Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which nutrients are either

not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems.[3][1] It may
involve calories, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins or minerals.[1] Not enough nutrients is
called undernutrition or undernourishment while too much is
called overnutrition.[2] Malnutrition is often used to specifically refer to undernutrition
where an individual is not getting enough calories, protein, or micronutrients.[2][12] If
undernutrition occurs during pregnancy, or before two years of age, it may result in
permanent problems with physical and mental development. [1] Extreme
undernourishment, known as starvation, may have symptoms that include: a short
height, thin body, very poor energy levels, and swollen legs and abdomen.[1][2] People
also often get infections and are frequently cold. The symptoms of micronutrient
deficiencies depend on the micronutrient that is lacking.[2]Undernourishment is most
often due to not enough high-quality food being available to eat.[5] This is often related to
high food prices and poverty.[1][5] A lack of breastfeeding may contribute, as may a
number of infectious diseases such as: gastroenteritis, pneumonia, malaria,
and measles, which increase nutrient requirements.[5] There are two main types of
undernutrition: protein-energy malnutrition and dietary deficiencies.[12] Protein-energy
malnutrition has two severe forms: marasmus (a lack of protein and calories)
and kwashiorkor (a lack of just protein).[2] Common micronutrient deficiencies include: a
lack of iron, iodine, and vitamin A.[2] During pregnancy, due to the body's increased
need, deficiencies may become more common.[13] In some developing countries,
overnutrition in the form of obesity is beginning to present within the same communities
as undernutrition.[14] Other causes of malnutrition include anorexia nervosa and bariatric
surgery.[15][16]
Obesity is one of the most pervasive, chronic diseases in need of new strategies for
medical treatment and prevention. As a leading cause of United States mortality,
morbidity, disability, healthcare utilization and healthcare costs, the high prevalence
of obesity continues to strain the United States healthcare system.

Obesity is defined as excess adipose tissue. There are several different methods for
determining excess adipose (fat) tissue; the most common being the Body Mass Index
(BMI) (see below). A fat cell is an endocrine cell and adipose tissue is an endocrine
organ. As such, adipose tissue secretes a number of products, including metabolites,
cytokines, lipids, and coagulation factors among others. Significantly, excess
adiposity or obesity causes increased levels of circulating fatty acids and
inflammation. This can lead to insulin resistance, which in turn can lead to type 2
diabetes.
The biology of food intake is very complex, involving olfaction (smell), taste, texture,
temperature, cognitive and emotional responses and metabolic/autonomic
information, which signal the brain to initiate or cease eating. Recent scientific studies
have identified several substances that act on the brain to signal a need for an increase
in food intake. Likewise, several substances have been identified that signal the brain
to decrease food intake.
Ang konsensiya ay binubuo ng apat na uri. Ito ay ang mga
1. Tamang konsensiya
2. Maling konsensiya
3. Tiyak na konsensiya at
4. Di-tiyak na konsensiya.

Ang tamang konsensiya ay ang buong kaisipan at mga dahilan na

kinakailangan sa paglapat ng obhektibong pamantayan ay walang
pagkakamaling naisasakatuparan.

Ang maling konsensiya ay ibinabatay sa maling prinsipyo o naisasalin ang

tamang prinsipyo sa maling paraan.

Ang tiyak na konsensiya ay walang batayan ang taong husgahan ang

tamang paghuhusga.

At ang di-tiyak na konsensiya ay may dahilan na mangamba ang

nanghuhusga.

KAUGNAYAN NG KONSENSIYA SA LIKAS NA BATAS MORAL

Ang batas na ito ang gumagabay sa ating lahat na may rasyonal at

intelektwal na pag-iisip.Pinaniniwalaang ang likas na batas
moral ay ibinigay sa tao noong siya ay likhain. Kaya sa pagsilang ng
bawat isa sa atin ay mayroon na tayong konsensiya. Ito ay sa
dahilang nakikibahagi siya sa karunungan at kabutihan ng
Manlilikha.Sa pamamagitan ng batas moral, kaya nating maihambing
mabuti at masama. Dahil sa kalayaan, kaya rin nating gumawa ng
mabuti at/o masama.Sa ating malayang kilos-loob
(freewill) nakabatay paggawa ng kabutihan o kasamaan dahil
konektado ito sa ating kamalayan at kalayaan. Hindi nagmumula
ang batas moral sa eskwelahan kaya hindi tama ang argumentong
tanging ang mga nag-aral lamang ay nakakaalam ng kung ano ang
moral sa kamalayan. Sa kabilang banda, sa paaralan pwedeng
hulmahin ang pagiging moral ng isang tao.Nasa katauhan/pagkatao
ng indibiduwal ang konsensiya kayat likas sa atin na mabuti ang
dapat gawin at iwasan ang paggawa ng masasama.