NUMECA Software Documentation - Tutorial 3 - Pipe To Pipe

7/6/2017 Tutorial 3: Pipe to Pipe
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Tutorial 3: Pipe to Pipe
Content:
Introduction
Introduction
Prerequisites
Presentation
Preparation
Mesh Generation
Define Geometry
Create & Control Blocks
Generate Block Grid
Define Butterfly Topology
Control Mesh Quality
Define Boundary Conditions
Define Full Non Matching Connection
Save Project
Introduction
Introduction
The resolution of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) problems involves three main steps:
spatial discretization of the flow equations,
flow computation,
visualization of the results.
To answer these questions, NUMECA has developed a Flow INtegrated Environment for internal and
Turbomachinery assimilations called FINE™/Turbo. The environment integrates the following tools:
IGG™ is an Interactive Geometry modeler and Grid generator, based on structured multiblock
techniques.
AutoGrid5™ is a threedimensional Automated Grid generation software tool, dedicated to
turbomachinery applications. Similarly to IGG™, it is based on structured multiblock techniques.
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Euranus is a stateoftheart multiblock flow solver, able to simulate Euler and NavierStokes equations
in the laminar, transitional and turbulent regimes.
CFView™ is a highly interactive flow visualization and posttreatment software tool.
FINE™ Graphical User Interface is a userfriendly environment that includes the different software. It
integrates the concept of projects and allows the user to achieve complete simulations, going from the grid
generation to flow visualization, without the need of file manipulation.
The tutorial consists of the mesh generation of intersecting pipes to explain the basic features of the major
topology and grid generation modules within IGG™.
The tutorial shows the successive steps that must be followed to generate a 3D mesh and to define the boundary
conditions required before starting a solver:
create the geometry,
create intersection,
define the topology,
create internal grid lines,
project face grid onto a surface,
create butterfly topology,
check mesh quality,
create full non matching connection.
Prerequisites
This tutorial does not require any prior knowledge but it is strongly recommended for beginners to perform the
basic Tutorial 1 and Tutorial 2.
Presentation
A mesh in two intersecting pipes is created in this example case. The geometry consists of two pipes of different
diameters intersecting each other.
The final generated mesh is shown below:
Preparation
Start IGG™ v10.2:
The IGG™ graphical user interface by default provides a visualization of the geometry and mesh of the internal
or external test case in the 3D view. The access to main menu and controls is proposed through a menu bar and
a quick access pad, and is complemented with a tool/icon bar and a control area (including the keyboard
input area).
Mesh Generation
Define Geometry
The geometry consists of two intersecting cylinders. The first cylinder is aligned with the Zaxis, has its bottom
part at Z = 100, its top part at Z = 100 and a radius = 25. The second cylinder is aligned with the Xaxis, has its
bottom part at X = 0, its top part at X = 100 and a radius = 12. For a complete description on how to create basic
curves, the user is referred to Tutorial 1 and the User Manual.
1. Create a polyline from (0, 25, 100) to (0, 25, 100) using the Geometry/Curve/Polyline menu in the Quick
Access Pad.
2. Based on this polyline, create a surface of revolution around the Zaxis (0, 0, 1) with rotation center (0, 0, 0)
and a rotation angle of 360 degrees from the Geometry/Create Surface/Revolution menu in the Quick Access
Pad.
3. Unselect all curves by going to Geometry/Select/Curves. Press the <a> key binding and rightclick to quit.
4. Create a polyline from (0, 0, 12) to (100, 0, 12) by going to Geometry/Curve/Polyline menu in the Quick
Access Pad.
5. Based on this last polyline, go to Geometry/Create Surface/Revolution menu in the Quick Access Pad
to create a second surface of revolution around the Xaxis (1, 0, 0) with rotation center (0, 0, 0) and a rotation
angle of 360 degrees.
6. Leftclick the Default orientation button ( ) in the Viewing buttons area.
7. Go to Geometry/Select/Surfaces to select both surfaces and compute the intersection from Quick Access
Pad/Geometry/Curve/SurfSurf Inters; a new curve is created.
8. Go to Geometry/Select/Surfaces and press <a> key binding to unselect both surfaces and rightclick to quit.
9. A new small cylinder based on the intersection curve and the base circle of the small cylinder at X = 100
needs to be generated:
Select the two curves and go to Geometry/View/Curve Orientation to show their orientation. They
should normally have the same orientation. If this is not the case, the orientation of one curve must be
reversed before creating the new surface by going to Geometry/Modify Curve/Reverse.
Create a lofted surface from the Quick Access Pad/Geometry/Create Surface/Lofted menu based on the
two curves. The new surface appears at the same location as the initial small cylinder.
Select the original small cylinder surface and delete it using Geometry/Delete/Surfaces. After that, select
the curve used to create this surface and delete it using Geometry/Delete/Curves. The new surface is
shown in the figure below.
10. Save the project using the File/Save/Save menu. Alternatively, the geometry could be saved using the
File/Export/Geometry Selection menu after selecting curves and surfaces.
The geometry is now created!
Create & Control Blocks
This section describes the creation of the block used to mesh the big cylinder. This block will be created by
constructing an initial cube, specified by two opposing corners, and by snapping its vertices to the boundary
curves of the surface. During these operations, the edges of the blocks will be automatically mapped onto the
curves or surfaces.
11. Click the Insert New Block icon .
12. Place the two opposite corners by attracting them to the two circles, as shown in the figure below.
A local coordinate axis system IJK will appear at the location of the first vertex. The orientation will be
modified such that the Kaxis points downward (along the Zaxis), as an example.
13. Press the <s> key. The orientation of the axis system is changed and the Kaxis now points downward. If
this is not the case, press the <s> key again until the proper orientation is obtained.
14. Leftclick to complete the block creation.
The block is now created and its eight vertices appear on the screen. The vertices lie close to the circles. In the
next steps they will be moved and snapped to the circles.
15. Leftclick one vertex and move the mouse around its original position.
The block is instantaneously updated to reflect the new vertex position.
16. Move the vertex near the closest circle. It gets attracted to the circle.
17. Leftclick to fix the new vertex position.
The block edges are automatically mapped onto the circles.
18. Repeat the above steps for the other vertices and try to place the vertices as shown in the figure below.
Notice that the edges of "face 4" should be placed symmetrically around the intersection curve and should not
cross it.
At this stage the initial mesh created by IGG™ can be visualized.
19. Access the Block or Grid scope in the Quick Access Pad/View/Grid page.
20. Click the Toggle Face Grid icon ( ) to visualize the grid for the whole block.
The face grids are by default generated using a bilinear interpolation. These initial grids will be projected
onto the surfaces at a later stage.
21. Repeat the above step to remove the grid from the screen.
Now the number of points for the block can be defined.
22. Leftclick segment '1 5 4 1' (see above figure).
23. Rightclick segment '1 5 4 1' to pop up a menu.
24. Select Segment/Set Number of Points.
25. Type <65> and press <Enter> in the Set Number of Points dialog box. Click Apply.
Increasing the number of points of a segment automatically affects the total number of points in the
associated direction. The total number of points along the K direction is consequently 65.
26. Repeat the above steps for segments '1 1 2 1' and '1 1 3 1' and increase their size to <33>. The block size
should now be 33 x 33 x 65, as shown in the bottom left.

The number of points specified is recommended to be 4xn + 1 (where n is an integer) to allow for multigrid
processes on a minimum of 3 grid levels within FINE™.
27. Close the dialog box.
By default all the faces of the block are generated using a bilinear interpolation. The lateral faces should
however lie on the cylinder. A projection must be performed for these faces so that the grid lies exactly on the
surface.
28. Select the surface corresponding to the large (vertical) cylinder using Geometry/Select/Surfaces.
29. Select one of the lateral faces (i.e. Face 4) by leftclicking one face segment until the face edges are
highlighted in white or black.
30. Click the Project Face icon ( ) in the Quick Access Pad/Grid/Generate page. It opens a dialog box to
set the projection parameters.
31. Keep the default parameters: projection on Selected Surfaces validation level 2 boundary projection Off,
since the edges are already on the surface (automatic mapping feature) entire Face projection.
32. Click Apply to perform the projection of the active face.
33. Repeat the above steps for the other three lateral faces and Close the dialog box.
All the boundary faces of the block are now properly generated.
To mesh the small cylinder a new block will be created by extruding a range of "Face 4" of the first block. For
the meshing to work properly, this face should cover the intersection curve completely.
34. Activate "Face 4" of the first block by leftclicking one of its edges.
35. Click the Extrude Range icon ( ) in the Quick Access Pad/Grid/Create page. It opens a dialog box to
set the range of extrusion as well as the direction and magnitude of the extrusion.
By default the range corresponds to the complete face and is displayed in red in the graphics area.
36. Change the range by leftclicking each boundary of the small yellow square and entering the appropriate
values. These values should be such that the range fits the intersection curve as shown in the figure below: the
limits I = [13,21] and K = [29,37] have been selected.
The number of points specified is recommended to be 4xn + 1 (where n is an integer) to allow for multigrid
processes on a minimum of 3 grid levels within FINE™.
37. Select the User Direction option and type <1 0 0> (direction of the small cylinder).
38. Change the Magnitude to <75> (size of the small cylinder).
39. Press the Apply button: a new block is created. Close the dialog box.
The extrusion automatically creates four internal edges in the active face of the first block. At each intersection
between two internal edges and between the internal edges and the boundary edges, a vertex/fixed point is
created (they can be visualized by pressing the Toggle Vertices icon of the Quick Access Pad/View/Grid page).
These internal edges are used as the basis for the creation of the boundaries of the second block. During the
creation of the new block, IGG™ automatically connects the new block to the internal edges of the first block.
The vertices at intersection of the internal edges are consequently used by the new block.
When extruding a new block, IGG™ automatically connects the new block to the existing one by connecting
the vertices, the topological edges and the segments. A division into patches of the reference face and a
connection is also performed, if possible.
To allow for a connection with the second block, "Face 4" of the first block is automatically divided into
patches, as shown in the figure below (Grid/Boundary Conditions...). The central patch is automatically
connected to the adjacent patch of the second block (Block 2 Face 3).
The internal edges will now be deformed to capture the intersection curve of the two cylinders. This is done by
interactively moving the vertices and snapping them to the intersection curve.
40. Select the Block scope in the Quick Access Pad/View/Grid page.
41. Click the Toggle Vertices icon ( ) to visualize the grid points for the whole active block.
42. Leftclick one of the four vertices at the intersection of the internal edges.
43. Move and leftclick the vertex to snap it to the intersection curve, as shown in the figure below.
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44. Repeat the above steps for the three other vertices.
IGG™ will automatically map the central segment of each internal edge to the intersection curve. Notice also
that the other segments are mapped onto the big cylinder.
45. Other vertices (intersecting the boundary edges of Block 1, Faces 5 and 6) are moved to correctly map the
surface. Otherwise the edges are going straight as presented in the figure below.
46. Select each vertex of Face 4 (Block 2, Face 4) and attract them to the circle at X=100 in order to snap the
face to the small circle at X=100.
47. Leftclick segment '2 5 1 1'.
48. Rightclick segment '2 5 1 1' to open a menu.
49. Select Segment/Set Number of Points.
50. Type <25> and press <Enter> in the Set Number of Points dialog box. Click Apply and Close the menu.
51. Similarly to the first block, the lateral faces must be projected to ensure that their grid lies exactly on the
cylinder. Select only the surface corresponding to the small cylinder and project the lateral faces of the second
block in the same way as for the first block.
52. Click the Cluster Points icon ( ) in the Quick Access Pad/Grid/Insert/Edit menu. A dialog box for
controlling the distribution is opened.
53. Select Define/Edit group to define a new group: a new dialog box is opened.
54. Click the Create button. The dialog is extended to provide a field in which the name of the group can be
specified. Enter the name <group1> and press <Enter> (or click the Create button). The group is added to the
list. Do not close the dialog box at this stage.
55. The segments will now be added to the group one by one in the following way:
Move the cursor to segment 1 4 5 1 and leftclick to select it. When selected, arrows appear on the
segment and the parent block is highlighted. If this is not the proper segment, repeat the step.
Middleclick to add the segment to the list. The segment appears in the group in the dialog box.
Repeat above steps to add segments 1 4 7 1, 1 4 7 3, 1 4 8 1, 1 4 8 3, 1 4 5 3, 1 4 6 1 and 1 4 6 3.
Leftclick segment 1 4 7 3 in the clustering groups dialog box.
Rightclick and select Reverse orientation.
Repeat the above steps for segments 1 4 8 3, 1 4 5 3 and 1 4 6 3.
56. Close the dialog box or rightclick in the graphics area to complete the group creation.
The group is now defined and can be used to specify the clustering on all segments of the group at once.
57. In the popup menu of the Clustering dialog box, select group name "group1".
58. Set distribution type At End and set initial spacing to <1>.
59. Press the Apply to group button to apply the clustering to each segment in the group.
The grid point distribution can be visualized using the Quick Access Pad/View/Grid/Toggle Grid Points
icon (or <Ctrll>). The effect of the clustering on the mesh can be seen by viewing the mesh using the Quick
Access Pad/View/Grid/ Toggle Face Grid (<Ctrlz>) icon.
60. Click the Define/Edit group button and create a new group named "group2".
61. The segments will now be added to the group one by one in the following way:
Select segment 2 1 4 1 (leftclick) and add it to the group (middleclick).
Select segment 2 2 4 1 and add it to the group.
62. Close the dialog box or rightclick in the graphics area to complete the group creation.
Now the clustering can be easily applied to these segments at once.
63. Select group "group2" in the combo box of the Clustering dialog box.
64. Set distribution type At Start and initial spacing to <1>.
65. Press the Apply to group button to apply the clustering.
Generate Block Grid
Before generating the block grids, a check must be done to ensure that the faces still lie on the input geometry.
This might not be the case anymore if an operation has been performed on the block faces, for example
adjusting a vertex interactively. In that case, IGG™ performs a default algebraic 4 boundary interpolation to
keep the face grids inline with the boundaries.
This regeneration can be done in a straightforward way by replaying the generation of the face grids.
67. Use the Regenerate Faces icon in the Quick Access Pad/Grid/Generate page. A dialog box is opened to
select the face(s) to regenerate.
68. Select the All Blocks Faces option.
69. Click Apply to fully regenerate all face grids of all the blocks in the project.
71. Click the Block 6 Bnd icon ( ) in the Quick Access Pad/Grid/Generate page. A dialog box is opened
to select the block(s) to generate.
72. Select the All option.
73. Click Apply to generate the grid in the two blocks.
Define Butterfly Topology
In order to improve the mesh quality at block corners, a butterfly topology will be created in each block.
75. Activate the first block and click the Create Butterfly icon ( ) of the Quick Access Pad/Grid/Create
page. It opens the following dialog box and displays a default butterfly topology in Block 1.
76. Keep K as Preferential direction (axial direction of the pipe).
The IJK coordinates of the block can be plotted by rightclicking the icon in the Viewing buttons. This
button acts as a toggle.
77. Remove the buffer blocks at Faces 1 and 2 by leftclicking the corresponding buttons 1 & 2 in the General
variables frame. The shape of the butterfly topology is automatically updated in the first block.
78. In the Section control frame, activate Straight radial edges and set the Radial depth to <30> for the first
section (Section number ID = 0). The four control points of the section are now closer to the cylinder center.
79. Now the parameters of the second control section will be copied from the first one:
Activate the second section by setting the Section number ID to <1>.
Press the Copy from section button.
Select Face 1 (upward face where Section ID 0 locates) of the first block by leftclicking one of its
segments.
Middleclick to perform the copy: control points of the second section are now positioned in the same
manner as those of the first section.
Right click to stop the procedure.
80. In the Clustering frame, keep Number of radial points set to 9.
81. Leftclick the Radial clustering button and set the clustering as presented in the figure below.
82. Activate the option Clustering reciprocity parent > inner.
If the button Clustering reciprocity parent>inner is activated, the clustering of the parent block is copied
to the inner block, destroying the optimized clustering. Moreover both clusterings (on parent and inner
blocks) will be linked, meaning that each modification of the parent block clustering will be applied
automatically to the inner block.
83. Create the butterfly topology in the first block by pressing the Create/update button.
In a similar way, a butterfly topology can be created in the second block.
84. Type <2> in the Block entry to select the second block. This block will be automatically activated.
85. Set the Preferential direction to the axis of the small cylinder, J. A confirmation dialog box will appear.
Confirm the change by pressing the yes button. Control sections of the butterfly topology are automatically
updated.
Now, the topology of the mesh must be chosen. Indeed a buffer block can be associated to the Face 3 of
Block 2, leading to a matching connection between patches of the two cylinders. Otherwise, if Face 3 has no
buffer block associated, it leads to a full non matching connection with the first block. This latter topology is
chosen in order to illustrate the FNMB connection and to have a better mesh quality.
86. Remove the buffer blocks at Faces 3 and 4 by pressing the corresponding buttons 3 & 4.
87. In the Section control frame, activate Straight radial edges and set the Radial depth to <30> for the first
section (Section number ID = 0). The four control points of the section are now closer to the cylinder center.
88. Activate the second section and to copy the parameters from the first one:
Activate the second section by setting the Section number ID to <1>.
Press the Copy from section button.
Select Face 1 of the first block by leftclicking one of its segments.
Middleclick to perform the copy: control points of the second section are now positioned in a same
manner as those of the first section.
89. In the Clustering frame, keep Number of radial points set to <9>.
90. Leftclick the Radial clustering button (if menu not already extended) and set the clustering as presented in
the figure below.
91. Activate the Clustering reciprocity parent > inner option.
92. Create the butterfly topology in the second block by pressing the Create/update button.
As the two blocks were connected previously by the extrusion operation and there is no buffer block
associated to Face 3 of the second block, IGG™ detects that this will lead to a FNMB topology and that the
matching connection is no more valid.
The above message will appear when a matching connection is no more valid according to the new butterfly
creation. The matching connection will be therefore deleted automatically.
93. Accept to create FNMB by clicking Ok. Close the dialog box.
Control Mesh Quality
94. Check for negative cells by clicking .
95. Click the Apply button and press Ok.
The computation of the negative volumes is performed first. Negative cells can be outlined in the mesh by
pushing the View neg cells button. Beware that the visualization of negative cells can be memory consuming
when a large number of cells must be displayed. It is then advised to first check the number of negative cells
by pressing the Apply button.
It is mandatory to remove all negative cells before the calculation can be started.
97. Check for grid quality by clicking .
A detailed analysis of mesh quality on a 3D mesh can only be performed once the 3D mesh has been
generated. Information on orthogonality, angular deviation, aspect ratio, expansion ratio and cell width can be
outlined in this window by using the Type pulldown menu.
98. Select block number (0 for all).
99. Select quality criteria using the Typepulldown menu.
100. Leftclick the Show chart button to visualize the distribution of selected criteria in the form of
an histogram. The histogram is drawn per block (0 = all blocks).
101. Leftclick part of the histogram to plot the corresponding cells in the 3D view.
102. Leftclick the More info button to obtain information regarding minimum and maximum values of the
selected criteria and block.
Define Boundary Conditions
104. Go to Grid/Boundary Conditions... to open the dialog box.
Note that only the parent block patches appear in the lists of the dialog box. Consequently connections are
performed between parent block patches. Therefore these ones are visualized instead of the butterfly block
patches.
Face 1 of Block 1 is activated in the dialog box and displayed in pink meaning that its boundary condition type
is undefined.
105. For Block 1 Face 1, set Patch Type to OUT (outlet boundary condition). To do this, leftclick the Set
Patch Type menu, drag the mouse to the OUT button and release the left mouse button.
106. Select Block 1 Face 2 in the dialog box (leftclick it) and set Patch Type to INL (inlet boundary
condition).
107. Select the patches defining Block 1 Faces 3, 5 and 6 (<Ctrl> + leftclick) in the dialog box and set Patch
Type to SOL.
108. Select all the patches defining Block 1 Face 4 (<Ctrl> + leftclick) except patch 5 (the patch connected to
Block 2) in the dialog box and set Patch Type to SOL.
109. Select the patches defining Block 2 Faces 1, 2, 5 and 6 (<Ctrl>+ leftclick) in the dialog box and set
Patch Type to SOL.
110. Select the patch defining Block 2 Face 4, set Patch Type to INL (inlet boundary condition).
Two patches remain undefined (UND). These patches should be connected by a full non matching connection,
since they are located at the same position.
Define Full Non Matching Connection
In this section, the full non matching connection between the two blocks will be defined.
111. Press the Define button in the Full Non Matching frame (Boundary Conditions dialog box). It opens a
dialog box controlling the FNMB connections.
112. In the left patches list, select UND in the Type filter.
113. Leftclick the first patch 1 4 5. It is highlighted in the graphics area in yellow.
114. In the right patches list, select UND in the Type filter.
115. Leftclick patch 2 3 1. It is highlighted in the graphics area in blue.
116. In the Connection Name entry, type <connection> and press <Enter>.
117. Create the FNMB connection by pressing the Create/update button. The new connection appears in the list
at the right of the dialog box.
The type of the patches involved in the connection is automatically changed from UND to SOL*.
118. Press the Compute & Show button to compute and visualize the triangulation of the connection on grid
level 0 by default. The result is shown in the following figure. Calling this item is optional in IGG™.
119. Close the Full Non Matching Connections dialog box.
120. Close the boundary conditions dialog box.
Save Project
121. Go to File > Save > Save As <tutorial3> and press <Enter> to save mesh files.
The mesh files (6 files) contain the multiblock mesh topology, geometry, grid points and the boundary
condition types: ".bcs", ".cgns", ".geom" ("X_T" on Windows or ".xmt_txt" on Linux), ".igg" and ".config".
The meaning of these files is detailed in the User Manual.

© NUMECA Int.
version: FINE™/Turbo 10.2 rev.1

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