanced on Dresden. Owing to the intervention of
the Czar, the plan of an immediate attack on the defences
of the city was abandoned, and this delay enabled Na-poleon
to come up.
Dresden lies on the left bank of the Elbe, and is nected
con-
excellent outwork.
As had so often
happened before,the Allies had lost a
splendid opportunityby their delay and indecision.
With the arrival of Napoleon all doubts and fea|p had
vanished in the French army. At the sightof the well-
known figurein the gray redingotefatiguesand discom-
forts
were forgotten,and the cries of "Vive I'Empereur!"
rent the air,carryinginspiration to the defenders,dismay
to the enemy.
The news of Napoleon's arrival so shook the nerves of
the Czar that he favored an immediate retreat. But the
original plan was carried out. As nightfellthe Allies drew
off,with heavy losses, abandoning all the pointsof vantage
they had gained during the day.
For the battle of the second day Napoleon ordered
Murat to attack the weak point of the Allies,their left
wing, which was separatedfrom the centre by the defile
spoken of above. The French centre was only to hold the
enemy in front of it,while the left wing attacked Barclay
along the Pima road.
Although Napoleon was considerablyoutnumbered he
had the advantage of an inner line only half the length
of that of the AUies, and could therefore easilybe superior
in force at any point he chose to attack.
The drenching rain rendered the muskets practically
useless for service and the battle was decided by the
artillery and cold steel. The French advance againstthe
allied rightwas but was
at firstsuccessful, finallychecked.
Along the centre there was a heavy artillery duel,the most
noteworthy result of which was the death of the French
traitor Moreau, who was in the Czar's suite,and had both
legscarried off by a stray shot from a field battery.
But on the French righta brilliant success was gained
by Murat, who overwhelmed two Austrian divisions,
and
captured ten thousand men. The news of this disaster
decided the Allies to retire into Bohemia, and during the
nightbegan that famous retreat which soon became a rout.
Dresden!
Suddenly Napoleon completelychanged his plans and
decided to give up Dresden as a base and fall back
towards Erfurt. But after callingup Saint-Cyr from
Dresden, he cancelled the order and left him there,only
to be finallycaptured by the Allies. Having drawn up a
brilliant plan,in which one again recognizes the old com-
mander.
:l
^ fi/t
4f
IT- V "
iiwi
"-^-^
7/ '^^ ",,^.rr^^'Tg^t^"^ "
L.-#r"4
'
^'i^j^'''^
.^V'U^- y
BATTLE OF
SCALE
~ "
'"
o "l
LEIPZIG
committed
battle,"says Dodge, "he deliberately strategic
suicide. Any manoeuvre was better."
The old university town of Leipzigis situated in a large
plain, on the rightbank of the Elster at the pointwhere it
is joined by the Pleisse. Between the rivers, for several
miles above and below the city,there is low marshy
meadow-land. On the north of the city a smaller stream,
the Partha, comes in from the east. The only outlet from
Leipzigto the west, towards Erfurt and Mayence, is over
the long causeway bridgethat crosses the several arms of
the two rivers;and at the western end of this bridge is
Lindenau. The old road from Halle, by which Bliicher
arrived,runs parallel to the north bank of the Elster. There
are many villages in the rolling plain to the east of the
city,all so built as to be capable of stout defence. These
villages were an important feature of the battle-field.
On the 15 October the rival armies lined up for battle.
To the southeast of the city Napoleon'smain body of
130,000 men faced Schwarzenberg with 200,000. At
Mockern to the north stood Ney and Marmont with
50,000, opposed to Bliicher with 60,000 men. Near denau
Lin-
Bertrand with 20,000 men opposed a strong column
under Giulay who was working around to join the Prus-
sians
on the north.
Giulay opened the battle on the sixteenth with an attack
on the French
position at Lindenau; but he was repulsed
and retreated up the Elster to rejointhe main body of the
Allies.The brunt of the fighting took placearound Wachau
about two miles and a half to the southeast of the city.
Here the French batteries broke up the attack of two Aus-
trian
columns. A counter-attack of three cavalrydivisions
under Murat, which Napoleon sent direct
againstthe
Austrian centre, failed of success on account of the marshy
ground. Another advance of the French againstthe Aus- trian
n 301 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
only had these troops deserted the French, but they tacked
at-
The
aged King of Saxony who had remained in Leipzig
duringthe battle was treated by the allied sovereignswith
the greatest severity.
He was sent to Berlin as a prisoner
the mos^^rtile
in blunders,and the most trous
disas-
in its results."-tU-^ r"W" -V!""| (l^\Ax"I^_4'
1:303 3
CHAPTER TWENTY
1814
Life There
the
soil of the Empire he had a feeling of discour-
agement
which it was difficult for him to conceal. He was
invader on its soil was not prepared for its defence. The
fortresses of the Elbe and the Vistula
stronglygar-
risoned were
C 30s 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
C 306 3
THE CAMPAIGN OF FRANCE
C 307 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
Metz the moment that the first had crossed the Jura
Mountains. As soon as the two armies were in touch with
each other they were to march on Paris by the valleysof
the Seine and the Marne. If Napoleon assumed the offen-
sive
they purposedto threaten his flanks while avoiding
a decisive engagement.
At the same time the third army under Bulow was to
OF PARTS OF
"ass
to Illustrate the
v*..
OtihT.^?::^ 181415.
.
CAMPAIGXS OF
^"\i
(" "S-
TKEVES
fiyirmt'nr L_ :"iEztF.iii:;s^
(
'
IVuiP.-'Ui'
./77//:. I paarhnjrJt
y/T."
HfiifMi//,r"'
,
I'h.-iir. .nr/
Ayy/-iiiriiii /:^
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
On the seventh
Napoleon defeated an advance guard of
the enemy at Craonne, and drove it back on Laon, where
a battle took place on the ninth. Napoleon was repulsed
and was obligedto retire to Reims to rest his men.
1:3143
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1:3163
THE CAMPAIGN OF FRANCE
After
listening to their pleadingsin favor of the
King of Rome he promised to givethem an answer during
the course of the day after a conference with his allies.
An event fatal to the hopes of the Imperialdynasty now
occurred. Marmont had planned the act of treason, and
during his absence his generalscarried it out. The marshal
had hardly left for Paris when an aide de camp of the
Emperor arrived at his quarters with an order for him to
go to Fontainebleau. The generalsof the Sixth Corps at
once jumped to the conclusion that the plans of their
commander had been exposed to the Emperor. Without
awaitingthe return of Marmont they decided to carry out
the convention arranged with Schwarzenbergand lead
1:3173
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
man who had been called the King of Rome, and who was
C3183
THE CAMPAIGN OF FRANCE
reconquer his throne. Who can say that he would not have
succeeded ?
At this moment came the news of the treason of Mar-
mont which ruined allhisplans.Napoleononlypronounced
these words, "L'ingrat,il sera plus malheureux que moi!"
When Caulaincourt, Ney and Macdonald returned to
Fontainebleau on the eveningof the fifth and reportedthe
failure of their mission they found the Emperor calm and
dignified, with no reproachesfor any one.
After a night of reflexion, Napoleon finally decided to
submit to the inevitable. In the morning he summoned the
marshals to his cabinet, and there,on a littleround ma-
hogany
n 319 1
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
and only caused him intense pain without ending his life.
His physicianYvan gave him an antidote which soon lieved
re-
C 321 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1815
WATERLOO
Paris "
The New Ministry " Napoleon's Reception at the Capital "
THE Elba
The
were
reasons
who
officer, was only nineteen of age, was
years a nephew
C 328 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
"" ^
*
..
rs ^
^T^^
5^ '
i3\TTIE (J"
J
i" I II II
'^ "tt_imlLfjT
WATERLOO
On the first of
June a largeAustrian army under
Schwarzenbergwas nearingthe Rhine, and Russia was
also making great militarypreparations.
Across the fron-
tier
in Belgium an Anglo-Prussianarmy was assembled
near Brussels.
Napoleon considered two plansof operations.
He could
either await the enemy's attack,which would give him
more time to organizeand equip his army, and a better
chance of success, or advance to the attack himself and
endeavor to crush
part of the allied forces before the
a
rest could come up. For many reasons he chose the latter
course. Of his 200,000 men he kept 120,000 in hand as his
main army, and sent the remainder to the Vendee, Italy,
the Rhine and the Pyrenees.
The militarysituation at the opening of the campaign
was favorable to Napoleon. The allied army was spread
out on a line of over eightymiles alongthe Belgianfron-tier.
They needed two entire days to assemble on the same
battle-field.Wellington's headquarterswere at Brussels,
Bliicher's at Namur. The Englishline of communications
ran through Brussels to Antwerp, the Prussian,through
Liege to Cologne; in case of disaster the lines of retreat
would diverge.
It is interesting to note that in his last campaign Na-
poleon
was confronted by exactlythe same problem as in
his and that he solved it in the
first, same way. Nowy as
battle position
near Ligny and Wellingtonhurried up forcements
rein-
to his troops at Quatre Bras. These ments
arrange-
led to the two battles of the sixteenth.
In the battle of
Ligny fought on the 16 June, Bliicher
had about 80,000 men againstthe 70,000 of Napoleon.
When the Emperor found the Prussians were in force at
Ligny, he sent orders to Ney, and also direct to Erlon,
for the First Corps to support his frontal attack upon
Ligny. But when Erlon did not appear he finally sent in
the Guard, who drove the Prussians from their position.
At the same time Ney had attacked the English at
Quatre Bras with Reille'scorps. Owing to the tory
contradic-
orders received by Erlon from Napoleon and Ney,
in
his corps spent the afternoon marching and counter-
C 332 3
WATERLOO
South of Brussels
for many miles stretches the large
At a distance of three leaguesfrom the
Forest of Soignes.
capital,
on the edge of the woods, lies the littlevillageof
Waterloo, the headquartersof Wellington,which gave its
name to the battle. Two miles farther on is Mont-Saint-
Jean where the battle was fought.
A glanceat the map will show that the salient pointsof
the battle-field of Waterloo form an almost perfectletter
A. The top of the letter,where
highroadsifromthe two
Nivelles and Charleroi to Brussels joinis Mont-Saint-
Jean :
there is Wellington; the lower right point is La Belle-
AUiance: there is Napoleon;the lower left pointis Hougo-
mont, an old stone chateau, which lay in a large grove,
and with its enclosingwalls stood like a kind of fortress
justin front of the French lines.
The cord or crosspiece of the A is a by-road which inter-
im
334 1
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
dawn, in all
probabilitywould have been over and the
Englisharmy destroyedbefore noon. But it had rained in
torrents the previousnight and the ground was too soft
for artillery manoeuvres. Napoleon, who had a large
in
superiority guns, and who had never forgottenthat he
was once an officer of artillery, therefore waited until
nearlynoon for the ground to dry and harden before giv-ing
the signal for attack.
Although the Enghsh made a brave resistance, at four
o'clock the battle was decidedly going against them.
Wellingtonfrequentlylooked at his watch, and "wished
to God that night or Bliicher would come."
At this crisisof the battle,when a decisive French tory
vic-
seemed certain,the Prussians began to arrive on the
field and the Emperor had to send a part of his reserves
1:3363
WATERLOO
1:3383
MARSHAL BLUCHER
WATERLOO
C 339 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
1:3403
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
A solitary,
more out-of-the-way placethan Saint Helena
could not have been chosen for the captiveeagle.The
island is only ten miles by seven in dimensions, and its
populationat the time was less than three thousand,only
a quarter of whom were white. It lies almost in the middle
of the South Atlantic, 1700 miles east of Brazil and 1200
miles west of the mouth of the Congo, nearly4000 miles
from the Strait of Gibraltar.
"And where, may we ask," says the apologetic
Mr. Rose,
"could less
unpleasantplace of detention have been
a
C 344 3
SAINT HELENA
C 345 2
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
n346 3
SAINT HELENA
1:3483
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
CssO
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
his own, was now confined for his private suite to two
eleven, dressed for the day about two, and dined at various
hours from three to seven. Soon after his arrival he aban-
doned
his uniform and generallywore a hunting
green
coat, but he retained the little cocked hat, although he
laid aside the cockade. passed all his days at the hut,He
almost But
illegible. he Uked dictate,and sometimes did
to
C 3S3 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
unknown, and
practically his poor secretaries had much
difficulty
in keeping pace with his rapid dictation. Worst
of all,when wakeful,he dicated all night,and ^urgaud
would be sent for at four in the morning to take the place
of the exhausted Montholon.
Besides readingand dictation Napoleon had few tractions
dis-
He stayed so much indoors that he became ill
from the lack of exercise;so the last year of his lifehe took
up gardening.Paul Delaroche painted a portraitof him
in his garden,wearing red slippersand a wide-brimmed
straw hat, spade in hand, restingfrom his labors.
He sometimes played a game of billiards, at which he
was not
expert, or of chess, in which he was far from
skilful.As he did not like to be beaten, it severelytaxed
the courtliness of his suite to let him win. At cards he
always cheated, but refused to take the stakes he thus won.
Csss 1
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
Undergildeddome of the
the Invalides the of
spirit the
Great Emperor still reigns.His tomb is the first spot to
which the visitor to Paris turns his steps. In an open cir-
cular
crypt, directlyunder the dome, one sees the massive
sarcophagus of red Finland porphyry. Like sentinels
around the tomb stand twelve colossal Victories in Carrara
marble, beside which are trophiescomposed of sixtystand-
ards
taken from the enemy. In the mosaic of the pavement
are traced the names of eightof Napoleon's greatest vic-
tories:
Rivoli, Pyramides, Marengo, Austeriitz,lena,
Friedland,Wagram, Moskova,
Here, under the soft blue lightof the dome of the
Invalides,on the banks of the Seine, in the midst of the
French people he loved so well, repose for all'time the
ashes of the greatest soldier the world has ever known.
C3S6n
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
Csssn
PERSONALITY OF NAPOLEON
a libertine.
During his campaigns, until the different army corps
had nearlyreached the positions assignedthem. Napoleon
remained at generalheadquarters. Then he proceeded
rapidlyto the front in his travellingcarriage. In the
presence of the enemy he always accompanied his troops
on horseback. At
his quarters in the field,
he received
the reports of his marshals, and personallydirected all
the corps movements. In the
intervals,he attended to
the internal administration of France, and repliedto the
reports which were sent him from Paris by his ministers,
who wrote him every day. He thus governed his Empire
at the same time that he directed his army. He had
such a remarkable constitution that he could sleepfor an
hour, be awakened to receive
report and a give an order,
and immediately fall asleepagain,without his repose or
1:3613
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
what marvel then that this nature which God had made
so quick, which victory had made still more prompt,
should be brusque, impetuous,domineering, absolute in
its will ! Everything had cooperated,nature and events,
to make of this mortal the most absolute,the most petuous
im-
of men."
It was not, however, until towards the end of his
career that Napoleon gave way entirelyto this spirit
of domination. Then, seeing nations submit, and sov-ereigns
never free to carry out any of them. It was all very well
for me to hold
helm, but however strong the
was the
hand that grasped it,the waves were much stronger still.
I have never been reallymy master ; I have always
been controlled by circumstances."
He always realized that his hold upon power was secure.
in-
It was this feeUng that constantlyurged him
on to deeds that brought ruin in their train. "Your
born
sovereigns, on the throne," he said to Metternich,
"
may be beaten twenty times and go back to their
capitals
; I cannot, because I am an upstart soldier.
My domination will not outlive the day when I cease
That
Napoleon was ambitious cannot be gainsaid "
ambitious not only for the present but for the future.
"
Bourrienne quotes him as saying : For me the im-
mortality
of the soul is the impressionone leaves on the
1:3663
PERSONALITY OF NAPOLEON
"
The which
qualities typicalwar-
rior," go to make up the
"
says Dodge, were possessed by Napoleon in
greater measure than in any other man of modern days,
and so superior was he to his antagonists that he could
hot fail to win under anything like equal conditions."
No commander in historyever conceived such gigantic
militaryproblems,reduced their execution to such sim- plicity,
and carried them through with such boldness
and ability.
His power to gauge a situation was most remarkable.
Says Odenleben, in speakingof the campaign in Saxony :
"
One look through his glass,and he had seized the pic-
ture
of a whole army with incredible speed. He thus
judged,from some height,whole corps of fiftyor sixty
thousand men, accordingto space and position." When
to this power of clear vision there be added the innate
boldness of the man, and his capacityfor hard, unceasing
work, you have such a combination of qualities
as the
world has rarelyseen.
"
At Napoleon said, Genius consists in
Saint Helena,
carryingout thingsdespiteobstacles,and meanwhile in
findingfew or no impossibilities." The result of all this
clearness,boldness and application was, as he himself
than
thrilUng that in which by word and action he sub-
dued
and won over the firstof the troops sent to oppose
him upon his return from Elba. Alone, in front of his
"
chasseurs. Napoleon steps forward : Soldiers of the
1 367 3
NAPOLEON THE FIRST
"
Then, as he flingsback his coat : If there is amongst
touch.
It is futile,
as Rose well says, to attempt to sum up
Napoleon in any one category. Attempts have been
made to do so, but with indifferent success. There is
only one man in historyof faculties sufiiciently
varied
and forceful to challengecomparison with Napoleon.
The figureof JuliusCaesar dominates the Roman world,
as that of the great Corsican overshadows the age of the
French Revolution. Take them all in all,as soldiers,
statesmen, law-givers, Caesar and Napoleon are the two
1:3683
APPENDIX
THE BONAPARTES
Genealogical Table
Biographical Notes
CHRONOLOGY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
n369 3
THE BONAPARTES
GENEALOGICAL TABLE
I 11 III IV
2 Joseph
3 Napoleon I 7 Napoleon II
f IS Joseph
1/ Charles
10 Pierre i8 Roland
'
II Napoleon Charles
20 Victor 22 Louis
1 371 3
THE BONAPARTE FAMILY
First Generation
Second Generation
(7) Napoleon IL
four daughters.
5. Louis, King of Holland, born at Ajaccio, 2 September, 1778;
died at Leghorn, Italy, 25 July, 1846; married 4 January,
1802, Hortense de Beauharnais, born at Paris, 10 April,
1783; died at Arenenberg, Switzerland, S October, 1837.
n 372 3
THE BONAPARTE FAMILY
Third Generation
n 374 3
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES
Fourth Generation
Fifth Generation
1:37s 3
MARSHALS OF THE EMPIRE
Died Cause
Name Title Born Appointed
1804 1816 Natural
Augereau Castiglione (D) 1757
1844 Natural
Sweden (K) 1763 1804
Bernadotte
181S Accident
Neufchatel (P) 1753 1804
Berthier
1813 Wounds
Bessieres Istria (D) 1768 1804
181S Murder
Comte 1763 1804
Brune
1823 Natural
Eckrauhl (P) 1770 1804
Davout
181S 1847 Natural
Grouchy Comte 1766
1833 Natural
Comte 1762 1804
Jourdan
1820 Natural
*
Valmy (D) 173s 1804
Kellermann
1809 Wounds
Montebello (D) 1769 1804
Lannes
1804 1820 Natural
Lefebvre * Dantzig (D) I7SS
1809 1840 Natural
Macdonald Taranto (D) 176s
1809 1852 Natural
Marmont Ragusa (D) 1774
1804 1817 Natural
Massena Essling (P) 1756
1804 1842 Natural
Moncey Conegliano (D) 1754
183s Bomb
Mortier Treviso (D) 1768 1804
1815 Shot
Murat Naples (K) 1771 1804
1804 181S Shot
Ney Moskova (P) 1769
1809 1847 Natural
Oudinot Reggie (D) 1767
1804 1818 Natural
Perignon * Comte I7S4
1813 Drowned
Poniatowski Prince 1762 1813
1812 1830 Natural
Saint-Cyr Comte 1764
1804 1819 Natural
Serurier * Comte 1742
1804 1851 Natural
Soult Dalmatia (D) 1769
1811 1826 Natural
Suchet Albufera (D) 1772
1807 1841 Natural
Victor Belluno (D) 1764
'
Honorary Marshals.
n376 3
TITLES CONFERRED BY NAPOLEON
de Parma. Treasury.
Caulaincourt, Due de Vicenza; *Moncey, Due de Conegliano.
Master of Horse; Minister of *MoRTiER, Due de Treviso.
1:377 3
CHRONOLOGY
June
Major, 29 September Return to Paris, s December
Capture of Toulon, 19 ber
Decem- 1798 Sails for Egypt, May
19
Arrives at Malta, 10 June
General of Brigade, 22 cember
De- Alexandria taken, 2 July
The Pyramids, 21 July
1794 Inspector of Coasts, at Nice Battle of the Nile, i August
Fall of Robespierre, 9 Thermi- 1799 Jaffa stormed, 6 March
1:3783
CHRONOLOGY
30 March
Louis,King of
Holland,5 June 1813 Liitzen, 2 May
[ 379 ]
CHRONOLOGY
n38o3
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PARTICULAR PERIODS
Rose, J. H. (Editor)
AULAKD,A.
*French Revolution (1910) Napoleon's Last Voyages (1906)
*
RosEBERY, Lord
Browning, Oscar
"Napoleon; the Last Phase (1901)
"Napoleon, the First Phase (1905)
*The Fall of Napoleon (1907)
Stephens, H. M.
MISCELLANEOUS
Dunn-Pattison, R. p. LfivY, A.
(1909) Napoleon Indme
Napoleon'sMarshals
W. H. Masson, F.
Hudson,
The Man Napoleon (1914) Napoleon et sa Famille
James Napoleon et les Femmes
Morgan,
In the Footsteps of Napoleon Napoleon et son Fils
Napoleon chez lui
(191S)
Josephine
Rose, J. H.
of Napoleon (1912) Marie-Louise
"Personality
Saint-Amand, I. DE
Vachee, Colonel
Femmes des Tuileries
"Napoleon at Work (1914)
n382 3
INDEX
Ajaccio, I 34*
Alexander I, Czar, 193, 224, 253, 272- Bennigsen, 215-220
Berlin, Napoleon enters, in triumph,
283, 297
decree of, 206
Alexandria, 95 203;
Alvinzy, 67-74 Bemadotte, 31, 37, 109, 112, 172, 202,
230, 256
247-52,
217, 29s
Autun, 6 Bonaparte, Letitia,3
Bonaparte, Louis, 23, 82, 109, 147,
Auxonne, 14
264, 271
Bacciochi, 81 Bonaparte, Lucien, 31, 54, 82, 109,
C383]
INDEX
Brienne, 171
Brueys,Admiral, 98 Dalberg,Archbishopof Mayence, 195,
Brumaire,i8th and 19th,107-122 223
. . .
"
Biilow,308 Danube, principalitieson, 225
Davidovitch,66, 67
Cadoudal,Georges, 122, 144 Davout, 172, 246, 295
Cairo, 96 Denmark, 224, 303
Calonne, 19 D'esaix,24, 135, 136
Dignitaries of State,157-8,256
Cambaceres, 121
C384]
INDEX
Friedland,
battle of,218-20 Laon, battle of,311
Fructidor,i8th, 84 La Rothiere,battle of,309
Las Cases,Count, 345
Gaudin, Minister of Finance,235 La Tour du Pin,Marquise de,260,262
Gaza, 100 Lauriston,General,8
Genoa, 2, 4, 60, 170 Lebrun, 121
George III,of England, 169, 192 Leclerc,General,81, 152
German Empire, 195 Lefebvre,117, 218
Germany, 271 Legion d'honneur,142, 266
"
Godoy, Prince of Peace,"227 Leipzig,battle of, 300-02
Gohier, 114 Leoben, preliminaries of,77
Gourgaud, General,345 Ligny, battle of,332
Gregorian Calendar, re-established,Lobau, island in Danube, 240-46
190 Lodi, battle of,62
Grouchy, 333-4 Lonato, battle of,65
Guard, the Old, 267,338 Longwood, 343-54
Louis XV, 4
Hanau, battle of,303 Louis XVI, 18
Hanover, 192, 193, 194 Louis XVIII, 324
Haye-Sainte,La, 335 Louisa,Queen of Prussia,196
Heilsberg, b attle of,219 Louisiana,153
Hoche, 37 Louverture,152
Hohenlinden, 139 Lowe, Sir Hudson,349-53
Hohenlohe, 201 LUbeck, 203
Holland, 192, 264, 271 Luneville, Peace of, 139
Hortense,see Bonaparte,Hortense Liitzen, b attle of,290
Hougomont, 334
Macdonald, Marshal, 246, 299
Ibrahim Bey, 97
Mack, General, 178-180
Infernal Machine, 143 Malmaison, 108, 146
Interior, Army of the,41 Malo-Jaroslowitz, battle of,284
Invalides, Hotel des,356
Malta, 95, 154
Italy,Viceroy of, see Beauharnais, Mamelukes, 96, 103
Eugene Mantua, 64, 75
Italy,58, 89, 128, 167,22s Marbceuf, Count, 4, 6
Marengo, battle of, 133
Jacobins,32
Marie-Antoinette,18
Jaffa,100, 103
Marie-Louise,77, 213, 254, 264, 314
Jena, battle of,200
M^rmont, 80, 172, 270, 316-18
John, Crown Prince of Portugal,226 Marshals,159-160,266
John, Archduke, 237, 244
Massena, iii, 127, 174, 178,218, 241,
Joubert,72, 112
243, 246,269
Jourdan, 36
Melas, 127-137
Junot,79, 227, 2^1 Metternich, Comtesse, 256
Mettemich, Prince,235, 294
Kleber,37, 102, 104
Milan, 63, 78, 81, 83
Krasnoi,battle of,285
Mondovi, battle of,62
Kray, 128
Montenotte, battle of, 61
Kutusov, 181, 184, 280-84
Montholon, 27, 344, 347
La Fere, regimentof,12 Mont-Saint- Jean, 334
Lannes, 102, 132, 173, 199, 243-4 Moore, Sir John, 233
[385]
INDEX
fourth visit to Corsica, 25; visit Paris, 87; reception there, 88;
to Paris,26; appointedcaptain,26; attends ball given by Talleyrand,
fifthvisit to Corsica,27; takes part 89; presents Treaty of Campo
in Maddalena expedition,28; fi-
nally Formio to Directors,92; appointed
leaves Corsica with family,29; to command of Army of England,
his personalappearance, 30; tioned
sta- 92; plansEgyptian expedition, 93;
at Nice, 32; writes "Le sails from Toulon, 93; captures
Souper de Beaucaire,"32; in com-
mand Malta, 95; escapes English fleet,
of artilleryat Toulon, 32; 95; captures Alexandria,95;
greatly distinguisheshimself, 33; marches on Cairo, 96; battle of
appointed general of brigade,34; the Pyramids, 96; destruction of
estimate of his character,34; pointed
ap- his fleet,98; versatility of his
Inspector of Coasts at genius,98; advances into Pales-
tine,
Nice, 3S; under arrest, 35; pointed
ap- 100; captures Jaffa, 100;
to command of artillery siege of Acre, 101-103; battle of
for Corsican expedition, 35; ordered Mont-Tabor, 102; abandons siege
to Paris,36; relations with Barras, of Acre, 103; returns to Cairo, 103;
C386]
INDEX
[387]
INDEX
opinionof the marshals, 266; the France, 324; reasons for his act,
Old Guard, 267; popularity with his 324; lands near Cannes, 325; the
soldiers,268; the drain of the 326; reachesParis,
defileof Laffray,
SpanishWar, 269; preparations for 327; appoints new ministry,328;
Russian campaign, 270; reasons for outlawed by the Allies,328; pre-
pares
the break with the Czar, 271; effects for new campaign, 330;
of the Continental System, 272; leaves for thefront,330; plan of
of the army,
organization 273; visit operations,331-2; defeats Prus-
sians
to Dresden, 274; crosses the Nie- at Ligny, 332-3; battle of
C 390 ]