NERVOUS TISSUE MULTIPOLAR NEURON MOST COMMON

BIPOLAR NEURON ONE DENDRITE/ONE AXON

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM UNIPOLAR NEURON EX. SENSORY FROM SKIN TO
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) SPINAL CORD DIRECTLY
BRAIN & SPINAL CORD ENCLOSED IN BONY ANAXONIC NEURON MANY DENDRITES/ONE AXON
COVERINGS o EX. HELP IN VISUAL PROCESSES
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ALL NERVOUS
TISSUE OUTSIDE THE CNS; MADE UP OF SUPPORTIVE CELLS/NEUROGLIA
NERVES BUNDLES OF AXONS IN NEURONS ARE OUTNUMBERED BY NEUROGLIA (1:50)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE; EMERGE FROM THE IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS; CARRY SIGNALS FUNCTIONS PROTECT THE NEURONS AND HELP
GANGLIA KNOTLIKE SWELLINGS IN THEM FUNCTION
NERVES EXAMPLE IN THE FETUS, GUIDE YOUNG MIGRATING
NEURONS TO THEIR DESTINATION
FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF PNS
SENSORY (AFFERENT) DIVISIONS (RECEPTORS TO CNS) 4 TYPES OF NEUROGLIAL CELLS (CNS)
CARRY SIGNALS TO THE CNS 1. ASTROCYTES (STAR-SHAPED)
o SOMATIC DIVISION MOST ABUNDANT GLIAL CELLS
o VISCERAL SENSORY DIVISION FORM FRAMEWORK OF CNS
MOTOR (EFFERENT) DIVISIONS (CNS TO EFFECTORS) CONTRIBUTE TO BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
o SOMATIC MOTOR DIVISION AND REGULATE COMPOSITION OF BRAIN
EFFECTORS: SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE FLUID
o VISCERAL MOTOR DIVISION (ALSO CALLED 2. OLIGODENDROCYTES
ANS) FORM MYELIN SHEATH IN THE CNS
EFFECTORS: GLANDS AND DISTINGUISH THESE FROM SCHWANN CELLS
CARDIAC/SMOOTH MUSCLES 3. EPENDYMAL CELLS
LINE VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN AND
UNIVERSAL PROPERTIES OF NEURONS CENTRAL CANAL OF THE SPINAL CORD
NERVES MADE UP OF NERVE CELLS (NEURONS); NEURONS PRODUCE CSF
PROPERTIES INCLUDE 4. MICROGLIA
EXCITABILITY ABILITY TO RESPOND TO STIMULI BY FORMED FROM MONOCYTES
PRODUCING ACTION POTENTIAL ENGULF INVADING MICROBES
CONDUCTIVITY PRODUCE TRAVELLING ELECTRICAL IN CASES OF
SIGNALS o INFECTION
SECRETION o TRAUMA
o STROKE
FUNCTIONAL CLASSES OF NEURONS
1. SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURONS DETECT CHANGES 2 TYPES OF NEUROGLIAL CELLS (PNS)
IN BODY AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 1. SCHWANN CELLS
2. INTERNEURONS (ASSOCIATION NEURONS) CONFINE MYELINATED FIBERS OF PNS
ENTIRELY IN CNS ASSIST IN THE REGENERATION OF
a. 90% OF OUR NEURONS ARE DAMAGED FIBERS
INTERNEURONS 2. SATELLITE CELLS
b. PROCESS, STORE AND RETRIEVE SURROUND CELL BODIES IN GANGLIA
INFORMATION REGULATE THE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT
3. MOTOR (EFFERENT) NEURONS SEND SIGNALS OUT OF THE NEURONS
TO MUSCLES AND GLAND CELLS (EFFECTORS CARRY
OUT BODY RESPONSES) MYELIN SHEATH
INSULATING LAYER AROUND A NERVE FIBER
NEURON ANALOGY: THE RUBBER INSULATION ON A WIRE
CELL BODY SOMA IN CNS, EACH OLIGODENDROCYTE MYELINATE
NUCLEUS SEVERAL FIBERS
DENDRITES (1-MANY) IN PNS,
AXON (SINGLE; NERVE FIBER) o THE SCHWANN CELL WRAP THE NERVE
FIBER
VARIATION IN NEURON STRUCTURE o OUTERMOST COILD IS CALLED
NO. OF PROCESSES FROM THE SOMA NEURILEMMA COLTAINING BULGING VODY
 OF THE SCHWANN CELL (NUCLEUS AND
MOST OF ITS CYTOPLASM)
MYELIN SHEATH IN THE PNS
NODE OF RANVIER (GAP) GAPS BETWEEN SCHWANN
CELLS (ALSO IN CNS)
INTERNODES FROM ONE GAP TO THE NEXT
UNMYELINATED NERVE FIBERS
LOCATIONS: CNS, PNS, BOTH (CIRCLE ONE)
SCHWANN CELL FOLDS ONCE AROUND EACH FIBER
SPECIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BLOOD
PROVIDES MECHANISM FOR RAPID TRANSPORT OF
NURTIENTS, WASTE PRODUCTS, RESPIRATORY GASES
AND CELLS
POWERED BY THE PUMPING ACTION OF THE HEART
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
TRANSPORTATION THE BLOOD TRANSPORTS
DISSOLVED GASES, NUTRIENTS, HORMONES, AND
METABOLIC WASTES
PROTECTION THE BLOOD RESTRICTS FLUID LOSSES
THROUGH DAMAGED VESSELS
o PLATELETS IN THE BLOOD AND CLOTTING
PROTEINS MINIMIZE BLOOD LOSS WHEN A
BLOOD VESSEL IS DAMAGED
REGULATION
o BLOOD REGULATES THE PH AND
ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION OF THE
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
o BLOOD REGULATES BODY TEMPERATURE
BLOOD PLASMA
STRAW-COLORED, STICKY FLUID PORTION OF BLOOD
APPROXIMATELY 90% WATER
CONTAINS
o IONS NA+ AND CL-
o NUTRIENTS SUGARDS, AMINO ACIDS,
LIPIDS, CHOLESTEROL, VITAMINS, AND
TRACE ELEMENTS
o THREE MAIN PROTEINS
ALBUMIN (60%)
GLOBULIN (35%)
FIBRINOGEN (4%)
o DISSOLVED GASES INCLUDING O2 AND
CO2
o WASTE PRODUCTS OTHER PROTEIN
WASTES SUCH AS UREA AND BILIRUBIN
ERYTHROCYTES RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCS)
OXYGEN TRANSPORTING CELLS
7.5 um IN DIAMETER (DIAMETER OF CAPILLARY 8-10
um)
MOST NUMEROUS OF THE FORMED ELEMENTS
o FEMALES: 4.3 5.2 MILLION CELLS/MM3
o MALES: 5.2 5.8 MILLION CELLS/MM3
MADE IN THE RED BONE MARROW IN LONG BONES,
CRANIAL BONES, RIBS, STERNUM, AND VERTEBRAE
AVERAGE LIFESPAN: 100-120 DAYS
RBC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
HAVE NO ORGANELLES OR NUCLEI
HEMOGLOBIN OXYGEN CARRYING PROTEIN
o EACH RBC HAS ABOUT 280 MILLION
HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE
BIOCONCAVE SHAPE 30% MORE SURFACE AREA
LEUKOCYTES WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCS)
PROTECTY THE BODY FROM INFECTIOUS
MICROORGANISMS
4 800 11 000 MM3
FUNCTION OUTSIDE THE BLOODSTREAM IN LOOSE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DIAPEDESIS CIRCULATING LEUKOCYTES LEAVE THE
CAPILLARIES
WBCS HAVE A NUCLEUS AND ARE LARGER THAN RBCS
MOSTLY PRODUCED IN THE BONE MARROW
LIFESPAN OF 12 HOURS TO SEVERAL YEARS
TWO TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES
o GRANULOCYTES
o AGRANULOCYTES
DIFFERENTIAL WBC COUNT
o NEUTROPHILS
o LYMPHOCYTES
o MONOCYTES
o EOSINOPHILS
o BASOPHILS
GRANULOCYTES
1. NEUTROPHILS MOST NUMEROUS WBC
PHAGOCYTIZE AND DESTROY BACTERIA
NUCLEUS: HAS 2 6 LOBES
GRANULES PICK UP ACIDIC AND BASIC
STAINS
2. EOSINOPHILS COMPOSE 1 4% OF ALL WBCS
PLAYS ROLES IN ENDING ALLERGIC
REACTIONS, PARASITIC INFECTIONS
3. BASOPHILS ABOUT 0.5% OF ALL LEUKOCYTES
NUCLEUS: USUALLY BILOBED
GRANULES SECRETE HISTAMINE
FUNCTION IN INFLAMMATION MEDIATION,
SIMILAR IN FUNCTION TO MAST CELLS
AGRANULOCYTES
1. LYMPHOCYTES COMPOSE 20 45% OF WBCS
MOST IMPORTANT CELLS OF THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
NUCLEUS: STAIN DARK PURPLE
EFFECTIVE IN FIGHTING INFECTIOUS
ORGANISMS
ACT AGAINST A SPECIFIC FOREIGN
MOLECULE (ANTIGEN)
TWO MAIN CLASSES OF LYMPHOCYTES
 o T CELLS ATTACK FOREIGN
CELLS DIRECTLY
o B CELLS MULTIPLY TO BECOME
PLASMA CELLS THAT SECRETE
ANTIBODIES
2. MONOCYTES 4 8% OF WBCS
THE LARGEST LEUKOCYTE
NUCLEUS: KIDNEY SHAPED
TRANSFORM INTO MACROPHAGES
PHAGOCYTIC CELLS

PLATELETS
STRUCTURE
SMALL CELLULAR FRAGMENTS
ORIGINATE IN BONE MARROW FROM GIANT
MEGAKARYOCYTE
CONTAIN SEVERAL CLOTTING FACTORS
o CALCIUM ION
o ADP
o SEROTONIN
FUNCTION
o INVOLVED IN STOPPING BLEEDING WHEN A
BLOOD VESSEL IS DAMAGED (HEMOSTASIS)