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Abstract
Case study of Miraj-Odha (an intermittent stream) is considered for this paper, which is
narrowed due to encroachments, covered by shrubs and also undergone heavy sedimentation resulting
into shallower depth, leading to flood hazards, hygiene problems, and overall poor utilization of flowing
water.
The restoration of Miraj Odha is being done by public participation with the help of an NGO,
Development Forum, Sangli Miraj. The task of preparation of Detailed Technical Report was allotted
to a group of Final Year B. Tech (civil) students of Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli which was
accomplished as a project. A suitable methodology involving an amalgamation of modern instruments
(Total Station Surveying) and software (GIS, AutoCAD CIVIL 3D ) was used for efficient designing of
stream to be restored .This project set an example for symbiotic partnership between academia and
industry lead to the utilization of knowledge of students to the society and industrial experience to the
students.
Key Words: Symbiotic Partnership between Academia and Industry, Restoration of natural stream,
Total Station, GIS, AutoCAD CIVIL 3D.
1. Introduction
1.1 Relevence
Nature is abandoned by various ways in all parts of India. Most of the time, many problems need
to be faced due to drought and unseasoned rain and thus, making farmers at its prime target. Indian
farming is fully dependent on rain and natural water resources. So, to overcome problems faced due
to water shortage, there is need to improve flow of rivers, streams, runnels, etc. and to stop polluting
them.
The old splendour of Miraj Odha is very well known to people of Miraj Taluka. It is a 19.6km
stream in Sangli District of Maharashtra, used to flow through six villages (Manmodi Kakadwadi
Tanang Sawali Miraj Waddi), providing water to nearby wells and farms. Most of the project area
lies under agricultural sector involving Black cotton soil. Total watershed area of the stream is
56.58sq.km.
During last 5-6 decades, the vessel of stream is filled with sediment due to dumping of waste,
rubbish, construction materials, encroachment of farmlands, etc. During rainy season, water gets
accumulated in the depressions creating marshy land and stagnation areas. Thus, the health of
community in that area gets affected. So, there is need for widening and deepening of the stream,
stabilizing side-slope using bamboo plantation, along with the dredging of settled sediments and
dumping the same at appropriate location. This will enable the water to flow through it without any
obstruction so that farmers and citizens of Miraj Taluka will get benefited.
Though these type of restoration/rejuvenation projects are always beneficial, there a need of
scientific methodology and a proper appraisal technique (for example social cost benefit analysis)
for restoration work.
1. To determine present topographical situation of the stream using modern surveying equipment.
4. To allot appropriate channel section to the stream for the designed discharge.
5. To compute cut and fill volume of earthwork to be carried out for the restoration of stream and for
the kaccha road along the eastern bank.
6. To provide appropriate natural measures for minimizing erosion along the bank and to support re-
oxygenation of stream water.
2. Methodology
2.1 Concept
Firstly, by considering the downstream end of the Odha as a weir, watershed area for the
stream is demarcated and the peak discharge coming into the stream is calculated. This is because
surface runoff accumulates within the stream. The calculated peak discharge is used to design section
considering the stream as canal as the surface runoff carried by stream is similar to that of canal. (ref
-Castilloa, D., Kaplana, D., & Mossab, J. (2016), sr.-2 )
PEAK DISCHARGE CALCULATION USING EMPIRICAL MAIN SURVEY USING TOTAL STATION
METHODS
DESIGN OF CHANNEL SECTION FOR CALCULATED SURVEY DATA ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING IN MS
DISCHARGE Excel
I = 25.4*a/ (tc+b)
a and b are constants where: a=40, b=20 for T (Rainfall duration)>20min, a=30; b=10 for T =
5-20 min
tc =K*L0.770*S0.385
K = a units conversion coefficient, in which K = 0.0078 for traditional units and K=0.0195 for
SI units
Though the width was varying, a constant minimum width of 20m, that can safely carry the design
discharge, was taken into consideration. The remaining land of stream was utilized for construction of
service road, landscaping etc. For the purpose of efficient passage of flood, different values of
longitudinal slopes for different chainages, due to constraints in construction, were provided. According
to the circular of Maharashtra Water Resource Department, a constant side slope angle with respect to
horizontal was taken as 30 degree. As it is a natural, irregular stream and its top width exceeded 100
ft in flood time, the applicable Mannings coefficient is 0.035.At the end, check was given to discharge
and it is safe to carry the estimated discharge.
Miraj Odha is divided into two sections namely section 1 (U/S of Pandharpur Bridge) and section 2
(D/S of Pandharpur Bridge).
The slope (S) is decided on the basis of reduced level of bottom of piers. Slope at bottom of
pier is such that the excavation depth is not exceeding the foundation level of the bridges.
Bottom width (b) assumed is 20 meter depending on map given by The Miraj Senior State
Municipal Map
Water level (y) assumed is 2.2 meter.
Roughness coefficient is 0.035 according to the table.
Section 1:
28.571 20 1.73 2.2 52.38 28.80 1.8189 1.490 0.0021 0.0458 1.9509 102.195
( 0-620)
Section 2:
28.571 20 1.73 2.2 52.38 28.80 1.8189 1.490 0.0058 0.0762 3.2422 169.838
(1080-1300)
Fig. 3 Designed Cross Section.
This process was carried out using the QGIS software tool. This process was necessary for
demarcation of boundary allocated to the odha.
Fig. 4 Georeferencing .
Observations from superimposed maps showed that the original boundary of stream was not
distinctly visible for most of the stretch on ground. Also the stream was not perennial, thus, the
adjacent farmers tried to utilize the land allocated to stream for agricultural purposes which
ultimately leaded to a narrowed course of stream. According to the principle of sustainability, that
activity was not beneficial for the farmers as well as for the nature. The reduced width of stream
resulted into reduced cross section and as discharge was same, velocity of the flow was exceeded.
The increased velocity resulted in the soil erosion of banks and bed of the stream. Additionally,
during the flood, adjacent land and farms were submerged due to narrowed width, leading to the
problem of water logging and leaching.
At some places, a severe problem was observed that the course of the stream was shifted by 50m
to 60m. This was due to the artificial encroachment for some commercial land reclamation purposes,
thus, the stream changed its original path through the agricultural lands of the farmer.
Any stream which is tributary of the river acts as a buffer zone in the time of flood. During flood,
the additional water coming from the river flows towards upstream of the stream creating a buffer zone
in that area. When flood passes to downstream of river, stream again passes that stored water towards
river which reduces flood hazards and hence it is very much beneficial as a natural flood mitigation
system. It emphasizes that encroachment limits the use of stream as buffer zone. Hence, encroachment
analysis and its removal is required for stream restoration purposes.
Many of the above stated problems were appropriately dealt with using Total Station because
of its unique features like it can help survey dark and/or wet surfaces at long range; it can also
give tentative idea of the readings of the inaccessible areas and it doesnt require the use of center
line details. As it was not possible to take readings at marshy lands and other similar inaccessible
locations, the readings were taken at nearest accessible location, in order to model the
topography as realistic as possible. In this way, for the restoration purpose, all the problems were
tackled in an intelligent way.
2.8 Survey Data Processing in AutoCAD Civil 3D
The survey data collected by Total Station was input to AutoCAD Civil 3D software. Using this
software, the cut and fill volume was obtained which gave an idea of amount of sediment to be
dredged and also helped in estimating the cost of entire excavation operation. While traditional
technique can take 3-4 weeks and may involve systematic and manual errors, the contemporary
technique of using AUTODESK CIVIL 3D is pragmatic and hardly takes 10-15 minutes to get cut and
fill volume table, provided the survey data points are ready in desired format. Thus, as compared
to the conventional, so called paper-pencil technique, this software is accurate, easy to use and
saves lot of time and money.
The estimate of the project was done after the required quantities were found out, by conventional
methods. And hence, cost per unit length for the project was also calculated.
MEASUREMENT SHEET
Name of Work: Restoration of Natural Stream : Miraj Odha
ABSTRACT SHEET
Name of Work: Restoration of Natural Stream: Miraj Odha
Sr.N Per Rate Amount
Description Quantity
o. Unit Rs. Ps. Rs. Ps.
Clearing the site before and after
1 construction including removing and 73835.24 Sqm 1 4 103369 36
stacking boulders etc.as directed
Excavation of soil,soft murum,hard
man,kankar,pebbles (including
boulders of size less than 0.1cum)
115944.7
2 exceding 1.5 m. in width including Cum 29 45 3414573 82
6
depositing the material as directed
with lead upto 15 m and lift upto 1.5
m. including dressing.
Transportation for earth,
CCu
3 murum/sand by truck/tipper for 92755.8 45 53 4223171 93
m
1.5km
Consolidation of road and bankwork
with power rollers to 95% of proctor 23,188.95
4 density including watering,lead of Cum 20 35 471895 73
2
water upto 1 km. etc. complete.
The complete study shows that with proper co-ordination between academia and society the
social problems like heavy flooding, lowering of ground water level in nearby areas, scarcity of water
for various agricultural purposes, etc. can be solved by restoration of the natural stream with the
appropriate combination of modern instruments like total station, GPS handset, etc. and software like
QGIS, QSWAT, Terra Incognita, Autodesk Civil 3D, etc. Restoration of natural streams will lead to the
amelioration of aquatic life, re-oxygenation of the streams, increase in ground water level,
beautification of the surrounding area, improved lifestyle of nearby residents, and generation of
various recreational activities in the nearby areas. With active public participation, feasibility of
successful completion of restoration increases. Furthermore, such initiatives will help to reduce the
frequency of occurrence of alarming adversities like Chennai floods, Laturs water crisis, etc. Hence,
there is a great need to encourage such activities.
Fig. 5-Meeting with Govt. officers of different departments related to the work. An introductory
presentation related to the restoration project was given by Walchand College Students.
Fig.6- Condition of the odha before restoration work.
Fig. 7- The odha after site cleaning, though acacia trees are removed, the vessel is still shallowed due
to siltation.
Fig. 8 During excavation work of the vessel in order to improve its capacity.
Fig. 9- One of the News articles published in newspaper regarding the social work of restoration.
Acknowledgement
Author extends his gratitude to his colleagues who worked like a team to take their learning in institute
for social and environmental welfare, an ultimate aim of a professional. And also to the social
organisation Development Forum Sangli Miraj for giving a chance to be a part of this restoration work.
The project group comprises Final Year B.Tech(Civil) students, Vivek Chavan, Krutika Gandhi, Mangesh
Khalate, Abhisek Singh, Taslima Patwegar, Dhiraj Kulkarni, Saurabh Sarda, Prasad Deshpande with
guide as Dr. V. D. Salkar.
Declaration
We the authors, hereby declare that the content of the article is authentic, original and not
violating any copyright as per our knowledge. Some information used in the article is taken from Govt.
of India with permission of corresponding departments. All the software tools used are either freeware
or academic versions. This article has not been published or offered for publication anywhere else.
References-
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Information System (QGIS). International Journal of Pure and Applied Research in Engineering
and Technology, Volume 3 (8): 287-295.
2. Castilloa, D., Kaplana, D., & Mossab, J. (2016). A Synthesis of Stream Restoration Efforts in
Florida (USA) River research and Applications: March 2016.
3. National Seminar on Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering Practices in India,
1979(Volume 1). College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai.
4. Chaw, V. T., (1959), Open Channel Hydraulics (Textbook), McGraw hill Book Co.,
New York.