Coordinacin del Aislamiento en UHV - AC

Una introduccin a los conceptos

Juan Bautista Profesor Principal

Bibliografa
Standard insulation levels for UHV (IEC 60071-1 Ed.8)
 Standard rated switching impulse withstand voltage and
minimum phase-to-phase clearance for UHV
(IEC 60071-1 Ed.8.1)
Standard voltage for UHV (IEC 60038)
UHV insulation coordination concept
Flow chart for the determination of rated or standard
insulation level in IEC60071-1

NOTE In brackets the subclauses reporting the definition of the term or

the description of the action
OVERVOLTAGES SPECIFIC TO UHV AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Representative maxima of amplitude of overvoltages Um (pu) Table siguiente
Classes and shapes of overvoltages, Standard voltage shapes and Standard
withstand
 Classes and shapes of overvoltages, Standard voltage
shapes and Standard withstand voltage tests (IEC 60071)
 TEMPORARY OVERVOLTAGES (TOV)

TOV includes healthy phase overvoltages due to transmission line

ground faults and load rejections. In the case of
sudden load rejection on a heavily loaded, long line, such as a UHV
system, the overvoltage is about 1.3 - 1.5 p.u.
This TOV is required not only to cover the peak voltage in the system,
but also to cover the overvoltage generated
during their operation. Therefore power frequency withstand test was
verified in both long time range and short
time range, because the voltage stress is different from both range as
described in Chapter 8.4.
SLOW-FRONT OVERVOLTAGES (SWITCHING OVERVOLTAGES)
Relation between air insulation and switching impulse withstand
voltages
 Size reduction of 1100kV tower
Size reduction of 1100kV tower
 FAST-FRONT OVERVOLTAGES (LIGHTNING
OVERVOLTAGES)

Lightning strokes terminating on UHV transmission lines

can generate overvoltages of several MV depending on
the front-steepness of the overvoltage and the height of
the tower. Shielding failures as well as back-flashovers
have to be taken into account.
Lightning overvoltage is the predominant factor for
substation equipment design. Therefore, lightning
overvoltages in the UHV substation are highly suppressed
for size reduction within a rational level by installing
several higher performance surge arresters at adequate
locations.
 VERY FAST TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES (VFTO)

The GIS disconnector, when switching a charging current,

repeats restriking and generates VFTO, which can reach
up to approximately 3.0 p.u. At a UHV substation,
lightning overvoltages are effectively suppressed by
higher performance surge arresters. Disconnector
switching overvoltages are likely to exceed the lightning
overvoltage if no measures are taken to limit them.
Therefore, the resistors can be a suppression measure for
the VFTO.
 SELECTION OF INSULATION LEVEL

Insulation coordination of substations and transmission lines can be

achieved to set a reasonable insulation level voltage without
sacrificing supply reliability by installing higher performance surge
arresters on specific locations in substations, adopting resistor-fitted
switching schemes of disconnectors and circuit breakers, and
comprehensive simulations and analysis of assumed overvoltage
phenomenon. To select an appropriate insulation level and insulation
requirements for equipment, it is necessary to evaluate technical data
of equipment and set reasonable design margins to secure supply
reliability while satisfying each projects design constraints, such as
substation type: open-air/Hybrid-IS/GIS type. Figure 2.1.6 shows
substation designs and corresponding insulation levels (LIWV and
SIWV) of Chinese and Japanese projects.
 Substation designs
and corresponding
insulation levels
(LIWV and SIWV) of
China and Japanese
projects (TR:
Transformer, SW:
Switching equipment
in above captions)
LIWV = Lithning Impulse withstand
voltage
SIWV = Switching overvoltage
withstand voltage
 Reduction of insulation levels using overvoltage
suppression measures

The higher performance surge arresters,

high voltage shunt reactors, resistor-fitted
switching schemes of disconnectors and
circuit breakers have been utilized to
suppress the overvoltages peculiar to UHV
systems, and to reduce insulation design
level of each project.
 OVERVOLTAGE SUPPRESSION WITH HIGHER PERFORMANCE SURGE ARRESTERS

La Tabla adjunta muestra los LIWVs and protective

performance of arresters in recent projects. Although
each project adopts different insulation levels due to
differences in location of arresters and substation types,
all projects succeeded in reducing insulation voltage level
ranges: 1950 kV-2250 kV for transformers and 2250 kV-
2400 kV for switchgears.

Protective performance of surge arresters in substation projects

RESISTOR-FITTED CIRCUIT BREAKERS
To suppress the switching overvoltage, pre-insertion resistor is
employed for UHV circuit breakers. Chinese and Indian UHV projects
introduce resistor-closing technique, while Japanese project
introduces resistor-closing / opening technique. Both techniques
suppress switching overvoltages of transmission lines to below 1.7
p.u. The resistance of this switching scheme is usually between 500-
700 depending on the size of UHV system and its characteristics.
Table 2.2.2 shows the insulation coordination of several UHV
projects: (a) Closing overvoltage in Indian project and, (b) Opening
overvoltage in Japanese project Figure 2.2.4 shows the study
example of the relation between switching resistance and overvoltage
suppression effects in Indian and Japanese project, and Figure 2.2.5
is an example of GCB with pre-insertion resistors.
Example of relation between resistance and overvoltage
Suppression methods and insulation designs of international projects
 THE DAMPING EFFECT OF THE RESISTOR-FITTED DISCONNECTORS EMPLOYED
IN GIS AGAINST THE SWITCHING OVERVOLTAGES

In gas insulated substations, the resistor-fitted disconnectors are commonly

utilized to suppress switching overvoltages. Examples of applications of
resistor-fitted disconnectors are shown in the Table 2.2.3 below. The GIS
system with fast-operating disconnectors can suppress the disconnectors
overvoltage levels from 2.8 p.u. without the resistors to less than 1.3 p.u.
with pre-insertion resistors.

Application of pre-insertion resistor in international projects

MUCHAS GRACIAS
Presentacin base