A solution in chemistry is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.

The substance which is dissolved is called a solute.

The substance in which the solute is dissolved is called asolvent.

Main characteristics of a solution

Solution is homogenous
That the solution is a homogenous mixture means that it forms a single phase. You cannot
differentiate one substance from another within the solution. Characteristics of a solution are
identically distributed through it. For an easy example, if you dissolve sugar in water but some
of the sugar is still visibly laying on the bottom of the container (or even floating moved by
movement of water) then this not part of a solution - only the dissolved "invisible" sugar is.

You cannot see a solute inside a solvent, nor can you mechanically take one out of another
(eg. taking dissolved sugar from water is impossible with a sifter or another mechanical
method).
Solution is stable
A solution is stable in given conditions. Eg. in a particular temperature and pressure it does
not require stirring or other methods to remain homogenous.
Solution is in one phase
That the whole solution is on one phase means that the wole of it is either gasous, liqiud or
solid.

Which is the solute and which is the solvent?

Usually it is easy do determine which substance is a solute and which is a solvent.
The solute when dissolved takes on the charachteristics of the of the solvent. A solution is
composed in majority of a solvent (there is more of it then the solute). A sugar dissolved in
water seems to take on it's characteristics and there is more water than sugar in the solution.

True or False. A mixture in which the particles of one substance are evenly mixed
with the partices of another substance is a -solution-.
True
True or False. Club soda is a solution of -hydrogen- disolved in water.
False; carbon dioxide
True or False. Sand -dissolves- in water.
False; does not dissolve
True or False. A saltwater solution is formed when a solid dissolves in a -gas-.
False; liquid
True or False. A solution can be formed when a gas dissolves in a -gas-.
True
True or False. When a substance goes into solution, it -dissolves-.
True
True or False. A solution of alcohol dissolved in water is an example of a liquid
dissolved in a -solid-.
False; liquid
True or False. A solution of water droplets in air is an example of a liquid dissolved
in a -gas-.
True
True or False. Sand mixes -evenly- with water.
False; unevenly
True or False. In a sugar-water solution, particles of sugar are evenly mixed with
-molecules- of water.
True
Salt water. Substance? State of substance mixed.
yes, solid in a ,liquid
Air. Substance? State of substance mixed.
yes, gas in a gas
Balloon filled with hydrogen. Substance? State of substance mixed.
no
Ink on paper Substance? State of substance mixed.
no
Soda water. Substance? State of substance mixed.
yes, gas in a liquid
Water droplets in air. Substance? State of substance mixed.
yes, liquid in a gas
The ______________ in a saltwater solution is salt.
solute
A substance is said to be __________________ if it is able to dissolve.
soluble
In a solution of salt and water, _______________ is the solvent.
water
Granite is ________________ in water.
insoluble
Sugar is __________________ in oil.
insoluble
The part of a solution that dissolves is called the
_____________________________________________ .
solute
The part of a solution in which a solute dissolves is called the _________________ .
solvent
When a substance does not dissolve in another substance, it is said to be
_______________________ .
insoluble
In a sugar-water solution, _________________ is the solute.
sugar
Sand is ______________ in water.
insoluble
Identify the solute and solvent. Salt water
Solute- salt
Solvent- water
Identify the solute and solvent. Sugar Water
Solute- sugar
Solvent- water
Identify the solute and solvent. Club Soda
Solute- Carbon dioxide
Solvent- water
Identify the solute and solvent. Water droplets in air
Solute- Water
Solvent- air
Identify the solute and solvent. Coffee
Solute- Coffee beans
Solvent- Water
The hydrogen end of a water molecule has a ___________________ charge.
positive
The ____________________ of polar water molecules help dissolve different
kinds of substances.
electrical charges
Water is sometimes called the _______________________ .
universal solvent
When a solution forms, the charged_______________ of a water molecule help
spread a solute throughout the water.
ends
A molecule in which one end has a positive charge and the other end has a
negative charge is called a ___________________ .
polar molecule
When a sugar cube is placed in a glass of water, each sugar ______________ is
attracted to a water molecule.
molecule
The oxygen end of a water molecule has a ___________________ charge.
negative
Many kinds of substances dissolve in ____________________ .
water
A sugar crystal gets its ______________ from the force of attraction between the
particles in the crystal.
shape
An example of a polar molecule is ____________________.
water
Define dissolve
go into solution
Define solution
a mixture of two or more substances
What are mixtures composed of?
Solutes and solvents
Solutions can be _____________ separated
physically
Define solute
a substance that can be dissolved in a solvent, to form a solution
Define solvent
a substance into which a substance dissolves to form a solution
Describe dilute
a solution that contains a small mass of solute for a certain quantity of solvent
Describe saturated
a solution in which no more of a solute will dissolve at a particular temperature
Describe Supersaturated
if it contains more dissolved solute than normally possible
Solubility-
the mass of a certain solute that can dissolve in a certain volume or mass of a
solvent, at a certain temperature.
According to the Particle Theory of Matter
all matter is made up of extremely tiny particles, and each pure substance has its
own kind of particle, different from the particles of other pure substances
Homogeneous mixtures
appear as one substance and light will pass through unaffected.
Heterogeneous mixtures
may appear as more than one substance and light will scatter as it passes
through.
Examples of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
Orange juice
Milk
Soft drink
Dissolving
is the mixing of a solute completely with a solvent to form a solution.
Concentrated
a solution that has a large mass of dissolved solute for a certain quantity of
solvent
Concentration
the quantity of solute that is dissolved in a certain quantity of solvent
Dependent variable
The variable that you observe to see if it has been affected by the changes to the
independent variable
Controlled variables
All the factors in an experiment that are kept the same
Hypothesis
A statement about an experiment which includes the independent and dependent
variables
Interpolation
A line on a graph that connects measured points to give a pattern
Extrapolation
A line on a graph that is extended from the measured points and just follows the
pattern without evidence
_________________ and ________________ are two factors that affect the solubility of
various solutions.
Temperature and pressure
Different methods can be used to separate the components of a variety of
mixtures. Examples:
mechanical sorting (flotation, magnetism)
filtration
evaporation
distillation
paper chromatography
Common separation techniques used to separate the components of a variety of
mixtures include:
straining spaghetti in a colander
skimming fat off soup
drying clothes (separating water from fabric)
window screens allowing air in while keeping insects out
making coffee using ground coffee beans
Distillation
Process which includes evaporation and condensation
Simple distillation
a type of separation technique used to recover a single solute and a single solvent
from a solution; the solution is heated
Fractional distillation -
a process that uses the boiling points of substances to separate a complex
mixture into its parts
Examples of mixtures and solutions
The foods we eat and drink are mixtures and solutions.
The clothes we wear are mixtures and solutions.
The electronic gadgets that we use are mixtures and solutions.
The air that surrounds us is composed of mixtures and solutions.
All the manufactured items that we use are mixtures and solutions.
What determines whether or not materials dissolve?
attraction
Forming a solution by mixing two or more materials is called
dissolving
strong solution
concentrated solution
temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid
freezing point
raising the boiling point of a liquid solvent by adding solute
boiling point elevation
able to dissolve
soluble
molecule in which one end has a positive charge and the other end has a negative
charge
polar molecule
solution containing all the solute it can hold at a given temperature
saturated solution
change of a liquid to a gas at the surface of the liquid
evaporation
go into solution
dissolve
substance that is dissolved
solute
temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas
boiling point
the amount of a substance that will dissolve in 100 grams of a solvent at a given
temperature
solubility
process of heating a liquid until it evaporates and then cooling the gas until it
condenses back into a liquid
distillation
not able to dissolve
insoluble
weak solution
dilute solution
solution containing less solute than it can hold at a given temperature
unsaturated solution
lowering the freezing point of a liquid solvent by adding solute
freezing point
depression
mixture in which one substance is evenly mixed with another substance
solution
substance in which a solute dissolves
solvent
solution containing more solute than it can normally hold at that temperature
supersaturated
change of a gas to a liquid
condensation