Ofdma Scfdma

Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien
OFDMA/SC-FDMA Basics for 3GPP LTE

(E-UTRA)
T. Zemen
April 24, 2008

Outline
Part I - OFDMA and SC/FDMA basics

Multipath propagation
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
Soft frequency reuse
Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
Single carrier/frequency division multiple access
(SC/FDMA)
Part II - Time-variant channel estimation for OFDM
Thomas Zemen OFDMA/SC-FDMA Basics for 3GPP LTE (E-UTRA) April 24, 2008 2/37
References
Motorola, ”Long Term Evolution (LTE): Overview of LTE Air-Interface,”

Technical White Paper, 2007
Rohde&Schwarz, ”UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) Technology
Introduction,” 2007.
Freescale, ”Overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution Physical Layer,”
2007.
3GPP TS 36.2111, ”Physical Channels and Modulation (Rel. 8),” March,
2008.
H. G. Myung, J. Lim, and D. J. Goodman, ”Single Carrier FDMA for
Uplink Wireless Transmission,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazin, pp.
30-38, September, 2006.
U. Sorger, I. De Broeck, and M. Schnell, ”Interleaved FDMA - A New
Spread Spectrum Multiple-Access Scheme,” Proc. IEEE ICC ’98,
Atlanta, GA, pp-1013-1017, June, 1998.
T. Zemen and C. F. Mecklenbräuker, ”Time-Variant Channel Estimation
using Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences,” IEEE Transactions on
Signal Processing, vol. 53, no. 9, September 2005, pp. 3597-3607.
Time-Variant Multipath Propagation
scatterer
v velocity
η1 ej2πf1 t δ(t − τ1 ) ` path
η` attenuation
η0 ej2πf0 t δ(t − τ0 )
τ` time delay
receiver f` Doppler shift
user
η2 ej2πf2 t δ(t − τ2 ) L0 number of
v
paths
scatterer
Time-variant channel impulse response
0 −1
LX
h(t, τ ) = η` ej2πf` t δ(t − τ` )
`=0
OFDM Fundamentals (I)
Single carrier versus multi carrier

f single carrier f multi carrier
d[0]
d[1]
d[2]
d[3]
d[1]
d[2]
d[3]
d[4]
d[5]
d[6]
d[7]
d[0]
d[4]
d[5]
d[6]
d[7]
t t
0 TC 0 NTC
1/TC Chip rate

N Number of subcarriers
d[0] . . . d[7] Data symbols
OFDM Fundamentals (II)
Orthogonal subcarriers
magnitude Df
... ...
0 f
fq f q+1
fq = q/(NTC )
q ∈ {0, . . . , N − 1} Subcarrier index
OFDM Fundamentals (III)
Processing steps
subcarriers symbols modulated

(BPSK) subcarriers
f1
t *(+1) t
2*f 1
t *(-1) t + t
3*f 1
t *(+1) t
Efficiently implementable by means of an inverse discrete

Fourier transform.
OFDM Fundamentals (IV)
Cyclic prefix insertion
TS
TS OFDM symbol duration.
A copy of the signal tail (length TG ) is inserted at the

beginning of each OFDM symbol.
Absorbs multipath components.
OFDM Fundamentals (V)
OFDM time frequency representation
5 MHz Bandwidth
FFT Sub-carriers
Guard Intervals
…
Symbols
Frequency
Time
OFDM System Design
No inter-symbol interference: Guard interval larger than

the delay spread TD
GTC = TG > TD
Spectral efficiency: Symbol duration much larger than

delay spread
NTC = TS TD
Inter-carrier interference: Symbol rate much higher than
Doppler shift fD
1/TS fD
G cyclic prefix length in number of chips
N number of subcarriers
Receiver Side Processing
Drop cyclic prefix and perform DFT

Channel partitioned in N parallel frequency flat channels
Simple equalization - complexity grows with N log(N)
g[0] n[0]
d[0] y[0]
q subcarrier index
d data symbol
...
...
g[q] n[q]
g subcarrier channel
coefficient
d[q] y[q]
n additive noise
y received symbol
...
...
d[N-1] ... ... y[N-1]

OFDMA (I)
Orthogonal time-frequency grid

frequency
a subcarrier
time
an OFDM symbol
OFDMA (II)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)

frequency
user 1
user 2
frequency diversity
user 3
user 4
user 5
user 6
time
OFDMA (II)
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

frequency
user 1
user 2
user 3
user 4
user 5
user 6
time
time diversity
LTE Parameters (Downlink)
LTE Resource Grid (Downlink)
LTE Resource Blocks (Downlink)
OFDMA (III)
Time-variant frequency-selective channel

frequency
frequency diversity
time
time diversity
OFDMA (III)
Time-frequency pattern
frequency
user 1
frequency diversity
user 2
user 3
user 4
time
time diversity
Soft Frequency Reuse (I)
At cell boundaries the signal to interference ratio (SIR) is

approx. 0 dB due to frequency reuse 1
DS-CDMA uses soft handover at the cell boundary
OFDM based air interface allows soft frequency reuse for
users at the cell boundary
Soft Frequency Reuse (II)
Su rier
ca
b- s
r
po
BS 2
w
er
de
ns
ity
ier
sub-
carr
MS 22
Pow MS 21
er de
BS 1 n sity
MS 31
MS 12 MS 11
ity
ns
r de
we
Po
MS 32
ca ub-
r
ie
s
rr
Thomas Zemen OFDMA/SC-FDMA Basics for 3GPP LTEBS 3

(E-UTRA) April 24, 2008 19/37
LTE Uplink
Power consumption in user equipment (UE) terminals is

limited by battery
OFDM requires large dynamic range due to high peak to
average power ratio (PAPR)
Linear power amplifiers with wide dynamic range have bad
efficiency
Single carrier/Frequecy division multiple access
(SC/FDMA) used for the uplink in LTE
Comparison OFDMA vs. SC/FDMA
SC/FDMA Distributed vs. Localized
SC/FDMA
Processing Steps
PAPR comparison
Conclusions - Part I
OFDM enables wireless communication in frequency

selective channels
Channel equalization in the frequency domain
Low complexity implementation - fast Fourier transform
(FFT) algorithms
Time and frequency diversity can be exploited
SC/FDMA is OFDM with precoding
PAPR of SC/FDMA is 2dB smaller compared to OFDMA
Outline
Part I - OFDMA and SC/FDMA Basics
Part II - Time-variant channel estimation for OFDM

Signal model
Discrete prolate spheroidal sequences
Reduced-rank channel estimation
Mean square error (MSE) sensitivity to velocity of user
equipment
Time-Variant Channel Estimation for
OFDM
Signal model for a single flat-fading subcarrier

q ∈ {0, . . . , N − 1}
ym,q = gm,q dm,q + zm,q
ym,q ∈ C , received symbol on subcarrier q at discrete time

m ∈ {0, . . . , M − 1}
zm,q ∈ C , additive noise
dm,q ∈ C data symbol
LTE Pilot Pattern
Reduced-Rank Channel Description
Second order statistic is unknown

Doppler bandwidth upper bounded by νDmax
Estimation per frequency-flat subcarrier q ∈ {0, . . . , N − 1}
Basis Expansion
D−1
X
gm,q ≈ γi,q ui,m for m ∈ {0, . . . , M − 1} , D≤M
i=0
gm,q channel coefficient for subcarrier q at time m

ui,m basis function
γi,q expansion coefficient
Slepian Basis Expansion
D. Slepian et al. (1961,1978) asked, which sequences have

M−1
|um |2
P
m=0
1 maximum time concentration λ = ∞
|um |2
P
m=−∞
2 while being bandlimited in [−νDmax , νDmax ]
M−1
X sin(2πνDmax (` − m))
ui,` = λi ui,m
π(` − m)
`=0
Discrete prolate spheroidal (DPS) sequences ui [m]

Doubly orthogonal on {−∞, . . . , ∞} and {0, . . . , M − 1}
Subspace has dimension D 0 = d2νDmax Me + 1
Slepian Sequences
0.15
0.1
0.05 M = 256 block length
0
1/TS = 49 ks−1 symbol rate
vmax = 100 km/h velocity
−0.05
fC = 2 GHz carrier
−0.1 u0[m]
u1[m] D = 5 dimensions
u [m]
−0.15 2
u [m]
3
u4[m]
0 50 100 150 200 250

m
Time-Variant Channel Estimation
Signal model for a single subcarrier q
ym,q = gm,q dm,q + zm,q
ym,q ∈ C , received symbol on subcarrier q at discrete time m

γi,q ∈ C , basis expansion coefficient
Time-Variant Channel Estimation
Signal model for a single subcarrier q

D−1
X
ym,q = ui,m γi,q dm,q + zm,q
i=0
ym,q ∈ C , received symbol on subcarrier q at discrete time m
γi,q ∈ C , basis expansion coefficient
Pilot Based Channel Estimation (I)
D−1
X
ym,q = ui,m γi,q dm,q + zm,q
i=0
Time multiplexed pilot and data symbols, dm = bm + pm

(pilots are known
√ at the receiver side).
bm ∈ {±1 ± j}/ √2 for m ∈ / P and bm = 0 for m ∈ P
pm = {±1 ± j}/ 2 for m ∈ P and pm = 0 for m ∈ /P

M M
P= i + | i ∈ {0, . . . , J − 1}
J 2J
J pilot symbols
Pilot Based Channel Estimation (II)
... omitting q
 
u0,m
..
Basis function vector f m =   ∈ RD ,
 
.
uD−1,m
Coefficient estimates γ̂ = G −1 ∗ f∗
P
ym pm m
m∈P
where γ̂ = [γ̂0 , . . . , γ̂(D−1) ]T and the correlation matrix
X
G= flfH
l .
l∈P
MSE Sensitivity to User Velocity
M−1
1 X n 2
o
MSEM = E |gm − g̃m |
M
m=0
Conclusions - Part II
Detailed channel information at receiver side difficult to

acquire
Discrete prolate spheroidal sequences describe the
subspace of band-limited sequences
Reduced-rank channel description using DPS sequences
allows for simple UE algorithm
Mean-square error (MSE) is practically independent of
user velocity

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Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien

OFDMA/SC-FDMA Basics for 3GPP LTE

April 24, 2008

Part I - OFDMA and SC/FDMA basics

Part II - Time-variant channel estimation for OFDM

Motorola, ”Long Term Evolution (LTE): Overview of LTE Air-Interface,”

Single carrier versus multi carrier

1/TC Chip rate

subcarriers symbols modulated

Efficiently implementable by means of an inverse discrete

Cyclic prefix insertion

TS OFDM symbol duration.

A copy of the signal tail (length TG ) is inserted at the

OFDM time frequency representation

No inter-symbol interference: Guard interval larger than

Spectral efficiency: Symbol duration much larger than

Drop cyclic prefix and perform DFT

d[N-1] ... ... y[N-1]

Orthogonal time-frequency grid

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

Time-variant frequency-selective channel

At cell boundaries the signal to interference ratio (SIR) is

Thomas Zemen OFDMA/SC-FDMA Basics for 3GPP LTEBS 3

Power consumption in user equipment (UE) terminals is

OFDM enables wireless communication in frequency

Part I - OFDMA and SC/FDMA Basics

Part II - Time-variant channel estimation for OFDM

Signal model for a single flat-fading subcarrier

ym,q = gm,q dm,q + zm,q

ym,q ∈ C , received symbol on subcarrier q at discrete time

Second order statistic is unknown

gm,q channel coefficient for subcarrier q at time m

D. Slepian et al. (1961,1978) asked, which sequences have

2 while being bandlimited in [−νDmax , νDmax ]

Discrete prolate spheroidal (DPS) sequences ui [m]

0.05 M = 256 block length

0 50 100 150 200 250

Signal model for a single subcarrier q

ym,q = gm,q dm,q + zm,q

ym,q ∈ C , received symbol on subcarrier q at discrete time m

Signal model for a single subcarrier q

Time multiplexed pilot and data symbols, dm = bm + pm

Detailed channel information at receiver side difficult to

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