Torsional Teleparallel and F T Gravity and Cosmology

Torsional, Teleparallel and
f(T) Gravity
and Cosmology
Emmanuel N. Saridakis
Physics Department, National and Technical University of Athens, Greece
Physics Department, Baylor University, Texas, USA
E.N.Saridakis VIA web lecture, Feb 2014

Goal
n We investigate cosmological
scenarios in a universe governed by
torsional modified gravity
n Note:
A consistent or interesting cosmology
is not a proof for the consistency of
the underlying gravitational theory
2
Talk Plan
n 1) Introduction: Gravity as a gauge theory, modified Gravity
n 2) Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity and f(T) modification
n 3) Perturbations and growth evolution
n 4) Bounce in f(T) cosmology
n 5) Non-minimal scalar-torsion theory
n 6) Black-hole solutions
n 7) Solar system and growth-index constraints
n 8) Conclusions-Prospects
3
Introduction
n Einstein 1916: General Relativity:

energy-momentum source of spacetime Curvature
Levi-Civita connection: Zero Torsion
n Einstein 1928: Teleparallel Equivalent of GR:

Weitzenbock connection: Zero Curvature
n Einstein-Cartan theory: energy-momentum

source of Curvature, spin source of Torsion
[Hehl, Von Der Heyde, Kerlick, Nester Rev.Mod.Phys.48]
4
Introduction
n Gauge Principle: global symmetries replaced by

local ones:
The group generators give rise to the compensating
fields
It works perfect for the standard model of strong,
weak and E/M interactions
SU (3) SU (2 ) U (1)
n Can we apply this to gravity?
5
Introduction
n Formulating the gauge theory of gravity

(mainly after 1960):
Start from Special Relativity
n
Apply (Weyl-Yang-Mills) gauge principle to its Poincar-

group symmetries
Get Poinar gauge theory:
Both curvature and torsion appear as field strengths
n Torsion is the field strength of the translational group

(Teleparallel and Einstein-Cartan theories are subcases of Poincar theory)
[Blagojevic, Hehl, Imperial College Press, 2013]
6
Introduction
n One could extend the gravity gauge group (SUSY,

conformal, scale, metric affine transformations)
obtaining SUGRA, conformal, Weyl, metric affine
gauge theories of gravity
n In all of them torsion is always related to the gauge

structure.
n Thus, a possible way towards gravity quantization
would need to bring torsion into gravity description.
7
Introduction
n 1998: Universe acceleration
Thousands of work in Modified Gravity
(f(R), Gauss-Bonnet, Lovelock, nonminimal scalar coupling,
nonminimal derivative coupling, Galileons, Hordenski, massive etc)
[Copeland, Sami, Tsujikawa Int.J.Mod.Phys.D15], [Nojiri, Odintsov Int.J.Geom.Meth.Mod.Phys. 4]
n Almost all in the curvature-based formulation of gravity
8
Introduction
n 1998: Universe acceleration
Thousands of work in Modified Gravity
(f(R), Gauss-Bonnet, Lovelock, nonminimal scalar coupling,
nonminimal derivative coupling, Galileons, Hordenski, massive etc)
[Copeland, Sami, Tsujikawa Int.J.Mod.Phys.D15], [Nojiri, Odintsov Int.J.Geom.Meth.Mod.Phys. 4]
n Almost all in the curvature-based formulation of gravity
n So question: Can we modify gravity starting from its

torsion-based formulation?
torsion gauge ? quantization
modification full theory ? quantization
9
Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity (TEGR)
n Lets start from the simplest tosion-based gravity formulation,
namely TEGR:
n Vierbeins eA : four linearly independent fields in the tangent space
g ( x ) = AB eA ( x ) eB ( x )
n Use curvature-less Weitzenbck connection instead of torsion-less
{W } A
Levi-Civita one: = eA e

n Torsion tensor:
T = {W }
{W }
= eA ( eA eA ) [Einstein 1928], [Pereira: Introduction to TG]
10
Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity (TEGR)
n Lets start from the simplest tosion-based gravity formulation,
namely TEGR:
n Vierbeins eA : four linearly independent fields in the tangent space
g ( x ) = AB eA ( x ) eB ( x )
n Use curvature-less Weitzenbck connection instead of torsion-less
{W } A
Levi-Civita one: = eA e

n Torsion tensor:
T = {W }
{W }
= eA ( eA eA )
n Lagrangian (imposing coordinate, Lorentz, parity invariance, and up to 2nd order
in torsion tensor)
1 1 n Completely equivalent with
L T = T T + T T

GR at the level of equations
4 2
[Einstein 1928], [Hayaski,Shirafuji PRD 19], [Pereira: Introduction to TG]
11
f(T) Gravity and f(T) Cosmology
n f(T) Gravity: Simplest torsion-based modified gravity
n Generalize T to f(T) (inspired by f(R))
1 4
S= d x e [T + f (T )] + Sm [Bengochea, Ferraro PRD 79], [Linder PRD 82]
16G
n Equations of motion:
1
e 1 (ee A S )(1 + fT ) eAT S + eA S (T ) fTT

eA [T + f (T )] = 4GeA {}
4
12
f(T) Gravity and f(T) Cosmology
n f(T) Gravity: Simplest torsion-based modified gravity
n Generalize T to f(T) (inspired by f(R))
1 4
S= d x e [T + f (T )] + Sm [Bengochea, Ferraro PRD 79], [Linder PRD 82]
16G
n Equations of motion:
1
e 1 (ee A S )(1 + fT ) eAT S + eA S (T ) fTT

eA [T + f (T )] = 4GeA {}
4
n f(T) Cosmology: Apply in FRW geometry:

eA = diag (1, a, a, a ) ds 2 = dt 2 a 2 (t )ij dx i dx j (not unique choice)
n Friedmann equations:
8G f (T ) Find easily
H2 = m 2 fT H 2 n
3 6
T = 6H 2
! = 4G ( m + pm )
H
1 + f T 12 H 2 f TT 13
f(T) Cosmology: Background
n Effective Dark Energy sector:
3 f T
DE =
6 + f T
8G 3
[Linder PRD 82]
f Tf T + 2T 2 f TT
wDE =
[1 + f T + 2Tf TT ][ f 2Tf T]
n Interesting cosmological behavior: Acceleration, Inflation etc

n At the background level indistinguishable from other dynamical DE models
14
f(T) Cosmology: Perturbations
n Can I find imprints of f(T) gravity? Yes, but need to go to perturbation level
e0 = 0 (1 + ) , e = (1 ) ds 2 = (1 + 2 )dt 2 a 2 (1 2 ) ijdx i dx j
n Obtain Perturbation Equations:

L. H .S = R. H .S
! [Chen, Dent, Dutta, Saridakis PRD 83],
[Dent, Dutta, Saridakis JCAP 1101]
L. H .S = R. H .S
m
n Focus on growth of matter overdensity
m go to Fourier modes:
3H (1 + fT 12 H 2 fTT )!k + (3H 2 + k 2 / a 2 )(1 + fT ) 36 H 4 fTT k + 4Gm k = 0

[ ]
[Chen, Dent, Dutta, Saridakis PRD 83]
15
n Application: Distinguish f(T) from quintessence
n 1) Reconstruct f(T) to coincide with a given quintessence scenario:
Q
f ( H ) = 16GH dH + CH with Q = ! / 2 + V ( ) and = / 6
2
2
H
16
n Application: Distinguish f(T) from quintessence

n 2) Examine evolution of matter overdensity m
m
17
Bounce and Cyclic behavior
n Contracting (H < 0), bounce ( H = 0 ), expanding ( H > 0 )

near and at the bounce H! > 0
n Expanding ( H > 0 ), turnaround ( H = 0 ), contracting H < 0

near and at the turnaround H! < 0
18
Bounce and Cyclic behavior in f(T) cosmology
n Contracting (H < 0), bounce ( H = 0 ), expanding ( H > 0 )

near and at the bounce H! > 0
n Expanding ( H > 0 ), turnaround ( H = 0 ), contracting H < 0

near and at the turnaround H! < 0
8G f (T )
H2 = m 2 fT H 2
3 6
! = 4G ( m + pm )
H
1 + f T 12 H 2 f TT
n Bounce and cyclicity can be easily obtained

[Cai, Chen, Dent, Dutta, Saridakis CQG 28]
19
Bounce in f(T) cosmology
1/ 3
3
n Start with a bounching scale factor: a (t ) = aB 1 + t 2
2

4 2 4 T 3 + 4
t (T ) = +
3T 3
3T 2

4t mB 6tM p 2
2
3s
f (t ) = + + 6 mB ArcTan t
( 2 + 3t 2 ) M p2 t 2 + 3t 2 2
20
Bounce in f(T) cosmology
1/ 3
3
n Start with a bounching scale factor: a (t ) = aB 1 + t 2
2

4 2 4 T 3 + 4
t (T ) = +
3T 3
3T 2

4t mB 6tM p 2
2
3s
f (t ) = + + 6 mB ArcTan t
( 2 + 3t 2 ) M p2 t 2 + 3t 2 2
n Examine the full perturbations:

2
!! ! 2 2 k
k + k + k + cs 2 k = 0 with , 2 , c 2 known in terms of H , H! , f , f , f and matter
a s T TT
!! 2 12 HH! fTT !
hij + 3Hh!ij 2 hij h=0
a 1 + fT

n
Primordial power spectrum: P =
288 2 M p2
n Tensor-to-scalar ratio: r 2.8 10 3
[Cai, Chen, Dent, Dutta, Saridakis CQG 28]
21
Non-minimally coupled scalar-torsion theory
n In curvature-based gravity, apart from R + f (R ) one can use R + R ^ 2

n Lets do the same in torsion-based gravity:
T 1
S= d 4
x e +
2 2 2 (
+ T 2
) V ( ) + Lm [Geng, Lee, Saridakis, Wu PLB704]

22
n In curvature-based gravity, apart from R + f (R ) one can use R + R ^ 2

n Lets do the same in torsion-based gravity:
T 1
S= d 4
x e +
2 2 2 (
+ T 2
) V ( ) + Lm [Geng, Lee, Saridakis, Wu PLB704]

n Friedmann equations in FRW universe:

2
H2 = ( m + DE )
3
2
! =
H
2
( m+ p m + DE+ p DE )
! 2
with effective Dark Energy sector: DE = + V ( ) 3H 2 2
2
! 2
pDE = V ( ) + 4H! + (3H 2 + 2 H! ) 2
2
n Different than non-minimal quintessence! [Geng, Lee, Saridakis,Wu PLB 704]
(no conformal transformation in the present case)

23
n Main advantage: Dark Energy may lie in the phantom regime or/and
experience the phantom-divide crossing
n Teleparallel Dark Energy:
[Geng, Lee, Saridakis, Wu PLB 704]
24
Observational constraints on Teleparallel Dark Energy
n Use observational data (SNIa, BAO, CMB) to constrain the

parameters of the theory
n Include matter and standard radiation: M = M 0 / a 3 , r = r 0 / a 4 ,1 + z = 1 / a
n We fit M0 ,DE0 , wDE 0 , for various V ( )
25
Observational constraints on Teleparallel Dark Energy
Exponential potential
Quartic potential
[Geng, Lee, Saridkis JCAP 1201] 26

Phase-space analysis of Teleparallel Dark Energy
n Transform cosmological system to its autonomous form:
! V ( )
x= , y= , z=
6H 3H
m 2 2 2 DE
m 2
= 1 x y + z sgn( ), DE = x 2
+ y 2
z 2
sgn( )
3H 3H 2
wDE = wDE (x, y, z, )

[Xu, Saridakis, Leon, JCAP 1207]
X' = f(X), X '|X = X C = 0

n Linear Perturbations: X = X C + U U ' = QU
n Eigenvalues of Q determine type and stability of C.P
27
Phase-space analysis of Teleparallel Dark Energy
n Apart from usual quintessence points, there exists an extra
stable one for 2 < corresponding to DE = 1, wDE = 1, q = 1
n At the critical points wDE 1

however during the evolution it can
lie in quintessence or phantom
regimes, or experience the phantom-
divide crossing!
[Xu, Saridakis, Leon, JCAP 1207]
28
Exact charged black hole solutions
n Extend f(T) gravity in D-dimensions (focus on D=3, D=4):

1 D
S= d x e[T + f (T ) 2 ]
2
Add E/M sector: 1 with F = dA, A A dx
n LF = F F
2
n Extract field equations: L.H .S = R.H .S
[Gonzalez, Saridakis, Vasquez, JHEP 1207]
[Capozzielo, Gonzalez, Saridakis, Vasquez, JHEP 1302]
29
n Extend f(T) gravity in D-dimensions (focus on D=3, D=4):

1 D
S= d x e[T + f (T ) 2 ]
2
Add E/M sector: 1
LF = F F with F = dA, A A dx

n
2
n Extract field equations: L.H .S = R.H .S
n Look for spherically symmetric solutions:

1
e0 = F ( r )dt , e1 = dr , e2 = rdx1 , , e3 = rdx2 , !
G( r )
D 2
2 21 2 2 2 2
ds = F ( r ) dt dr r dx i
G ( r )2 1
n Radial Electric field: Er =

Q
D 2 F ( r )2 , G( r )2 known
r
[Gonzalez, Saridakis, Vasquez, JHEP 1207], [Capozzielo, Gonzalez, Saridakis, Vasquez, JHEP 1302]
30
n Horizon and singularity analysis:
n 1) Vierbeins, Weitzenbck connection, Torsion invariants:

T(r) known obtain horizons and singularities
n 2) Metric, Levi-Civita connection, Curvature invariants:

R(r) and Kretschmann R R (r) known
obtain horizons and singularities
[Gonzalez, Saridakis, Vasquez, JHEP1207], [Capozzielo, Gonzalez, Saridakis, Vasquez, JHEP 1302]
31
[Capozzielo, Gonzalez, Saridakis, Vasquez, JHEP 1302]

32
n More singularities in the curvature analysis than in torsion analysis!

(some are naked)
n The differences disappear in the f(T)=0 case, or in the uncharged case.
n Should we go to quartic torsion invariants?
n f(T) brings novel features.
n E/M in torsion formulation was known to be nontrivial (E/M in Einstein-

Cartan and Poinar theories)
33
Solar System constraints on f(T) gravity
n Apply the black hole solutions in Solar System:

n Assume corrections to TEGR of the form f (T ) = T 2 + O(T 3 )
2GM 2 6 4GM
F ( r )2 = 1 r + 6
c2r 3 r2 c 2 r
2GM 2 8 24 2GM 8
G( r )2 = 1 r + 3 2 2 2
r 8 2
c2r 3 r2 c2r r
34
Solar System constraints on f(T) gravity
n Apply the black hole solutions in Solar System:

n Assume corrections to TEGR of the form f (T ) = T 2 + O(T 3 )
2GM 2 6 4GM
F ( r )2 = 1 r + 6
c2r 3 r2 c 2 r
2GM 2 8 24 2GM 8
G( r )2 = 1 r + 3 2 2 2
r 8 2
c2r 3 r2 c2r r
n Use data from Solar System orbital motions:
U f (T ) 6.2 1010
[Iorio, Saridakis, Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc 427)
T<<1 so consistent
n f(T) divergence from TEGR is very small

n This was already known from cosmological observation constraints up to
O(10 1 10 2 ) [Wu, Yu, PLB 693], [Bengochea PLB 695]
n With Solar System constraints, much more stringent bound.

35
Growth-index constraints on f(T) gravity
!! ! d ln m
n Perturbations: m + 2 H m = 4Geff m m , clustering growth rate: d ln a
= m ( a )
1
n (z): Growth index. Geff =
1 + f ' (T )
36
Growth-index constraints on f(T) gravity
!! ! d ln m
n Perturbations: m + 2 H m = 4Geff m m , clustering growth rate: d ln a
= m ( a )
1
n (z): Growth index. Geff =
1 + f ' (T )
n Viable f(T) models are practically indistinguishable from CDM.

[Nesseris, Basilakos, Saridakis, Perivolaropoulos, PRD 88] 37
Open issues of f(T) gravity
n f(T) cosmology is very interesting. But f(T) gravity and nonminially

coupled teleparallel gravity has many open issues [Li, Sotiriou, Barrow PRD 83a],
[Geng,Lee,Saridakis,Wu PLB 704]
n For nonlinear f(T), Lorentz invariance is not satisfied

n Equivalently, the vierbein choices corresponding to the same metric are
not equivalent (extra degrees of freedom) [Li,Sotiriou,Barrow PRD 83c], [Li,Miao,Miao JHEP 1107]
38
Open issues of f(T) gravity
n f(T) cosmology is very interesting. But f(T) gravity and nonminially

coupled teleparallel gravity has many open issues [Li, Sotiriou, Barrow PRD 83a],
[Geng,Lee,Saridakis,Wu PLB 704]
n For nonlinear f(T), Lorentz invariance is not satisfied

n Equivalently, the vierbein choices corresponding to the same metric are
not equivalent (extra degrees of freedom) [Li,Miao,Miao JHEP 1107]
n Black holes are found to have different behavior through curvature and
torsion analysis [Capozzielo, Gonzalez, Saridakis, Vasquez JHEP 1302]
n Thermodynamics also raises issues [Bamba, Capozziello, Nojiri, Odintsov ASS 342],
[Miao,Li,Miao JCAP 1111]
n Cosmological, Solar System and Growth Index observations constraint f(T)

very close to linear-in-T form [Iorio, Saridakis, Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc 427)
[Nesseris, Basilakos, Saridakis, Perivolaropoulos, PRD 88]
39
Gravity modification in terms of torsion?
n So can we modify gravity starting from its torsion formulation?
n The simplest, a bit nave approach, through f(T) gravity is interesting, but
has open issues
n Additionally, f(T) gravity is not in correspondence with f(R)
n Even if we find a way to modify gravity in terms of torsion, will it be still in

1-1 correspondence with curvature-based modification?
n What about higher-order corrections, but using torsion invariants (similar

to Gauss Bonnet, Lovelock, Hordenski modifications)?
n Can we modify gauge theories of gravity themselves? E.g. can we modify

Poincar gauge theory?
40
Conclusions
n i) Torsion appears in all approaches to gauge gravity, i.e to the first step
of quantization.
n ii) Can we modify gravity based in its torsion formulation?
n iii) Simplest choice: f(T) gravity, i.e extension of TEGR
n iv) f(T) cosmology: Interesting phenomenology. Signatures in growth
structure.
n v) We can obtain bouncing solutions
n vi) Non-minimal coupled scalar-torsion theory T + T 2 : Quintessence,
phantom or crossing behavior.
n vii) Exact black hole solutions. Curvature vs torsion analysis.
n viii) Solar system constraints: f(T) divergence from T less than 10 10
n ix) Growth Index constraints: Viable f(T) models are practically
indistinguishable from CDM.
n x) Many open issues. Need to search for other torsion-based
modifications too. 41
Outlook
n Many subjects are open. Amongst them:
n i) Examine thermodynamics thoroughly.
n ii) Understand the extra degrees of freedom and the extension to
non-diagonal vierbeins.
n iii) Try to modify TEGR using higher-order torsion invariants.
n iv) Try to modify Poincar gauge theory (extremely hard!)

n v) What to quantize? Metric, vierbeins, or connection?
n vi) Convince people to work on the subject!
42
THANK YOU!
43

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Torsional, Teleparallel and

E.N.Saridakis VIA web lecture, Feb 2014

n 2) Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity and f(T) modification

n 3) Perturbations and growth evolution

n 4) Bounce in f(T) cosmology

n 5) Non-minimal scalar-torsion theory

n 7) Solar system and growth-index constraints

n Einstein 1916: General Relativity:

n Einstein 1928: Teleparallel Equivalent of GR:

n Einstein-Cartan theory: energy-momentum

n Gauge Principle: global symmetries replaced by

n Formulating the gauge theory of gravity

Apply (Weyl-Yang-Mills) gauge principle to its Poincar-

n Torsion is the field strength of the translational group

n One could extend the gravity gauge group (SUSY,

n In all of them torsion is always related to the gauge

n Almost all in the curvature-based formulation of gravity

n Almost all in the curvature-based formulation of gravity

n So question: Can we modify gravity starting from its

n f(T) Cosmology: Apply in FRW geometry:

n Interesting cosmological behavior: Acceleration, Inflation etc

n Obtain Perturbation Equations:

3H (1 + fT 12 H 2 fTT )!k + (3H 2 + k 2 / a 2 )(1 + fT ) 36 H 4 fTT k + 4Gm k = 0

n Contracting (H < 0), bounce ( H = 0 ), expanding ( H > 0 )

n Expanding ( H > 0 ), turnaround ( H = 0 ), contracting H < 0

n Contracting (H < 0), bounce ( H = 0 ), expanding ( H > 0 )

n Expanding ( H > 0 ), turnaround ( H = 0 ), contracting H < 0

n Bounce and cyclicity can be easily obtained

n Examine the full perturbations:

n In curvature-based gravity, apart from R + f (R ) one can use R + R ^ 2

n In curvature-based gravity, apart from R + f (R ) one can use R + R ^ 2

n Friedmann equations in FRW universe:

(no conformal transformation in the present case)

[Geng, Lee, Saridakis, Wu PLB 704]

n Use observational data (SNIa, BAO, CMB) to constrain the

[Geng, Lee, Saridkis JCAP 1201] 26

wDE = wDE (x, y, z, )

X' = f(X), X '|X = X C = 0

n At the critical points wDE 1

[Xu, Saridakis, Leon, JCAP 1207]

n Extend f(T) gravity in D-dimensions (focus on D=3, D=4):

n Extend f(T) gravity in D-dimensions (focus on D=3, D=4):

n Look for spherically symmetric solutions:

n Radial Electric field: Er =

n Horizon and singularity analysis:

n 1) Vierbeins, Weitzenbck connection, Torsion invariants:

n 2) Metric, Levi-Civita connection, Curvature invariants:

[Capozzielo, Gonzalez, Saridakis, Vasquez, JHEP 1302]

n More singularities in the curvature analysis than in torsion analysis!

n Should we go to quartic torsion invariants?

n f(T) brings novel features.

n E/M in torsion formulation was known to be nontrivial (E/M in Einstein-

n Apply the black hole solutions in Solar System:

n Apply the black hole solutions in Solar System:

n f(T) divergence from TEGR is very small

n With Solar System constraints, much more stringent bound.

n Viable f(T) models are practically indistinguishable from CDM.

n f(T) cosmology is very interesting. But f(T) gravity and nonminially

n For nonlinear f(T), Lorentz invariance is not satisfied

n f(T) cosmology is very interesting. But f(T) gravity and nonminially

n For nonlinear f(T), Lorentz invariance is not satisfied

n Cosmological, Solar System and Growth Index observations constraint f(T)

n So can we modify gravity starting from its torsion formulation?