EXPERIMENTAL OPTIMIZATION OF SULDEE TYPE IN PUMP

WRITTEN AS A TURBINE FOR ELECTRICAL POWER

PICOHIDRO POWER
Hantarum
1,1Dwi Aries H.2*, D Danardono DPT.2, Sukmaji Indro C.2, Titis Srimuda Pitana3
Mahasiswa Magister Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta
2Staf Pengajar Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta
*Koresponden : Dwi Aries H., Teknik Mesin Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta,
Email : dwiarieshimawanto@gmail.com
3Staf Pengajar Jurusan Teknik Arsitektur - Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta

Keywords : Abtract :
Pump as turbine This study emphasizes the experimental pump functioned as turbine
Variation of blad (PAT) by modifying the angle of entry and exit on the PAT blade. A pump for
Electric power is a solution paddy NS-50 pump with a capacity of 563.22 litre/ minute and head 20 m
for the electric needs of the tested in the laboratory of the Sebelas Maret University of Surakarta to obtain
community specific round figures. In this study the variables used are head (H) is 4 metre
and the angle variation of the blade entry and exit totally 7 different
specimens as well as variations in the shape of the blade is rectangular, round
and oval. Pumps as turbines then connected to the generator and the result is
electric power.
Result of the research showed that the best variation is at the variation
of the angle outgoing and incoming angles of 30/30, the rotation happens is
850 rpm and the generated power is 90 watts. The results of the experiments
showed good results theoritically. It is suggested to further modifications by
using the same pump, expected better results in order to achieve the best
efficiency point of PAT.

1. Introduce The fulfillment of electricity needs through hydropower

Currently energy development is proportional
Straight with the times. Growth
Population, industrial development, and progress
Technology being the main reason as well as evidence that
Energy is very important for this life.
The need for this energy is unfortunately not
In tandem with the resources utilized
Or used as the primary source of the producer
energy. In 2010, many countries have
Realize the importance of utilizing resources
Renewable energy instead of energy
Renewable such as petroleum, coal and gas
Which has had a profound impact
Damaging to the earth. With increasingly
Depletion of non-renewable energy sources
Will release carbon emissions into the atmosphere
Become a major contributor to heating
global.
In 2025, Indonesia is targeting the level
Electricity reaches 90% for residents with
The number of times (predictions) is more than 273 million people.
The standard average need for electricity is 450
Watts per house. Thus it is required
About 9000 MW until 2025. Generators
Electric Power (Hydropower) in Indonesia has the potential
Reaching 70,000 MW. Therefore
A shortage of 9000 MW is predicted to be met
Through hydropower. Of the 70,000 MW potential
Newly utilized about 6%. In remote areas,
Can be assisted by Power Plant
Micro Hydro Electricity (PLTMH).
Indonesia's natural conditions are very rich
Potential water that can be utilized as
power plants. Therefore, it needs optimization
Utilization of the water resources to
Energy fulfillment. Hydro pico system as wrong
A new renewable energy source that can
Provide great benefits for the community within
Meet electrical energy without having to pull out
High cost for power transmission system or
Environmental care in general because
Implementation integrated system with
Utilization.
The basic principle of hydropower, if water can
Channeled from a certain height to a level
Lower, then the resulting water head can
Used to do the work. Use
It can drive mechanical components
Into rotational energy supplied to the shaft
To drive a generator to
Generate electricity. Selection of a good turbine
For each particular place depends on
Available spot, head and debit characteristics.
Innovation Turbine is modern, expensive all that
Become an obstacle for rural communities. However,
If we use mass produced pumps
And reasonably priced, clean, green and sustainable
rural. The targeted generation scale for
Household usage ranges from 400W - 5 kW.
One of the economical alternatives to
Build small-scale hydro power plants
Is to use the pump as a turbine.
The field of science that specializes in operating the pump
As this turbine is often referred to as PAT,
Stands for Pumps As Turbine. Some types
Water pump can be applied as a water turbine,
Usually the pump is driven by an electric motor for
Raising some water to a certain height.
In the application of the pump as a turbine, the working principle
The pump is reversed that is given the fall of water from a height
Certain to rotate the pump impeller. Round
This impeller will be forwarded to rotate the generator
Typical hydropower systems convert energy from water
Which falls into mechanical energy with the turbine. In
Some cases, may be more appropriate for
Replacing turbine with centrifugal water pump,
And run it in reverse. One of
An economical alternative to build
Small scale hydro power plant is
By using the pump as a turbine. Field
The science of special operate pump as
This turbine is often referred to as PAT,
Stands for Pump As Turbine. Usually pumps
Driven by an electric motor to raise
Some water to a certain height. On
Application of the pump as a turbine, the working principle of the
pump
Reversed that is given the fall of water from a height
Certain to rotate the pump impeller. Round
This impeller will be forwarded to rotate
Generator to generate electricity.
Some advantages of pump applications as
Water turbine is:
1. As a mass industrial products, pumps
Easily obtained with a variety of head -
Flow, available in various types and sizes.
2. Easy to install.
3. Prices are relatively cheap than turbines, and tribes
Spare easy to obtain.
4. Pump application can be connected directly
By a generator (directdrive) or
Using pulley-belt mechanical transmission
(Indirect drive) when the pump spins as
The turbine is not the same as the generator spin
And high flow rate.Figure 1.1 Centrifugal Pumps
(A) functions as a pump; (B) works
(Generally 1500 rpm). Because there are many types of pumps that
can Used as a turbine, Chapallaz et al (1992) Provide guidance to
assist in Determination of appropriate pumps as turbines, such as
Which is shown in Figure 1.2. Multistage pump Usually used in very
high head conditions,
Multistage pump on
Head conditions, and flow rate.
According to Williams (1996) the main weakness
Of the PAT system is characteristic of the curve on
Turbine mode that is not usually included with
pump. This makes it difficult to choose a pump
Which is appropriate for each and multiple applications
Methods have been developed in order to
Predict turbine character mode.
Nepal Micro Hydro Power (2005)
Estimating direct factors 1.38 for head and
1.25 for flow rate turbine mode pump operation.
However, when Smitt (2005) conducted an experiment
PAT system, the results show direct factors 2
For head and 1.65 for flow rate. This matter
Show that while this method
Simple, varied factors depending on the pump
And models. The factor should be only
Used when experimental data can be obtained
From the manufacturer, and then just to the pump
Which is very similar to construction.
In general, pumps are available
The market is not accompanied by a characteristic curve
If it operates as a turbine. Derakhshan and
Nourbakhsh (2010), conducted an experimental study
To determine the pump characteristics curve
Centrifugal if operated as a turbine.
Some centrifugal pumps for industrial ones
Has a specific rotation smaller than 60
(N s <60 (m, m / s) is operated as a turbine and
Tested its efficiency. Testing done with
Using a closed system installation.
Using experiment data,
Some equations are put forward to find the point
Best efficiency point. They
Also proposed two equations for
Predict the characteristics of the centrifugal pump if
Operated as a turbin
 When the pump is operated as a turbine, Its hydrodynamic The maximum efficiency is 21.65%, which is obtained at 90 needle
properties will change. Some Researchers have proposed several and 45 pinhole, and +
methods for Estimate the best operating point of a Pump if 15% bucket size and 92 angle of entry. This
operated as turbine. ButValidation between the proposed method Obtained may be due to lighter than + 15% bucket
and the results Obtained experimentally still shows Some Compared to standard buckets and pressure
irregularities. Produced by water jet in the middle of the bucket, where
Derakhshan and Nourbakhsh (2 0 0 8) The water load occupies a large area on the surface
Conducting numerical and experimental studies To the
hydrodynamic nature of the pump when operated Bucket and the resulting speed increases. 1.2 s Turbine Turbine
As a turbine. By using the device Soft CFD FineTurbo V.7, they Speed Triangle Gambar 1.3. Segitiga kecepatan pada sudu turbin
analyze Numerically the hydrodynamic nature of PAT. Results impuls
Which is obtained numerically later Validated by experimenting. Triangle speed is
On Their research, the results of numerical analysis of CFDs and Kinematics flow of fluid pounding the blade
Experimental results for a centrifugal pump turbine. With an understanding of the speed triangle will
Very helpful in understanding the conversion process
With specific rotation N = 23.5 (m, m3 / s) is present
On the turbine blades.
difference.
Notation of the speed triangle is
Derakhshandkk. (2009) performs
as follows :
Research to improve pump efficiency
Vs1 = The absolute speed of the remaining liquid
Centrifugal if operated as a turbine.
Nozzle
By using gradient optimization method
VB = Speed of blade
And incomplete-sensitivities combined methods
Vr1 = the relative velocity of the fluid
With equation solving software
Vr2 = Relative velocity leaving liquid
Navier Stokes 3D, they focus on modifications
Sword
The blade shape of the pump impeller. The results are
Vs2 = The absolute speed of the remaining liquid
Obtained numerically indicates will
Sword
There is an increase in efficiency if done
= nozzle angle
Modify it by creating more blade profiles
= angle of incoming angle
Round at the entrance and the hub /
= angle exit angle
Shoroud. Optimization results show an increase
= liquid outlet
Torque, head, and hydraulic efficiency respectively
From triangle above speed, length
By 4.25%, 1.97% and 2.2% respectively. On
In short, the lines represent the big ones
Their research is done also stage optimization
Speed of each. For example liquid
Second with the results of the efficiency of torque, head, and
Put the blade at Vs1 and then out
Hydraulics respectively 2.27%, 1.08%, and
It has been reduced to Vs2 with one line
1.17%.
Shorter, means some liquid kinetic energy
Arriaga (2010) reported the installation
The inlet of the blade is converted into kinetic energy from the blade
Pumps as turbines in a countryside in the country
With the speed of VB, then the liquid already
Lao Democratic. In the village is installed a
Gives his energy to leave the knife
PAT with output power of 2 kW. Installation,
SpeedVs2.
Surgery, and treatment performed by residents
In turbines, the process of energy change begins
local. Cost and election calculations
Occurs in the inlet, the expansion of the liquid in the inlet. In
System componentsystem
The process of expansion in the inlet, which is experiencing fluid
Overall also reported. Ramos and Borga
energy
(1999) performs operational theory analysis
Down, so do the pressure. Simultaneously
Pump as turbine. On their report only
With a decrease in energy and pressure, speed
Solve the mathematical equations
The liquid rises, in other words the kinetic energy of the liquid
To gain potential pump usage
Up due to expansion process. Then, fluid
As a turbine.
With high kinetic energy pounding turbine blades
D.A. Himawanto et al (2015) in his research
And give some energy to the knif
To seek the highest efficiency among the various
Type of Pelton turbine through volume modification
Bucket, bucket entry angle, and guide tip
Nozzle performed at the Conversion Laboratory
Energy from Sebelas Maret University. Intermediate study
Different parameters show that value
,

So it is also moving. Energy changes

With the collision of fluid in the blade is the principle of impulse.
For energy changes with the reaction principle,
Turbine reaction blade works like a nozzle. This matter
Means, at the turbine blades the reaction takes place
Expansion, ie a decrease in fluid pressure with
Accompanied by speed increases. Because of the principle of
reaction
Is a movement against action, so it can be understood
With an increase in fluid velocity on the turbine blades
Reaction, turbine blades will move by value
The velocity in the opposite direction.
Nautiyal and Kumar (2010) perform
Review research on published PAT.
Approximately 43 research reports on PAT,
Whether published through journals or
Through scientific conferences made reference to
Reviewed. The PAT research topics
Divided into several categories, namely: PAT research Additional background of this research.
Analytically, experimental PAT research, Gambar 2.1 Test Specimens
Research PAT using devices Details of equipment used in
Soft CFD, impeller modification on PAT, and This research is:
Some PAT applications. Their conclusion 1. Reservoir capacity of 1000 liters
Get among others: PAT is very suitable 2. Pump NS 50
Applied among others for power generation 3. Centrifugal Pumps
In remote areas, as osmotic propulsion 4. Electric Generator.
Inverted (RO), and as a driver of water distribution. 5. Tachometer.
There is no generally accepted method in 6. Preasure Gauge
Do the best PAT efficiency prediction. 7. StopWatch
Research in modifying impeller shape 8. Volt Meter
Not much done yet. Use of CFDs in 9. Ampere Meter
Exploring the PAT is also still a bit and 10. Slang / PVC Pipe
Expected to contribute more 11. Electric Load (Incandescent Lamp), switch, fittings and
Great in the future. cable.
Of all the literature that has been reviewed Water dropped will be accommodated inside
In this paper there are things that come into being Storage tank and will be raised back to
Background of this research. Although it has Reservoir at the top by using the pump
Mostly done on this PAT field, but Others as feeders. Pump specifications
More research is needed Feeder is a type of centrifugal pump with
For the increased use of PAT 3 inch diameter pipe and 10 liter / second capacity.2.
more efficient. Then for the state of Indonesia
Not yet found researchers who reported the study
About this PAT. These two things are what become

2. RESEARCH METHODS
In this study the initial step is
Done is testing the impeller's performance of
Material cast iron a pump NS 50 China products
With the following specifications: capacity
563.22 liters / minute or 9,387 liters / sec
Functioned as a turbine. This pump is tested on
Fluid Machine Laboratory, Technical Laboratory
Engine University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta.
The water level used is 4 m. Results
Of the test obtained by Round of 811 rpm
And power generated at 78 watts. On
The next stage is done by replacing
Impeller of Composite materials with variations
Slope of inlet angle and outlet angle (300/300; 300/450; 300/600; 300/750; 450/300; 600/300; 750/300). Figure 2.2
Installation Scheme of PAT Testing
In the form of photos, testing equipment still quite low.
Generally still below
Used one reservoir is on tower with
5 meters high. At the bottom is provided
A tank with a wider size of
Reservoir above to ensure sufficient availability
Water to be used to play PAT.
With this developed installation it can
Viewed according to the actual conditions that are in
Figure 2.3 Testing Installation
Figure 2.4 shows a pump
Which is being tested as a turbine. Such that
Shown the picture PAT is connected directly with the generator
Figure 2.4 PAT associated with Generator
Parameters measured during the test
Is the rotation of the shaft, the voltage and the electric current
Generated, spin axis occurring and discharge
Water flow fell as high as 4 m. Test procedure
Is as follows: valve on the waste pipe
Opened at desired opening (18, 36, 54,
Field later. The water level in the upper reservoir is kept constant.
Generator loaded with turn on lights.
After a stable condition is done the measurement
Voltage, current, rotation. To know the flow discharge
Water, at the beginning of the feed pump test
Discontinued and decreased water level at
Upper reservoir is recorded. This test is repeated as much three times
for each times for each disired case
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In Table 3.1 the test results are shown,
Total testing conducted in this study
Is 7x3 times each experiment
Shown in this Table is the average value of
3 times sampling on each test specimen.
The addition of debit in this table is
Taking into account the aperture of the pipe
Input to the turbine to get the debit variation
More.
Tabel 3.1. Date Testing Result More
72, 90). The feed pump is turned on and out generator
Table 3.1 can be seen clearly
That increasing debit increases power
Output from PAT. Likewise increase
Rotation will increase the output power of PAT. This matter
In accordance with the expected that addition
The potential energy of the water will increase the output power
PAT. Generally the output power of this test result
.

33.3%, the highest is at 4.2 l / s discharge at watt.to output power.

100% valve opening is 900 with power
Generated by 90 watts. Anyhow
Lowest around 6.3%, the lowest at 0.8 l / s discharge
At aperture 180 with the generated power of 6

Output power
3.1 Discussion
To estimate lap upgrades
Shaft and output power if added
Debit, then in Figure 3.3 is displayed
The relationship between discharge and power rotation
Gambar 3.1 The Effect of Debit on the Round
PAT. In theory the relationship of discharge and rotation
From the graph of the influence between the debit and the
The power will rise linearly from the discharge
value Rotation at a height measurement of 4 meters ie
The low to the highest, then the moment
In figure 3.1 There is an increase in the value of rotation
Approaching the maximum point will decrease
On all variations of blade curvature for rotation
Tilt or no longer linear this thing
174 rpm shaft up to 870 pivot rotation
Due to the shape of the variations on the turbine blades.
Rpm. Increased rotation for K1 specimens
The results obtained in this study are still
(300/300) at a shaft spin of 870 rpm
Linear. This also proves that, this PAT
The highest turn this is due to the change on
Still operate far below conditions
Cross section which is calculated by using
Optimum.
Triangle speed on the blades. However
From the above data can be interpreted that PAT
In general from the measurement results show
Still operating well below lap and power
An increase in rotation for all variations
Ideal of a pump as a turbine. It is believed
Curved blade against shaft rotation. Gambar 3.3. Hubungan Debit
Because the discharge flow of water entering the pump is limited
dan Putaran Terhadap
Because of the pipe used in this test
Quite small ie 2 inches. Believed this pump is still
Able to convert water energy by using
Pipes with larger pipe diameter. Curves
This character of PAT is displayed on the graph at
Figure 3.3 In the graph shown, as
The x-axis parameter is the inner flow discharge
Liter / second and the vertical axis is round and power output

From data analysis and discussion can

Gambar 3. 2 Effect of Debit on Output Power
From the graph of the influence between the debit and the
value Power output at 4 meters height measurement
Namely in Figure 3.2 There is an increase in value
Rotation on all variations of the blade curvature to
Power 6 watts up to 90 watts power.
Increased power for K1 specimen (300/300) at
Power 90 watts experience the highest power this thing
Due to voltage and current flowing after
No charging power then calculated with
Use the power formula that occurs on
generator. But in general from the results
Measurements indicate an increase in power
Output for all variations of blade curvature the purpose
The following conclusions are drawn:
1. Axis rotation value of 870 rpm
Indicates the fastest
Obtained from angle angle with angle variation
300 entry and 300 entry corner reach
The highest rotation of the other variations
Due to the ability to change
The water pressure from the inlet is balanced with
The ability to release pressure to the outlet.
2. Value Power output due to the influence of rotation
The shaft against the rotation on the generator
Calculated on the basis of voltage and current
3. Shaft rotation and output power February 29, 2015. Ketersediaan Energi Tahun 2025. Jakarta :
Influenced by the height of falling water and volume Buku Putih Sumber Energi Baru dan
Which goes into turbine as well as angular capability Terbarukan.
Blade to change the flow velocity. M. M. Alnakhlani, Mukhtar, D. A. Himawanto, A.
Thank-you note : Alkurtehi & D. Danardono, 2015, Effect of
This article is part of the Scheme the Bucket and Nozzle Dimension on the
Superior Research funded Performance of a Pelton Water Turbine.
DIPA (Directorate of Devotional Research To Journal of Modern Applied Science; Vol. 9,
Society) No. DIPA: 023.04.1.673453.2010. No. 1; 2015
Dated November 14, 2014, DIPA Revision 01 Ramos, H dan Borga A., 1999, Pumps as turbine:
an unconvetional solutiontoenergy
production, Urban Water 1 (1999).
Rijal, K, Bansal, NK , Grover, PD., 1995, Ekonomi
Shaft Daya Aplikasi di Pedesaan Nepal,
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Journal of Energi Res, Vol . 19 , Bagian.
Alexander, K. V., Giddens, E. P., & Fuller, A. M.,
Shahram Derakhshan, Ahmad Nourbakhsh, 2013,
(2009a), Axial-flow turbines for low head
Studi eksperimental kurva karakteristik
microhydro sistems. Renewable Energi,
sentrifugal pompa bekerja sebagai turbin
34(1).
dalam berbagai kecepatan tertentu, (Diterima
Arriaga M, 2010, Pump as turbine A pico-hydro
11 Februari 2007 ; diterima dalam bentuk
alternative in Lao Peoples Demcratic
direvisi 30 September 2007 ; diterima 2
Republic, Renewable Energy 35 (2010)
Oktober 2007 ) Dipandu Pompa - as- Turbin :
BH. Teuteberg, 2010, Design Pump as Turbine
Desain dan pengembangan untuk Pico -
Mikrohydro Sistem For an Abalone Farm.
Tingkat Energi Generasi International Journal
Universiteit Stellenbosch.
of Applied Research di Teknik Mesin
Blueprint, 2005, PengelolaanEnergi Nasional
(IJARME) ISSN : 2231 -5950 , Volume - 3 ,
2005-2025, Kementerian ESDM Indonesia.
Edisi 1.
2005
Singh, P.dan Nestmann,F., 2010,An
Contained Energy Indonesian, 2010, Energi
optimization routine on a prediction and
Terbarukan, PNPM Mandiri.
selection model for the turbine operation of
Derakhshan S, Mohammadi, B., dan Nourbakhs A,.
centrifugal pumps, Experimental Thermal
2008, Incomplete sensitivities for 3D radial
and Fluid Science 34 (2010).
turbomachinerybladeoptimization,
Singh, P.danNestmann,F., 2010, An
Computational Fluids 37 (2008).
optimization routine on a prediction and
Derakhshan,S dan Nourbakhsh A., 2008,
selection model for the turbine operation of
Experimental study on characteristic curve
centrifugal pumps, Experimental Thermal
of centrifugal pumps working as turbines in
and Fluid Science 34 (2010).
different specific speeds, Experimental
Williams A. A., 1996, "Kinerja turbin pompa
Thermal and Fluid Science 32 (2008).
sentrifugal : perbandingan prediksi metode
Derakhshan, S. dan Nourbakhsh, A., 2008,
Subject : Prosiding Lembaga Mechanical
Theoretical, numerical and experimental
Engineers 1847-ARCHIVE : Prosiding
investigation of centrifugal pums in reverse
Lembaga Mechanical Insinyur , Bagian A :
operation, Experimental Thermal and Fluid
Journal of Power dan Energi 1990-1996 ( jilid
Science 32 (2008)
204-210 ) Issue : Volume 208 , Nomor A1 /
Derakhshan, S., Mohammadi, B., dan Noubakhsh,
1994.
A., 2009, Efficiency emprovement of
Centrifugal Reverse Pumps, ASME Journal
of Fluids Engineering 131 (2009).
Derek Hartland, 1968, ' US Patent No . 3238534 ' ,
"Pompa hidrolik Dan Turbines Pump
Reversible", dipatenkan Maret 1, 1966:
Derek Hartland, ' US Patent No . 3403888 ' ,
Pump Reversible Turbines.
Direktorat Jenderal Energi Baru, Terbarukan dan
Konservasi Energi, 2013, Development and
Challenge of Hydro. Jakarta : Kuliah Umum
Aneka EBT.
Kementrian ESDM., 2015, Kearifan Lokal Menuju
Kemandirian Energi. Jakarta: Buku Pedoman
Penghargaan Energi 2015.
Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi RI., 2006, Energi
Baru dan Terbarukan untuk Mendukung