From Cells to Organisms

Learning Objectives
You will learn
the cell is a basic unit of living things
the different parts of animal and plant cells
the functions of the different parts of a cell
differences between animal cells and plant cells
the organisation of multi-cellular organisms into
cells, tissues, organs and systems
about the division of labour in living organisms
Cell model (Biology Performance task)
to review cell basics with chapter worksheet
 What is a Cell?
Definition:
Cells are tiny room-like structures that all living
things are made of. They are the basic units of
living things.

All cells are made of

matter, which are made up
of the elements carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen.
Microscopes
A microscope is used for seeing cells.
cell
microscope

tissue
 Unicellular and Multi-cellular Organisms
Unicellular cells are living things that are made up of only
one cell.

paramecium
euglena
amoeba

Multi-cellular organisms are living things that are made

up of many cells.
Examples of Unicellular Organisms

Amoeba
Locomotion
Examples of Unicellular Organisms

A. proteus ingesting immovable ciliates

Organisms have many different kinds of cells
which exist in various shapes and sizes. However,
all cells share some common features.

human cheek cells

 Animal Cells
cell membrane cytoplasm
thin layer around
the cell, allowing jelly-like substance
shape of cell to that fills the cell
change contains water and
partially permeable many other substances
involves chemical
reactions
vacuoles

small spaces nucleus

containing air, controls cell
liquid or food activities
particles contains
numerous in chromosomes
animals
Plant Cell
Plant cells have some additional
specialized structures.
Many animals have skeletons to
give their body structure and
support.
Plants do not have a skeleton for
support and yet plants don't just
flop over in a big spongy mess.
This is because of a unique
cellular structure called the cell
wall.
cell wall
thick layer around chloroplasts
the cell small disc-like cell membrane
made up of tough structures found in thin layer around
substance (cellulose) the cells of green the cell, allowing
supports the cell and plants shape of cell to
gives it a regular contain chlorophyll change
shape partially
vacuole permeable
single large
space containing
liquid (cell sap)
cell sap contains cytoplasm
water and jelly-like substance
dissolved that fills the cell
substances (eg. nucleus contains water and
sugar and salt) controls cell activities many other
cell sap keeps contains chromosomes substances
the cell firm by involves chemical
taking in water reactions
 What are Chromosomes?
They are the thread-like objects found in the
nucleus in each cell.
They carry information which controls:
how the cell works
what the organism will look like

Note you do not have to know details of chromosomes at

Sec 1 level. But go ahead and read up.
 Chromosomes, Genes and Heredity
Different organisms contain different numbers of
chromosomes in their cells.

In a human cell there are 46 (or 23 pairs) of

chromosomes.
nucleus

genes on a
chromosomes chromosome

each chromosome is made up of many genes; each

gene contains instructions for a different feature
of an organism
 Animal Cell Plant Cell
cell wall? No Yes
cell
Yes Yes
membrane?
a nucleus? Yes Yes
Yes (it fills the Yes (thinner duo
cytoplasm? entire cell) vacuole)
Yes Yes (one, or a
vacuoles? (many, but small) few, and large)

chloroplasts? Yes, only in green

No plants

Shape? Can change doesnt change

 Red Blood Cells *
Structure of a red blood cell
(Compare with an animal cell):
1) Absence of a nucleus

Structure of a red blood cell

(Compare with a plant cell):
1) Absence of chloroplasts
2) Absence of cell wall
Coursing through the capillaries you find
blood plasma transporting nutrients to the
tissue and removing waste.
3) Presence of many small
Red blood cells slip by single file releasing vacuoles (Plant cell has
their load of oxygen and picking up carbon
dioxide for return to the lungs. large vacuole in its centre)
 Brain Cells/Nerves *

Microscopic View
of Brain cells

Electrically active neurons

From Cells to Organisms

Different types of cells in a multi-cellular

organism come in different shapes and sizes.

Each type of cells does a particular job.

fat cells guard cells

store fat allow gases in and
out of leaves
nerve cells
carry messages
From Cells to Tissues
Cells of the same type work together to do the same
job to make up a tissue.
Animal tissues

muscle tissue nerve tissue

found in the limbs and in found in the brain and spinal
the walls of some organs cord
contracts and causes body carries messages from one
movements part of the body to another
From Cells to Tissues
Cells of the same type work together to do the
same job to make up a tissue.
Animal tissues

epithelial tissue
found on the surface skin, on
connective tissue
the outer covering of tubes
includes bone, fat and and lines the spaces inside a
cartilage body
used to join parts of an protects structures
organism underneath the surface
 From Cells to Tissues
epidermal tissue
found on
Plant tissues surfaces of
different
parts of a
plant
vascular protects
tissue plants against
found in all injury and
parts of a drying up
plant
carries food
and water
to various supporting
parts of the tissue
plant found mainly in the stems of plants
supports and strengthens the plant
From Tissues to Organs
Different tissues working together to do a particular job
make up an organ.

Animal organs stomach

heart
consists of epithelial
consists of muscle
tissue + muscle tissue
tissue + blood tissue
+ connective tissue
+ connective tissue
digests (breaks down)
pumps blood around
some foods
the body

brain
consists of nerve
tissue + connective
tissue
controls the various
parts of the body
From Tissues to Organs
Plant organs

roots leaves flowers

From Organs to System
Different organs working together to do a particular
job make up a system. Each system has one main
function.
Animal systems
Different systems make up the whole organism.
Systems include:
respiratory system
circulatory system
nervous system
digestive system
excretory system
skeletal system
reproductive system
From Organs to System
Plant systems
stem

xylem

phloem

root
 Division of Labour

Unicellular organism
one cell carry out all the jobs of the organism

Multi-cellular organism
different cells have special features to carry out
particular jobs
examples include respiratory, digestive and
reproduction systems

Different organs and systems also perform different

jobs. However, they work with one another to ensure
that the whole organism functions effectively.
 MHoc..ondrio\
pi\Sill'r..--- - Pttor pl'le"k$101..,.,.
o-... rftPt
""" 1M.rN'IM\"\lliNo!to>'M
N Mt'l.ttcrH,..n
\Jb,Uf'(nca 'h'Oollf\'-rWnul
loodllfb\l ntU tfttclafdtOI JI
.........-m --11)
....-.A .. .._ ...

UoU ....t.. .....-

""- ........,.,_.-..........-............C>
Clt"Wpr W..--.

t ll
....
. ., -tJ IM d
.. .... " "" "' --... -
-...
, ..ru r ;.. . ,.
_.. T .. 'l-"
lf'lllto'IUCIII.u-
.
.........,
e """"""'<I''UUC!l
<y .......(toKI'Iffldopl.lw-.crC'IK...un iSflt)
,.,T'It"' 1.,, ,.a,.un: _,.,...,''''ltd
..t,.,,.dl.. 1M.IO :on'flf'I'Uti.Hmfrwf..,boll-
,,.,.r..,.otWu,.u ll: 11'1nDfOC.l'St '
cl..,.. ,.,,
.,t.: Xft

.._ _,.......u,_........ 0
........._, ,...,.,..,..,,. . .
J-

.,.......
. ..,,.._ . ..,_

............
, ... ........,....
_-
Bio Performance task: Cell model

Four person per group.

Read the hardcopy for
instructions and follow
it correctly.
Write down deadline as
given (also key into
your handphone)
 Rough Nuclear pore
endoplasmic
reticulum Nucleolus Nucleus

Ribosome

Golgi apparatus

Centriole

Lysosome

Smooth Cytoplasm
endoplasmic
reticulum

Mitochondrion Ce11 membrane

Euka.ryotic Animal Cells

cell (biology),'' MicrosofEncar ta Encyclopedia 99.
1 993-1998 icrosoft CorfX)rati onAll rights reserved
 Chromatin Rough endoplasmic
NUCLEUS Nucleolus reticulum Smooth
{
Nuclear envelope endoplasmic
reticulum

'iil&.'-7t--Central vacuole
Golgi apparatus Tonoplast

Intermediate
filaments CYTOSKELETON
Microtubules

Peroxisome
Plasma membrane /

Cell wall / J
Not in plant cells:
Lysosomes
Wall of adjacent cell Centrioles
: Flagella (in some plant sperm)
Copyrtght @ Pearson Education, Inc ,publishing as Bentamin Cummmgs
 centrosome nuclear membrane
chromatin granules
nucleolus
\"'""'
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
,_...:,+.;=

smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
I .:_,..;.;. ,..--..:-,-:--1-1-

-r..: CH permanent
vacuole

--G:..:;-:.4:--::..:..j..j'+----tonoplast
rough ----A-:..;..... (membrane)
endoplasmic
reticulum
(RER)

food Yacuoel Yesicles Golgi Yesicle cellulose

apparatus cell wall

animal cell plant cell

Comparison of plant an animal cells Plant
Animal
Tough, slightly elastic cell wall
(Pits present in cell wall)
Chloroplasts present
Mature cells have one large
central vacuole filled with cell sap
Nucleus at edge of cell
Lysosomes absent
Centrioles, cilia and flagella
absent in higher plants
Starch grains for food storage
Few secretions produced
Only some cells are capable
of cell division
No cell wall
Chloroplasts are absent
contractile vacuoles may be present;
scattered within the cell
Nucleus is usually located in the centre
Lysosomes present
(small vesicles with enzymes)
Centrioles , cilia and flagella are present
Glycogen granules for food storage
Different types of secretions produced
Almost all cells are capable of cell division
Do use the websites in pre-learning list to revise
Parts of a Microscope (self review)
Eyepiece Lens: the lens at the top that
you look through. They are usually 10X
or 15X power.

Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the

objective lenses

Arm: Supports the tube and connects it

to the base

Base: The bottom of the microscope,

used for support

Light source: A steady light source

(110 volts) used in place of a mirror.

Stage: The flat platform where you

place your slides. Stage clips hold the
slides in place.
 Eyepiece
Body Tube lens

Nosepiece
Arm
Objectives

Stage
Stage Clips
Coarse
Diaphragm Adjustment
Fine Adjustment
Light

Base
Always carry a microscope with
one hand holding the arm and
one hand under the base.
How to calculate magnification?
To calculate the power of magnification, multiply the power of
the eyepiece lens by the power of the objective lens.

Objective Lenses: Usually you

will find 3 or 4 objective lenses
on a microscope. They almost
always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X
powers.

When coupled with a 10X (most

common) eyepiece lens, we get
total magnifications of 40X (4X
times 10X), 100X and 400X.
Comparing Powers of Magnification
We can see better details with higher the
powers of magnification, but we cannot
see as much of the image.

Which of these images

would be viewed at a
higher power of
magnification?
 Revision of what we did...
1 Turn on the microscope and then rotate the nosepiece to click
the red-banded (4X) objective into place.
2 Place a slide on the stage and secure it using the stage clips.
Use the coarse adjustment knob (large knob) to get it the image
into view and then use the fine adjustment knob (small knob) to
make it clearer.
3 Once you have the image in view, rotate the nosepiece to view
it under different powers (10X and 40X). Draw what you see on
as observations!
4 When you are done, turn off the microscope and put up the
slides you used.
How to make a wet-mount slide
1 Get a clean slide and coverslip.
2 Place ONE drop of water in the middle of the slide. Dont
use too much or the water will run off the edge and make a
mess!
3 Place the edge of the cover slip on one side of the water drop.
4 - Slowly lower the cover slip on top of the drop.
Cover Lower slowly
Slip

5 Place the slide on the stage and view it first with the red-
banded objective (4X). Once you see the image, you can rotate
the nosepiece to view the slide with the different objectives.
You do not need to use the stage clips
when viewing wet-mount slides!